Analysing Roman itineraries using the GIS tool: the case of the road XIX

Analysing Roman itineraries using the GIS tool: the case of the road XIX | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Analysing Roman itineraries using the GIS tool: the case of the road XIX Patricia Ana Argüelles-Alvarez, Pedro Trapero-Fernández This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4132506/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Reconstruction of the Roman road network must be approached from various methodologies of multidisciplinary character. When traditional approaches have been exhausted without achieving a historiographical consensus, the problem may appear insurmountable. However, leveraging Geographic Information Systems (GIS) provides an avenue for re-evaluating existing proposals and suggesting more fitting layouts. This can be accomplished through a meticulous analysis that incorporates topographic and non-Euclidean correlations, allowing for a more nuanced and accurate understanding of the subject matter than conventional methods might offer. We explore a case study in the Galician territory, where we have detected methodological shortcomings when it comes to being able to identify and reconstruct the route of the XIX road: Item Bracaram Asturicam . One of the sections that has aroused the most debate is the case of Tude to Lucus Augusti , based on several basic problems that are the identification of the mansions , the lack of consensus in the measurements of the distances of the miles referred to in the classical sources, and the complex orography of this territory. To propose answers and theories that solve the current problem of the description of this route of the XIX road, it is proposed a work that, through applications of Geographic Information Systems, settles the debate of the current state of the question. Antonine Itinerary Gallaecia landscape GIS Cost paths legacy data euclidean cost Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 1. Introduction Research on the Roman road network must be approached today from a multidisciplinary perspective according to the needs of each case study. Identification of a Roman road as opposed to natural roads or later Medieval and Modern roads, together with the transformation of the territory itself, presents problems that persist throughout any research on road networks. This issue becomes more pronounced when dealing with legacy data, particularly in projects where the methodology relies on measuring distances of itineraries and suggesting sites or locations as milestones, based on various criteria and methodologies. Such approaches often consider elements that are challenging to date, such as bridges, or may have undergone displacement, as is the case with milestones. On the contrary, contemporary perspectives leverage the capabilities of novel methodologies that enable the correlation of geography and history. As is well known, the Geographical Information Systems (GIS) tool has become a fundamental element of archaeological methodology in the field of the road network and the historical landscape (Lock, Stancic, 1995; Parcero, 2018, pp. 55-70). On many occasions, this georeferencing methodology solves problems related to optimal routes, transport costs, network analysis, and population dispersion in the space. Territorial analysis is the ideal context for the application of a GIS, thus taking advantage of various geographic analysis tools (Zamora, 2016, pp. 347-359; Mayoral et al. 2017; Carrero, 2023). Geospatial technologies make it possible to calculate data as specific as the optimal routes between two points, the so-called accumulated costs when moving through the territory, or the analysis of networks that interconnect information looking for the optimal places for sites or secondary accesses, as well as understand issues as political or economic factors (Prignano et al. 2019). All this, with respect to the position and proximity of water points, construction of a road, production areas, correlative distances, and resource stocks, etc. (Parcero, 2018, pp. 55-70). In short, the GIS tool can generate economic and business optimization values in terms of modern efficiency (Bosque et al., 1999, pp. 295-323). In the case of the old road, it allows to reinterpret routes and generate new cartographies, by locating the route and associating sites (González, 2012, pp. 1-26). Nevertheless, delving into proposals founded on pre GIS studies and adapting them to modern methods can be deceptive. This is because there is a risk of merely pursuing an improved correlation of previously hypothesized principles without achieving any significant advancement. In this article, we put forth a methodology aimed at addressing this challenge. Our proposed method facilitates the incorporation of spatial criteria, encompassing topographic and non-Euclidean correlations. This approach enables the reassessment of prior layouts and proposals, fostering a more comprehensive examination of the subject matter. To illustrate this problem and to offer ways of solving it, we present the following case study in the Galician territory. We consider necessary, as well as innovative, the application of GIS to obtain new data beyond the vision offered by historical sources and archaeological evidence. In this way, it will be possible to understand the territory of Gallaecia from a new vision that will allow new working hypotheses to be able to reliably analyse what the factors were that the Roman engineers would have considered designing the XIX road. As far as present-day Galicia is concerned, our knowledge of the Roman roads derives from several written sources that describe itineraries, but also largely from archaeological exploration that has allowed us to discover and confirm the routes of some of these ways and to learn about other new paths ignored by written sources. However, after having analysed the current State of the art, we perceive that there are still gaps in work because only traditional archaeological methodologies have been applied (Abasolo, 1990, pp. 7-20). The use of georeferencing systems or noninvasive archaeology itself has not been used in relation to the road network, with the exception of a unique publication of roads on the Lucencis area. This study does not analyse the layouts of the roads, if not only identifying some tools to recognise certain features that define a Roman road (Nión-Alvarez, 2022). Because of that, we consider, GIS opens a huge field of work, and shows a lack of more cutting-edge research, compared to other peninsular territories. That is why, in the present work, we apply these techniques of Geographic Information Systems to respond to the generated debate about the layout of the road XIX. 2. Mansiones on the classical sources The Antonine Itinerary includes the XIX Route from Braga to Astorga with a route in Galician territory through the province of Pontevedra from South to North and those of A Coruña and Lugo from West to East to Lugo capital, continuing from there to the southeast in the direction of El Bierzo. 429,5 Item a Bracara Asturicam 6 Limia m.p. XVIIII 7 Tude m.p. XXIIII 430,1 Burbida m.p. XVI 2 Turoqua m.p. XVI 3 Aquis Celenis m.p. XXIII 4 Tria m.p. XII 5 Assegonia m.p. XIII 6 Brevis m.p. XXII 7 Marcie m.p. XX 8 Luco Augusti m.p. XIII 9 Timalino m.p. XXII 10 Ponte Neviae m.p. XII 11 Uttaris m.p. XX 431,1 Bergido m.p. XVI 2 Interamnio Fluvio m.p. XX 3 Asturica m.p. XX The itinerary lists the towns and mansiones along the way, mentioning the distances in miles. This work from the 3 rd century has undergone several copies in the 7 th to 15 th centuries, which are really the ones that have survived to the present day, perhaps, with some modifications to the original. We have several critical editions published since the seventeenth century, among which the successive editions by P. Wesseling (1735), G. Parthey and M. Pinder (1848), and, finally, that of O. Cuntz (1929) stand out. 3. State of Art The State of the art on the XIX road, allows us to introduce the problem of distances and the difficulty of identifying mansions. As a result of the disparity of opinions, there are various hypotheses of the route of the road, for our case study from the mansiones of Tude to Luco Augusti. The starting references are based on the distances of the Antonine Itinerary: Tude-Burbida : 16 miles; Burbida- Turoqua : 16 miles; Turoqua- Aquis Celenis : 14 miles; Aquis Celenis- Tria : 12 miles; Tria- Assegonia : 23 miles; Assegonia- Brevis : 12 miles; Brevis- Marciae : 20 miles; Marciae- Lugo Augusti : 13 miles for a total of 123 miles. The attached table chronologically presents the proposals for the positioning of the mansiones and the drawing of the road layout from years 1863 to 2018, the most recent one, having selected the 12 most relevant works, which only coincide in the initial positioning of Tude as Tui and Luco Augusti in Lugo. The first studies on the XIX road date back to 1839 with the Summary of Roman Antiquities by J.A. Céan-Bermúdez (1836), although the most detailed and pioneering description of the road corresponds to E. Saavedra ( 1863 ). The proposal of E. Saavedra is supported almost entirely with minimal changes by R. Barros (1875, pp. 163–165). The main contribution of A. Blázquez y Delgado-Aguilera (1918a, pp. 5–24; 1918b, pp. 118–127) is to analyses the inland route from Bracara Augusta to Luco Augusti through the province of Orense. Thus, he carried out the calculations using equations and trigonometry to know at what distance of mile would be the correct one for the road to coincide with the identification of the mansions according to the classical sources and the studies that preceded this researcher. That is, the famous 1481 meters for one mile, justified by the Greek influence of those who would have occupied the region. We see how in this case the mansiones of Aquis Celenis and Assegonia differ from the previous works. A. Blázquez y Delgado-Aguilera proposes the metric problem of the mile, accepting for the Galician case a distance of 1000 meters per mile and not 1481 meters which would be the reference average in Hispania. A. Blázquez-Jiménez ( 1923 , pp. 10–18) proposes the layout that coincides with his predecessor in the first 5 mansiones , although in the case of Assegonia and Brevis he proposes new locations. The proposal of S. Gómez ( 1931 , pp. 70–71) follows the same line of work as the aforementioned A. Blánquez y Delgado-Aguilera, although it differs for the location of Aquis Celenis and Assegonia. In the case of L. Monteagudo ( 1951 , pp. 191–255; 1953, pp. 91–99) in relation to Galician roads, revises and corrects Ptolemy's coordinates. Identifying the position of ancient cities. Don't draw the path directly, but we can draw it based on your studies. For this reason, it is striking that he places the Turoqua at such a short distance from Tude , which would not coincide at all with the distances of the Itinerary of Antoninus, although that of Burbida is not referenced. M. D. Estefanía ( 1960 ) coincides with A. Blánquez y Delgado-Aguilera and A. Blázquez-Jiménez on the route to Aquis Celenis , so the first part of the path with North direction. On the other hand, the study presented by G. Arias (1987, pp.14–26; 1988, pp. 15–18) proposes for the first time a different location for Burbida and the rest of the mansions, coinciding only in the case of Aquis Celenis with some previous authors. A. de la Peña ( 1990 , pp. 217–243) studies the road in the Pontevedra area, so we do not know his proposal for the complete layout to Lugo. We can see how it offers two new enclaves for the first two mansiones of Burbida and Turoqua, although the mansiones of Tria and Assegonia coincide with the proposals of the authors of the late nineteenth century. B. Sáez, on the other hand, follows the metric of 1481 meters (Sáez, 2001 , pp. 31–33; 2002, pp. 389–401) and offers us a new proposal for the case of Burbida and Turoqua , although the rest of the route would coincide with the study of A. Blánquez and Delgado-Aguilera, except also in the mansio of Marciae. One of the most recent works corresponds to R. Villanueva (Villanueva, 2006 . Pp. 25–36; 2008, pp. 74–99). This author establishes as the foundations of his theory to refute the proposal of A. de la Peña to reject and propose his route. It would coincide in the mansiones of Burbida, Turoqua , Aquis Celenis , and Marciae with the study of R. Barros, although Tria, Assegonia and Brevis , considers that they