First molecular information and additional taxonomic detail of Parahadronchus siroii and Parahadronchus divendentus (Mononchida: Hadronchinae) from India

First molecular information and additional taxonomic detail of Parahadronchus siroii and Parahadronchus divendentus (Mononchida: Hadronchinae) from India | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article First molecular information and additional taxonomic detail of Parahadronchus siroii and Parahadronchus divendentus (Mononchida: Hadronchinae) from India Samandram Sushilkumar Singh, Phougeishangbam Rolish Singh, Sorokhaibam Mexico Singh, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3916066/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract A nematode survey conducted to study mononchid diversity in Mizoram state of India revealed the presence of Parahadronchus siroii and P. divendentus . These two mononchid species were both morphologically and molecularly characterized based on light microscopy studies and rRNA (18S and 28S) gene sequences. New taxonomic information is also provided for P. siroii including the measurements around neck region, cuticle thickness, labial papillae, and structures of vulva and vagina. Additionally, a comparative account of all known Parahadronchus spp. is also herein presented. The current study generated molecular data for Parahadronchus species of the subfamily Hadrochinae for the first time, and subsequent phylogenetic analysis based on both the sequences revealed close relationships of Parahadronchus with Iotonchus. Mononchida Hadronchinae 18S rDNA 28S rDNA Parahadronchus Mizoram Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Nematodes are one of the most difficult organisms to be identified due to the difficulties in observing key diagnostic characters under conventional light microscope (Carneiro et al., 2004 ; Caneiro et al., 2017; Castagnone-Sereno, 2011 ; Oliveira et al., 2011 ). Also, conventional methods for nematode identification are time-consuming and its accuracy and reliability depend on the experience and skill of the diagnosing individual (Subbotin, 2021 ). Morphological variability in the traditional taxonomy of nematodes can also lead to overlapping characteristics identification and ambiguous interpretation (Palomares-Rius et al., 2017 ). To tackle these complications, PCR-based amplification of 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA and mtDNA is greatly utilized for nematode diagnosis (Subbotin, 2021 ). For mononchid nematodes, Holterman et al. ( 2006 ) showcased the first molecular data on mononchs using SSU rDNA sequences. Some other notable molecular studies in the field of mononchid nematodes include that of Bazgir et al. ( 2021 ), Holterman et al. ( 2007 ), Meldal et al. ( 2007 ), Olia et al. ( 2008 ), Rensburg et al. ( 2021 ), Shokoohi et al. ( 2013 ), Shokoohi & Moyo ( 2022 ), Singh et al. ( 2023 ), Tahseen et al. ( 2013 ), van Megen et al. ( 2009 ), and Vu et al. ( 2021 ). Predominantly, most of these studies are based on 18S rDNA sequences, thereby limiting the proper molecular identification of mononchid nematodes. Also, despite these studies molecular data on the family Cobbonchidae Jairajpuri, 1969 and subfamily Hadronchinae Khan & Jairajpuri, 1980 are still missing. Prior to the present study, no species of the genus Parahandronchus Mulvey, 1978 of the subfamily Hadronchinae was acquainted with molecular data. Thus, in an attempt to bolster the molecular data of mononchid nematodes, a population of Parahadronchus siroii Renubala & Dhanachand, 1992 and Parahadronchus divendentu s Sushilkumar, Mexico & Mohilal, 2023 were recovered from Tlangsam, Champhai district and Lunglei, Lunglei district, Mizoram, India. Both the species were morphologically and molecularly characterized. Sequences of the D2-D3 of 28S and 18S of rDNA were generated for the first time for these two nematode species and a subsequent phylogenetic relationship of Parahadrochus with other Mononchs was analysed based on the sequences. The present study also provides new additional morphological data on P. siroii . Material and Method MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES In October 2021, soil samples were collected from around the roots of an unknown grass in Tlangsam, Champhai district, Mizoram, India at a longitude of 23°27'43.8'' N and latitude of 93°21'21.4''E, and Ageratum sp. from Lunglei, with coordinates of 22°39'34.6"N 92°40'04.5"E, Lunglei district, Mizoram. The soil samples were processed by sieving and decanting method (Cobb, 1918 ) at the Parasitology Lab, Department of Zoology, Manipur University. Baermann’s Funnel Technique (Thorne, 1961 ) was used to extract nematodes from the samples. The extracted nematodes were then fixed using warm (around 60 o C) formalin alcohol (FA) (4:1) and further dehydrated using the Seinhorst’s ( 1962 ) glycerol-ethanol method. Specimens were mounted in anhydrous glycerine on glass slides to prepare permanent mounts. Nikon research microscope, ECLIPSE E200 equipped with a Y-TV55 camera and Y-IDT drawing tube, was used to observe and measure the specimens. MOLECULAR STUDIES Specimens stored in DESS solution (20% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 0.25 M disodium EDTA, saturated with NaCl at pH 8) (Seutin et al., 1991 ; Yoder et al., 2006 ) were washed and rehydrated using distilled water. During washing, the water was changed four times every 15 mins. This was followed by selection of a nematode on a glass slide and cutting the specimen into two pieces using a metallic pin. The pieces were then transferred to a PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) tube containing 20 µl of worm lysis buffer (10 mM Tris at pH 8.3, 50 mM KCl, 0.45% NP40 (Tergitol sigma), 2.5 mM MgCl 2 , and 0.45% Tween-20) and then frozen at -20 o C for 15 minutes. The PCR tube was subjected to 65 o C for 1 hour followed by 95 o C for 10 minutes in a thermal cycler. The lysate was finally centrifuged at 14000 g for 1 minute (Singh et al. 2021 ). The isolated DNA was used for the amplification of D2-D3 segments of 28S rDNA and partial 18S rDNA. For amplification of the D2-D3 region, D2A/D3B primer pair was used (Nunn, 1992 ) and that for the 18S rDNA, SSU18A/SSU26R primer pair was used (Mayer et al., 2007 ). The thermal profile for D2-D3 amplification was 94 o C for 4 minutes, 35 cycles of (44 o C for 1 minute, 55 o C for 1.5 minutes and 72 o C for 2 minutes), 72 o C for 10 minutes and 4 o C final hold, whereas for the 18S amplification, the thermal profile was 95°C for 5 min, 35 cycles of (94°C for 1 min, 52°C for 1.5 min and 68°C for 2 min), 68°C for 10 min and a final hold at 4°C. The PCR amplicons were cleaned following Singh et al. ( 2020 ). Contigs were then prepared from the forward and backward sequences obtained after sequencing using the software Geneious Prime 2020.0.5 ( https://www.geneious.com ). The assembled sequences were deposited in GenBank, NCBI (National Centre for Biotechnology Informatics). PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS Based on the D2-D3 region of 28S rDNA and 18S rDNA, the phylogenetic relationships of P. siroii and P. divendentus with other mononchid species were analysed. For this, available sequences of 28S and 18S of mononchid species were retrieved from the NCBI. The 28S and 18S sequences were aligned including our newly generated sequences by MUSCLE alignment tool of Geneious Prime 2020.0.5 using default parameters. The poorly aligned ends were trimmed off manually. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis (MrBayes 3.2.6) was performed with the GTR + I + G nucleotide substitution model for each alignment file. The analyses were run under 1 × 10 6 generations (four runs) and Markov chains were sampled every 100 generations and 20% of the converged runs were regarded as burn-in (Huelsenbeck & Ronquist, 2001 ). The Bayesian 50% majority consensus trees were inferred, and the branch supports were indicated by posterior probabilities. Results MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISATION Parahadronchus siroii Renubala & Dhanachand, 1992 Description ( Fig. 1 ; Table 1 ) Table 1 Morphometric details of Parahadronchus siroii recovered from Tlangsam, Champhai, Mizoram, India. All measurements are in µm except L in mm and are presented in the form: Mean ± Standard deviation (Range). Parameters Female N 5 L (body length) 2.4 ± 0.1 (2.2–2.6) a (body length/ Maximum body width) 30.4 ± 2.7 (28.9–35.2) b (body length/Anterior end to pharyngo-intestinal junction) 4.5 ± 0.3 (4.3–4.9) c (body length/ tail length) 4.2 ± 0.2 (3.9–4.4) cˊ (tail length/ body width at anus) 11.9 ± 0.9 (10.4–12.8) G1 (anterior gonad length/body length × 100) 16.2 ± 2.8 (13.4–20.9) G2 (posterior gonad/body length × 100) 15.4 ± 1.5 (13–16.8) V (anterior end to vulva/body length × 100) 55.7 ± 1.6 (53.4–57.4) Maximum body width 79.2 ± 4.8 (73.1–83.6) Body width at neck 63.1 ± 7.7 (53.4–70.2) Body width at vulval region 82.8 ± 12.7 (69.1–98.7) Body width at anal region 48.3 ± 3.4 (44.8–52.3) Cuticle at buccal region 1.6 ± 0.3 (1.3–2.2) Cuticle at vulval region 1.9 ± 0.3 (1.6–2.4) Cuticle at anal region 2.8 ± 0.3 (2.5–3.2) Lip wide 47.9 ± 6 (41.3–54.2) Lip height 15.8 ± 1.7 (13.6–17.6) Buccal cavity length 51.1 ± 1.9 (48.5–53.8) Buccal cavity width 42.9 ± 6.5 (32.7–48.2) Dorsal tooth apex from stoma base 22.7 ± 1.1 (21.7–24.4) Amphid from anterior end 17.3 ± 2.6 (14.4–21.5) Amphid opening diameter 6.1 ± 0.4 (5.6–6.8) Pharyngeal sleeve 11.7 ± 1.4 (9.8–13.5) Nerve ring 156.6 ± 7.6 (149.2–165.8) Secretory-excretory pore diameter 3 ± 0.5 (2.6–3.8) Secretory-excretory pore from nerve ring 20.8 ± 1.7 (18.3–22.5) Anterior end to Pharyngo-Intestinal junction 533.5 ± 14.2 (518.3–550.4) Anterior end to Vulva 1339.8 ± 87.2 (1189.2–1411.5) Anterior gonad length 392.5 ± 90.3 (297.2–437.9) Posterior gonad length 371 ± 54.2 (288.8–433.1) Vulva to rectum 491.9 ± 45.9 (453.9–569.8) Rectum 43.5 ± 2.7 (40.9–47.2) Tail length 573.3 ± 18.2 (545.3–591) Female Robust body (a = 29–35), ventrally arcuate upon fixation, 2.2–2.6 mm long. Body width maximum (73–84 µm) at around mid-body length or anterior to the vulva. Cuticle, with minute transverse striations, thickness varies throughout the body; maximum at anus level (2.5–3 µm). Lip region offset from adjoining body region. Labial papillae prominent and arranged like a crown. Labial width 3 times that of labial height. Amphid at the anterior portion of the buccal cavity. Amphidial fovea cup–shaped with indistinct amphidial canal. Vestibulum and buccal cavity constitute the stoma. Buccal cavity barrel shaped, strong and sclerotized, its length slightly longer than its width. Buccal cavity with a single large dorsal tooth, positioned at 42–48% of the buccal length from the stoma base. Dorsal tooth opposed by two longitudinal ventral ridges. Each ridge with 3–6 denticles. The pharyngeal sleeve or collar small, covers the stoma base. Nerve ring distinct, situated at 6–7% of body length from anterior end. Secretory – excretory pore distinct, located at 6.5–8% of body length from the anterior end. Pharyngo-intestinal junction tuberculate, positioned at 20–23% of body length from the anterior end. Intestinal lumen randomly granulated. Intestine greatly tapers at vulval region, and occupies 33–37% of body width at vulva. Reproductive system didelphic – amphidelphic with symmetrical genital branches. Ovaries robust, similar on both branches and reflexed; anterior ovary 101–133 µm long × 35–53 µm width and posterior ovary 94–120 µm × 34–50 µm, not reaching oviduct – uterus junction. Oviduct – uterus junction with highly muscular sphincter. Oviduct large and straight; uterus convoluted. Vagina thick. pars refrigens vaginae sclerotized, triangular in shaped, 3–4 × 2–3 µm in dimensions. pars proximalis vaginae thick, muscular with tubular walls; 18–22 µm long. pars distalis vaginae smooth with concave walls, 7–10 µm long. Vulva, a transverse slit, located posterior to mid-body region. Advulval papillae present; 0–1 pre and 0–3 post. Eggs present in one specimen, ellipsoidal in shape, capsulated in intra – uterine sac; 62–90 × 52–60 µm in dimensions. Rectum concave, 41–47 µm long, shorter in length to anal body diameter. Tail long (545–591 µm), filiform, conoid then cylindrical. Caudal glands in tandem. Spinneret present, terminal and at the centre. Male Not found Parahadronchus divendentu s Sushilkumar, Mexico & Mohilal, 2023 Description ( Fig. 2 ; Table 2 ) Table 2 Morphometric details of female Parahadronchus divendentus recovered from Lunglei, Lunglei district, Mizoram, India. All measurements are