Study the torque behaviour of the engine when varying the air and fuel injection pressure parameters to improve fuel economy in a conventional spark-ignited engine

Study the torque behaviour of the engine when varying the air and fuel injection pressure parameters to improve fuel economy in a conventional spark-ignited engine | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Study the torque behaviour of the engine when varying the air and fuel injection pressure parameters to improve fuel economy in a conventional spark-ignited engine Edgar Vicente Rojas-Reinoso, Silvio Masaquiza, David Calderón, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8041505/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 04 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The research analyses the impact of variations in air and fuel pressure on the torque, fuel efficiency, and consumption of a standard spark-ignition engine, with the goal of improving energy utilization in real driving situations. Due to their minimal emissions and low operating costs, spark-ignition engines are frequently employed in the automotive fleet of Ecuador. A custom signal control card connected to the Electronic Control Unit was utilized to test a variable pressure regulator and a pickup truck equipped with an Multi Point Injection system, aiming to alter air intake parameters. Two metropolitan routes in Quito, Ecuador, located at a high altitude, underwent real-world dynamic testing while being driven. Automotive scanners were utilized under normal operating conditions to gather data. The research examined injection pressures of 4.0, 4.5, and 5.0 bar. The findings indicated that injecting fuel at a pressure of 5 bar improved engine performance and reduced fuel consumption—by as much as 87% during urban driving conditions. As these findings demonstrate an affordable and reproducible method to enhance fuel efficiency and reduce emissions in conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, they align perfectly with the objectives of sustainable transportation. The information indicates that in developing countries where it is challenging to replace vehicle fleets, implementing adaptive fuel-air control technologies may enhance energy efficiency and reduce the environmental impact of existing car fleets. Physical sciences/Energy science and technology Physical sciences/Engineering Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Fuel Air flow Injection pressure Control card Torque Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Supplemetaryfiles.rar Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 04 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 10 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 04 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 16 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 14 Nov, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 12 Nov, 2025 Editor invited by journal 12 Nov, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 10 Nov, 2025 First submitted to journal 10 Nov, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8041505","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":545992091,"identity":"3f0ad756-59ee-4d9e-a471-ac4d64107366","order_by":0,"name":"Edgar Vicente Rojas-Reinoso","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1ElEQVRIie3QsQrCMBCA4SuFuESyVqT6Cgldi75KgtDZydWCkEmdO+g7dCtukYJTqavQpQ9QwVGwg9HOEro55JtuuB8uAbCsP0UBwm7CPZKoZ6LlPRIyztXy2V5FRpRT3yVMSGxIRvuIs52sxCnhLjtKCDxlSGiBKR3GlUhvgMZDCSI1HTbXCWvbUqRXNXjpZG1MKMY0wEiJVHHk6oRTU+IViAe+XASnRGxGh9JjiektZOteWNPO/Izk50ezCqfGH9PQ9xQKzmfXM+9rbt0llmVZ1g9vk188K1EaSbwAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Movilidad y Transporte (GiAUTO), Universidad Politécnica Salesiana","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Edgar","middleName":"Vicente","lastName":"Rojas-Reinoso","suffix":""},{"id":545992092,"identity":"3718c9a9-8813-4162-9b7c-34d792b91311","order_by":1,"name":"Silvio Masaquiza","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Movilidad y Transporte (GiAUTO), Universidad Politécnica Salesiana","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Silvio","middleName":"","lastName":"Masaquiza","suffix":""},{"id":545992093,"identity":"c25e5599-7642-4aaf-9d1b-1cfa0e4a9bff","order_by":2,"name":"David Calderón","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"David","middleName":"","lastName":"Calderón","suffix":""},{"id":545992094,"identity":"e5c6b788-8990-4048-83c4-0e2ed3f893e8","order_by":3,"name":"José A. Soriano","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"José","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Soriano","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-11-05 19:53:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8041505/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8041505/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-41765-z","type":"published","date":"2026-03-04T15:59:28+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":96914495,"identity":"c6539475-a8bf-4086-8638-0fb9ebb0776e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:06:00","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":13852966,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Articlevariationpressure10112025.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/9f7f300fa6dcfc42be8ee2c9.docx"},{"id":96758576,"identity":"f423d2c3-da22-4a27-9f29-ac2c518734ed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 18:23:48","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6313,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"a3a57444a72e4e21958f8d76fde9e485.