Estimation of genetic parameters in hybrid and F2 generations of aromatic fine rice

Estimation of genetic parameters in hybrid and F2 generations of aromatic fine rice | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Estimation of genetic parameters in hybrid and F2 generations of aromatic fine rice Abu Musa Md Main Uddin Tareque, Lutful Hassan, Muhammad Ashraful Habib, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4709895/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The present study was designed to analyze genetic parameters, heterosis, and inbreeding depression in F 1 and F 2 generations obtained from a crossing between fine and aromatic rice genotypes - Kataribhog and BRRI dhan50. A significant amount of variation was found from the analysis of variance among the genotypes of F 1 , F 2 , and their parents. Grain yield plant -1 showed a significant positive correlation with the number of tillers hill -1 , number of effective tillers hill -1 , flagleaf length, panicle length, grains panicle -1 , filled grains panicle -1 , and grain yield panicle -1 . For all the traits of F 1 and F 2 , the phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was greater than the corresponding genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), suggesting an influence of environment on the expression of these traits. Furthermore, high heritability along with high genetic advance in the percentage of the mean (GAM) was observed for all the traits studied except days to first flowering and plant height in F 1 and for grains panicle -1 , filled grains panicle -1 , grain yield panicle -1 , and grain yield plant -1 in F 2 generations which is an indication of additive gene control and selection for improvement could be effective. Both the cross and reciprocal cross had significant positive heterosis with subsequent inbreeding depression predominantly in the number of tillers hill -1 , grains panicle ‑1 , filled grains panicle -1 , grain yield panicle -1 , and grain yield plant -1 , excluding days to first flowering suggested the scope for exploitation of heterosis. Seed materials from F 2 generatios can be used to obtain advanced segregating generations for developing a high-yielding aromatic rice variety. Oryza sativa hybridization aroma segregating generation principal component analysis genetic variability Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Rice ( Oryza sativa L .), the most important dietary carbohydrate in the world, is a monocotyledonous angiosperm that belongs to the family Gramineae (Kumar et al. 2020 ). Asian countries comprise almost 90% of both the world’s rice producers and consumers (Kusmiyati et al. 2020 ). In Bangladesh, food security is synonymous with rice security. Bangladesh is the third-highest rice producer worldwide, with a production of 38.4 million tonnes in 2022 (FAO 2022 ). As rice is a field-to-plate crop, customer demand and preference for rice are influenced by some grain quality attributes. Among them, the aroma in rice is unique and a superior grain quality trait, based on which rice is categorized into two subgroups, i.e., aromatic and non-aromatic rice. Aromatic rice is a significant member of a tiny subgroup of rice. Developing varieties with higher production and desirable agronomic traits is the ultimate aim of crop breeding. Conventional hybridization is a commonly used method to increase the yield potential of rice (Khan et al. 2015 ). Hybridization is either a natural or artificial process that results in the production of a hybrid. It is conducted to produce artificial variation in the population for selection and desired combinations of traits, to integrate the desired traits into a single individual, and to exploit and use the hybrid varieties properly. The amount of genetic variation available for usage and the heritability of the desired traits are the determinants of the success of a breeding program. Hence, plant breeders might be able to produce high-yielding and well-adapted rice varieties by making use of the good adaptation and stability of yield and yield-contributing traits in rice genotypes (Jhambulkar et al. 2014). To assess the level of genetic diversity in a crop plant population, the coefficients of variations of phenotype and its genotype (PCV and GCV) are used, which is a useful indicator of the variation for various characteristics (Roychowdhury and Tah 2011 ). GCV determines the standard deviation of the genotypic value with that of the overall mean; in contrast, PCV is the proportion of the standard deviation of the phenotypic value to the overall mean. A greater PCV value than the corresponding GCV value for a trait is an indication of the environmental variance that makes up most of the phenotypic variation in that trait (Sunday et al. 2007 ). According to Falconer and Mackay ( 1996 ), the ratio of overall genetic variance to its phenotypic values is known as heritability in broad sense. Heritability measures the level of genetic improvement that will be passed down to the next generations. (Dutta et al. 2013 ). However, the capacity to anticipate genetic increase using heritability combined with genetic advance will be more effective than heritability alone (Nirmaladevi et al. 2015 ; Ogunbayo et al. 2014 ). Therefore, the observed variation must be divided between genetic and environmental factors to estimate the heritability of any characteristics (Cockerham 1963 ). Heterosis, often referred to as hybrid vigor, is the phenomenon where a hybrid exceeds its parental genotypes by biomass production, rate of development, yield, and biotic and abiotic stress resistance. The increase of heterosis has significantly increased crop productivity worldwide. Shull ( 1914 ) originally used the term heterosis to describe F 1 hybrids that outgo both of their parental genotypes for yield and yield-contributing traits. Jones ( 1926 ) was the first to describe heterosis in rice and found that F 1 hybrids were superior with more culms and grain production than their parental plants. Crop production can be increased by 30–400% using heterosis breeding, which also helps to enhance several desirable features (Gupta et al. 2020 ; Ghidan et al. 2019 ). Based on the objective, both positive and negative heterosis are effective in crop development programs. While positive heterosis is normally preferred for yield, negative heterosis is typically concerned with early maturation and early flower formation. The exploitation of heterosis is crucial for making agricultural returns greater, and rice is one of many crops where it has been applied most successfully (Singh et al. 2019 and Lv et al. 2020 ). The reduced fitness or vigor