in µm except L in mm and are presented in the form: Mean ± Standard deviation (Range). Parameters Female N 3 L (body length) 2.4 ± 0.1 (2.3–2.5) a (body length/ Maximum body width) 23.5 ± 0.7 (22.6–23.9) b (body length/Anterior end to pharyngo-intestinal junction) 4 ± 0.1 (4–4.13) c (body length/ tail length) 4.8 ± 0.1 (4.7–5) cˊ (tail length/ body width at anus) 8.4 ± 0.6 (8.1–9.1) G1 (anterior gonad length/body length × 100) 14.2 ± 0.6 (13.6–14.7) G2 (posterior gonad/body length × 100) 13.8 ± 0.7 (13–14.3) V (anterior end to vulva/body length × 100) 52.9 ± 1.3 (51.4–53.9) Body width at neck 67.5 ± 4.9 (63.1–72.8) Body width at the vulval region 102.8 ± 1.6 (101.4–104.5) Body width at anal region 59.2 ± 5.8 (53.5–65.1) Cuticle at buccal region 1.1 ± 0.1 (1–1.2) Cuticle at vulval region 2.2 ± 0.3 (2–2.57) Cuticle at anal region 2.5 ± 0.4 (2.1–2.9) Lip wide 44.9 ± 5.7 (40.3–51.3) Lip height 13.7 ± 1.1 (12.9–14.9) Buccal cavity length 53.8 ± 2.9 (52–57) Buccal cavity width 36.2 ± 2.9 (33.6–39.4) Dorsal tooth apex from stoma base 23.6 ± 1.1 (22.4–24.7) Amphid from the anterior end 19.9 ± 1.8 (17.9–21.6) Amphid opening diameter 5 ± 0.2 (4.9–5.2) Pharyngeal sleeve 8.4 ± 0.6 (7.9–9.1) Nerve ring from anterior end 171 ± 17.9 (151.3–186.1) Secretory-excretory pore diameter 3.6 ± 0.9 (2.7–4.5) Secretory-excretory pore from nerve ring 13.6 ± 2.2 (11–15) Anterior end to pharyngo-intestinal junction 595.5 ± 35.6 (555.1–622.2) Anterior end to vulva 1275.7 ± 26 (1246.8–1299) Anterior gonad length 342.1 ± 12.4 (331.7–355.9) Posterior gonad length 333.7 ± 10.8 (325.1–345.9) Vulva to rectum 637.7 ± 47.6 (589.5–684.7) Rectum 58.6 ± 4.1 (54.5–62.7) Tail length 498.4 ± 25.3 (480.1–527.2) Female : Body robust, 2.3–2.5 mm long. Body width maximum at vulval region. Cuticle smooth, thickness maximum at anal region. Lip region continuous with adjoining body region. Labial width 3–4 times that of labial height. Labial papillae prominent, arranged in circles. Amphids distinct with cup shaped fovea, situated at anterior region of the buccal cavity. Amphidial canal indistinct. Buccal cavity sclerotized. tubular shape, 1.5 times as long as wide. Dorsal tooth at 43–45% of buccal length from stoma base and opposed by two longitudinal ventral ridges. Each ridge equipped with two denticles. Two foramina present at stoma base. Pharyngeal sleeve covers stoma base. Nerve ring distinct, situated at 6–8% of body length from anterior end. Secretory-excretory pore distinct. Pharyngo-intestinal junction tuberculate, located at 24–25% of body length from anterior end. Intestinal lumen randomly granulated. Reproductive system didelphic-amphidelphic; anterior branch 332–356 µm long while posterior branch 325–346 µm long. Ovaries robust and reflexed; anterior ovary: 95–103 × 37–40 µm & posterior ovary: 99–105 × 41–43 µm in dimension. Oviduct straight; uterus convoluted Sphincter present at oviduct-uterus junction. pars refrigens vaginae tear drop shaped. pars proximalis vaginae with tubular walls. pars distalis vaginae with smooth concave walls. Vulva, a transverse slit, without advulval papillae. Eggs absent. Rectum straight, similar to anal body diameter. Tail long, conoid then cylindrical. Caudal glands grouped. Spinneret subterminal. Male Not found REMARK The morphology and morphometrics of the above species detected from Champhai and Lunglei districts are in conformity with the original descriptions of P. siroii and P. divendentus , respectively. However, the original description of P. siroii lacked some important morphological details like body thickness at neck and vulval regions, labial papillae, cuticle thickness variation throughout body, secretory-excretory pore, intestinal lumen, pars refrigens vaginae, pars distalis vaginae , and pars proximalis vaginae , which are now provided in the current study. Parahadronchus siroii was also recently detected from three other districts in Mizoram (i.e. Aizawl, Mamit and Saitaul) with some morphological variations when compared to that of the type population in Manipur state (Sushilkumar et al., 2021 ) i.e. the specimens from Mizoram were found with wider lip (41.3–54.2 vs 33–41.6 µm), longer and wider buccal cavity (48.5–53.8 × 32.7–48.2 vs 46.4–49.4 × 28.8–36.8 µm), longer rectum (40.9–47.2 vs 28–32 µm) and thicker anal body diameter (44.8–52.2 vs 32–38.4) (Table 3 ). Table 3 Morphometric differences of Parahadronchus siroii between the specimens of Manipur and Mizoram. Length in mm; height and width are in µm. Parameters P. siroii (Present study) P. siroii (After Sushilkumar et al., 2021 ) P. siroii After Renubala & Dhanachand, 1992 L 2.2–2.6 2.2–2.6 2.3–3.1 a 28.9–35.2 32.4–38.1 40.6–60.8 b 4.3–4.9 4.3–4.8 5.0–6.3 c 3.9–4.4 3.9–4.5 4.1–5.2 cˊ 10.4–12.8 12.1–16.3 15.2–18.6 V 53.4–57.4 53.4–57.2 52.2–59.3 G1 13.4–20.9 12.3–16.5 6.7–11.7 G2 13–16.8 12.6–16.4 7.2–14.4 Lip wide 41.3–54.2 - 33.0–41.6 Lip height 13.6–17.6 - 12.8–14.4 Buccal cavity length 48.5–53.8 48.8–52.9 46.4–49.6 Buccal cavity width 32.7–48.2 31.3–36.7 28.8–36.8 Dorsal tooth apex from stoma base 21.7– 24.4 22.9–23.5 19.2–20.2 Rectum 40.9–47.2 - 28–32 Tail 545.3–591 567–595 560–608 Anal body diameter 44.8–52.3 36.5–44.7 32.0–38.4 Significant differences were observed in the ‘a’ value between the Mizoram and Manipur specimens, but a clear conclusion cannot be derived as the type species does not contain any information on body width. However, comparing available morphometric data such as lip wide and anal body diameter suggests a much wider body in the Mizoram specimen. The exact reasons for such morphological variations between the Manipur and Mizoram specimens are unknown, but the topological and climatic features of the two regions may play a role as also suggested by Sushilkumar et al. ( 2021 ). Unfortunately, no molecular data were generated for the species in the earlier studies. However, from the current population of P. siroii from the Champhai district of Mizoram, the 18S and 28S or rDNA were successfully generated for the first time (see molecular characterisation). The most important morphological features leading to identification of P. divendentus were subventral wall with two longitudinal ridges, each with two denticles, amphidelphic genital system, long filiform tail with grouped caudal glands and subterminal spinneret. However, advulval papillae were not observed during the study but were reported in the original description. Of unknown reasons, comparative studies between the present specimen and the original description showed slight variations in morphometrics like a (23–24 vs 25–33), c (4.7–5 vs 4.1–4.6), cˊ (8.1–9.1 vs 10.3–11.9), V (51.4–53.9 vs 54.6–56.8) and position of secretory-excretory pore from nerve ring (11–15 vs 4–6 µm). Further, a comparison of important morphology and morphometric data for all the Parahadronchus species are presented in Table 4 . Table 4 Comparative account of Parahadronchus siroii with other Parahadronchus species. Lengths are given in mm; height and width are in µm. P. andamanicus (Jairajpuri, 1969 ) Mulvey, 1968 P. diphuensis (Phukan & Sanwal, 1981 ) Andrássy,1993 P. divendentu s Sushilkumar, Mexico & Mohilal, 2023 P. egregious Andrássy,1993 P. magnus Dhanam & Jairajpuri, 1998 P. marami Renubala & Dhanachand, 1992 P. solangorensis Loof, 2006 P. shakili (Jairajpuri, 1969 ) Mulvey, 1968 P. siroii Renubala & Dhanachand, 1992 P. subhonicus Dhanachand, Renubala & Mohial, 1991 P. yuenae (Thong, 1971 ) Mulvey, 1978 L 2.2–3.2 1.9–2.2 2.0–2.5 2.5 3.6–4.7 2.38 3.9–4.9 2.3–3.3 2.3–3.1 2.8 2.3–2.9 a 30–41 34–38 25.1–33.1 42 48–51 46.6 44–50 32–47 40.6–60.8 38.1 35–41 b 3.7–4.4 4.2–4.7 3.9–4.6 4.5 4.4–4.9 4.37 3.9–4.9 4.2–4.9 5.0– 6.3 4.7 4.2–4.7 c 5–13 4.9–5.3 4.1–4.5 4.2 8–9 6.3 4.9–5.3 5.5–11 4.1–5.2 5.6 3.9–4.7 cˊ 8–10 10–12 10.3–11.9 18 7.9–9.9 10.6 13–16 6–11 15.2–18.6 8.6 12–13 V% 64–75 56–59 54.6–56.8 54 58–60 57.7 58–60 56–70 52.2–59.3 66.6 56–62 Lip region Marked off - Continuous - - Slightly off Offset Distinctly marked off Slightly set off Slightly set off - Lateral chord at mid-body 1/5th–1/4th - - - - - 1/6th 1/7th–1/5th - - - Buccal cavity length 58–77 - 52.5–53.6 - 69–84 48 55–57 46–65 46.4–49.6 48 - Buccal cavity width 35–44 - 35.6–42.8 - - 24 32–33 30–40 28.8–36.8 32 - Dorsal tooth apex from stoma base 26–35 60–70% 42–50% - 38–41 19.2 45–49% 21–32 19.2–20.2 (41–46%) 22.4 - Longitudinal ridge 2 2 2 4 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 No. of subventral teeth 4–8 2–3 2 - - 3 4–5 3–6 3–6 4 2–4 Genital system Prodelphic Amphidelphic Amphidelphic - - Amphidelphic Amphidelphic Amphidelphic Amphidelphic Prodelphic Prodelphic Advulval papillae 0–3 pre; 0–2 post - 1–pre; 1–post - Absent 0–1 pre; 0–1 post 1–pre & post 0–3 pre; 0–2 post 0–1 pre; 0–1 post 0–1 pre; 0–1 post - Caudal glands Present - Group Lacking - Tandem Present Present Tandem Tandem - Spinneret Terminal - Subterminal Lacking - Subterminal Subterminal Terminal Terminal Subdorsal Terminal MOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION Two identical D2-D3 of 28S (OP866150 & OP866151;776–805) and one 18S (OP864955, 862 bp) were generated for P. siroii , whereas one D2-D3 (OQ170962; 807 bp) was generated for P. divendentus. The P. siroii and the P. divendentus D2-D3 sequences were 96% similar (34 out of 806 bp differences), whereas the P. siroii 18S sequences was found identical to a sequence of Iotonchus parabasidontus Mulvey & Jensen, 1967 (OP997536; 100% similarity). The D2-D3 based phylogenetic tree (Fig. 3 ) was constructed using three sequences of unidentified Mylonchus sp. (MW544451, MW544449 & MW544450) as outgroup while Bathyondontus cylindricus Fielding, 1950 (AY552964) and two sequences of Bathyondontus mirus (Andrássy, 1956 ) Hopper & Cairns, 1959 (AY284744 & FJ969116) were used as outgroup for 18S based tree (Fig. 4 ). Based on the D2-D3 tree, both P. siroii and P. divendentus formed a clade with Iotonchus spp. with maximum support, whereas based on the 18S tree, P. siroii formed a maximally supported clade with Iotonchus sp. and Miconchus sp. Evidently, in both the D2-D3 and 18S trees Parahadronchus appeared to be phylogenetically most closely related to Iotonchus Cobb, 1916. However, these positions might change in the future with the inclusion of more Mononchid sequences in the analyses, especially from the genera whose molecular data are yet to be available. Discussion Parahadronchus siroii was first described from the Siroi Hill Range of Manipur, India (Renubala & Dhanachand, 1992 ). Subsequent redetection of this species was made in the neighbouring state of Mizoram, hilly region (Sushilkumar et al., 2021 ), with some minor morphological differences when compared with that of the type population (see remark section). In the original description of this species, various morphological details were lacking which had been elaborated and incorporated in the remark section of the present report. In addition, the first molecular data of Parahandronchus species of the subfamily Hadronchinae are presented. Parahadronchus appears to be molecularly most closely related to Iotonchus based on the currently available data of mononchid nematodes. However, this may change in the future with the generation of more sequences for mononchid genera under hadronchinae whose molecular data are yet to be available viz ., Hadronchus Mulvey & Jensen, 1967 , Hadronchulu s Ray & Das, 1983 , Hadronchoides Jairajpuri & Rahman, 1984 and Prionchulellus Mulvey & Jensen, 1967 . The above two molecularly closely related genera belong to two different subfamilies of Iotonchidae Jairajpuri, 1969 , i.e. Iotonchus under Iotonchinae Jairajpuri, 1969 and Parahadronchus under Hadronchinae. Iotonchus is diagnosed by its rather small dorsal tooth positioned at the basal or suprabasal region of the buccal cavity, complete absence of any armature or denticles or ridges on subventral wall, variable tail shape of conoid to filiform and rarely short in length. Parahadronchus , on the other hand, has a large buccal cavity with a strong and large dorsal tooth positioned at or around the posterior half of buccal length. The dorsal tooth is opposed by two or four longitudinal ridges, each ridge equipped with denticles and also positioned at the posterior portion of the buccal cavity. Nonetheless, these two genera share similar characteristics like robust bodies, large buccal cavities, tuberculate pharyngo-intestinal junction, well-developed caudal glands and spinneret. Parahadronchus is diversified with 11 nominal species, and judging by the distribution of the species, Parahadronchus appears to favour the hilly terrain of Asia as all the nominal species have been