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/bae1493c64f1c58d69e82fdd.json"},{"id":96914506,"identity":"41faf46c-5d61-4c23-a7a4-20e8947c7461","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:06:01","extension":"rar","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":27393213,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplemetaryfiles.rar","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/1f965e39b21d02954a435dc9.rar"},{"id":96758577,"identity":"163c7854-d3ca-489e-9bd5-5483de47092d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 18:23:48","extension":"xml","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":148119,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"a3a57444a72e4e21958f8d76fde9e4851enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/bb8c7ce1805761fcb4e09920.xml"},{"id":96758575,"identity":"77bdb8a5-189d-4f6e-8dee-f5c0b9a4274e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 18:23:48","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":38515,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/346c20963ebd6e74d5ffd44e.jpeg"},{"id":96915782,"identity":"c19bb865-a4cb-4c2c-a749-9f178929a63e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:07:37","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":289894,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/12827f0810d55fdedcb1b548.png"},{"id":96758582,"identity":"58cbfdaf-f232-4f10-83dc-77784f019aff","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 18:23:48","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":283245,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/c81d21ca5c39166087ec745b.png"},{"id":96758580,"identity":"bb8a8d4e-5e99-4dba-83b6-739762814d7d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 18:23:48","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":44060,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/bdb3625f664d6429cb598504.png"},{"id":96915195,"identity":"7819abc7-79c6-433c-8b13-cb7cfc7b6b96","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:06:57","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":193072,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/4368b026eddad1aa73d13de4.png"},{"id":96915615,"identity":"08ad899a-16d1-4c83-979e-4c1c8f427bd4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:07:27","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":195335,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/ccf16fffa680910b19e2540c.png"},{"id":96758583,"identity":"14c2a628-587e-43d0-9061-7519be9085fe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 18:23:48","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":201177,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/c40389f74330587a218ee230.png"},{"id":96914733,"identity":"1a72d531-9f70-4729-9619-00b8240b4cbb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:06:17","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":206991,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/558142c1abf92b95a7ce5938.png"},{"id":96758579,"identity":"b596391c-f5bb-40c3-bc03-c92b798856bf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 18:23:48","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":46282,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/3cddab19462a339314ad2b1e.png"},{"id":96915675,"identity":"3f8ce1ec-6163-4198-a9eb-0e70d33c0ace","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:07:31","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4255501,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage18.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/ddae275c4b96a822682e15f1.png"},{"id":96914762,"identity":"7931039e-3ebe-48f3-8dbc-73d78d014951","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:06:21","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":870199,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage19.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/cd1862265ccbe4e93049c971.png"},{"id":96758585,"identity":"10469a97-b44a-44a6-ab44-f01042a87ae9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 18:23:48","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":144877,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/9aece6a826826d6f2ab8372d.png"},{"id":96915732,"identity":"1d2e2251-ad49-412e-9570-f81f532bf940","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:07:35","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":269510,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/f2037dfcac7c6786581b3bfe.png"},{"id":96758594,"identity":"65677541-b7fa-4643-9545-71fe0ab98aaf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 18:23:48","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2462509,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/89547ba08071416fa536c144.png"},{"id":96758613,"identity":"577db2ef-b395-4087-87dd-47c1d9cbded7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 18:23:49","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3458905,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/2d70cd94afde34e66bf7d8ce.png"},{"id":96916146,"identity":"deb31331-1e61-413c-8ccd-1ba68f8f69ac","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:08:05","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":34369,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/885f17ef640e87e40f9909a4.png"},{"id":96915663,"identity":"8171c073-c44e-42e7-8f22-932b75b27cc4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:07:29","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":31399,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/55711723fe5effe2bbfff376.png"},{"id":96914625,"identity":"44632139-9fb0-4737-8dae-e1589ff44ee3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:06:11","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":316724,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/990d50151567ae9957cbe585.png"},{"id":96758602,"identity":"e065c25b-72bf-4a59-97a8-a9d9f8ab71e9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 