are poorly positioned in the previous studies and offers three new positions. Undoubtedly, the debate of being able to position the mansiones with certainty and offer the exact layout of the roads is the object of study not only of researchers on roads, but also in territorial studies, where the need to understand the road structure is fundamental, as is the case of the reflections made by B. Currás ( 2014 , pp. 858–879), which, although it does not study the XIX route per se , does criticize and reinterpret the works published so far. This historiographical debate concludes with the most recent published work by C. M. González-Crespán ( 2018 , pp. 93–110). This author does not agree with the route designed by the previous researchers, although he accepts some of their positions. For example, regarding the mansio of Burbida , he agrees with the theory of G. Arias, about Aquis Celenis , he would agree with R. Villanueva, L. Monteagudo, S. Gómez, R. Barros, and E. Saavedra. For the case of Tria accepts the theory of his predecessor R. Villanueva, while the rest of the mansiones , despite the existence of numerous previous proposals, consider that they have been erroneously positioned. Table 1 List of the position of the mansions of the main researchers on the XIX road as it passes through Galicia. Mansio-nes González-Crespán 2018 Villa-nueva 2008 Sáez 2002 Peña 1990 Arias 1987 Estefa-nía 1960 Monte-agudo 1951 Gómez 1931 Bláz–quez Jimenez1923 Blázquez y Delgado-Aguilera 1918 Barros 1895 Saa-vedra 1863 TUDE Tui Tui Tui Tui Tui Tui Tui Tui Tui Tui Tui Tui BURBI-DA Vigo Borbén Mondariz Vilar de Enfest Enfesta Vigo Borbén ¿Borbén? B Borbén Borbén Borbén Borbén Borbén TURO-QUA Sta. Mª Viso Tourón Puente Caldelas Ponte-vedra Arcade Tourón Saja-monde Tourón Tourón Tourón Tourón Tourón AQUIS CELE-NIS Caldas de Reyes Caldas de Reyes Cuntis Caldas de Reyes Cuntis Cuntis Caldas de Reyes Caldas de Reyes Cuntis Cuntis Caldas de Reyes Caldas de Reyes TRIA La Estrada La Estrada Iria Flavia (Padrón) Padrón S. Miguel de Moreira Aixón Padrón Padrón Padrón Padrón Iria Flavia (Pa-drón) Iria Flavia (Pa-drón) ASSE-GONIA Lalín Erbo Aixón (Boquei-xón) - Nuestra Sra. Del Viso, Dom-bodán Arzúa A Sionlla (Sabu-gueira) Quion Aixón Boquei-xón) Aixón Boquei-xón) Oines Oínes BREVIS Agolada Castro A Golada Melide - Melide Furelos Vitiriz Melide Beigon-do, (río Iso) Melide Abean-cos (Meli-de) Melide MAR-CIAE Guntín Marzán Burgo de Negral (Pacio, Friol) - San Román de Retorta Marzán Marzán Marzán Puente de Meyja-boy – Marzán Marzán Marzán Puente de Meyja-boy -Marzán LUCO AU-GUSTI Lugo Lugo Lugo - Lugo Lugo Lugo Lugo Lugo Lugo Lugo Lugo 4. Methods and Theory From a theoretical point of view, the approach presented in this article is simple but effective. The potential modelling of these spaces through complex and predictive models has been discussed (Verhagen et al. 2013 ; Brughmans 2013 ; Citter, 2023 ). There is also the possibility of calculating not only land routes as the case of Road XVIII also in Gallaecian territory (Fonte, Parcero-Oubiña, & Costa-García, 2017 , pp.163–189), but also maritime routes (Milheira et al. 2019 , Trapero, 2021 ). In our specific case study, the focus is on terrestrial mobility within a region characterized by particularly rugged terrain, a result of pronounced orography. In such challenging environments, it becomes imperative for routes to align with natural paths, as emphasized by Carreras et al. ( 2019 ). Our approach centres on the practical ability to measure distances in a Euclidean manner, a methodology that has been conventionally employed in historiography. While this approach may be suitable in cases where the topography is relatively flat and lacks prominent features such as mountains or rivers, its applicability diminishes significantly in areas characterized by steep slopes. In regions with such challenging terrain, the conventional practice of measuring distances on a map without factoring in angles and slopes proves to be impractical. Therefore, our methodology advocates for a more nuanced consideration of topographic features, incorporating the measurement of angles and slopes, to provide a more accurate and contextually relevant understanding of terrestrial mobility in these rugged landscapes. To address these issues through topography, we have identified locations considered as stops along the route using toponyms. We used a digital elevation model provided by the Spanish Ministry through the National Geographic Institute. Given that the study area exceeds 15,000 square kilometres, we employed a 25-meter pixel model. The dataset covers the entire Galician community, resulting in an intermediate resolution. The elevation model has been reviewed to ensure that it represents the terrain with corrected anthropic constructions. For analysis, we employed ArcPro software. Two methodologies were developed at a technical level, both of which require the prior generation of a friction map. This map was created based on topography represented by slope percentages. The hydrographic network was calculated using hydrographic tools, classifying the main flow accumulation lines at a high threshold (100,000) and converting them into polylines. The objective was to create a 50-meter buffer and convert it back into a raster, generating an artificial mountain range with a slope value of 10 degrees after reclassification, with null values now quantified as 0. Subsequently, the slope raster was added to the river channel limitation raster using the field calculator. This prevents preferential movement along river stretches. Manual correction was necessary, especially in areas such as the Portodemouros reservoir. Here, the topography was adjusted to partially impede movement by extracting a figure from the current reservoir and obstructing passage through it. Two analyses were conducted with this approach. The first utilised a tool called MADO (Modelo Acumulado de Desplazamientos Óptimos) (Fábrega 2006 ; Llobera et al. 2011 ), developed precisely to visualise territorial issues when the destination is unclear. In this case, three secure points on the territory were used: Tui ( Tude ) on the other side of the Miño, the city of A Coruña ( Brigantium ), and Lugo ( Luco Augusti ). This triangle represents the main points to be connected in this territory. Using MADO, the cost of distance is calculated in isochrones (Least Cost Path), and hydrographic analysis tools (flow direction and accumulation) are then applied to map the routes from these points to the rest of the territory. The accumulation of routes generated by the three points results in a theoretical and preliminary map of the best routes. The other analysis carried out is the cost of distance and the optimal route between the various points considered as stops along the route. This involves calculating a point on the itinerary and determining the best topographic route from this point to the possible subsequent stops. This process is repeated for each of the routes, creating a network of potential paths. Although there are other ways of performing the calculations (Lewis, 2023 ), we have opted for the simplest and most reproducible way, comparing two approaches, MADO and LCP. 5. Results and Discussion The spatial arrangement of the main stops considered by the previous authors reveals a significantly different distribution of sites in the territory. In our analysis, we have omitted some points that were considered very close to others, such as the case of Puente de Meyjaboy with Marzán or Iría Flavia with Padrón (Fig. 2 ). If we compare these results with the initial MADO analysis, we can see how the optimal paths connecting the territory only coincide with specific segments of the proposed stops. This is due to two issues. The first is the slope of the terrain, which rises from barely 50 meters at Tui to 650 meters at Lugo. It is essential to consider that only 24% of the terrain is flat, with less than a 4º slope, 42% with a 4–12º slope, 21% with a 12–20º slope, and 14% of the territory with slopes greater than 20º. This general trend in the Galician territory, the heart of the area under study, greatly complicates mobility, with only a few natural paths. Additionally, this implies that the MADO analysis indirectly shows the three main routes to connect the three cities that we know for sure are their position in the territory: Bracara Augusta , Brigantium , and Luco Augusti , as mentioned earlier (Fig. 3 ). The second consideration is that, clearly, the topography of the terrain has not been taken into account in the previous route calculations, as there are possibilities that are far from the main corridors. To address this, we conducted a second analysis of the routes with cost routes, connecting each potential stop with the next possibility (Fig. 4 ). In this map, the optimal paths are nearly unique at the beginning from Tude to Aquis Celenis , with only one of the possible movements considered in one case. This implies that the territory is so challenging to traverse those options are limited. In the case of the West-East slope to Luco Augusti , the problem is more significant as there are more possibilities, along with an increased distance. Figure 5. Detailed view from Tude to Burbida with LCP The process of proposing an optimal route has relied on topographical considerations to define the corridors. In Fig. 5, a detailed view of the beginning of the road between Tude and Burbida is shown. In this case, by visualising the terrain slopes and other features such as rivers, it becomes evident that mobility through the territory can only be achieved through the two corridors outlined as optimal. This implies that in this particular case study, the optimal paths closely resemble the surveyor's choice when selecting routes because there are no other viable options. In this regard, calculating not just the anisotropic distance, without considering the slope but the accumulated cost with topography, means that not all paths adhere to the miles provided by the itineraries. In Table 2 , the distance correlation between different stops can be observed after the route has been corrected according to topography. Table 2 Distance correlation in meters between possible mansiones . In blue the proposed authors´ route. Tude to Burbida Burbida to Turoqua Toroqua to Aquis Celenis Aquis celenis to Tria Tria to Assegonia Assegonia to Brevis Brevis to Marciae Luco Augusti to Marciae 16 miles 16 miles 14 miles 12 miles 23 miles 12 miles 20 miles 13 miles 23.696 23.696 20.734 17.772 34.063 17.772 29.620 19.253 Vigo Sajamonde Caldas de Reyes Padrón Sabugueira Beigondo Burgo de Negral Burgo de Negral 28.500 1.700 21.500 9.700 38.900 12.600 32.700 25.400 Vilar de Enfesta Sta. Mª de Viso Cuntis La Estrada Aixón Vitiriz S. Román de Retorta S. Román de Retorta 24.400 12.800 30.100 18.600 18.500 18.500 32.300 20.500 Mondariz Tourón S. Miguel de Moreira Quión Melide Marzán Marzán 32.300 22.400 23.100 35.800 23.300 32.900 24.700 Borbén Pontevedra Oines Castro a Golanda Guntín Guntín 36.500 24.500 47.600 34.900 38.100 20.800 Arzúa 52.700 Nuestra Sra. Del Viso 39.900 Erbo 45.900 Lalín 42.900 The average distance value is greater than the theoretical mile of 1481 meters but close to that figure and relatively constant in all cases (1515–1550 meters): Burbida , Vilar de Enfesta, 24,400 meters (mile at 1525). Turoqua , Pontevedra, 24,500 meters (mile at 1531). Aquis Celenis , Caldas de Reyes, 21,500 meters (mile at 1535). Tria , La Estrada, 18,600 meters (mile at 1550). Assegonia , Quión, 35,800 meters (mile at 1556). Brevis , Vitiriz, 18,500 meters (mile at 1541). Up to this point, all sites are consistent with the distances, with an average deviation of about 40 meters per mile. This discrepancy could be attributed to variations in the pattern or the calculation error with the optimal route, which is negligible. Therefore, we present this section without doubt. The problem remains unresolved at the end of this stretch, as none of the mansiones align perfectly: Marciae , San Román de la Retorta, 32,300 meters (mile at 1615). Luco Augusti , Lugo, 20,500 meters (mile at 1576). We believe that San Román is the most optimal, precisely because the calculations from Luco Augusti and Brevis are the closest. The itinerary would be arranged as follows, as depicted in Fig. 6 . Based on this information, we can propose that this is the best layout according to the topography, but we need to compare it with archaeological information. By selecting archaeological