recovered from the hilly topography of this region. Eight of the species that have been recovered from India include P. andamanicus (Jairajpuri, 1969 ) Mulvey, 1978 , P. diphuensis (Phukan & Sanwal, 1981 ) Andrássy, 1993 , P. divendentus , P. magnus Dhanam & Jairajpuri, 1998 , P. marami Renubala & Dhanachand, 1992 , P. shakili (Jairajpuri, 1969 ) Mulvey, 1978 , P. siroii and P. subhonicus Dhanachand, Renubala & Mohilal, 1991 and the remaining three species i.e. P. egregious Andrássy, 1993 , P. selangorensis Loof, 2006 d yuenae (Thong, 1971 ) Mulvey, 1978 have been recovered from Vietnam, Western Malaysia, and Singapore respectively (Andrássy,1993; Dhanachand et al., 1991 ; Dhanam & Jairajpuri, 1998 ; Loof, 2006 ; Jairajpuri, 1969 ; Phukan & Sanwal, 1981 ; Renubala & Dhanachand, 1992 ; Sushilkumar et al., 2023 ; Thong, 1971 ). They can be morphologically differentiated using a combination of characters along with general morphometrics. Most importantly, characters such as the reproductive system (either monodelphic-prodelphic or didelphic-amphidelphic), the position of dorsal tooth in the buccal cavity, the number of subventral denticles, the arrangement of caudal glands (in group or tandem) and terminal or subterminal (subdorsal or subventral) spinneret, are helpful in separating the Parahadronchus species (see comparative details given). Declarations Acknowledgement The authors are thankful to the Head, Department of Zoology, Manipur University for providing necessary infrastructure and equipment. Author contributions SSS, PRS, SMS and NMM prepared the manuscript text. SSS, PRS and SMS collected the specimens. SSS, PRS and SMS prepared the figures. All authors reviewed the manuscript. Funding The research is not funded by any agency. Data availability Not available Competing interest The authors declare no competing interest Ethical approval Not applicable References Andrássy, I. (1956). Eine interessante Nematodenfauna der Gerste. Nematologische Notizen. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 2, 307–317. Andrássy, I. (1993). A taxonomic survey of the family Anatonchidae (Nematoda). Opuscula Zoologica Budapest 26, 9–52. Bazgir, E., Naghavi, A., & Zolfaghari, Z. (2021). Description of Prionchulus girchi sp. nov. (Nematoda: Mononchina) with additional data on two known species of the genus Prionchulus from Lorestan province, Iran. Helminthologia, 58(1), 85–91. https://doi.org/10.2478/helm-2021-0011 Carneiro, R. M. D. G., Lima, F. S. D. O., & Correia, V. R. (2017). Nematology-Concepts, Diagnosis and Control. In M. M. Shah & M. Mahamood (Eds.), Methods and tools currently used for the identification of plant parasitic nematodes (pp. 19–36). IntechOpen. Carneiro, R., Tigano, M., Randig, O., Almeida, M. R., & Sarah, J. L. (2004). Identification and genetic diversity of Meloidogyne spp. (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) on coffee from Brazil, Central America and Hawaii. 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The Great Basin Naturalist, 10, 45–50. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41710887 Holterman, M., Rybarczyk, K., Van Den Elsen, S., Van Megen, H., Mooyman, P., Peña-Santiago, R., Bongers, T., Bakker, J. & Helder, J. (2007). A ribosomal DNA-based framework for the detection and quantification of stress-sensitive nematode families in terrestrial habitats. Molecular Ecology Notes 7, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01963.x Holterman, M., Rybarczyk, K., Van Der Wurff, A., Van Den Elsen, S., Van Megen, H., Mooyman, P., Bongers, T., Holovachov, O., Bakker, J. & Helder, J. (2006). Phylum-wide analysis of SSU rDNA reveals deep phylogenetic relationships among nematodes and accelerated evolution towards crown clades. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 23, 1792–1800. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msl044 Hopper, B. E. & Cairns, E. J. (1959). Taxonomic keys to plant, soil and aquatic nematodes . Auburn, AL, USA, Alabama Polytechnic Institute. Huelsenbeck, J.P. & Ronquist, F., (2001). 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Nematode molecular evolution. An investigation of evolutionary patterns among nematodes based upon DNA sequences . Ph.D. thesis. University of Nottingham, UK. Olia, M., Ahmad, W., Araki, M., Minaka, N., Oba, H. & Okada, H. (2008). Actus salvadoricus Baqri & Jairajpuri (Mononchida: Mylonchulidae) from Japan with comment on the phylogenetic position of the genus Actus based on 18S rDNA sequences. Japanese Journal of Nematology, 38, 57–69. https://doi.org/10.3725/jjn.38.57 Oliveira, C. M. G. D., Monteiro, A. R., & Blok, V. C. (2011). Morphological and molecular diagnostics for plant-parasitic nematodes: working together to get the identification done. Tropical Plant Pathology , 36, 65–73. Palomares-Rius, J. E., Escobar, C., Cabrera, J., Vovlas, A., & Castillo, P. (2017). Anatomical alterations in plant tissues induced by plant-parasitic nematodes. Frontiers in plant science , 8, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01987 Phukan, P.N. & Sanwal, K.C. (1981). Two new species of Hadronchus Mulvey & Jensen, 1967 from Assam (India). Journal of Research, Assam Agriculture University 2, 80–85. Ray, S. & Das, S.N. (1983). Hadronchulus shamimi n. gen., sp. n. and Cobbonchus artemisiae (Mononchida: Nematoda) from Orissa, India. Nematologica 28, 247–252. https://doi.org/10.1163/187529282X00097 Renubala, K. & Dhanachand, Ch. (1992). Two new species of the genus Parahadronchus Mulvey, 1978 from Manipur. Current Nematology, 3, 79–82. Saha, M., Lal, M. & Singh, M. (2006). Three new species of nematodes belonging to Mononchida Jairajpuri 1969, from rhizosphere of mango in Western Uttar Pradesh, India. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences 14, 177–183. Seinhorst, J.W. (1962). On the killing, fixing and transferring to glycerin of nematodes. Nematologica 8, 29–32. https://doi.org/10.1163/187529262X00981 Seutin, G., White, B.N. & Boag, P.T. (1991). Preservation of avian blood and tissue samples for DNA analyses. Canadian journal of zoology 69, 82–90. https://doi.org/10.1139/z91-013 Shokoohi, E., & Moyo, N. (2022). Molecular character of Mylonchulus hawaiiensis and morphometric differentiation of six Mylonchulus (Nematoda; Order: Mononchida; Family: Mylonchulidae) species using multivariate analysis. Microbiology Research , 13(3), 655–666. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres13030047 Shokoohi, E., Mehrabi-Nasab, A. R., Mirzaei, M., & Peneva, V. (2013). Study of mononchids from Iran, with description of Mylonchulus kermaniensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Mononchida). Zootaxa , 3599(6), 519–534. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3599.6.2 Singh, P.R., Karssen, G., Couvreur, M. & Bert, W. (2020). Morphological and molecular characterization of Heterodera dunensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) from Gran Canaria, Canary Islands. Journal of Nematology 52(2020), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2020-098 Singh, P.R., Karssen, G., Couvreur, M., Subbotin, S.A. & Bert, W. (2021). Integrative taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of the plant-parasitic nematode genus Paratylenchus (Nematoda: Paratylenchinae): Linking species with molecular barcodes. Plants 10, 1–408. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020408 Singh, S. S., Singh, P. R., Singh, S. M., Singh, M. O. K., & Meitei, N. M. (2023). Morphological and molecular characterisation of Mulveyellus aizawlensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Iotonchinae) from Aizawl, Mizoram, India. Nematology , 25 (2023) 717–728. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685411-bja10250 Subbotin, S. A. (2021). Molecular identification of nematodes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In R. N. Perry, D. J. Hunt & S. A. Subbotin (Eds.), Techniques for work with plant and soil nematodes (pp. 218–239). Wallingford UK: CABI. Sushilkumar, S., Mexico, M. & Mohilal, N. (2021). Three known species of the genus Parahadronchus – First report from Mizoram, India. International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences 8(2), 01–06. https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v8i2.16 Sushilkumar, S., Mexico, S. & Mohilal, N. (2023). A new species of Parahadronchus Mulvey, 1978 from Mizoram. Agricultural Science Digest 43(3), 373–377. https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.D-5496 Tahseen, Q., Asif, M., Mustaqim, M., Ahlawat, S., & Bert, W. (2013). Descriptions of ten known species of the superfamily Mononchoidea (Mononchida: Nematoda) from North India with a detailed account on their variations. Zootaxa , 3646(4), 301–335. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3646.4.1 Thong, C.H.S. (1971). Five species of mononchidae (nematoda) from Singapore island. Nematologica, 16, 470–476. Thorne, G. (1961). Principles of Nematology . Mc Graw hill Book Company, Inc. New York, Toronto, London. Van Megen, H., Van Den Elsen, S., Holterman, M., Karssen, G., Mooyman, P., Bongers, T., Holovachov, O., Bakker, J. & Helder, J. (2009). A phylogenetic tree of nematodes based on about 1200 full length small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Nematology, 11, 927–950. https://doi.org/10.1163/156854109X456862 van Rensburg, C. J., Fourie, H., Ashrafi, S., & Rashidifard, M. (2021). Description of Prionchulus jonkershoekensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Mononchida), a new predatory species from South Africa. Journal of Nematology , 53(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2021-039 Vu, T. T., Le, T. M. L., & Nguyen, T. D. (2021). Morphological and molecular characterization of Iotonchus lotilabiatus n . sp. (Nematoda: Iotonchidae) from Lao Cai Province, Vietnam. Journal of Nematology , 53(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2021-066 Vu, T. T., Rybarczyk-Mydłowska, K., Susulovsky, A., Kubicz, M., Flis, Ł., Le, L., & Winiszewska, G. (2021). Descriptions of two new and one known species of Parkellus Jairajpuri, Tahseen and Choi, 2001 (Nematoda: Mononchidae) and their phylogenetic position among Mononchida. Journal of Nematology , 53(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2021-076 Winiszewska, G. & Susulovsky, A. (2003). Revision of the genus Prionchulus Cobb, 1916 (Nematoda: Mononchina). I. Prionchulus muscorum (Dujardin, 1845) Cobb, 1916 and related species. Annales Zoologici 53, 559–577. Yoder, M., De Ley, I.T., King, I.W., Mundo-Ocampo, M., Mann, J., Blaxter, M., Poiras, L. & De Ley, P. (2006). DESS: a versatile solution for preserving morphology and extractable DNA of nematodes. Nematology 8(3), 367–376. https://doi.org/10.1163/156854106778493448 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3916066","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":270570325,"identity":"076700e2-83a8-4a4d-be27-566d3995dbe4","order_by":0,"name":"Samandram Sushilkumar Singh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Manipur University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Samandram","middleName":"Sushilkumar","lastName":"Singh","suffix":""},{"id":270570326,"identity":"79b0e74a-40cd-4967-ab93-f36f0f15b9c9","order_by":1,"name":"Phougeishangbam Rolish Singh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ghent University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Phougeishangbam","middleName":"Rolish","lastName":"Singh","suffix":""},{"id":270570327,"identity":"95c1412c-a73e-4ba7-ba7b-c79e904a30b1","order_by":2,"name":"Sorokhaibam Mexico Singh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Manipur University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sorokhaibam","middleName":"Mexico","lastName":"Singh","suffix":""},{"id":270570328,"identity":"4a5e5865-9bd9-4053-8527-1b0945780f64","order_by":3,"name":"Naorem Mohilal Meitei","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA90lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACNoaEAgYZfhAzASzA2AAVx6fFgIFHsoEkLQxALQYHiHWVudjhYw8eGNjxGF87/OzBwx2H8w1uN7dJMNTYMfBJN2DVYjk7Ld0gwSCZx+x2mrlB4pnDlhvuHARqOZbMwCaD3WKD2zlmEgkGzEAtCWYSiW2HDQxuJDYbMLAdYGCTSMCnpZ7HeHb6NyQt/whqOcxjIJ0Dt6XxAWMbPi1paUAtx3kkbueUSSSeSTeQBGlJ7Evmwa0l+Zjkj4pqOf7Z6dskf+6wNuC7kf7gwIdvdnLyM7BrQQXQSATHKQ8R6pG1jIJRMApGwShAAgA+iFnie4AdOgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Manipur University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Naorem","middleName":"Mohilal","lastName":"Meitei","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-01 05:14:43","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3916066/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3916066/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":50660897,"identity":"b400829c-cc13-48bb-ac44-3d6e026af7ee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-05 11:48:57","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":514414,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFemale \u003cem\u003eParahadronchus siroii \u003c/em\u003eRenubala \u0026amp; Dhanachand, 1992. a – Anterior region showing buccal cavity and nerve ring, b – Head region showing buccal cavity, its denticles and amphids position, c – Pharyngo-intestinal junctions showing tubercles, d – Vulval region, e – Posterior region, f –Posterior region showing posterior gonad, g – Egg.