18:23:49","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":298082,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/06dd42c4bb9e3a9d918d50aa.png"},{"id":96758606,"identity":"00ff9acd-dadd-45bf-9619-f2e580fc1967","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 18:23:49","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":27096,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/5de5b924c98b429f5c19dcbb.png"},{"id":96758618,"identity":"4e2d11aa-f0af-48a6-abbb-990fe4bc55f9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 18:23:49","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":50616,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/02c629de95af3d782c1e21b4.png"},{"id":96915246,"identity":"a5180a34-95d3-4f9d-92a3-b641fe216c4d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:07:01","extension":"png","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":50839,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/94d985f3eb28c203b0767835.png"},{"id":96758608,"identity":"b30f767a-9403-40b8-8019-fe32e0018d7a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 18:23:49","extension":"png","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9641,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/91a08f7332e2bea0f6674050.png"},{"id":96758603,"identity":"0e46732f-dfc3-4220-ac37-d613c4a7f580","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 18:23:49","extension":"png","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":47050,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/1dbb335ca43ae70256227522.png"},{"id":96915977,"identity":"440088ac-4af6-49ab-8cbd-2e8b1bab621f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:07:50","extension":"png","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":45381,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/bd17d353da71da7dd3c4f311.png"},{"id":96914642,"identity":"b149451e-3530-4439-b844-0c345cd8a773","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:06:12","extension":"png","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":44882,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/2921a2f86358d736b5892cea.png"},{"id":96758591,"identity":"3679e324-7a67-4fcb-9dd4-f20eda727142","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 18:23:48","extension":"png","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":49261,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/4fc35c85db15b4c49bd05042.png"},{"id":96915203,"identity":"bfe33b3e-7e16-4c35-bf41-bb57ae79fa1c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:06:58","extension":"png","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9640,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/b94adb1ea0b86547907ad202.png"},{"id":96916005,"identity":"a6a1924a-15a0-48eb-b474-e72b090f43e3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:07:52","extension":"png","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1382122,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage18.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/ed4bea1a7064e1e290eb2233.png"},{"id":96758597,"identity":"12c5503d-1bc2-4441-957b-a6ad642a8675","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 18:23:49","extension":"png","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":316656,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage19.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/e668e09c74af88c9eb9fa340.png"},{"id":96758596,"identity":"88ee1617-66fa-4cb2-91ed-af8a9d0eaff6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 18:23:48","extension":"png","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":18417,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/c4ca7a48cd2bbb1eb33242fb.png"},{"id":96914910,"identity":"72f36fd7-e62d-4686-8b45-110cb2313d6e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:06:34","extension":"png","order_by":35,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":42899,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/57d160505c189ee5dd32af36.png"},{"id":96915951,"identity":"01b0180b-df1b-4d3a-9bdc-b025c655538c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:07:49","extension":"png","order_by":36,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":440073,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/a983530918a0088448ce65e5.png"},{"id":96914564,"identity":"4df91675-201e-4ff4-bbde-3ded8ce9d20b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:06:03","extension":"png","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":643901,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/4a8de2c87d57b1612e598271.png"},{"id":96914532,"identity":"b5422681-e9f5-44f9-8134-a1d09314dcea","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:06:01","extension":"png","order_by":38,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":16156,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/96bfbbb5147ae7d7e45177b8.png"},{"id":96915934,"identity":"43b08e9c-d1af-4ec5-bdbb-a8ee86ba87e7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:07:47","extension":"png","order_by":39,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":16063,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/31539e2de9dcd790d35090d8.png"},{"id":96758601,"identity":"3598f5a7-8f83-4bf7-9dc0-d086699391dd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 