of inbred individuals as opposed to non-inbred individuals is referred to as inbreeding depression. The opposite of this is heterosis or the “hybrid vigor” that results from crossings between inbred lines, as indicated by enhanced size, growth rate, or other factors. The depressive effect, inbreeding depression, is the expression of the trait resulting from increased homozygosity (Allard 1964 ). Quantitative genetics theory describes heterosis and inbreeding depression as two manifestations of the same phenomena caused by non-additive gene action (Mather and Jinks 1982 ). Materials and Methods The current investigation was conducted in the Field Laboratory of the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202. Two aromatic rice varieties viz. Kataribhog and BRRI dhan50 were selected as genetic material and used as parents in hybridization. In Aman 2020, the pre-germinated seeds of parental varieties were sown at different dates with 10-day intervals for synchronization of flowering. After 25 days from sowing, the seedlings of Kataribhog and after 15 days of sowing, the seedlings of BRRI dhan50 were transplanted to the main field, maintaining the spacing of 20 cm × 15 cm. Both cross (Kataribhog × BRRI dhan50) and reciprocal cross (BRRI dhan50 × Kataribhog) were conducted at the field when there were plenty of flowers of both parents. Hand emasculation and pollination methods were used, followed by proper bagging and tagging. Hybrid seeds were harvested at maturity and stored for the next season. In Boro 2021, hybrid seeds were germinated in the laboratory, providing optimum temperature and moisture. After germination, they were sown in the field to develop seedlings. The F 1 seedlings were transplanted and raised with normal agronomic practices to obtain F 2 seeds via the selfing of F 1 s. In the next Aman season 2021, the collected F 2 seeds were sown and then transplanted in the main field. Observations were recorded in all seasons for twelve quantitative traits viz. days to first flowering, plant height, number of tillers hill − 1 , number of effective tillers hill − 1 , flagleaf length, panicle length, grains panicle − 1 , filled grains panicle − 1 , grain yield panicle − 1 , grain yield plant − 1 , straw yield plant − 1 , and weight of thousand seeds. Statistical analysis such as one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), principal component analysis (PCA), and Pearson correlation analysis was done with MINITAB 20 statistical software packages (Minitab Inc., State College, Pennsylvania, USA). Two different PCAs were conducted for two different data sets, i.e., parents and hybrids; parents and F 2 segregants. The eleven F 2 segregants used in this study were denoted by S1-S11. The phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation (PCV and GCV) were measured using the formula given by Burton ( 1952 ) and Singh and Chaudhary ( 1979 ), heritability and genetic advance by Johnson et al. ( 1955 ) and heterosis by Briggle ( 1963 ) and Fonseca and Patterson ( 1968 ). Results Analysis of variance For all morphological features, there were notable variations between parents and hybrids and parents and F 2 segregants according to the analysis of variance (Table 1 , 2 ). The analysis of variance in this study revealed that the genotypic mean sum of squares was significant at 1% level (P ≤ 0.01) and 0.1% level (P ≤ 0.001) for all the morphological traits. Table 1 Analysis of variance (mean squares) for morphological traits of two hybrids and their parents Sources of variation df Mean Squares DFF PH TH ETH FL PL GP FGP YPA YP SYP WTS Genotype 3 407.60*** 334.11** 42.867*** 39.733*** 182.98*** 53.031*** 31784*** 28459*** 8.172*** 1522.3*** 353.67** 19.502*** Error 16 10.87 34.27 3.6 3.35 15.35 2.045 1583 1445 0.345 47.63 51.95 0.874 ** and *** indicate significant at 1% and 0.1% levels of probability, respectively. Here, df: degrees of freedom, DFF: Days to first flowering, PH: Plant height, TH: Number of tillers hill−1, ETH: Number of effective tillers hill−1, FL: Flagleaf length, PL: Panicle length, GP: Grains panicle−1, FGP: Filled grains panicle−1, YPA: Grain yield panicle−1, YP: Grain yield plant−1, SYP: Straw yield plant−1, and WTS: Weight of thousand seeds . Table 2 Analysis of variance (mean squares) for morphological traits of F 2 segregants and their parents Sources of variation df Mean Squares DFF PH TH ETH FL PL GP FGP YPA YP SYP WTS Genotype 12 2484.93*** 2958.69*** 25.047*** 26.21*** 175.79*** 82.095*** 33411.1*** 34304.1*** 8.84*** 442.69*** 596.10*** 27.197*** Error 117 0.69 16.01 2.649 2.745 6.897 1.118 446.7 405.6 0.093 23.55 45.93 0.73 ** and *** indicate significant at 1% and 0.1% levels of probability, respectively. Here, df: degrees of freedom, DFF: Days to first flowering, PH: Plant height, TH: Number of tillers hill−1, ETH: Number of effective tillers hill−1, FL: Flagleaf length, PL: Panicle length, GP: Grains panicle−1, FGP: Filled grains panicle−1, YPA: Grain yield panicle−1, YP: Grain yield plant−1, SYP: Straw yield plant−1, and WTS: Weight of thousand seeds . Trait association The correlation coefficients among different morphological traits are displayed in Table 3 . The correlation analysis indicated that out of 66 associations, thirty-two associations were significant at 5% level of probability, twenty-two associations were significant at 1% and 0.1% levels of probability, and the rest twelve associations were non-significant. Among them, fifty-four associations were positively correlated, and twelve associations were negatively correlated. Table 3 Correlation coefficients among morphological traits of two hybrids and their parents Traits DFF PH TH ETH FL PL GP FGP YPA YP SYP PH -0.387 TH -0.558* 0.662** ETH -0.582** 0.592** 0.990*** FL -0.415 0.833*** 0.650** 0.607** PL -0.876*** 0.587** 0.671** 0.678** 0.593** GP -0.670** 0.751*** 0.804*** 0.798*** 0.612** 0.843*** FGP -0.662** 0.738*** 0.799*** 0.794*** 0.599** 0.838*** 0.997*** YPA -0.748*** 0.709*** 0.787*** 0.785*** 0.576** 0.871*** 0.985*** 0.983*** YP -0.719*** 0.683** 0.864*** 0.867*** 0.643** 0.867*** 0.944*** 0.945*** 0.944*** SYP -0.430 0.582** 0.807*** 0.779*** 0.544* 0.585** 0.743*** 0.745*** 0.754*** 0.833*** WTS -0.627** -0.124 0.060 0.107 0.010 0.472* 0.223 0.210 0.346 0.312 0.286 Here, DFF: Days to first flowering, PH: Plant height, TH: Number of tillers hill−1, ETH: Number of effective tillers hill−1, FL: Flagleaf length, PL: Panicle length, GP: Grains panicle−1, FGP: Filled grains panicle−1, YPA: Grain yield panicle−1, YP: Grain yield plant−1, SYP: Straw yield plant−1, and WTS: Weight of thousand seeds . Principal component analysis revealed the most apposite