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3916066/v1/19a29242fef5775a8280ef5c.png"},{"id":50660895,"identity":"51b2f3d4-bc08-42d9-89a0-245f024ff11f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-05 11:48:57","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":644868,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFemale \u003cem\u003eParahadronchus divendentus\u003c/em\u003eSushilkumar, Mexico \u0026amp; Mohilal, 2023. a – Anterior region showing buccal cavity, nerve ring and pharyngo-intestinal junction, b – Head region showing amphids, c – Head region showing buccal cavity, d – Pharyngo-intestinal junction, e – Midbody region showing female genital system, f – Vulva, g – Sphincter, h – Posterior region showing tail.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3916066/v1/b7917469a7deda4739450080.png"},{"id":50660898,"identity":"b250ec79-6ad5-4394-81b7-7664fd40a246","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-05 11:48:57","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":339712,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eA 50% majority rule Bayesian phylogenetic tree of Mononchida including \u003cem\u003eParahadronchus siroii \u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eP. divendentus\u003c/em\u003e from India, based on the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rDNA sequences under the GTR + I + G model. The species are indicated in boldface font. Posterior probabilities of above 0.50 are given next to clades.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3916066/v1/e24f6e636569359678f62843.png"},{"id":50661426,"identity":"40df6a61-4785-4b5f-8be7-4dfe04fe2f1d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-05 11:56:57","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":400790,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eA 50% majority rule Bayesian phylogenetic tree of Mononchida including \u003cem\u003eParahadronchus siroii\u003c/em\u003e from India, based on the 18S rDNA sequences under the GTR + I + G model. The species is indicated in boldface font. Posterior probabilities of above 0.50 are given next to clades.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3916066/v1/46093771d65dcb0b139a11bf.png"},{"id":52052449,"identity":"621f73ab-a3a0-4e3e-be00-4421de28f4be","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-06 00:25:34","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2374437,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3916066/v1/b6812fdf-740a-436b-884e-491e828cfc61.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"First molecular information and additional taxonomic detail of Parahadronchus siroii and Parahadronchus divendentus (Mononchida: Hadronchinae) from India","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eNematodes are one of the most difficult organisms to be identified due to the difficulties in observing key diagnostic characters under conventional light microscope (Carneiro et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Caneiro et al., 2017; Castagnone-Sereno, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Oliveira et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Also, conventional methods for nematode identification are time-consuming and its accuracy and reliability depend on the experience and skill of the diagnosing individual (Subbotin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Morphological variability in the traditional taxonomy of nematodes can also lead to overlapping characteristics identification and ambiguous interpretation (Palomares-Rius et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). To tackle these complications, PCR-based amplification of 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA and mtDNA is greatly utilized for nematode diagnosis (Subbotin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor mononchid nematodes, Holterman et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e) showcased the first molecular data on mononchs using SSU rDNA sequences. Some other notable molecular studies in the field of mononchid nematodes include that of Bazgir et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), Holterman et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e), Meldal et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e), Olia et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e), Rensburg et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), Shokoohi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), Shokoohi \u0026amp; Moyo (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), Singh et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), Tahseen et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), van Megen et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e), and Vu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Predominantly, most of these studies are based on 18S rDNA sequences, thereby limiting the proper molecular identification of mononchid nematodes. Also, despite these studies molecular data on the family Cobbonchidae Jairajpuri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e and subfamily Hadronchinae Khan \u0026amp; Jairajpuri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e are still missing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrior to the present study, no species of the genus \u003cem\u003eParahandronchus\u003c/em\u003e Mulvey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1978\u003c/span\u003e of the subfamily Hadronchinae was acquainted with molecular data. Thus, in an attempt to bolster the molecular data of mononchid nematodes, a population of \u003cem\u003eParahadronchus siroii\u003c/em\u003e Renubala \u0026amp; Dhanachand, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cem\u003eParahadronchus divendentu\u003c/em\u003es Sushilkumar, Mexico \u0026amp; Mohilal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e were recovered from Tlangsam, Champhai district and Lunglei, Lunglei district, Mizoram, India. Both the species were morphologically and molecularly characterized. Sequences of the D2-D3 of 28S and 18S of rDNA were generated for the first time for these two nematode species and a subsequent phylogenetic relationship of \u003cem\u003eParahadrochus\u003c/em\u003e with other Mononchs was analysed based on the sequences. The present study also provides new additional morphological data on \u003cem\u003eP. siroii\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and Method","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn October 2021, soil samples were collected from around the roots of an unknown grass in Tlangsam, Champhai district, Mizoram, India at a longitude of 23\u0026deg;27'43.8'' N and latitude of 93\u0026deg;21'21.4''E, and \u003cem\u003eAgeratum\u003c/em\u003e sp. from Lunglei, with coordinates of 22\u0026deg;39'34.6\"N 92\u0026deg;40'04.5\"E, Lunglei district, Mizoram. The soil samples were processed by sieving and decanting method (Cobb, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1918\u003c/span\u003e) at the Parasitology Lab, Department of Zoology, Manipur University. Baermann\u0026rsquo;s Funnel Technique (Thorne, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1961\u003c/span\u003e) was used to extract nematodes from the samples. The extracted nematodes were then fixed using warm (around 60\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC) formalin alcohol (FA) (4:1) and further dehydrated using the Seinhorst\u0026rsquo;s (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1962\u003c/span\u003e) glycerol-ethanol method. Specimens were mounted in anhydrous glycerine on glass slides to prepare permanent mounts. Nikon research microscope, ECLIPSE E200 equipped with a Y-TV55 camera and Y-IDT drawing tube, was used to observe and measure the specimens.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMOLECULAR STUDIES\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecimens stored in DESS solution (20% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 0.25 M disodium EDTA, saturated with NaCl at pH 8) (Seutin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e; Yoder et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e) were washed and rehydrated using distilled water. During washing, the water was changed four times every 15 mins. This was followed by selection of a nematode on a glass slide and cutting the specimen into two pieces using a metallic pin. The pieces were then transferred to a PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) tube containing 20 \u0026micro;l of worm lysis buffer (10 mM Tris at pH 8.3, 50 mM KCl, 0.45% NP40 (Tergitol sigma), 2.5 mM MgCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and 0.45% Tween-20) and then frozen at -20\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC for 15 minutes. The PCR tube was subjected to 65\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC for 1 hour followed by 95\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC for 10 minutes in a thermal cycler. The lysate was finally centrifuged at 14000 g for 1 minute (Singh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The isolated DNA was used for the amplification of D2-D3 segments of 28S rDNA and partial 18S rDNA.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor amplification of the D2-D3 region, D2A/D3B primer pair was used (Nunn, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e) and that for the 18S rDNA, SSU18A/SSU26R primer pair was used (Mayer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). The thermal profile for D2-D3 amplification was 94\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC for 4 minutes, 35 cycles of (44\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC for 1 minute, 55\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC for 1.5 minutes and 72\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC for 2 minutes), 72\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC for 10 minutes and 4\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC final hold, whereas for the 18S amplification, the thermal profile was 95\u0026deg;C for 5 min, 35 cycles of (94\u0026deg;C for 1 min, 52\u0026deg;C for 1.5 min and 68\u0026deg;C for 2 min), 68\u0026deg;C for 10 min and a final hold at 4\u0026deg;C. The PCR amplicons were cleaned following Singh et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Contigs were then prepared from the forward and backward sequences obtained after sequencing using the software Geneious Prime 2020.0.5 (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.geneious.com\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.geneious.com\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). The assembled sequences were deposited in GenBank, NCBI (National Centre for Biotechnology Informatics).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the D2-D3 region of 28S rDNA and 18S rDNA, the phylogenetic relationships of \u003cem\u003eP. siroii\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. divendentus\u003c/em\u003e with other mononchid species were analysed. For this, available sequences of 28S and 18S of mononchid species were retrieved from the NCBI. The 28S and 18S sequences were aligned including our newly generated sequences by MUSCLE alignment tool of Geneious Prime 2020.0.5 using default parameters. The poorly aligned ends were trimmed off manually. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis (MrBayes 3.2.6) was performed with the GTR\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;I\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;G nucleotide substitution model for each alignment file. The analyses were run under 1 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e generations (four runs) and Markov chains were sampled every 100 generations and 20% of the converged runs were regarded as burn-in (Huelsenbeck \u0026amp; Ronquist, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). The Bayesian 50% majority consensus trees were inferred, and the branch supports were indicated by posterior probabilities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISATION\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eParahadronchus siroii\u003c/b\u003e Renubala \u0026amp; Dhanachand, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescription \u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorphometric details of \u003cem\u003eParahadronchus siroii\u003c/em\u003e recovered from Tlangsam, Champhai, Mizoram, India. All measurements are in \u0026micro;m except L in mm and are presented in the form: Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;Standard deviation (Range).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL (body length)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 (2.2\u0026ndash;2.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea (body length/ Maximum body width)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7 (28.9\u0026ndash;35.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb (body length/Anterior end to pharyngo-intestinal junction)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3 (4.3\u0026ndash;4.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec (body length/ tail length)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2 (3.9\u0026ndash;4.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecˊ (tail length/ body width at anus)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9 (10.4\u0026ndash;12.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG1 (anterior gonad length/body length \u0026times; 100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.8 (13.4\u0026ndash;20.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG2 (posterior gonad/body length \u0026times; 100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5 (13\u0026ndash;16.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV (anterior end to vulva/body length \u0026times; 100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6 (53.4\u0026ndash;57.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum body width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.8 (73.1\u0026ndash;83.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody width at neck\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.7 (53.4\u0026ndash;70.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody width at vulval region\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.7 (69.1\u0026ndash;98.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody width at anal region\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.4 (44.8\u0026ndash;52.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCuticle at buccal region\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3 (1.3\u0026ndash;2.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCuticle at vulval region\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3 (1.6\u0026ndash;2.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCuticle at anal region\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3 (2.5\u0026ndash;3.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLip wide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6 (41.3\u0026ndash;54.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLip height\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7 (13.6\u0026ndash;17.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuccal cavity length\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.9 (48.5\u0026ndash;53.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuccal cavity width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.5 (32.7\u0026ndash;48.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDorsal tooth apex from stoma base\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1 (21.7\u0026ndash;24.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmphid from anterior end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6 (14.4\u0026ndash;21.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmphid opening diameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4 (5.6\u0026ndash;6.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePharyngeal sleeve\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4 (9.8\u0026ndash;13.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNerve ring\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.6 (149.2\u0026ndash;165.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecretory-excretory pore diameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5 (2.6\u0026ndash;3.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecretory-excretory pore from nerve ring\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7 (18.3\u0026ndash;22.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnterior end to Pharyngo-Intestinal junction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e533.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.2 (518.3\u0026ndash;550.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnterior end to Vulva\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1339.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;87.2 (1189.2\u0026ndash;1411.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnterior gonad length\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e392.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;90.3 (297.2\u0026ndash;437.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePosterior gonad length\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e371\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;54.2 (288.8\u0026ndash;433.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVulva to rectum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e491.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;45.9 (453.9\u0026ndash;569.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRectum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7 (40.9\u0026ndash;47.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTail length\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e573.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.2 (545.3\u0026ndash;591)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eFemale\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eRobust body (a\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;29\u0026ndash;35), ventrally arcuate upon fixation, 2.2\u0026ndash;2.6 mm long. Body width maximum (73\u0026ndash;84 \u0026micro;m) at around mid-body length or anterior to the vulva. Cuticle, with minute transverse striations, thickness varies throughout the body; maximum at anus level (2.5\u0026ndash;3 \u0026micro;m). Lip region offset from adjoining body region. Labial papillae prominent and arranged like a crown. Labial width 3 times that of labial height. Amphid at the anterior portion of the buccal cavity. Amphidial fovea cup\u0026ndash;shaped with indistinct amphidial canal. Vestibulum and buccal cavity constitute the stoma. Buccal cavity barrel shaped, strong and sclerotized, its length slightly longer than its width. Buccal cavity with a single large dorsal tooth, positioned at 42\u0026ndash;48% of the buccal length from the stoma base. Dorsal tooth opposed by two longitudinal ventral ridges. Each ridge with 3\u0026ndash;6 denticles. The pharyngeal sleeve or collar small, covers the stoma base. Nerve ring distinct, situated at 6\u0026ndash;7% of body length from anterior end. Secretory \u0026ndash; excretory pore distinct, located at 6.5\u0026ndash;8% of body length from the anterior end. Pharyngo-intestinal junction tuberculate, positioned at 20\u0026ndash;23% of body length from the anterior end. Intestinal lumen randomly granulated. Intestine greatly tapers at vulval region, and occupies 33\u0026ndash;37% of body width at vulva. Reproductive system didelphic \u0026ndash; amphidelphic with symmetrical genital branches. Ovaries robust, similar on both branches and reflexed; anterior ovary 101\u0026ndash;133 \u0026micro;m long \u0026times; 35\u0026ndash;53 \u0026micro;m width and posterior ovary 94\u0026ndash;120 \u0026micro;m \u0026times; 34\u0026ndash;50 \u0026micro;m, not reaching oviduct \u0026ndash; uterus junction. Oviduct \u0026ndash; uterus junction with highly muscular sphincter. Oviduct large and straight; uterus convoluted. Vagina thick. \u003cem\u003epars refrigens vaginae\u003c/em\u003e sclerotized, triangular in shaped, 3\u0026ndash;4 \u0026times; 2\u0026ndash;3 \u0026micro;m in dimensions. \u003cem\u003epars proximalis vaginae\u003c/em\u003e thick, muscular with tubular walls; 18\u0026ndash;22 \u0026micro;m long. \u003cem\u003epars distalis vaginae\u003c/em\u003e smooth with concave walls, 7\u0026ndash;10 \u0026micro;m long. Vulva, a transverse slit, located posterior to mid-body region. Advulval papillae present; 0\u0026ndash;1 pre and 0\u0026ndash;3 post. Eggs present in one specimen, ellipsoidal in shape, capsulated in intra \u0026ndash; uterine sac; 62\u0026ndash;90 \u0026times; 52\u0026ndash;60 \u0026micro;m in dimensions. Rectum concave, 41\u0026ndash;47 \u0026micro;m long, shorter in length to anal body diameter. Tail long (545\u0026ndash;591 \u0026micro;m), filiform, conoid then cylindrical. Caudal glands in tandem. Spinneret present, terminal and at the centre.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eMale\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot found\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eParahadronchus divendentu\u003c/b\u003es Sushilkumar, Mexico \u0026amp; Mohilal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescription \u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorphometric details of female \u003cem\u003eParahadronchus divendentus\u003c/em\u003e recovered from Lunglei, Lunglei district, Mizoram, India. All measurements are in \u0026micro;m except L in mm and are presented in the form: Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;Standard deviation (Range).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL (body length)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 (2.3\u0026ndash;2.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea (body length/ Maximum body width)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7 (22.6\u0026ndash;23.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb (body length/Anterior end to pharyngo-intestinal junction)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 (4\u0026ndash;4.13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec (body length/ tail length)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 (4.7\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecˊ (tail length/ body width at anus)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6 (8.1\u0026ndash;9.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG1 (anterior gonad length/body length \u0026times; 100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6 (13.6\u0026ndash;14.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG2 (posterior gonad/body length \u0026times; 100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7 (13\u0026ndash;14.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV (anterior end to vulva/body length \u0026times; 100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3 (51.4\u0026ndash;53.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody width at neck\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.9 (63.1\u0026ndash;72.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody width at the vulval region\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6 (101.4\u0026ndash;104.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody width at anal region\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8 (53.5\u0026ndash;65.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCuticle at buccal region\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 (1\u0026ndash;1.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCuticle at vulval region\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3 (2\u0026ndash;2.57)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCuticle at anal region\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4 (2.1\u0026ndash;2.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLip wide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.7 (40.3\u0026ndash;51.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLip height\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1 (12.9\u0026ndash;14.