18:23:49","extension":"png","order_by":40,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":55213,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/1fd4067dfdbf7cae3b16fc32.png"},{"id":96915475,"identity":"89156aa7-1cb3-4135-be3c-1021bcc008ca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:07:16","extension":"png","order_by":41,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":56698,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/ac8aef539601ca9bbeeb79e3.png"},{"id":96915155,"identity":"5cbb535c-a59c-4d4c-b2eb-023f252108a2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:06:55","extension":"xml","order_by":42,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":146659,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"a3a57444a72e4e21958f8d76fde9e4851structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/7debab4606c17eff9ab03d88.xml"},{"id":96758609,"identity":"19bc7022-7b33-48aa-bb6d-1cb0afba27f0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 18:23:49","extension":"html","order_by":43,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":160804,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/91eb56492cee720d4593813a.html"},{"id":104250731,"identity":"dcd9c7ad-bffb-46be-a104-3121293b2b2a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-09 16:07:02","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1933009,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Articlevariationpressure10112025.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1_covered_9443d10c-e10f-426d-822a-d083eaa15019.pdf"},{"id":96758610,"identity":"7b46e361-c857-4689-9d34-30b4db21512d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 18:23:49","extension":"rar","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":27393213,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplemetaryfiles.rar","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8041505/v1/71fbe384283768a193656058.rar"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Study the torque behaviour of the engine when varying the air and fuel injection pressure parameters to improve fuel economy in a conventional spark-ignited engine","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Fuel, Air flow, Injection pressure, Control card, Torque","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8041505/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8041505/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe research analyses the impact of variations in air and fuel pressure on the torque, fuel efficiency, and consumption of a standard spark-ignition engine, with the goal of improving energy utilization in real driving situations. Due to their minimal emissions and low operating costs, spark-ignition engines are frequently employed in the automotive fleet of Ecuador. A custom signal control card connected to the Electronic Control Unit was utilized to test a variable pressure regulator and a pickup truck equipped with an Multi Point Injection system, aiming to alter air intake parameters. Two metropolitan routes in Quito, Ecuador, located at a high altitude, underwent real-world dynamic testing while being driven. Automotive scanners were utilized under normal operating conditions to gather data. The research examined injection pressures of 4.0, 4.5, and 5.0 bar. The findings indicated that injecting fuel at a pressure of 5 bar improved engine performance and reduced fuel consumption\u0026mdash;by as much as 87% during urban driving conditions. As these findings demonstrate an affordable and reproducible method to enhance fuel efficiency and reduce emissions in conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, they align perfectly with the objectives of sustainable transportation. The information indicates that in developing countries where it is challenging to replace vehicle fleets, implementing adaptive fuel-air control technologies may enhance energy efficiency and reduce the environmental impact of existing car fleets.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Study the torque behaviour of the engine when varying the air and fuel injection pressure parameters to improve fuel economy in a conventional spark-ignited engine","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-25 18:23:43","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8041505/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-10T08:23:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-05T04:43:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"332475144847189813314784346345900239499","date":"2025-11-17T03:54:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-17T02:54:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"25782383808112274613448477924119494218","date":"2025-11-17T00:42:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-14T15:32:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-12T12:03:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-12T11:54:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-11-10T19:11:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-11-10T19:08:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"410311a8-1a83-4042-99de-e35cec7f1e81","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 25th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":58080778,"name":"Physical sciences/Energy science and technology"},{"id":58080779,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":58080780,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-09T16:03:18+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-8041505","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-41765-z","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-04 15:59:28","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 4th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-25 18:23:43","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-026-41765-z","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-41765-z","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8041505","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8041505","identity":"rs-8041505","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}