elements present in the territory, considering only those that provide information about a road (milestones in situ , excavated road remnants, bridges, or other elements from relevant locations such as hillforts, forts, or thermal complexes that could be potential stops on a road), we can assess the alignment. In the North-South stretch along the coast, there is no problem due to the abundant information provided by milestones. In the West-East stretch, we have summarised the main contributions in Fig. 7 . As can be observed, our optimal path is very close to key landmarks in the territory that provide information about the routes, such as the Taobada bridge, the Cuntis thermal baths (another possible mansio that would also be passed through), the toponym "A Estrada", and the Roman camp located there, the Boqueijón milestone, the Furelos Bridge, and the Calígula milestone in S. Román de la Retorta. There can only be uncertainty in three cases. The first, which is highly unlikely, is the Freixo bridge, isolated and outside any optimal route. The second is the path to the Friol milestone, which also deviates from the main routes. Only the possibility of passing through the Curbían thermal baths toward the milestone found in Entrambasaguas would make sense for the route to Guntín. In this case, this possibility is less likely since the Curbían thermal baths would not be a mansio in themselves. All these paths could well be other secondary networks that we are not aware of. Specifically, it might be worth considering whether the milestones of Friol, S. Román de la Retorta, and Entrambasaguas are not part of the Northeast - Southwest road that goes from A Coruña ( Brigantium ), to the South. The results of the analysis clearly indicate that among all the scrutinized proposals, only those aligning with topographical distances hold merit. This effectively dismisses alternative possibilities that deviate significantly from the metrics provided by the examined itineraries. In light of these findings, a pertinent avenue for future exploration and inquiry arises: the extent to which there existed a genuine technical capability in Roman times to accurately measure these distances. This prompts a crucial question that merits further investigation: Was there a realistic technical capacity in ancient Rome to precisely measure distances, especially considering the topographical intricacies of the terrain? The proposition emerges that the metrics found in historical itineraries might be regionally contingent, as empirical evidence suggests a misalignment with the actual geographical reality. Consequently, a reevaluation of the problem is suggested, leaning towards a Geographic Information System (GIS) study. Such a study could provide a more nuanced understanding by incorporating precise distances based on potential breaks in the orography, thereby offering a more accurate depiction of historical mobility patterns. This avenue for future research holds the potential to deepen our comprehension of the technological capabilities and spatial awareness of ancient civilizations. 6. Conclusions Despite the existence of a large bibliography that addresses the question of the positioning of the mansiones on Vía XIX to offer the possible road layout. The proposal we offer is presented for the first time with an unprecedented and innovative study approached from the perspective of Geographic Information Systems. In this way, using the Least-cost Path and MADO tools, the most optimal route has been proposed based on both the terrain and the archaeological findings and, above all, the reference of the distances of the mansions of the Antonine Itinerary. Therefore, with the results presented, we consider that it is a valid route that allows us to resolve the debate presented on the different sites for the same mansio , which have been proposed by all the authors before us. Thus, it can be observed that the route of the XIX road presented in this study does not coincide in its entirety with any of the previous investigations and the values recorded by the GIS tool consider the proposal of Tui, Villar de Enfestas, Pontevedra, Caldas de Reyes, La Estrada, Quión, Vitiriz, San Román de la Retorta and Lugo as optimal route. Partially coinciding, therefore, with various authors depending on the proposed position. According to the order of the mansiones from Tui to Lugo, we agree on the South-North layout with the theory of A. de la Peña with Burbida, Turoqua , and Aquis Celenis , while for the Eastern direction, in case of the mansio of Tria we agree with C.M. González-Crespán and R. Villanueva. For the case of Assegonia, ( without doubt the most complicated mansio with up to 8 different site proposals), we consider S. Gómez's proposal valid. Regarding the mansio of Brevis , this study coincides with that of L. Monteagudo and for Brevis with of G. Arias. We consider that the contributions of this study serve as a basis for continuing to study the route XIX of the Antonine Itinerary and provide new data to be able to carry out in situ prospections that allow us to document more reliably, based on a possible optimal route that we present in these pages. Furthermore, the article presents a straightforward methodology, involving the calculation of optimal routes in a "traditional" fashion, coupled with the use of MADO to model the distances covered in Roman itineraries. This combined approach has proven to be valuable in offering criteria for discerning between various proposals. Importantly, this methodology's applicability extends beyond the confines of the specific case study discussed in the article. It stands as a model that could be implemented in other research endeavors, serving as a means for the validation and enhancement of methods employed in diverse contexts. By providing a systematic framework for selecting and evaluating different proposals, it contributes to the ongoing discourse on refining methodologies for historical and geographical analyses. Declarations Funding declaration” The authors of the article certify that the work has been funded by: Aut oppressi serviunt aut recepti beneficio se obligatos putant ii: las formas "no coercitivas" de transformacion indigena (S. IV AC- S. I DC) project , by Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain (PID2020-117370GB-I00). Santiago de Compostela, 19/03/2024 Patricia A. Argüelles -Álvarez Pedro Trapero-Fernández "Statements and Declarations" All authors contributed to the study conception and design of this article. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Patricia Argüelles-Alvarez & Pedro Trapero -Fernández. All authors read and approved the final manuscript Conceptualization: Patricia Argüelles-Alvarez; Methodology: Pedro Trapero- Fernández; Formal analysis and investigation: Patricia A. Argüelles-Alvarez; Writing - original draft preparation: Patricia A. Argüelles-Alvarez, Pedro Trapero- Fernández. Santiago de Compostela, 19/03/2024 Patricia A. Argüelles -Álvarez Pedro Trapero-Fernández “Competing Interest declaration”. There are not competing interest declarations Author Contribution "Statements and Declarations"All authors contributed to the study conception and design of this article. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Patricia Argüelles-Alvarez & Pedro Trapero -Fernández]. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.Conceptualization: Patricia Argüelles-Alvarez ; Methodology: Pedro Trapero- Fernández; Formal analysis and investigation: Patricia A. Argüelles-Alvarez; Writing - original draft preparation: Patricia A. Argüelles-Alvarez, Pedro Trapero- FernándezWork funded by: Aut oppressi serviunt aut recepti beneficio se obligatos putant ii: las formas "no coercitivas" de transformacion indigena (S. IV AC- S. I DC) project - Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain (PID2020-117370GB-I00). References Abasolo, J. A. (1990). El conocimiento de las vías romanas. Un problema arqueológico. In Simposio sobre la red viaria en la Hispania romana , 24–26 September 1987. Zaragoza (pp.7–20). Ed. Institución Fernando el Católico. Arias, G. (1988). En torno a Aquis Celenis y algo más. Diálogo epistolar con don Hipólito de Sa Bravo. Miliario Extravagante , 18 , 15–18. Barros, R. (1875). Antigüedades de Galicia . Imprenta D. Domingo Puga. Blázquez, A. (1918a). Vías romanas de Braga a Astorga por la provincia de Orense, Boletín Real Academia , LXXII, 5–24. Blázquez, A. (1918b). Vía romana a Lugo por el interior. Boletín Real Academia de la Historia , LXXIII, 118–127. Blázquez-Jiménez, A. (1923). Vías de Sigüenza a Zaragoza, de Alhambra a Zaragoza, del Bierzo a Lugo, de Lugo a Betanzos, de Betanzos a Padrón, de Tuy a Padrón y de Padrón a Lugo. Memorias de la Junta Superior de Excavaciones y Antigüedades, 52, 10–18. Brughmans, T. (2013). Thinking through networks: a review of formal network methods in archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory , 20 , 623–662. Bosque, J. (1999). Localización de Centros de tratamiento de residuos: una propuesta metodológica basada en SIG. Anales de Geografía de la UCM , 19, 295–323. Carreras, C., de Soto, P., & Muñoz, A. (2019). Land transport in mountainous regions in the Roman Empire: Network analysis in the case of the Alps and Pyrenees. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports , 25 , 280–293. Carrero, M. (2023). Arqueología computacional del territorio. Métodos y técnicas para estudiar decisiones humanas en paisajes pretéritos . Archaeopress. http://doi.org/10.32028/9781803276328 . Citter, C. (2023). GIS-based spatial analyses: a critical overview. In Vacatello, F. (a cura di), Methods and technological systems from landscape to artifacts for archaeological surveys. Roma (pp.35 – 30). Ed. Quasar. Cuntz, O. (Ed.). (1929). Itineraria romana . V. I. Lipsiae. Currás, B. (2014). Transformaciones sociales y territoriales en la cuenca del Baixo Miño entre la Edad del Hierro y la integración en el Imperio Romano . Tesis doctoral. Universidad Santiago de Compostela. Estefanía, M. D. (1960). Vías romanas de Galicia . Zhephyrus XI. Fábrega, P. (2006). Moving without destination. A theoretical GIS based determination of movement from a giving origin. Archaeological Computing Newsletter , 64 , 7–11. Fonte, J., Parcero-Oubiña, C., & Costa-García, J. M. (2017). A GIS-based analysis of the rationale behind Roman roads. The case of the so-called via XVII (NW Iberian Peninsula). Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry , 17 (3), 163–189. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1005562 . Gómez, S. (1931). Vías romanas entre Asturica y Bergido Flavio . Ed. Sociedad Geográfica Nacional. González-Crespán, C. M. (2018). Vías romanas XIX- XX. Nuevo miliario , 18–19, 111–136. Lewis, J. (2023). Explaining Known Past Routes, Underdetermination, and the Use of Multiple Cost Functions. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory . https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-023-09621-w . Llobera, M., Fábrega, P., & Parcero, C. (2011). Order in movement: a GIS approach to accessibility. Journal of Archaeological Science , 38 , 843–851. Lock, G., & Stančič, Z. (1995). Archaeology and Geo-graphical Information Systems: a European Perspective . Ed. Taylor and Francis. Mayoral, V., Parcero, C., & Fábrega, P. (Eds.). (2017). (Eds.). Archaeology and Geomatics. Harvesting the benefits of 10 years of training in the Iberian Peninsula (pp. 2006–2015). Sidestone. Milheira, R. G., De Souza, J. G., & Iriarte, J. (2019). Water, movement, and landscape ordering: A GIS-based analysis for understanding the mobility system of late Holocene mound-builders in southern Brazil. Journal of Archaeological Science , 111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2019.105014 . Monteagudo, L. (1951). Carta de Coruña Romana. El Interior. Emerita. XIX, 191–225. Monteagudo, L. (1953). Provincia de Coruña de Ptolomeo. AEspA. XXVI, 91–99. Nión-Álvarez, S. (2022). A methodological approach to identify Roman roads using LiDAR sensing technology and aerial orthoimages. The case of viae XIX and XX (NW Iberia). Journal of Archaeological Sciences: Reports , 45 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103612 . Parcero, C. (2018). Mapeando experiencias; SIG y arqueología del Paisaje. In L. Flores Blanco (Ed.), Lugares, Monumentos, Ancestros. Arqueologías de paisajes andinos y lejanos. Lima (pp. 55–70). Avqi Ediciones. Parthey, G., & Pinder, M. (Eds.). (1848). Itinerarivm Antonini Aygusti Et Hierosolymitanvm: Ex Libris Manv Scriptis Edidervnt . F. Nicolai Impensis. de la Peña, A. (1990). Consideraciones sobre las vías romanas de la Provincia de Pontevedra, Castrelo , III-IV, 217–243. Prignano, L., Morer, I., Fulminante, F., & Lozano, S. (2019). Modelling terrestrial route network to understand inter-polity interactions (southern Etruria, 950 – 500 BC). Journal of Archaeological Science , 105 , 46–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2019.02.007 . Saavedra, E. (1863).. Vías romanas de España. Discursos leídos ante la Real Academia de la Historia. Imprenta de Manuel Galiano. Madrid. Sáez, B. (2001). Las comunicaciones romanas en la provincia de A Coruña . Ed. Sáez, B. (2002). Aportaciones al trazado de la vía 19 del Itinerario de Antonino a su paso por Galicia. SPAL , 11 , 389–408. Trapero, P. (2021). Mobility in Ancient Times: combining land and water costs. Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.daach.2021.e00192 . 22. Verhagen, P., Brughmans, T., Nuninger, L., & Bertoncello, B. (2013). The long and winding road: combining least cost paths and network analysis techniques for settlement location analysis and predictive modelling. In Romanowska, I., Murrieta Flores, P., Papadopoulos, C., Chrysanthi, A. (coords.), Proceedings of the 40th Conference in Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology , Southampton (pp.357–366). Amsterdam University Press. Villanueva, R. (2006). Las vías 19 y 20 del Itinerario de Antonino. El Nuevo Miliario , 3 , 25–36. Villanueva, R. (2008). Vigo y Pontevedra. Dos ciudades descendientes de aquellas mansiones romanas: Vico Spacorum y Ad Duos Pontes mencionadas en el Itinerario de Antonino a comienzos del siglo III. d.C. Boletín do Museo do Castro de Viladonga , 28, 74–99. Wessenling, P. (Ed.). (1735). Vetera Romanorum Itineraria siue Antonini Augusti Itinerarium . Apud J. Westenium & G. Smi. Zamora, M. (2016). El uso de los SIG en la arqueología española: enfoques y planteamientos veinte años después. Anejos CUPAUAM , 2 , 347–359. https://doi.org/10.15366/ane2.blasco2016.025 . Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4132506","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":283650146,"identity":"c422dedc-ef2d-479b-9f52-0d222606b18e","order_by":0,"name":"Patricia Ana Argüelles-Alvarez","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABGElEQVRIie2RP0vDQBTAXzi4Li/c+kKl+QonAdvSSr9KQiAuujsEvamT0DWD4Ffo1LkgZIpkjZsSyKJDJomLeCpKlZ5dBe/HG+649+P9OQCL5a8SAn0eR3sAbL0jn31TCAF4uFvZ4E1B+asw7JV5e5eOfOjd1A94SihE8eR1KQx8tV0ZX8QsC3PaV3h0MMGC0MtOVn3MIZCGkeQ6ZhApchQkPHDnhLJyV319jZaGxmRZvyszJRqtvBDOyqLxnhWcXxkak9VHFR0Jq12lq8AxJ1fpNRoaG2d1AHqWeE4Ndy5zQqqSYIJ6uqVBGYqodrr07HAhEtY+ptOBWFzf33bp1Ddt7OsLuA7aeKAtyT8UDWuNaRaLxfKveQXf4U0XHglQPAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"University of Santiago de Compostela","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Patricia","middleName":"Ana","lastName":"Argüelles-Alvarez","suffix":""},{"id":283650148,"identity":"5133b968-71f7-41ca-bcbf-3c8a5b32d44f","order_by":1,"name":"Pedro Trapero-Fernández","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Cádiz","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pedro","middleName":"","lastName":"Trapero-Fernández","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-19 19:05:42","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4132506/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4132506/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":53673805,"identity":"6cccc987-24db-4fa3-bbaf-5c01b830ec80","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-28 18:25:15","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":79658,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTerritory of current Galicia (Spain), in the Nortwest are of the Iberian Peninsula.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"fig1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4132506/v1/5753a2bd4ff5701dbe259cbe.png"},{"id":53675055,"identity":"5a8f0c63-b789-40fe-9eee-a556648bfd58","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-28 18:33:15","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":220003,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePositions for each of the mansions in the Antonine Itinerary according to the various published studies\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"fig2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4132506/v1/5489a27813c336e8923adfc7.png"},{"id":53673808,"identity":"9c0cb51e-d4c5-446d-bbd7-a5bbb215ade0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-28 18:25:17","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":322147,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOptimal routes on\u003cem\u003eGallaecia\u003c/em\u003e using MADO tool\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"fig3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4132506/v1/c05019ca0929823501cd8044.png"},{"id":53673811,"identity":"21f552df-65b3-4543-8d2e-20cac5c245b9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-28 18:25:18","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":387223,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLeast- Cost Path routes proposed for the studied territory\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"fig4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4132506/v1/d0784cabb3b62fb5e957856e.png"},{"id":53673803,"identity":"9a254941-3e0d-4b9f-9fc4-f73ab873ecf2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-28 18:25:15","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":360918,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDetailed view from \u003cem\u003eTude\u003c/em\u003e to \u003cem\u003eBurbida\u003c/em\u003e with LCP\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"fig5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4132506/v1/8deb4365e570121acf2e3a8d.png"},{"id":53675053,"identity":"6d6dbf04-0a69-4f7a-b0cf-dbc0c90c0f47","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-28 18:33:15","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":274608,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eProposed optimal route for road XIX \u003cem\u003e(Tude - Luco Augusti)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"fig6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4132506/v1/9b31f4d765cca01572a65c30.png"},{"id":53673807,"identity":"eecff3b5-fce8-4455-bde9-248e73b4ac8a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-28 18:25:15","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":265744,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGlobal map with best routes on basis of LCP, archaeological remains and authors´ proposed route.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"fig7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4132506/v1/be742824729e4154663e91bf.png"},{"id":53675941,"identity":"013e5015-3399-4034-a8f8-e9c31059b77d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-28 18:49:18","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2203284,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4132506/v1/a592a455-c73b-4e30-bc33-75d35cd46ee9.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Analysing Roman itineraries using the GIS tool: the case of the road XIX","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eResearch on the Roman road network must be approached today from a multidisciplinary perspective according to the needs of each case study. Identification of a Roman road as opposed to natural roads or later Medieval and Modern roads, together with the transformation of the territory itself, presents problems that persist throughout any research on road networks.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis issue becomes more pronounced when dealing with legacy data, particularly in projects where the methodology relies on measuring distances of itineraries and suggesting sites or locations as milestones, based on various criteria and methodologies. Such approaches often consider elements that are challenging to date, such as bridges, or may have undergone displacement, as is the case with milestones.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn the contrary, contemporary perspectives leverage the capabilities of novel methodologies that enable the correlation of geography and history. As is well known, the Geographical Information Systems (GIS) tool has become a fundamental element of archaeological methodology in the field of the road network and the historical landscape (Lock, Stancic, 1995; Parcero, 2018, pp. 55-70). On many occasions, this georeferencing methodology solves problems related to optimal routes, transport costs, network analysis, and population dispersion in the space. Territorial analysis is the ideal context for the application of a GIS, thus taking advantage of various geographic analysis tools (Zamora, 2016, pp. 347-359; Mayoral et al. 2017; Carrero, 2023). Geospatial technologies make it possible to calculate data as specific as the optimal routes between two points, the so-called accumulated costs when moving through the territory, or the analysis of networks that interconnect information looking for the optimal places for sites or secondary accesses, as well as understand issues as political or economic factors (Prignano et al. 2019). All this, with respect to the position and proximity of water points, construction of a road, production areas, correlative distances, and resource stocks, etc. \u0026nbsp;(Parcero, 2018, pp. 55-70). In short, the GIS tool can generate economic and business optimization values in terms of modern efficiency (Bosque et al., 1999, pp. 295-323). In the case of the old road, it allows to reinterpret routes and generate new cartographies, by locating the route and associating sites (Gonz\u0026aacute;lez, 2012, pp. 1-26).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNevertheless, delving into proposals founded on pre GIS studies and adapting them to modern methods can be deceptive. This is because there is a risk of merely pursuing an improved correlation of previously hypothesized principles without achieving any significant advancement. In this article, we put forth a methodology aimed at addressing this challenge. Our proposed method facilitates the incorporation of spatial criteria, encompassing topographic and non-Euclidean correlations. This approach enables the reassessment of prior layouts and proposals, fostering a more comprehensive examination of the subject matter.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo illustrate this problem and to offer ways of solving it, we present the following case study in the Galician territory. We consider necessary, as well as innovative, the application of GIS to obtain new data beyond the vision offered by historical sources and archaeological evidence. In this way, it will be possible to understand the territory of \u003cem\u003eGallaecia\u003c/em\u003e from a new vision that will allow new working hypotheses to be able to reliably analyse what the factors were that the Roman engineers would have considered designing the XIX road. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;As far as present-day Galicia is concerned, our knowledge of the Roman roads derives from several written sources that describe itineraries, but also largely from archaeological exploration that has allowed us to discover and confirm the routes of some of these ways and to learn about other new paths ignored by written sources. However, after having analysed the current State of the art, we perceive that there are still gaps in work because only traditional archaeological methodologies have been applied (Abasolo, 1990, pp. 7-20). The use of georeferencing systems or noninvasive archaeology itself has not been used in relation to the road network, with the exception of a unique publication of roads on the \u003cem\u003eLucencis\u003c/em\u003e area. This study does not analyse the layouts of the roads, if not only identifying some tools to recognise certain features that define a Roman road (Ni\u0026oacute;n-Alvarez, 2022). Because of that, we consider, GIS opens a huge field of work, and shows a lack of more cutting-edge research, compared to other peninsular territories. That is why, in the present work, we apply these techniques of Geographic Information Systems to respond to the generated debate about the layout of the road XIX.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2.