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuccal cavity length\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.9 (52\u0026ndash;57)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuccal cavity width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.9 (33.6\u0026ndash;39.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDorsal tooth apex from stoma base\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1 (22.4\u0026ndash;24.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmphid from the anterior end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.8 (17.9\u0026ndash;21.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmphid opening diameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2 (4.9\u0026ndash;5.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePharyngeal sleeve\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6 (7.9\u0026ndash;9.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNerve ring from anterior end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.9 (151.3\u0026ndash;186.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecretory-excretory pore diameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9 (2.7\u0026ndash;4.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecretory-excretory pore from nerve ring\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.2 (11\u0026ndash;15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnterior end to pharyngo-intestinal junction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e595.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35.6 (555.1\u0026ndash;622.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnterior end to vulva\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1275.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;26 (1246.8\u0026ndash;1299)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnterior gonad length\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e342.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.4 (331.7\u0026ndash;355.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePosterior gonad length\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e333.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.8 (325.1\u0026ndash;345.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVulva to rectum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e637.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;47.6 (589.5\u0026ndash;684.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRectum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.1 (54.5\u0026ndash;62.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTail length\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e498.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;25.3 (480.1\u0026ndash;527.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eFemale\u003c/em\u003e: Body robust, 2.3\u0026ndash;2.5 mm long. Body width maximum at vulval region. Cuticle smooth, thickness maximum at anal region. Lip region continuous with adjoining body region. Labial width 3\u0026ndash;4 times that of labial height. Labial papillae prominent, arranged in circles. Amphids distinct with cup shaped fovea, situated at anterior region of the buccal cavity. Amphidial canal indistinct. Buccal cavity sclerotized. tubular shape, 1.5 times as long as wide. Dorsal tooth at 43\u0026ndash;45% of buccal length from stoma base and opposed by two longitudinal ventral ridges. Each ridge equipped with two denticles. Two foramina present at stoma base. Pharyngeal sleeve covers stoma base. Nerve ring distinct, situated at 6\u0026ndash;8% of body length from anterior end. Secretory-excretory pore distinct. Pharyngo-intestinal junction tuberculate, located at 24\u0026ndash;25% of body length from anterior end. Intestinal lumen randomly granulated. Reproductive system didelphic-amphidelphic; anterior branch 332\u0026ndash;356 \u0026micro;m long while posterior branch 325\u0026ndash;346 \u0026micro;m long. Ovaries robust and reflexed; anterior ovary: 95\u0026ndash;103 \u0026times; 37\u0026ndash;40 \u0026micro;m \u0026amp; posterior ovary: 99\u0026ndash;105 \u0026times; 41\u0026ndash;43 \u0026micro;m in dimension. Oviduct straight; uterus convoluted Sphincter present at oviduct-uterus junction. \u003cem\u003epars refrigens vaginae\u003c/em\u003e tear drop shaped. \u003cem\u003epars proximalis vaginae\u003c/em\u003e with tubular walls. \u003cem\u003epars distalis vaginae\u003c/em\u003e with smooth concave walls. Vulva, a transverse slit, without advulval papillae. Eggs absent. Rectum straight, similar to anal body diameter. Tail long, conoid then cylindrical. Caudal glands grouped. Spinneret subterminal.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eMale\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot found\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eREMARK\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe morphology and morphometrics of the above species detected from Champhai and Lunglei districts are in conformity with the original descriptions of \u003cem\u003eP. siroii\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. divendentus\u003c/em\u003e, respectively. However, the original description of \u003cem\u003eP. siroii\u003c/em\u003e lacked some important morphological details like body thickness at neck and vulval regions, labial papillae, cuticle thickness variation throughout body, secretory-excretory pore, intestinal lumen, \u003cem\u003epars refrigens vaginae, pars distalis vaginae\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003epars proximalis vaginae\u003c/em\u003e, which are now provided in the current study. \u003cem\u003eParahadronchus siroii\u003c/em\u003e was also recently detected from three other districts in Mizoram (i.e. Aizawl, Mamit and Saitaul) with some morphological variations when compared to that of the type population in Manipur state (Sushilkumar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) i.e. the specimens from Mizoram were found with wider lip (41.3\u0026ndash;54.2 \u003cem\u003evs\u003c/em\u003e 33\u0026ndash;41.6 \u0026micro;m), longer and wider buccal cavity (48.5\u0026ndash;53.8 \u0026times; 32.7\u0026ndash;48.2 \u003cem\u003evs\u003c/em\u003e 46.4\u0026ndash;49.4 \u0026times; 28.8\u0026ndash;36.8 \u0026micro;m), longer rectum (40.9\u0026ndash;47.2 \u003cem\u003evs\u003c/em\u003e 28\u0026ndash;32 \u0026micro;m) and thicker anal body diameter (44.8\u0026ndash;52.2 \u003cem\u003evs\u003c/em\u003e 32\u0026ndash;38.4) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorphometric differences of \u003cem\u003eParahadronchus siroii\u003c/em\u003e between the specimens of Manipur and Mizoram. Length in mm; height and width are in \u0026micro;m.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. siroii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Present study)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. siroii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(After Sushilkumar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. siroii\u003c/em\u003e After Renubala \u0026amp; Dhanachand, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u0026ndash;2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u0026ndash;2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3\u0026ndash;3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.9\u0026ndash;35.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.4\u0026ndash;38.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.6\u0026ndash;60.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3\u0026ndash;4.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3\u0026ndash;4.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u0026ndash;6.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9\u0026ndash;4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9\u0026ndash;4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1\u0026ndash;5.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecˊ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4\u0026ndash;12.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1\u0026ndash;16.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2\u0026ndash;18.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.4\u0026ndash;57.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.4\u0026ndash;57.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.2\u0026ndash;59.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4\u0026ndash;20.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3\u0026ndash;16.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u0026ndash;11.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u0026ndash;16.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6\u0026ndash;16.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2\u0026ndash;14.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLip wide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.3\u0026ndash;54.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.0\u0026ndash;41.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLip height\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6\u0026ndash;17.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8\u0026ndash;14.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuccal cavity length\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.5\u0026ndash;53.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.8\u0026ndash;52.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.4\u0026ndash;49.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuccal cavity width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.7\u0026ndash;48.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.3\u0026ndash;36.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.8\u0026ndash;36.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDorsal tooth apex from stoma base\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.7\u0026ndash; 24.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.9\u0026ndash;23.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2\u0026ndash;20.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRectum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.9\u0026ndash;47.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u0026ndash;32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTail\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e545.3\u0026ndash;591\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e567\u0026ndash;595\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e560\u0026ndash;608\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnal body diameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.8\u0026ndash;52.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.5\u0026ndash;44.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.0\u0026ndash;38.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant differences were observed in the \u0026lsquo;a\u0026rsquo; value between the Mizoram and Manipur specimens, but a clear conclusion cannot be derived as the type species does not contain any information on body width. However, comparing available morphometric data such as lip wide and anal body diameter suggests a much wider body in the Mizoram specimen. The exact reasons for such morphological variations between the Manipur and Mizoram specimens are unknown, but the topological and climatic features of the two regions may play a role as also suggested by Sushilkumar et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Unfortunately, no molecular data were generated for the species in the earlier studies. However, from the current population of \u003cem\u003eP. siroii\u003c/em\u003e from the Champhai district of Mizoram, the 18S and 28S or rDNA were successfully generated for the first time (see molecular characterisation).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most important morphological features leading to identification of \u003cem\u003eP. divendentus\u003c/em\u003e were subventral wall with two longitudinal ridges, each with two denticles, amphidelphic genital system, long filiform tail with grouped caudal glands and subterminal spinneret. However, advulval papillae were not observed during the study but were reported in the original description. Of unknown reasons, comparative studies between the present specimen and the original description showed slight variations in morphometrics like a (23\u0026ndash;24 \u003cem\u003evs\u003c/em\u003e 25\u0026ndash;33), c (4.7\u0026ndash;5 \u003cem\u003evs\u003c/em\u003e 4.1\u0026ndash;4.6), cˊ (8.1\u0026ndash;9.1 \u003cem\u003evs\u003c/em\u003e 10.3\u0026ndash;11.9), V (51.4\u0026ndash;53.9 \u003cem\u003evs\u003c/em\u003e 54.6\u0026ndash;56.8) and position of secretory-excretory pore from nerve ring (11\u0026ndash;15 \u003cem\u003evs\u003c/em\u003e 4\u0026ndash;6 \u0026micro;m). Further, a comparison of important morphology and morphometric data for all the \u003cem\u003eParahadronchus\u003c/em\u003e species are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparative account of \u003cem\u003eParahadronchus siroii\u003c/em\u003e with other \u003cem\u003eParahadronchus\u003c/em\u003e species. Lengths are given in mm; height and width are in \u0026micro;m.