association among the traits and genotypes. The first four principal components (PCs) described 94.1% of the total data variation for four genotypes (parents and two hybrids) on twelve important morphological traits (Table 4 ). PC1, PC2, PC3, and PC4 explained 70.7%, 13.1%, 6.0%, and 4.2% data variation, respectively. Table 4 Coefficients of principal components for morphological traits of two hybrids and their parents Variables PC1 PC2 PC3 Days to first flowering -0.257 0.423 0.224 Plant height 0.263 0.358 -0.438 Number of tillers hill − 1 0.306 0.182 0.336 Number of effective tillers hill − 1 0.303 0.129 0.381 Flagleaf length 0.247 0.284 -0.482 Panicle length 0.304 -0.239 -0.253 Grains panicle − 1 0.329 0.020 -0.016 Filled grains panicle − 1 0.327 0.023 0.002 Grain yield panicle − 1 0.330 -0.080 -0.009 Gain yield plant − 1 0.335 -0.031 0.109 Straw yield plant − 1 0.281 0.060 0.436 Weight of thousand seeds 0.102 -0.702 -0.007 % Variation explained 70.7 13.1 6.0 P-value < 0.001 < 0.001 0.173 The first principal component (PC1) explained the highest variation (70.7%) of the data with strong positive coefficients for all the morphological traits viz. plant height, number of tillers hill − 1 , number of effective tillers hill − 1 , flagleaf length, panicle length, grains panicle − 1 , filled grains panicle − 1 , grain yield panicle − 1 , grain yield plant − 1 , straw yield plant − 1 , and weight of thousand seeds; except days to first flowering, which had negative coefficient. PC1 showed a highly significant difference among genotypes (Table 4 ). The PC1 clearly separated two hybrids (Kataribhog × BRRI dhan50 and BRRI dhan50 × Kataribhog) from their parents (Kataribhog and BRRI dhan50) in terms of morphological traits (Fig. 1 ). PC2 explained 13.1% of the total variation, which is mostly dominated by the positive coefficients of the majority of the characters except for panicle length, grain yield panicle − 1 , grain yield plant − 1 , and weight of thousand seeds. PC2 separated Kataribhog and Kataribhog × BRRI dhan50 from other genotypes as evident by their differential location in biplot (Fig. 1 ). Considering F 2 segregants, the first four principal components (PCs) explained 90.8% of the total data variation for the genotypes on twelve yield and yield-contributing morphological traits (Table 5 ). PC1, PC2, PC3, and PC4 explained 54.1%, 20.4%, 8.6%, and 7.8% data variation, respectively. Table 5 Coefficients of principal components for morphological traits of F 2 segregants and their parents Variables PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 Days to first flowering -0.328 -0.122 0.259 0.334 Plant height 0.373 0.052 0.060 -0.112 Number of tillers hill − 1 0.030 -0.613 -0.172 -0.013 Number of effective tillers hill − 1 0.011 -0.617 -0.174 -0.000 Flagleaf length 0.276 -0.032 -0.069 -0.627 Panicle length 0.350 0.076 -0.156 -0.258 Grains panicle − 1 0.356 0.054 0.300 0.153 Filled grains panicle − 1 0.353 0.029 0.312 0.244 Grain yield panicle − 1 0.352 0.120 0.028 0.331 Gain yield plant − 1 0.280 -0.299 0.017 0.227 Straw yield plant − 1 0.311 -0.183 -0.130 0.239 Weight of thousand seeds 0.060 0.279 -0.797 0.338 % Variation explained 54.1% 20.4% 8.6% 7.8% P-value < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 The first principal component (PC1) explained the highest variation (54.1%) of the data with strong positive coefficients for all the morphological traits, excluding days to first flowering, which had a negative coefficient. PC1 showed a highly significant difference among the genotypes (Table 5 ). The PC1 clearly separated S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, and S10 from the rest F 2 segregants and their parents in terms of morphological traits as evident by their differential location in biplot (Fig. 2 ). PC2 explained 20.4% of total variation which is governed by the positive coefficients of the traits viz. plant height, grains panicle − 1 , filled grains panicle − 1 , grain yield panicle − 1 , and weight of thousand seeds. Variability parameters Comparison between the relative amount of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation provides an estimate of the degree of variation. Grain yield plant − 1 (49.2%) showed the highest GCV both in hybrids and F 2 segregants (Table 6 ). Days to first flowering (7.59%) showed the lowest GCV in hybrid, while panicle length (3.95%) showed the lowest GCV in F 2 (Table 6 ). Table 6 Estimation of genetic parameters for morphological traits of parents, hybrids, and F 2 segregants Traits F 1 F 2 GV PV GCV (%) PCV (%) h 2 b GA GAM (%) GV PV GCV (%) PCV (%) h 2 b GA GAM (%) DFF 79.3 90.2 7.59 8.09 87.9 17.2 14.7 50.8 57.7 8.25 8.79 88.0 13.8 15.9 PH 59.9 94.2 8.54 10.7 63.6 12.7 14.0 61.9 79.0 6.22 7.03 78.2 14.3 11.3 TH 7.85 11.4 17.8 21.6 68.6 4.78 30.4 2.71 5.01 11.4 15.6 54.1 2.49 17.3 ETH 7.28 10.6 17.3 20.9 68.5 4.60 29.5 2.87 5.29 12.0 16.3 54.3 2.57 18.3 FL 33.5 48.9 19.3 23.2 68.6 9.88 32.8 5.98 12.8 6.92 10.1 46.7 3.44 9.74 PL 10.2 12.2 12.9 14.2 83.3 6.00 24.4 1.30 2.35 3.95 5.31 55.3 1.75 6.06 GP 6040 7623 35.5 39.9 79.2 142.5 65.2 1541 1993 14.1 16.0 77.3 71.1 25.5 FGP 5402 6847 36.6 41.2 78.9 134.5 67.0 1924 2343 17.1 18.9 82.1 81.9 31.9 YPA 1.57 1.91 38.8 42.9 81.9 2.33 72.4 0.51 0.61 18.0 19.6 84.1 1.35 33.9 YP 294.9 342.6 49.2 53.1 86.1 32.8 94.1 30.5 55.7 18.1 23.2 54.8 8.42 26.1 SYP 60.3 112.3 22.6 30.9 53.7 11.7 34.2 27.4 75.8 11.9 19.8 36.1 6.48 14.7 WTS 3.73 4.60 11.5 12.8 81.0 3.58 21.4 2.21 3.02 9.07 10.6 73.3 2.62 16.0 Here, GV=Genotypic variance, PV= Phenotypic variance, GCV= Genotypic coefficient of variation; PCV=Phenotypic coefficient of variation; GA= Genetic advance; GAM (%) = Genetic advance in percentage of mean, DFF: Days to first flowering, PH: Plant height, TH: Number of tillers hill−1, ETH: Number of effective tillers hill−1, FL: Flagleaf length, PL: Panicle length, GP: Grains panicle−1, FGP: Filled grains panicle−1, YPA: Grain yield panicle−1, YP: Grain yield plant−1, SYP: Straw yield plant−1, and WTS: Weight of thousand seeds . Heritability and genetic advance The estimated broad sense heritability for hybrids ranged from 53.7–87.9% for all traits related to yield, whereas the range for F 2 segregants was from 36.11–88.03% (Table 6 ). The estimates of the genetic advance in the percentage of the mean (GAM) ranged from 6.06% in F 2 segregants to 94.09% for hybrids. In hybrids, high heritability (h 2 b > 60%) with high genetic advance (GAM > 20%) accounted for the number of tillers hill − 1 , number of effective tillers hill − 1 , flagleaf length, panicle length, grains panicle − 1 , filled grains panicle − 1 , grain yield panicle − 1 , grain yield plant − 1 , straw yield