\tMansiones on the classical sources","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Antonine Itinerary includes the XIX Route from Braga to Astorga with a route in Galician territory through the province of Pontevedra from South to North and those of A Coru\u0026ntilde;a and Lugo from West to East to Lugo capital, continuing from there to the southeast in the direction of El Bierzo.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e429,5\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Item a Bracara Asturicam\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;6\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Limia \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;m.p. XVIIII\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;7\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Tude\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;m.p. XXIIII \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e430,1\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Burbida\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;m.p. XVI \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;2\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Turoqua\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;m.p. XVI\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;3\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Aquis Celenis\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;m.p. XXIII\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;4\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Tria\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;m.p. XII\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;5\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Assegonia\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;m.p. XIII\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;6 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Brevis\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;m.p. XXII\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;7\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Marcie\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;m.p. XX\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;8\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Luco Augusti\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;m.p. XIII\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;9\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Timalino\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;m.p. XXII\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;10\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Ponte Neviae\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;m.p. XII\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;11\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Uttaris\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;m.p. XX\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e431,1\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Bergido\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;m.p. XVI\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;2\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Interamnio Fluvio\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;m.p. XX\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;3 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Asturica \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; m.p. XX\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;The itinerary lists the towns and \u003cem\u003emansiones\u003c/em\u003e along the way, mentioning the distances in miles. This work from the 3\u003csup\u003erd\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003ecentury has undergone several copies in the 7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e to 15\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e centuries, which are really the ones that have survived to the present day, perhaps, with some modifications to the original. We have several critical editions published since the seventeenth century, among which the successive editions by P. Wesseling (1735), G. Parthey and M. Pinder (1848), and, finally, that of O. Cuntz (1929) stand out.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. State of Art","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe State of the art on the XIX road, allows us to introduce the problem of distances and the difficulty of identifying mansions. As a result of the disparity of opinions, there are various hypotheses of the route of the road, for our case study from the \u003cem\u003emansiones\u003c/em\u003e of \u003cem\u003eTude\u003c/em\u003e to \u003cem\u003eLuco Augusti.\u003c/em\u003e The starting references are based on the distances of the Antonine Itinerary: \u003cem\u003eTude-Burbida\u003c/em\u003e: 16 miles; \u003cem\u003eBurbida- Turoqua\u003c/em\u003e: 16 miles; \u003cem\u003eTuroqua- Aquis Celenis\u003c/em\u003e: 14 miles; \u003cem\u003eAquis Celenis- Tria\u003c/em\u003e: 12 miles; \u003cem\u003eTria- Assegonia\u003c/em\u003e: 23 miles; \u003cem\u003eAssegonia- Brevis\u003c/em\u003e: 12 miles; \u003cem\u003eBrevis- Marciae\u003c/em\u003e: 20 miles; \u003cem\u003eMarciae- Lugo Augusti\u003c/em\u003e: 13 miles for a total of 123 miles. The attached table chronologically presents the proposals for the positioning of the \u003cem\u003emansiones\u003c/em\u003e and the drawing of the road layout from years 1863 to 2018, the most recent one, having selected the 12 most relevant works, which only coincide in the initial positioning of \u003cem\u003eTude\u003c/em\u003e as Tui and \u003cem\u003eLuco Augusti\u003c/em\u003e in Lugo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe first studies on the XIX road date back to 1839 with the \u003cem\u003eSummary of Roman Antiquities\u003c/em\u003e by J.A. C\u0026eacute;an-Berm\u0026uacute;dez (1836), although the most detailed and pioneering description of the road corresponds to E. Saavedra (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1863\u003c/span\u003e). The proposal of E. Saavedra is supported almost entirely with minimal changes by R. Barros (1875, pp. 163\u0026ndash;165). The main contribution of A. Bl\u0026aacute;zquez y Delgado-Aguilera (1918a, pp. 5\u0026ndash;24; 1918b, pp. 118\u0026ndash;127) is to analyses the inland route from \u003cem\u003eBracara Augusta\u003c/em\u003e to \u003cem\u003eLuco Augusti\u003c/em\u003e through the province of Orense. Thus, he carried out the calculations using equations and trigonometry to know at what distance of mile would be the correct one for the road to coincide with the identification of the mansions according to the classical sources and the studies that preceded this researcher. That is, the famous 1481 meters for one mile, justified by the Greek influence of those who would have occupied the region. We see how in this case the \u003cem\u003emansiones\u003c/em\u003e of \u003cem\u003eAquis Celenis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAssegonia\u003c/em\u003e differ from the previous works. A. Bl\u0026aacute;zquez y Delgado-Aguilera proposes the metric problem of the mile, accepting for the Galician case a distance of 1000 meters per mile and not 1481 meters which would be the reference average in Hispania.\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA. Bl\u0026aacute;zquez-Jim\u0026eacute;nez (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1923\u003c/span\u003e, pp. 10\u0026ndash;18) proposes the layout that coincides with his predecessor in the first 5 \u003cem\u003emansiones\u003c/em\u003e, although in the case of \u003cem\u003eAssegonia\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eBrevis\u003c/em\u003e he proposes new locations. The proposal of S. G\u0026oacute;mez (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1931\u003c/span\u003e, pp. 70\u0026ndash;71) follows the same line of work as the aforementioned A. Bl\u0026aacute;nquez y Delgado-Aguilera, although it differs for the location of \u003cem\u003eAquis Celenis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAssegonia.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the case of L. Monteagudo (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1951\u003c/span\u003e, pp. 191\u0026ndash;255; 1953, pp. 91\u0026ndash;99) in relation to Galician roads, revises and corrects Ptolemy's coordinates. Identifying the position of ancient cities. Don't draw the path directly, but we can draw it based on your studies. For this reason, it is striking that he places the \u003cem\u003eTuroqua\u003c/em\u003e at such a short distance from \u003cem\u003eTude\u003c/em\u003e, which would not coincide at all with the distances of the Itinerary of Antoninus, although that of \u003cem\u003eBurbida\u003c/em\u003e is not referenced.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eM. D. Estefan\u0026iacute;a (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1960\u003c/span\u003e) coincides with A. Bl\u0026aacute;nquez y Delgado-Aguilera and A. Bl\u0026aacute;zquez-Jim\u0026eacute;nez on the route to \u003cem\u003eAquis Celenis\u003c/em\u003e, so the first part of the path with North direction. On the other hand, the study presented by G. Arias (1987, pp.14\u0026ndash;26; 1988, pp. 15\u0026ndash;18) proposes for the first time a different location for \u003cem\u003eBurbida\u003c/em\u003e and the rest of the mansions, coinciding only in the case of \u003cem\u003eAquis Celenis\u003c/em\u003e with some previous authors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA. de la Pe\u0026ntilde;a (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e, pp. 217\u0026ndash;243) studies the road in the Pontevedra area, so we do not know his proposal for the complete layout to Lugo. We can see how it offers two new enclaves for the first two \u003cem\u003emansiones\u003c/em\u003e of \u003cem\u003eBurbida and\u003c/em\u003e Turoqua, although the \u003cem\u003emansiones\u003c/em\u003e of \u003cem\u003eTria\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAssegonia\u003c/em\u003e coincide with the proposals of the authors of the late nineteenth century.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB. S\u0026aacute;ez, on the other hand, follows the metric of 1481 meters (S\u0026aacute;ez, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e, pp. 31\u0026ndash;33; 2002, pp. 389\u0026ndash;401) and offers us a new proposal for the case of \u003cem\u003eBurbida\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eTuroqua\u003c/em\u003e, although the rest of the route would coincide with the study of A. Bl\u0026aacute;nquez and Delgado-Aguilera, except also in the \u003cem\u003emansio\u003c/em\u003e of \u003cem\u003eMarciae.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne of the most recent works corresponds to R. Villanueva (Villanueva, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e. Pp. 25\u0026ndash;36; 2008, pp. 74\u0026ndash;99). This author establishes as the foundations of his theory to refute the proposal of A. de la Pe\u0026ntilde;a to reject and propose his route. It would coincide in the \u003cem\u003emansiones\u003c/em\u003e of \u003cem\u003eBurbida, Turoqua\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAquis Celenis\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eMarciae\u003c/em\u003e with the study of R. Barros, although \u003cem\u003eTria, Assegonia\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eBrevis\u003c/em\u003e, considers that they are poorly positioned in the previous studies and offers three new positions. Undoubtedly, the debate of being able to position the \u003cem\u003emansiones\u003c/em\u003e with certainty and offer the exact layout of the roads is the object of study not only of researchers on roads, but also in territorial studies, where the need to understand the road structure is fundamental, as is the case of the reflections made by B. Curr\u0026aacute;s (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e, pp. 858\u0026ndash;879), which, although it does not study the XIX route \u003cem\u003eper se\u003c/em\u003e, does criticize and reinterpret the works published so far.