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eandamanicus\u003c/em\u003e (Jairajpuri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e) Mulvey, 1968\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ediphuensis\u003c/em\u003e (Phukan \u0026amp; Sanwal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1981\u003c/span\u003e) Andr\u0026aacute;ssy,1993\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. divendentu\u003c/em\u003es Sushilkumar, Mexico \u0026amp; Mohilal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. egregious\u003c/em\u003e Andr\u0026aacute;ssy,1993\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. magnus\u003c/em\u003e Dhanam \u0026amp; Jairajpuri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003emarami\u003c/em\u003e Renubala \u0026amp; Dhanachand, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. solangorensis\u003c/em\u003e Loof, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eshakili\u003c/em\u003e (Jairajpuri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e) Mulvey, 1968\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003esiroii\u003c/em\u003e Renubala \u0026amp; Dhanachand, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003esubhonicus\u003c/em\u003e Dhanachand, Renubala \u0026amp; Mohial, 1991\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eyuenae\u003c/em\u003e (Thong, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e) Mulvey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1978\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u0026ndash;3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026ndash;2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u0026ndash;2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6\u0026ndash;4.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9\u0026ndash;4.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3\u0026ndash;3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3\u0026ndash;3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3\u0026ndash;2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u0026ndash;38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1\u0026ndash;33.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u0026ndash;51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u0026ndash;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u0026ndash;47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.6\u0026ndash;60.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u0026ndash;4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u0026ndash;4.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9\u0026ndash;4.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u0026ndash;4.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9\u0026ndash;4.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u0026ndash;4.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u0026ndash; 6.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u0026ndash;4.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9\u0026ndash;5.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1\u0026ndash;4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u0026ndash;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9\u0026ndash;5.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u0026ndash;11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1\u0026ndash;5.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9\u0026ndash;4.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecˊ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3\u0026ndash;11.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9\u0026ndash;9.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u0026ndash;16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2\u0026ndash;18.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u0026ndash;13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u0026ndash;75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u0026ndash;59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.6\u0026ndash;56.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u0026ndash;70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.2\u0026ndash;59.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u0026ndash;62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLip region\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarked off\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContinuous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSlightly off\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOffset\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistinctly marked off\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSlightly set off\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSlightly set off\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLateral chord at mid-body\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/5th\u0026ndash;1/4th\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/6th\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/7th\u0026ndash;1/5th\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuccal cavity length\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u0026ndash;77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.5\u0026ndash;53.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u0026ndash;84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u0026ndash;57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u0026ndash;65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.4\u0026ndash;49.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuccal cavity width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.6\u0026ndash;42.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u0026ndash;33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.8\u0026ndash;36.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDorsal tooth apex from stoma base\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u0026ndash;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u0026ndash;70%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u0026ndash;50%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u0026ndash;41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;49%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u0026ndash;32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2\u0026ndash;20.2 (41\u0026ndash;46%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLongitudinal ridge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of subventral teeth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenital system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProdelphic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmphidelphic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmphidelphic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmphidelphic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmphidelphic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmphidelphic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmphidelphic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProdelphic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProdelphic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdvulval papillae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3 pre; 0\u0026ndash;2 post\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;pre; 1\u0026ndash;post\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbsent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;1 pre; 0\u0026ndash;1 post\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;pre \u0026amp; post\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3 pre; 0\u0026ndash;2 post\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;1 pre; 0\u0026ndash;1 post\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;1 pre; 0\u0026ndash;1 post\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaudal glands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLacking\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTandem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTandem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTandem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpinneret\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerminal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubterminal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLacking\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubterminal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubterminal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerminal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerminal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubdorsal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerminal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo identical D2-D3 of 28S (OP866150 \u0026amp; OP866151;776\u0026ndash;805) and one 18S (OP864955, 862 bp) were generated for \u003cem\u003eP. siroii\u003c/em\u003e, whereas one D2-D3 (OQ170962; 807 bp) was generated for \u003cem\u003eP. divendentus.\u003c/em\u003e The \u003cem\u003eP. siroii\u003c/em\u003e and the \u003cem\u003eP. divendentus\u003c/em\u003e D2-D3 sequences were 96% similar (34 out of 806 bp differences), whereas the \u003cem\u003eP. siroii\u003c/em\u003e 18S sequences was found identical to a sequence of \u003cem\u003eIotonchus parabasidontus\u003c/em\u003e Mulvey \u0026amp; Jensen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1967\u003c/span\u003e (OP997536; 100% similarity).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe D2-D3 based phylogenetic tree (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) was constructed using three sequences of unidentified \u003cem\u003eMylonchus\u003c/em\u003e sp. (MW544451, MW544449 \u0026amp; MW544450) as outgroup while \u003cem\u003eBathyondontus cylindricus\u003c/em\u003e Fielding, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1950\u003c/span\u003e (AY552964) and two sequences of \u003cem\u003eBathyondontus mirus\u003c/em\u003e (Andr\u0026aacute;ssy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1956\u003c/span\u003e) Hopper \u0026amp; Cairns, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1959\u003c/span\u003e (AY284744 \u0026amp; FJ969116) were used as outgroup for 18S based tree (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Based on the D2-D3 tree, both \u003cem\u003eP. siroii\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. divendentus\u003c/em\u003e formed a clade with \u003cem\u003eIotonchus\u003c/em\u003e spp. with maximum support, whereas based on the 18S tree, \u003cem\u003eP. siroii\u003c/em\u003e formed a maximally supported clade with \u003cem\u003eIotonchus\u003c/em\u003e sp. and \u003cem\u003eMiconchus\u003c/em\u003e sp. Evidently, in both the D2-D3 and 18S trees \u003cem\u003eParahadronchus\u003c/em\u003e appeared to be phylogenetically most closely related to \u003cem\u003eIotonchus\u003c/em\u003e Cobb, 1916. However, these positions might change in the future with the inclusion of more Mononchid sequences in the analyses, especially from the genera whose molecular data are yet to be available.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eParahadronchus siroii\u003c/em\u003e was first described from the Siroi Hill Range of Manipur, India (Renubala \u0026amp; Dhanachand, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e). Subsequent redetection of this species was made in the neighbouring state of Mizoram, hilly region (Sushilkumar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), with some minor morphological differences when compared with that of the type population (see \u003cspan refid=\"Sec8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eremark\u003c/span\u003e section). In the original description of this species, various morphological details were lacking which had been elaborated and incorporated in the \u003cspan refid=\"Sec8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eremark\u003c/span\u003e section of the present report. In addition, the first molecular data of \u003cem\u003eParahandronchus\u003c/em\u003e species of the subfamily Hadronchinae are presented.