plant − 1 , and weight of thousand seeds. F 2 segregants showed high heritability (h 2 b > 60%) with high genetic advance (GAM > 20%) in grains panicle − 1 , filled grains panicle − 1 , grain yield panicle − 1 , and grain yield plant − 1 (Table 6 ). Estimation of heterosis and inbreeding depression In case of F 1 (Kataribhog × BRRI dhan50), heterobeltiosis (heterosis over better parent) ranged from − 15.7 to 125.2, while it ranged from − 13.4 to 156.9 in F 1 ′ (BRRI dhan50 × Kataribhog) (Table 7 ). Days to first flowering had the lowest negative heterosis and grain yield plant − 1 showed the highest positive heterosis for both cross and reciprocal cross. F 1 generation estimated the highest relative heterosis (heterosis over mid-parent) of 133.1% for grain yield plant − 1 . Meanwhile F 1 ′ generation showed the highest relative heterosis of 165.9% for grain yield plant − 1 . However, the grain yield plant − 1 accounted for 25.9% and 44.9% inbreeding depression in F 2 generation for both cross and reciprocal cross, respectively (Table 7 ). Table 7 Heterosis over better parent (BP), mid parent (MP), and inbreeding depression at F 2 for yield and yield contributing traits Traits Kataribhog × BRRI dhan50 BRRI dhan50 × Kataribhog Heterosis Inbreeding Depression Heterosis Inbreeding Depression BP MP BP MP DFF -15.7** -12.0** 19.2** -13.4** -9.59* 24.4** PH 15.6** 19.2** -31.2** 7.61* 10.9* -29.5** TH 31.9** 37.9** 23.6** 31.9** 37.9** 20.8** ETH 28.9** 34.8** 23.7** 31.9** 37.9** 21.9** FL 35.4** 45.9** 7.13** 22.3* 31.8** -8.23** PL 16.1** 24.7** -5.12** 19.8** 25.2** -4.39** GP 42.3** 80.6** -12.9* 92.1** 100.3** 19.4** FGP 41.9** 82.1** -16.1** 94.2** 105.6** 22.3** YPA 78.0** 89.1** -11.9** 101.8** 114.4** 23.9** YP 125.2** 133.1** 25.9** 156.9** 165.9** 44.9** SYP 28.9* 32.1** -29.1** 59.1** 63.2** 12.2** WTS -9.74** 2.30* 0.90 -1.49 11.6** 10.4** * and ** indicate significant at 5% and 1% levels of probability, respectively. Here, BP: Better parent, MP: Mid parent, DFF: Days to first flowering, PH: Plant height, TH: Number of tillers hill−1, ETH: Number of effective tillers hill−1, FL: Flagleaf length, PL: Panicle length, GP: Grains panicle−1, FGP: Filled grains panicle−1, YPA: Grain yield panicle−1, YP: Grain yield plant−1, SYP: Straw yield plant−1, and WTS: Weight of thousand seeds . Discussion The experiment was conducted to estimate variability, correlation, and genetic parameters of hybrids and F 2 generation based on morphological traits. Additionally, heterosis for F 1 hybrids was estimated to determine their superiority compared to their parents. However, to estimate the reduced fitness, inbreeding depression of the F 2 generation was done. The estimation of correlation among the studied morphological characters bears great importance in identifying the key characters that can be exploited for increased yield. Grain yield plant − 1 was significantly and positively correlated with the number of tillers hill − 1 , number of effective tillers hill − 1 , flagleaf length, panicle length, grains panicle − 1 , filled grains panicle − 1 , and grain yield panicle − 1 (Table 3 ). This finding showed that increased grain yield plant − 1 is the result of the increased number of tillers and effective tillers plant − 1 (Table 3 , Tiwari et al. 2019 ). On the contrary, a significant negative correlation was found for days to first flowering with grain yield plant − 1 (Table 3 , Mishu et al. 2015 ). The majority of characters has complex inheritance pattern and are significantly influenced by multiple genes acting with several environmental factors; as a result, the study of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation is very effective in determining the probability for selection-based improvement. There was an environmental effect on phenotype which is suggested by a relatively higher phenotypic coefficient of variation than the genotypic coefficient of variation (Table 6 ). Grain yield plant − 1 had the highest genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) values in hybrid, followed by grain yield panicle − 1 and filled grains panicle − 1 , which indicated that selection could be done from these traits (Table 6 , Islam et al. 2019 ; Kumari and Parmar 2020 ). On the other hand, days to first flowering recorded lower values of PCV and GCV, indicating a narrow genetic base for these traits (Table 6 , Shivapriya 2000 ). The F 2 segregants exhibited higher PCV and GCV values for grains panicle − 1 , filled grains panicle − 1 , grain yield panicle − 1 , and grain yield plant − 1 , recommending the scope for choosing genotypes with the aforementioned traits (Table 6 , Ratnakar et al. 2012 ; Kiran et al. 2012 ). Contrarily, plant height showed lower GCV and PCV, suggesting less effect of this trait for improvement (Shivapriya 2000 ). To determine the amount of heritable variation, only GCV and PCV alone cannot provide a concise and meaningful result. The combination of heritability and genetic advance is more relevant in forecasting how selection affects phenotypic expression. Knowledge about heritability is a prerequisite for any breeding program since it can help to pick superior genotypes from a diverse genetic pool (Singh et al. 2011 ). However, the only knowledge of heritability is insufficient for a successful selection. Genetic advance if studied in addition to heritability might be more useful (Vanisree et al. 2013). Therefore, to forecast the effect of selection to choose the best individual, heritability estimates (above 60%) combined with genetic advance (above 20%) would be more fruitful than heritability alone (Johnson et al. 1955 ; Islam et al. 2019 ). The present study revealed high estimates of heritability coupled with high genetic advance (20%) for all the traits, excluding days to first flowering and plant height of hybrids (Table 6 , Kahani et al. 2015; Abebe et al. 2017 ). In F 2 generation, high heritability with high genetic gain over the percentage mean for grains panicle − 1 , filled grains panicle − 1 , grain yield panicle − 1 , and grain yield plant − 1 concluded that these characters were governed by additive gene action (Table 6 ). The traits having low heritability and genetic advance would not be useful for selection (Rahman et al. 2016 ). Since increasing yield is the main objective of rice breeding, highly significant positive heterosis estimates are preferred for yield and features that contribute to yield, such as the number of tillers hill − 1 , panicle length, flagleaf length, grains panicle − 1 , and filled grains panicle − 1 (Shukla et al 2020 ). On the contrary, negative heterosis is preferable for flowering and maturation to produce