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis historiographical debate concludes with the most recent published work by C. M. Gonz\u0026aacute;lez-Cresp\u0026aacute;n (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, pp. 93\u0026ndash;110). This author does not agree with the route designed by the previous researchers, although he accepts some of their positions. For example, regarding the \u003cem\u003emansio\u003c/em\u003e of \u003cem\u003eBurbida\u003c/em\u003e, he agrees with the theory of G. Arias, about \u003cem\u003eAquis Celenis\u003c/em\u003e, he would agree with R. Villanueva, L. Monteagudo, S. G\u0026oacute;mez, R. Barros, and E. Saavedra. For the case of \u003cem\u003eTria\u003c/em\u003e accepts the theory of his predecessor R. Villanueva, while the rest of the \u003cem\u003emansiones\u003c/em\u003e, despite the existence of numerous previous proposals, consider that they have been erroneously positioned.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of the position of the mansions of the main researchers on the XIX road as it passes through Galicia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMansio-nes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGonz\u0026aacute;lez-Cresp\u0026aacute;n \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVilla-nueva 2008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u0026aacute;ez \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePe\u0026ntilde;a \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArias 1987\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstefa-n\u0026iacute;a 1960\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonte-agudo 1951\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG\u0026oacute;mez \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1931\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBl\u0026aacute;z\u0026ndash;quez Jimenez1923\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBl\u0026aacute;zquez y Delgado-Aguilera 1918\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBarros 1895\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaa-vedra 1863\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTUDE\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBURBI-DA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVigo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBorb\u0026eacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMondariz\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVilar de Enfest Enfesta\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVigo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBorb\u0026eacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026iquest;Borb\u0026eacute;n?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB Borb\u0026eacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBorb\u0026eacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBorb\u0026eacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBorb\u0026eacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBorb\u0026eacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTURO-QUA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSta. M\u0026ordf; Viso\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTour\u0026oacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePuente Caldelas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePonte-vedra\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArcade\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTour\u0026oacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaja-monde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTour\u0026oacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTour\u0026oacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTour\u0026oacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTour\u0026oacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTour\u0026oacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAQUIS CELE-NIS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaldas de Reyes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaldas de Reyes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCuntis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaldas de Reyes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCuntis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCuntis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaldas de Reyes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaldas de Reyes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCuntis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCuntis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaldas de Reyes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaldas de Reyes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTRIA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLa Estrada\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLa Estrada\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIria Flavia (Padr\u0026oacute;n)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePadr\u0026oacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS. Miguel de Moreira\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAix\u0026oacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePadr\u0026oacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePadr\u0026oacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePadr\u0026oacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePadr\u0026oacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIria Flavia (Pa-dr\u0026oacute;n)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIria Flavia\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Pa-dr\u0026oacute;n)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eASSE-GONIA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLal\u0026iacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eErbo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAix\u0026oacute;n (Boquei-x\u0026oacute;n)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNuestra Sra. Del Viso, Dom-bod\u0026aacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArz\u0026uacute;a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Sionlla (Sabu-gueira)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAix\u0026oacute;n Boquei-x\u0026oacute;n)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAix\u0026oacute;n Boquei-x\u0026oacute;n)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOines\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eO\u0026iacute;nes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBREVIS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgolada\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCastro A Golada\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMelide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMelide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurelos\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVitiriz\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMelide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeigon-do, (r\u0026iacute;o Iso)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMelide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbean-cos (Meli-de)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMelide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMAR-CIAE\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGunt\u0026iacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarz\u0026aacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurgo de Negral (Pacio, Friol)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSan Rom\u0026aacute;n de Retorta\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarz\u0026aacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarz\u0026aacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarz\u0026aacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePuente de Meyja-boy \u0026ndash; Marz\u0026aacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarz\u0026aacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarz\u0026aacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePuente de Meyja-boy -Marz\u0026aacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLUCO AU-GUSTI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLugo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLugo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLugo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLugo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLugo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLugo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLugo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLugo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLugo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLugo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLugo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Methods and Theory","content":"\u003cp\u003eFrom a theoretical point of view, the approach presented in this article is simple but effective. The potential modelling of these spaces through complex and predictive models has been discussed (Verhagen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Brughmans \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Citter, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). There is also the possibility of calculating not only land routes as the case of Road XVIII also in Gallaecian territory (Fonte, Parcero-Oubi\u0026ntilde;a, \u0026amp; Costa-Garc\u0026iacute;a, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e, pp.163\u0026ndash;189), but also maritime routes (Milheira et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e, Trapero, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our specific case study, the focus is on terrestrial mobility within a region characterized by particularly rugged terrain, a result of pronounced orography. In such challenging environments, it becomes imperative for routes to align with natural paths, as emphasized by Carreras et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Our approach centres on the practical ability to measure distances in a Euclidean manner, a methodology that has been conventionally employed in historiography. While this approach may be suitable in cases where the topography is relatively flat and lacks prominent features such as mountains or rivers, its applicability diminishes significantly in areas characterized by steep slopes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn regions with such challenging terrain, the conventional practice of measuring distances on a map without factoring in angles and slopes proves to be impractical. Therefore, our methodology advocates for a more nuanced consideration of topographic features, incorporating the measurement of angles and slopes, to provide a more accurate and contextually relevant understanding of terrestrial mobility in these rugged landscapes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo address these issues through topography, we have identified locations considered as stops along the route using toponyms. We used a digital elevation model provided by the Spanish Ministry through the National Geographic Institute. Given that the study area exceeds 15,000 square kilometres, we employed a 25-meter pixel model. The dataset covers the entire Galician community, resulting in an intermediate resolution. The elevation model has been reviewed to ensure that it represents the terrain with corrected anthropic constructions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor analysis, we employed ArcPro software. Two methodologies were developed at a technical level, both of which require the prior generation of a friction map. This map was created based on topography represented by slope percentages. The hydrographic network was calculated using hydrographic tools, classifying the main flow accumulation lines at a high threshold (100,000) and converting them into polylines. The objective was to create a 50-meter buffer and convert it back into a raster, generating an artificial mountain range with a slope value of 10 degrees after reclassification, with null values now quantified as 0. Subsequently, the slope raster was added to the river channel limitation raster using the field calculator. This prevents preferential movement along river stretches. Manual correction was necessary, especially in areas such as the Portodemouros reservoir. Here, the topography was adjusted to partially impede movement by extracting a figure from the current reservoir and obstructing passage through it.