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eParahadronchus\u003c/em\u003e appears to be molecularly most closely related to \u003cem\u003eIotonchus\u003c/em\u003e based on the currently available data of mononchid nematodes. However, this may change in the future with the generation of more sequences for mononchid genera under hadronchinae whose molecular data are yet to be available \u003cem\u003eviz\u003c/em\u003e., \u003cem\u003eHadronchus\u003c/em\u003e Mulvey \u0026amp; Jensen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1967\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cem\u003eHadronchulu\u003c/em\u003es Ray \u0026amp; Das, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cem\u003eHadronchoides\u003c/em\u003e Jairajpuri \u0026amp; Rahman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePrionchulellus\u003c/em\u003e Mulvey \u0026amp; Jensen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1967\u003c/span\u003e. The above two molecularly closely related genera belong to two different subfamilies of Iotonchidae Jairajpuri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e, i.e. \u003cem\u003eIotonchus\u003c/em\u003e under Iotonchinae Jairajpuri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cem\u003eParahadronchus\u003c/em\u003e under Hadronchinae. \u003cem\u003eIotonchus\u003c/em\u003e is diagnosed by its rather small dorsal tooth positioned at the basal or suprabasal region of the buccal cavity, complete absence of any armature or denticles or ridges on subventral wall, variable tail shape of conoid to filiform and rarely short in length. \u003cem\u003eParahadronchus\u003c/em\u003e, on the other hand, has a large buccal cavity with a strong and large dorsal tooth positioned at or around the posterior half of buccal length. The dorsal tooth is opposed by two or four longitudinal ridges, each ridge equipped with denticles and also positioned at the posterior portion of the buccal cavity. Nonetheless, these two genera share similar characteristics like robust bodies, large buccal cavities, tuberculate pharyngo-intestinal junction, well-developed caudal glands and spinneret.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eParahadronchus\u003c/em\u003e is diversified with 11 nominal species, and judging by the distribution of the species, \u003cem\u003eParahadronchus\u003c/em\u003e appears to favour the hilly terrain of Asia as all the nominal species have been recovered from the hilly topography of this region. Eight of the species that have been recovered from India include \u003cem\u003eP. andamanicus\u003c/em\u003e (Jairajpuri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e) Mulvey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1978\u003c/span\u003e, P. \u003cem\u003ediphuensis\u003c/em\u003e (Phukan \u0026amp; Sanwal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1981\u003c/span\u003e) Andr\u0026aacute;ssy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e, P. \u003cem\u003edivendentus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eP. magnus\u003c/em\u003e Dhanam \u0026amp; Jairajpuri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e, P. \u003cem\u003emarami\u003c/em\u003e Renubala \u0026amp; Dhanachand, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e, P. \u003cem\u003eshakili\u003c/em\u003e (Jairajpuri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e) Mulvey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1978\u003c/span\u003e, P. \u003cem\u003esiroii\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. subhonicus\u003c/em\u003e Dhanachand, Renubala \u0026amp; Mohilal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e and the remaining three species i.e. \u003cem\u003eP. egregious\u003c/em\u003e Andr\u0026aacute;ssy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e, P. \u003cem\u003eselangorensis\u003c/em\u003e Loof, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003ed \u003cem\u003eyuenae\u003c/em\u003e (Thong, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e) Mulvey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1978\u003c/span\u003e have been recovered from Vietnam, Western Malaysia, and Singapore respectively (Andr\u0026aacute;ssy,1993; Dhanachand et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e; Dhanam \u0026amp; Jairajpuri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Loof, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Jairajpuri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e; Phukan \u0026amp; Sanwal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1981\u003c/span\u003e; Renubala \u0026amp; Dhanachand, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e; Sushilkumar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Thong, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e). They can be morphologically differentiated using a combination of characters along with general morphometrics. Most importantly, characters such as the reproductive system (either monodelphic-prodelphic or didelphic-amphidelphic), the position of dorsal tooth in the buccal cavity, the number of subventral denticles, the arrangement of caudal glands (in group or tandem) and terminal or subterminal (subdorsal or subventral) spinneret, are helpful in separating the \u003cem\u003eParahadronchus\u003c/em\u003e species (see comparative details given).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors are thankful to the Head, Department of Zoology, Manipur University for providing necessary infrastructure and equipment.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSSS, PRS, SMS and NMM prepared the manuscript text. SSS, PRS and SMS collected the specimens. SSS, PRS and SMS prepared the figures. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research is not funded by any agency.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot available\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interest\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAndr\u0026aacute;ssy, I. (1956). Eine interessante Nematodenfauna der Gerste. Nematologische Notizen. \u003cem\u003eActa Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, \u003c/em\u003e2, 307\u0026ndash;317.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAndr\u0026aacute;ssy, I. (1993). A taxonomic survey of the family Anatonchidae (Nematoda). \u003cem\u003eOpuscula Zoologica Budapest \u003c/em\u003e26, 9\u0026ndash;52. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBazgir, E., Naghavi, A., \u0026amp; Zolfaghari, Z. (2021). Description of \u003cem\u003ePrionchulus girchi\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. (Nematoda: Mononchina) with additional data on two known species of the genus \u003cem\u003ePrionchulus \u003c/em\u003efrom Lorestan province, Iran. \u003cem\u003eHelminthologia,\u003c/em\u003e 58(1), 85\u0026ndash;91. https://doi.org/10.2478/helm-2021-0011 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCarneiro, R. M. D. G., Lima, F. S. D. O., \u0026amp; Correia, V. R. (2017). Nematology-Concepts, Diagnosis and Control. In M. M. Shah \u0026amp; M. Mahamood (Eds.), \u003cem\u003eMethods and tools currently used for the identification of plant parasitic nematodes\u003c/em\u003e (pp. 19\u0026ndash;36). IntechOpen. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCarneiro, R., Tigano, M., Randig, O., Almeida, M. 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The new genus \u003cem\u003eMorenchus denticulus \u003c/em\u003en. gen., n. sp. and a new species of \u003cem\u003eParahadronchus \u003c/em\u003efrom Moreh, Manipur, India. \u003cem\u003eCurrent Nematology \u003c/em\u003e2, 135\u0026ndash;138.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDhanam, M. \u0026amp; Jairajpuri, M.S. (1998). Five new species of mononchs from Malnad tracts of Karnataka, India. \u003cem\u003eNematologica \u003c/em\u003e44, 21\u0026ndash;35. https://doi.org/10.1163/005225998X00037 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFielding, M.J. (1950). Three new predacious nematodes. \u003cem\u003eThe Great Basin Naturalist, \u003c/em\u003e10, 45\u0026ndash;50. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41710887 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHolterman, M., Rybarczyk, K., Van Den Elsen, S., Van Megen, H., Mooyman, P., Pe\u0026ntilde;a-Santiago, R., Bongers, T., Bakker, J. \u0026amp; Helder, J. (2007). 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(2008). \u003cem\u003eActus salvadoricus \u003c/em\u003eBaqri \u0026amp; Jairajpuri (Mononchida: Mylonchulidae) from Japan with comment on the phylogenetic position of the genus \u003cem\u003eActus\u003c/em\u003e based on 18S rDNA sequences. \u003cem\u003eJapanese Journal of Nematology, \u003c/em\u003e38, 57\u0026ndash;69. https://doi.org/10.3725/jjn.38.57 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOliveira, C. M. G. D., Monteiro, A. R., \u0026amp; Blok, V. C. (2011). Morphological and molecular diagnostics for plant-parasitic nematodes: working together to get the identification done. \u003cem\u003eTropical Plant Pathology\u003c/em\u003e, 36, 65\u0026ndash;73. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePalomares-Rius, J. E., Escobar, C., Cabrera, J., Vovlas, A., \u0026amp; Castillo, P. (2017). 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Descriptions of two new and one known species of \u003cem\u003eParkellus\u003c/em\u003e Jairajpuri, Tahseen and Choi, 2001 (Nematoda: Mononchidae) and their phylogenetic position among Mononchida. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Nematology\u003c/em\u003e, 53(1), 1\u0026ndash;22. https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2021-076 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWiniszewska, G. \u0026amp; Susulovsky, A. (2003). Revision of the genus \u003cem\u003ePrionchulus \u003c/em\u003eCobb, 1916 (Nematoda: Mononchina). I. \u003cem\u003ePrionchulus muscorum \u003c/em\u003e(Dujardin, 1845) Cobb, 1916 and related species. \u003cem\u003eAnnales Zoologici \u003c/em\u003e53,\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e559\u0026ndash;577.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYoder, M., De Ley, I.T., King, I.W., Mundo-Ocampo, M., Mann, J., Blaxter, M., Poiras, L. \u0026amp; De Ley, P. (2006). DESS: a versatile solution for preserving morphology and extractable DNA of nematodes. \u003cem\u003eNematology\u003c/em\u003e 8(3), 367\u0026ndash;376. https://doi.org/10.1163/156854106778493448\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Mononchida, Hadronchinae, 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, Parahadronchus, Mizoram","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3916066/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3916066/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eA nematode survey conducted to study mononchid diversity in Mizoram state of India revealed the presence of \u003cem\u003eParahadronchus siroii\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. divendentus\u003c/em\u003e. These two mononchid species were both morphologically and molecularly characterized based on light microscopy studies and rRNA (18S and 28S) gene sequences. New taxonomic information is also provided for \u003cem\u003eP. siroii\u003c/em\u003e including the measurements around neck region, cuticle thickness, labial papillae, and structures of vulva and vagina. Additionally, a comparative account of all known \u003cem\u003eParahadronchus\u003c/em\u003e spp. is also herein presented. The current study generated molecular data for \u003cem\u003eParahadronchus\u003c/em\u003e species of the subfamily Hadrochinae for the first time, and subsequent phylogenetic analysis based on both the sequences revealed close relationships of \u003cem\u003eParahadronchus\u003c/em\u003e with \u003cem\u003eIotonchus.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"First molecular information and additional taxonomic detail of Parahadronchus siroii and Parahadronchus divendentus (Mononchida: Hadronchinae) from India","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-02-05 11:48:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3916066/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"40204a07-ee75-42cf-85aa-598716c533f5","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 5th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-03-06T00:17:26+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-02-05 11:48:52","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3916066","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3916066","identity":"rs-3916066","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}