short-duration variety because hybrids or crosses are more likely to achieve early maturity with early flowering than those with positive heterosis. Both crosses had significant and negative relative heterosis and heterobeltiosis in days to first flowering which indicates the scope of the extensive use of heterosis for earliness (Gokulakrishnan 2018 ). Positive heterosis is considered undesirable for plant height because the newly produced hybrids are more prone to lodge. In the present investigation, significant positive heterosis over mid and better parent for plant height was obtained for both the crosses (Table 7 ). However, to develop dwarf plant types, Sari et al. ( 2019 ) and Shukla et al. ( 2020 ) emphasized the importance of negative heterosis for plant height. One of the most important yield-determining factors is the tillering habit of a genotype. A high degree of heterosis was observed in both crosses for the number of tillers hill − 1 and number of effective tillers hill − 1 manifesting superior performance of hybrids (Table 7 , Xalxo et al. 2018 ). Panicle length is another main attribute of the higher yield of rice. Positive and significant heterosis was recorded for panicle length in both crosses (Table 7 , Shukla et al. 2020 ). The number of grains panicle − 1 and number of filled grains panicle − 1 showed higher estimates of positive significant heterosis, which are two crucial factors for increased yield in rice (Table 7 , Thakor et al. 2018 and Sari et al. 2019 ). Both crosses showed the highest positive heterosis for grain yield plant − 1 which is the most desirable trait for plant breeders who want to select superior genotypes over the existing ones. (Table 7 , Devi et al. 2017 ). Negative heterosis over better parent was recorded for the weight of thousand seeds as it was desired to obtain fine rice grains since fine grains belong to less weight than coarse grains (Table 7 , Shukla et al. 2020 ). However, significant negative inbreeding depression was recorded for plant height, which revealed that the F 2 segregants had larger plant heights than hybrids (Table 7 , Asati and Yadab 2020). A high magnitude of positive and significant inbreeding depression was recorded for days to first flowering, number of tillers hill − 1 , number of effective tillers hill − 1 , flagleaf length, and grain yield panicle − 1 in F 1 concluding their reduced performance (Table 7 , Ismaeel et al. 2019 ). On the other hand, F 1 ′ showed positive significant inbreeding depression in days to first flowering, number of tillers hill − 1 , number of effective tillers hill − 1 , grains panicle − 1 , filled grains panicle − 1 , grain yield panicle − 1 , grain yield plant − 1 , straw yield plant − 1 , and weight of thousand seeds which indicates their decreased output comparing to their prior generation (Table 7 , Ismaeel et al. 2019 ). According to Abdel-Moneam et al. ( 2016 ), the inheritance of yield and yield components is regulated by the non-additive type of gene action. Since increased yield is the ultimate aim in plant breeding, it is recommended to give more emphasis on yield-contributing traits, as there is no separate gene for yield. Conclusion The current study was conducted to determine heterosis, correlation, genetic variability, and inbreeding depression in F 1 and F 2 generations. This study revealed substantial variations among all the genotypes studied for all the morphological traits. Grain yield plant − 1 was positively correlated with all the studied traits, excluding days to first flowering. Additionally, grain yield panicle − 1 and grain yield plant − 1 showed the highest GCV and PCV. High heritability and genetic advance accounted for grains panicle − 1 , filled grains panicle − 1 , grain yield panicle − 1 , and grain yield plant − 1 . However, both the hybrids showed the highest positive heterosis for grain yield plant − 1 . That is the reason why exploitation of heterosis would be an effective approach for increased yield potential in rice. Several segregants from the F 2 generation were found promising for better yield and would be selected for further advancement. Statements & Declarations Acknowledgments We thank Metal Seed and Bangladesh Rice Research Institute for providing Kataribhog and BRRI dhan50 seeds, respectively. Funding This study was funded by the National Science and Technology Fellowship (2020-21) from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of Bangladesh. Competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Author contribution Abu Musa Md Main Uddin Tareque conceived, designed, and conducted the experiment, formally analyzed the data, and wrote the original draft. Lutful Hassan provided technical advice on how to prepare tables and figures. Mohammad Ashraful Habib and Swati Nayak assisted in data analysis and edited the manuscript. Arif Hasan Khan Robin supervised and monitored the experimental work, provided technical support, and extensively revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Data Availability All data are available on request. References Abebe T, Alamerew S, Tulu L (2017) Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and its related traits in rainfed lowland rice ( Oryza sativa L .). Advances in Crop Science and Technology 5(2) 2-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-8863.1000272 Abdel-Moneam MA, Sultan MS, Hammoud SA, Hefena AG, Barutçular C, Sabagh AEL (2016) Studies on heterosis for qualitative and quantitative traits in rice. J Anim Plant Sci 30(2) 4736-474 Allard RW and Bradshaw AD (1964) Implications of genotype-environmental interactions in applied plant breeding. Crop Sci 4(5) 503-508. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1964.0011183X000400050021x Asati R, Yadav RK (2020) Genetic variability studies in F 2 generation of rice ( Oryza sativa L .) Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci Special Issue 11 2548-2554 Briggle LW (1963) Heterosis in wheat: A review. Crop Sci 3 407-412. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1963.0011183X000300050011x Burton GW (1952) Qualitative inheritance in grasses. Vol. 1. Proceedings of the 6th International Grassland Congress, Pennsylvania State College 17-23 Cockerham CC (1963) Estimation of genetic variances. National Academy of Sciences . New York. National Research Council pp. 53-93 Devi RK, Satish B, Chandra N, Lingaiah Y, Hari, Venkanna V (2017) Analysis of variability, correlation and path coefficient studies for yield and quality traits in rice ( Oryza sativa L .). Agric Sci Dig 37(1) 1-9. http://doi.org/10.18805/asd.v0iOF.7328 Dutta P, Dutta PN, Borua PK (2013) Morphological traits as selection indices in rice: A statistical view. Universal Journal of Agricultural Research 1(3) 85-96. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujar.2013.010308 Falconer DS and Mackay TFC (1996) Introduction to quantitative genetics. 4th Edn. Benjamin Cummings England pp. 464 FAO (2022) Food outlook-June 2022, The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy Fonseca S, Patterson FL (1968) Hybrid vigour in seven parents diallel cross in common winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ). 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Theor Appl Genet 133(3) 873-888. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-019-03512-z Islam MZ, Mian MAK, Ivy NA, Akter N, Rahman M (2019) Genetic variability, correlation and path analysis for yield and its component traits in restorer lines of rice. Bangladesh J Agric Res 44(2) 291-301 Ismaeel M, Shah SMA, Suliman S, Raza A, Anwar M (2019) Assessment of genetic variability, heterosis and heritability for morphological parameters in rice. Pure Appl Biol 8(1) 160-168. http://doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2018.700174 Jhambulkar NN, Bose LK (2014) Genetic variability and association of yield attributing traits with grain yield in upland rice. Genetika 46(3) 831-838. https://doi.org/10.2298/GENSR1403831J Johnson HW, Robinson HF, Comstock RE (1955) Estimates of genetic and environmental variability in soybeans. Agron J 47(7) 314-318. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1955.00021962004700070009x Jones J W (1926) Hybrid vigor in rice. Agron J 18(5) 423-428. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1926.00021962001800050010x Kahani F, Hittalmani S (2015) Genetic analysis and traits association in F 2 intervarietal populations in rice under aerobic condition. J Rice Res 3(152). https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-4338.1000152 Khan MH, Dar ZA, Dar SA (2015) Breeding strategies for improving rice yield -A review. Agric Sci 6 467-478 Kiran KK, Gururaja RMR, Rajanna MP, Rao MA, Mahadevu P, Siddegowda DK (2012) Variability, heritability and genetic advance studies in F 2 populations of two crosses of rice ( Oryza sativa L. ). Mysore Journal of Agricultural Sciences 46(4) 917-919. Kumar CPS, Sathiyabama R, Suji DB and Muraleedharan A (2020) Estimation of heterosis for earliness and certain growth characters in rice ( Oryza sativa L .). Plant Archives 20(2) 1429-1432 Kumari N, Parmar MB (2020) Heritability and genetic advance analysis in rice ( Oryza sativa L .) genotypes under aerobic condition. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 9(3) 1196-1204 Kusmiyati F, Kristanto BA, Lisnawati N, Herwibawa B (2020) Assessment of genetic relationship and heritability among F 2 generation of four crosses in rice using agro-morphological markers, IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 484 012009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/484/1/012009 Lv Q, Li W, Sun, Z et al (2020) Resequencing of 1,143 indica rice accessions reveals important genetic variations and different heterosis patterns. Nat Commun 11(1) 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18608-0 Mather K, Jinks JL (1982) Biometrical genetics , Ed., 3. Chapman and Hall, London, New York Mishu MFK, Rahman MW, Azad MAK, Biswas BK, Talukder MAI, Kayess MO, Islam MR, Alam MR (2015) Study on genetic variability and character association of aromatic rice ( Oryza sativa L .) cultivars. Int J Plant Sci Soil Sci 9(1) 1-8 Nirmaladevi G, Padmavathi G, Kota S, Babu VR (2015) Genetic variability, heritability and correlation coefficients of grain quality characters in rice ( Oryza sativa L .). SABRAO J Breed Genet 47(4) 424- 433 Ogunbayo SA, Ojo DK, Sanni KA, Akinwale MG, Toulou B (2014) Genetic variation and heritability of yield and related traits in promising rice genotypes ( Oryza sativa L .). J Plant Breed Crop Sci 6(11) 153-159 Rahman A, Shah SMA, Rahman H, Shah L, Ali A, Raza MA (2016) Genetic variability for yield and yield associated traits in F 2 segregating populations of rice. Academia Journal of Agricultural Research 4(1) 018-024 Ratnakar MS, Rajanna MP, Ramesh S, Sheshshayee MS, Mahadevu P (2012) Genetic variability, correlation and path coefficient studies in F 2 generation of aerobic rice ( Orzya sativa L .). Electron J Plant Breed 3(3) 925-931 Roychowdhury R and Tah J (2011) Genetic variability study for yield and associated quantitative characters in mutant genotypes of Dianthus caryophyllus L. Int J Biosci 1(5) 38-44 Sari WK, Nualsri C, Junsawang N, Soonsuwon W (2019) Heterosis studies for yield and agronomic traits in Thai upland rice. Indian J Agric Res 53 255- 262. http://doi.org/10.18805/IJARe.A-390 Shivapriya M (2000) Phenotypic evaluation for agronomically useful traits, blast disease, DNA fingerprinting studies in local rices ( Oryza sativa L .) of Karnataka. M. Sc. (Agri.) Thesis, University of Agricultural Science , Bangalore Shukla DK, Singh SN, Gaur SC, Kumar A (2020) Effects of heterosis for yield and yield contributing characters in rice ( Oryza sativa L .) under Sodic Soil. Curr J Appl Sci Technol 39 53-63. https://doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2020/v39i1230663 Shull GH (1914) Duplicate genes for capsule form in Bursa bursa - pastoris . Zeitschr indukt Abstammungs- und Vererbungslehre 12 97–149 Singh NK, Singh AK, Misra V, Mall AK (2019) Heterosis breeding in rice ( Oryza sativa L .) for quantitative traits. Plant Archives 19(1) 544-548 Singh RK, Chaudhary BD (1979) Classificatory analysis: Biometrical methods in quantitative genetic analysis . Kalyani Publishers. Ludhiana. India. pp. 210-214 Singh SK, Singh CM, Lal GM (2011) Assessment of genetic variability for yield and its component characters in rice ( Oryza sativa L .). Research in Plant Biology 1(4) 73-76 Sunday OF, Ayodele AM, Babatunde KO, Oluwole AM (2007) Genotypic and phenotypic variability for seed vigour traits and seed yield in West African rice ( Oryza sativa L .) genotypes. Journal of American Science 3 35-41 Thakor RP, Balat JR, Delvadiya IR, Rathva SR (2018) Heterosis and heterobeltosis studies for grain yield and yield attributing traits in rice ( Oryza sativa L .). Electron J Plant Breed 9(4) 1286-1294. http://doi.org/10.5958/0975-928X.2018.00161.8 Tiwari DN, Tripathi SR, Tripathi MP, Khatri N, Bastola BR (2019) Genetic variability and correlation coefficients of major traits in early maturing rice under rainfed lowland environments of Nepal. Advances in Agriculture 2019 (1) 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5975901 Vanisree SK, Anjali, Damodarraju CH (2013) Variability, Heritability and association analysis in rice ( Oryza sativa L .). J