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo analyses were conducted with this approach. The first utilised a tool called MADO (Modelo Acumulado de Desplazamientos \u0026Oacute;ptimos) (F\u0026aacute;brega \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Llobera et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e), developed precisely to visualise territorial issues when the destination is unclear. In this case, three secure points on the territory were used: Tui (\u003cem\u003eTude\u003c/em\u003e) on the other side of the Mi\u0026ntilde;o, the city of A Coru\u0026ntilde;a (\u003cem\u003eBrigantium\u003c/em\u003e), and Lugo (\u003cem\u003eLuco Augusti\u003c/em\u003e). This triangle represents the main points to be connected in this territory. Using MADO, the cost of distance is calculated in isochrones (Least Cost Path), and hydrographic analysis tools (flow direction and accumulation) are then applied to map the routes from these points to the rest of the territory. The accumulation of routes generated by the three points results in a theoretical and preliminary map of the best routes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe other analysis carried out is the cost of distance and the optimal route between the various points considered as stops along the route. This involves calculating a point on the itinerary and determining the best topographic route from this point to the possible subsequent stops. This process is repeated for each of the routes, creating a network of potential paths.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough there are other ways of performing the calculations (Lewis, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), we have opted for the simplest and most reproducible way, comparing two approaches, MADO and LCP.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe spatial arrangement of the main stops considered by the previous authors reveals a significantly different distribution of sites in the territory. In our analysis, we have omitted some points that were considered very close to others, such as the case of Puente de Meyjaboy with Marz\u0026aacute;n or Ir\u0026iacute;a Flavia with Padr\u0026oacute;n (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIf we compare these results with the initial MADO analysis, we can see how the optimal paths connecting the territory only coincide with specific segments of the proposed stops. This is due to two issues. The first is the slope of the terrain, which rises from barely 50 meters at Tui to 650 meters at Lugo. It is essential to consider that only 24% of the terrain is flat, with less than a 4\u0026ordm; slope, 42% with a 4\u0026ndash;12\u0026ordm; slope, 21% with a 12\u0026ndash;20\u0026ordm; slope, and 14% of the territory with slopes greater than 20\u0026ordm;. This general trend in the Galician territory, the heart of the area under study, greatly complicates mobility, with only a few natural paths. Additionally, this implies that the MADO analysis indirectly shows the three main routes to connect the three cities that we know for sure are their position in the territory: \u003cem\u003eBracara Augusta\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eBrigantium\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eLuco Augusti\u003c/em\u003e, as mentioned earlier (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe second consideration is that, clearly, the topography of the terrain has not been taken into account in the previous route calculations, as there are possibilities that are far from the main corridors. To address this, we conducted a second analysis of the routes with cost routes, connecting each potential stop with the next possibility (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e In this map, the optimal paths are nearly unique at the beginning from \u003cem\u003eTude\u003c/em\u003e to \u003cem\u003eAquis Celenis\u003c/em\u003e, with only one of the possible movements considered in one case. This implies that the territory is so challenging to traverse those options are limited. In the case of the West-East slope to \u003cem\u003eLuco Augusti\u003c/em\u003e, the problem is more significant as there are more possibilities, along with an increased distance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;5. Detailed view from \u003cem\u003eTude\u003c/em\u003e to \u003cem\u003eBurbida\u003c/em\u003e with LCP\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe process of proposing an optimal route has relied on topographical considerations to define the corridors. In Fig.\u0026nbsp;5, a detailed view of the beginning of the road between \u003cem\u003eTude\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eBurbida\u003c/em\u003e is shown.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this case, by visualising the terrain slopes and other features such as rivers, it becomes evident that mobility through the territory can only be achieved through the two corridors outlined as optimal. This implies that in this particular case study, the optimal paths closely resemble the surveyor's choice when selecting routes because there are no other viable options. In this regard, calculating not just the anisotropic distance, without considering the slope but the accumulated cost with topography, means that not all paths adhere to the miles provided by the itineraries.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, the distance correlation between different stops can be observed after the route has been corrected according to topography.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistance correlation in meters between possible \u003cem\u003emansiones\u003c/em\u003e. In blue the proposed authors\u0026acute; route.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTude to Burbida\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBurbida to Turoqua\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eToroqua to Aquis Celenis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAquis celenis to Tria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTria to Assegonia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAssegonia to Brevis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrevis to Marciae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLuco Augusti to Marciae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e16 miles\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e16 miles\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e14 miles\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e12 miles\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e23 miles\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e12 miles\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e20 miles\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e13 miles\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.696\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.696\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.734\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.772\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.063\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.772\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.620\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.253\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVigo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSajamonde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCaldas de Reyes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePadr\u0026oacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSabugueira\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeigondo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurgo de Negral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurgo de Negral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.700\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.700\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.700\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVilar de Enfesta\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSta. M\u0026ordf; de Viso\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCuntis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLa Estrada\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAix\u0026oacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVitiriz\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS. Rom\u0026aacute;n de Retorta\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS. Rom\u0026aacute;n de Retorta\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMondariz\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTour\u0026oacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS. Miguel de Moreira\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eQui\u0026oacute;n\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMelide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarz\u0026aacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarz\u0026aacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.700\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBorb\u0026eacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePontevedra\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOines\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCastro a Golanda\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGunt\u0026iacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGunt\u0026iacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" morerows=\"7\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArz\u0026uacute;a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"7\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.700\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNuestra Sra. Del Viso\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eErbo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLal\u0026iacute;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe average distance value is greater than the theoretical mile of 1481 meters but close to that figure and relatively constant in all cases (1515\u0026ndash;1550 meters):\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eBurbida\u003c/em\u003e, Vilar de Enfesta, 24,400 meters (mile at 1525).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eTuroqua\u003c/em\u003e, Pontevedra, 24,500 meters (mile at 1531).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eAquis Celenis\u003c/em\u003e, Caldas de Reyes, 21,500 meters (mile at 1535).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eTria\u003c/em\u003e, La Estrada, 18,600 meters (mile at 1550).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eAssegonia\u003c/em\u003e, Qui\u0026oacute;n, 35,800 meters (mile at 1556).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eBrevis\u003c/em\u003e, Vitiriz, 18,500 meters (mile at 1541).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUp to this point, all sites are consistent with the distances, with an average deviation of about 40 meters per mile. This discrepancy could be attributed to variations in the pattern or the calculation error with the optimal route, which is negligible. Therefore, we present this section without doubt.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe problem remains unresolved at the end of this stretch, as none of the \u003cem\u003emansiones\u003c/em\u003e align perfectly:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eMarciae\u003c/em\u003e, San Rom\u0026aacute;n de la Retorta, 32,300 meters (mile at 1615).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eLuco Augusti\u003c/em\u003e, Lugo, 20,500 meters (mile at 1576).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe believe that San Rom\u0026aacute;n is the most optimal, precisely because the calculations from \u003cem\u003eLuco Augusti\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eBrevis\u003c/em\u003e are the closest. The itinerary would be arranged as follows, as depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on this information, we can propose that this is the best layout according to the topography, but we need to compare it with archaeological information. By selecting archaeological elements present in the territory, considering only those that provide information about a road (milestones \u003cem\u003ein situ\u003c/em\u003e, excavated road remnants, bridges, or other elements from relevant locations such as hillforts, forts, or thermal complexes that could be potential stops on a road), we can assess the alignment. In the North-South stretch along the coast, there is no problem due to the abundant information provided by milestones. In the West-East stretch, we have summarised the main contributions in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs can be observed, our optimal path is very close to key landmarks in the territory that provide information about the routes, such as the Taobada bridge, the Cuntis thermal baths (another possible \u003cem\u003emansio\u003c/em\u003e that would also be passed through), the toponym \"A Estrada\", and the Roman camp located there, the Boqueij\u0026oacute;n milestone, the Furelos Bridge, and the Cal\u0026iacute;gula milestone in S. Rom\u0026aacute;n de la Retorta. There can only be uncertainty in three cases. The first, which is highly unlikely, is the Freixo bridge, isolated and outside any optimal route. The second is the path to the Friol milestone, which also deviates from the main routes. Only the possibility of passing through the Curb\u0026iacute;an thermal baths toward the milestone found in Entrambasaguas would make sense for the route to Gunt\u0026iacute;n. In this case, this possibility is less likely since the Curb\u0026iacute;an thermal baths would not be a \u003cem\u003emansio\u003c/em\u003e in themselves. All these paths could well be other secondary networks that we are not aware of. Specifically, it might be worth considering whether the milestones of Friol, S. Rom\u0026aacute;n de la Retorta, and Entrambasaguas are not part of the Northeast - Southwest road that goes from A Coru\u0026ntilde;a (\u003cem\u003eBrigantium\u003c/em\u003e), to the South.