Biol Sci Opin 347-3 Xalxo A, Chaudhari PR, Sharma D, Singh L, Sahu P, Tiwari S, Singh SP, Baghel S (2018) Heterosis studies for yield and yield components using CMS lines in rice ( Oryza sativa L .). Int J Chem Stud 6(3) 2192-2198 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4709895","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":329532324,"identity":"c756c8e2-e407-454d-b9bc-f69b9b52c2ea","order_by":0,"name":"Abu Musa Md Main Uddin Tareque","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abu","middleName":"Musa Md Main Uddin","lastName":"Tare","suffix":"Md"},{"id":329532325,"identity":"22480221-5050-45fe-9f3b-2064e6ed5cbd","order_by":1,"name":"Lutful Hassan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lutful","middleName":"","lastName":"Hassan","suffix":""},{"id":329532326,"identity":"f2843660-b945-4632-82b3-d014f3cd0e76","order_by":2,"name":"Muhammad Ashraful Habib","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Rice Breeding Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Laguna 4031","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhammad","middleName":"Ashraful","lastName":"Habib","suffix":""},{"id":329532327,"identity":"7a7b78f7-6869-4c65-9fb7-605eee71ca56","order_by":3,"name":"Swati Nayak","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Rice Breeding Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Laguna 4031","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Swati","middleName":"","lastName":"Nayak","suffix":""},{"id":329532328,"identity":"92ab09dd-07d6-4e50-9ce5-8b39f890dd4c","order_by":4,"name":"Arif Hasan Khan Robin","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHsYHiQ0MDPwSYB4zA4MEgwEhLcwGD4FaJGeQoIVNEqTF4AaxWuSjew9IJO6wS9x8u/mZBEOFdWKDdPMGvFoM75xLMEg8k5y47c4xMwmGM+mJDTLHCvBrmZFjkJDYxpy47UaCmQRj2+HEBokc/A4DaTmQ2FafuHlG+jcJxn9EaJGXyDFsSAQavkEiB2hLAxFaDGTOJTMknjluPOPOmWKLhGPpxm2E/CI/u/f4z587qmX7Z7dvvPGhxlq2n1CIQaMDChKAmA2vepAtMwipGAWjYBSMglEAANCRTgsVh/qHAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Arif","middleName":"Hasan Khan","lastName":"Robin","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-09 07:16:56","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4709895/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4709895/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":60964044,"identity":"45349ae1-e72a-476b-b9bc-a5c987176974","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-24 05:45:27","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":17114,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBiplot for morphological traits of two hybrids: F\u003csub\u003e1 \u003c/sub\u003e(Kataribhog × BRRI dhan50), F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e′ (BRRI dhan50 × Kataribhog) and their parents. Here, DFF: Days to first flowering, PH: Plant height, TH: Number of tillers hill\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, ETH: Number of effective tillers hill\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, FL: Flagleaf length, PL: Panicle length, GP: Grains panicle\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, FGP: Filled grains panicle\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, YPA: Grain yield panicle\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, YP: Grain yield plant\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, SYP: Straw yield plant\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, and WTS: Weight of thousand seeds.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4709895/v1/39df63cf331189d504020b69.png"},{"id":60964045,"identity":"8b75c939-a55f-4a52-b40f-1abcc416c727","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-24 05:45:27","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":17435,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBiplot for morphological traits of F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e segregants and their parents. Here, S1-S11: F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e segregants, DFF: Days to first flowering, PH: Plant height, TH: Number of tillers hill\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, ETH: Number of effective tillers hill\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, FL: Flagleaf length, PL: Panicle length, GP: Grains panicle\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, FGP: Filled grains panicle\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, YPA: Grain yield panicle\u003csup\u003e‑1\u003c/sup\u003e, YP: Grain yield plant\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, SYP: Straw yield plant\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, and WTS: Weight of thousand seeds.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4709895/v1/042452d61db2c260a4758906.png"},{"id":60965344,"identity":"bb98e3b2-7e17-412d-b763-d69e330d9245","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-24 05:53:27","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1025018,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4709895/v1/e1f0fa07-99e9-4258-b2cd-e671b3ed68c5.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Estimation of genetic parameters in hybrid and F2 generations of aromatic fine rice","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eRice (\u003cem\u003eOryza sativa L\u003c/em\u003e.), the most important dietary carbohydrate in the world, is a monocotyledonous angiosperm that belongs to the family Gramineae (Kumar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Asian countries comprise almost 90% of both the world\u0026rsquo;s rice producers and consumers (Kusmiyati et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In Bangladesh, food security is synonymous with rice security. Bangladesh is the third-highest rice producer worldwide, with a production of 38.4\u0026nbsp;million tonnes in 2022 (FAO \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). As rice is a field-to-plate crop, customer demand and preference for rice are influenced by some grain quality attributes. Among them, the aroma in rice is unique and a superior grain quality trait, based on which rice is categorized into two subgroups, i.e., aromatic and non-aromatic rice. Aromatic rice is a significant member of a tiny subgroup of rice.