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the analysis clearly indicate that among all the scrutinized proposals, only those aligning with topographical distances hold merit. This effectively dismisses alternative possibilities that deviate significantly from the metrics provided by the examined itineraries. In light of these findings, a pertinent avenue for future exploration and inquiry arises: the extent to which there existed a genuine technical capability in Roman times to accurately measure these distances.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis prompts a crucial question that merits further investigation: Was there a realistic technical capacity in ancient Rome to precisely measure distances, especially considering the topographical intricacies of the terrain? The proposition emerges that the metrics found in historical itineraries might be regionally contingent, as empirical evidence suggests a misalignment with the actual geographical reality. Consequently, a reevaluation of the problem is suggested, leaning towards a Geographic Information System (GIS) study. Such a study could provide a more nuanced understanding by incorporating precise distances based on potential breaks in the orography, thereby offering a more accurate depiction of historical mobility patterns. This avenue for future research holds the potential to deepen our comprehension of the technological capabilities and spatial awareness of ancient civilizations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eDespite the existence of a large bibliography that addresses the question of the positioning of the \u003cem\u003emansiones\u003c/em\u003e on V\u0026iacute;a XIX to offer the possible road layout. The proposal we offer is presented for the first time with an unprecedented and innovative study approached from the perspective of Geographic Information Systems. In this way, using the Least-cost Path and MADO tools, the most optimal route has been proposed based on both the terrain and the archaeological findings and, above all, the reference of the distances of the mansions of the Antonine Itinerary.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, with the results presented, we consider that it is a valid route that allows us to resolve the debate presented on the different sites for the same \u003cem\u003emansio\u003c/em\u003e, which have been proposed by all the authors before us.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThus, it can be observed that the route of the XIX road presented in this study does not coincide in its entirety with any of the previous investigations and the values recorded by the GIS tool consider the proposal of Tui, Villar de Enfestas, Pontevedra, Caldas de Reyes, La Estrada, Qui\u0026oacute;n, Vitiriz, San Rom\u0026aacute;n de la Retorta and Lugo as optimal route. Partially coinciding, therefore, with various authors depending on the proposed position. According to the order of the \u003cem\u003emansiones\u003c/em\u003e from Tui to Lugo, we agree on the South-North layout with the theory of A. de la Pe\u0026ntilde;a with \u003cem\u003eBurbida, Turoqua\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eAquis Celenis\u003c/em\u003e, while for the Eastern direction, in case of the \u003cem\u003emansio\u003c/em\u003e of \u003cem\u003eTria\u003c/em\u003e we agree with C.M. Gonz\u0026aacute;lez-Cresp\u0026aacute;n and R. Villanueva. For the case of \u003cem\u003eAssegonia, (\u003c/em\u003ewithout doubt the most complicated \u003cem\u003emansio\u003c/em\u003e with up to 8 different site proposals), we consider S. G\u0026oacute;mez's proposal valid. Regarding the \u003cem\u003emansio\u003c/em\u003e of \u003cem\u003eBrevis\u003c/em\u003e, this study coincides with that of L. Monteagudo and for \u003cem\u003eBrevis\u003c/em\u003e with of G. Arias.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe consider that the contributions of this study serve as a basis for continuing to study the route XIX of the Antonine Itinerary and provide new data to be able to carry out in \u003cem\u003esitu\u003c/em\u003e prospections that allow us to document more reliably, based on a possible optimal route that we present in these pages.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the article presents a straightforward methodology, involving the calculation of optimal routes in a \"traditional\" fashion, coupled with the use of MADO to model the distances covered in Roman itineraries. This combined approach has proven to be valuable in offering criteria for discerning between various proposals. Importantly, this methodology's applicability extends beyond the confines of the specific case study discussed in the article. It stands as a model that could be implemented in other research endeavors, serving as a means for the validation and enhancement of methods employed in diverse contexts. By providing a systematic framework for selecting and evaluating different proposals, it contributes to the ongoing discourse on refining methodologies for historical and geographical analyses.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding declaration\u0026rdquo;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors of the article certify that the work has been funded by: \u003cem\u003eAut oppressi serviunt aut recepti beneficio se obligatos putant ii: las formas \u0026quot;no coercitivas\u0026quot; de transformacion indigena (S. IV AC- S. I DC) project\u003c/em\u003e, by \u0026nbsp;Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain (PID2020-117370GB-I00).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSantiago de Compostela, 19/03/2024\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatricia \u0026nbsp;A. Arg\u0026uuml;elles -\u0026Aacute;lvarez\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePedro Trapero-Fern\u0026aacute;ndez\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026quot;Statements and Declarations\u0026quot;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the study conception and design of this article. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Patricia Arg\u0026uuml;elles-Alvarez \u0026amp; Pedro Trapero -Fern\u0026aacute;ndez. All authors read and approved the final manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization: Patricia Arg\u0026uuml;elles-Alvarez; Methodology: Pedro Trapero- Fern\u0026aacute;ndez; Formal analysis and investigation: Patricia A. Arg\u0026uuml;elles-Alvarez; Writing - original draft preparation: Patricia A. Arg\u0026uuml;elles-Alvarez, Pedro Trapero- Fern\u0026aacute;ndez.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSantiago de Compostela, 19/03/2024\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatricia \u0026nbsp;A. Arg\u0026uuml;elles -\u0026Aacute;lvarez\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePedro Trapero-Fern\u0026aacute;ndez\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026ldquo;Competing Interest declaration\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere \u0026nbsp;are \u0026nbsp;not competing interest declarations\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"Statements and Declarations\"All authors contributed to the study conception and design of this article. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Patricia Arg\u0026uuml;elles-Alvarez \u0026amp; Pedro Trapero -Fern\u0026aacute;ndez]. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.Conceptualization: Patricia Arg\u0026uuml;elles-Alvarez ; Methodology: Pedro Trapero- Fern\u0026aacute;ndez; Formal analysis and investigation: Patricia A. Arg\u0026uuml;elles-Alvarez; Writing - original draft preparation: Patricia A. Arg\u0026uuml;elles-Alvarez, Pedro Trapero- Fern\u0026aacute;ndezWork funded by: Aut oppressi serviunt aut recepti beneficio se obligatos putant ii: las formas \"no coercitivas\" de transformacion indigena (S. IV AC- S. I DC) project - Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain (PID2020-117370GB-I00).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbasolo, J. A. (1990). El conocimiento de las v\u0026iacute;as romanas. Un problema arqueol\u0026oacute;gico. In \u003cem\u003eSimposio sobre la red viaria en la Hispania romana\u003c/em\u003e, 24\u0026ndash;26 September 1987. Zaragoza (pp.7\u0026ndash;20). Ed. 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El uso de los SIG en la arqueolog\u0026iacute;a espa\u0026ntilde;ola: enfoques y planteamientos veinte a\u0026ntilde;os despu\u0026eacute;s. \u003cem\u003eAnejos CUPAUAM\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e, 347\u0026ndash;359. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.15366/ane2.blasco2016.025\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.15366/ane2.blasco2016.025\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Antonine Itinerary, Gallaecia, landscape, GIS, Cost paths, legacy data, euclidean cost","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4132506/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4132506/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eReconstruction of the Roman road network must be approached from various methodologies of multidisciplinary character. When traditional approaches have been exhausted without achieving a historiographical consensus, the problem may appear insurmountable. However, leveraging Geographic Information Systems (GIS) provides an avenue for re-evaluating existing proposals and suggesting more fitting layouts. This can be accomplished through a meticulous analysis that incorporates topographic and non-Euclidean correlations, allowing for a more nuanced and accurate understanding of the subject matter than conventional methods might offer. We explore a case study in the Galician territory, where we have detected methodological shortcomings when it comes to being able to identify and reconstruct the route of the XIX road: \u003cem\u003eItem Bracaram Asturicam\u003c/em\u003e. One of the sections that has aroused the most debate is the case \u003cem\u003eof Tude\u003c/em\u003e to \u003cem\u003eLucus Augusti\u003c/em\u003e, based on several basic problems that are the identification of the \u003cem\u003emansions\u003c/em\u003e, the lack of consensus in the measurements of the distances of the miles referred to in the classical sources, and the complex orography of this territory. To propose answers and theories that solve the current problem of the description of this route of the XIX road, it is proposed a work that, through applications of Geographic Information Systems, settles the debate of the current state of the question.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Analysing Roman itineraries using the GIS tool: the case of the road XIX","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-28 18:25:09","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4132506/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3dd9fc46-72cf-4c21-ad87-ce18a0046e04","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 28th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-03-28T18:25:12+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-28 18:25:09","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4132506","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4132506","identity":"rs-4132506","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}