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeveloping varieties with higher production and desirable agronomic traits is the ultimate aim of crop breeding. Conventional hybridization is a commonly used method to increase the yield potential of rice (Khan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Hybridization is either a natural or artificial process that results in the production of a hybrid. It is conducted to produce artificial variation in the population for selection and desired combinations of traits, to integrate the desired traits into a single individual, and to exploit and use the hybrid varieties properly. The amount of genetic variation available for usage and the heritability of the desired traits are the determinants of the success of a breeding program. Hence, plant breeders might be able to produce high-yielding and well-adapted rice varieties by making use of the good adaptation and stability of yield and yield-contributing traits in rice genotypes (Jhambulkar et al. 2014).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo assess the level of genetic diversity in a crop plant population, the coefficients of variations of phenotype and its genotype (PCV and GCV) are used, which is a useful indicator of the variation for various characteristics (Roychowdhury and Tah \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). GCV determines the standard deviation of the genotypic value with that of the overall mean; in contrast, PCV is the proportion of the standard deviation of the phenotypic value to the overall mean. A greater PCV value than the corresponding GCV value for a trait is an indication of the environmental variance that makes up most of the phenotypic variation in that trait (Sunday et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). According to Falconer and Mackay (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e), the ratio of overall genetic variance to its phenotypic values is known as heritability in broad sense. Heritability measures the level of genetic improvement that will be passed down to the next generations. (Dutta et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). However, the capacity to anticipate genetic increase using heritability combined with genetic advance will be more effective than heritability alone (Nirmaladevi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Ogunbayo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the observed variation must be divided between genetic and environmental factors to estimate the heritability of any characteristics (Cockerham \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1963\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeterosis, often referred to as hybrid vigor, is the phenomenon where a hybrid exceeds its parental genotypes by biomass production, rate of development, yield, and biotic and abiotic stress resistance. The increase of heterosis has significantly increased crop productivity worldwide. Shull (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1914\u003c/span\u003e) originally used the term heterosis to describe F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e hybrids that outgo both of their parental genotypes for yield and yield-contributing traits. Jones (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1926\u003c/span\u003e) was the first to describe heterosis in rice and found that F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e hybrids were superior with more culms and grain production than their parental plants. Crop production can be increased by 30\u0026ndash;400% using heterosis breeding, which also helps to enhance several desirable features (Gupta et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Ghidan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the objective, both positive and negative heterosis are effective in crop development programs. While positive heterosis is normally preferred for yield, negative heterosis is typically concerned with early maturation and early flower formation. The exploitation of heterosis is crucial for making agricultural returns greater, and rice is one of many crops where it has been applied most successfully (Singh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e and Lv et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe reduced fitness or vigor of inbred individuals as opposed to non-inbred individuals is referred to as inbreeding depression. The opposite of this is heterosis or the \u0026ldquo;hybrid vigor\u0026rdquo; that results from crossings between inbred lines, as indicated by enhanced size, growth rate, or other factors. The depressive effect, inbreeding depression, is the expression of the trait resulting from increased homozygosity (Allard \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1964\u003c/span\u003e). Quantitative genetics theory describes heterosis and inbreeding depression as two manifestations of the same phenomena caused by non-additive gene action (Mather and Jinks \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe current investigation was conducted in the Field Laboratory of the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202. Two aromatic rice varieties viz. Kataribhog and BRRI dhan50 were selected as genetic material and used as parents in hybridization. In Aman 2020, the pre-germinated seeds of parental varieties were sown at different dates with 10-day intervals for synchronization of flowering. After 25 days from sowing, the seedlings of Kataribhog and after 15 days of sowing, the seedlings of BRRI dhan50 were transplanted to the main field, maintaining the spacing of 20 cm \u0026times; 15 cm. Both cross (Kataribhog \u0026times; BRRI dhan50) and reciprocal cross (BRRI dhan50 \u0026times; Kataribhog) were conducted at the field when there were plenty of flowers of both parents. Hand emasculation and pollination methods were used, followed by proper bagging and tagging. Hybrid seeds were harvested at maturity and stored for the next season.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Boro 2021, hybrid seeds were germinated in the laboratory, providing optimum temperature and moisture. After germination, they were sown in the field to develop seedlings. The F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e seedlings were transplanted and raised with normal agronomic practices to obtain F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e seeds via the selfing of F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003es. In the next Aman season 2021, the collected F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e seeds were sown and then transplanted in the main field. Observations were recorded in all seasons for twelve quantitative traits viz. days to first flowering, plant height, number of tillers hill\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, number of effective tillers hill\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, flagleaf length, panicle length, grains panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, filled grains panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, grain yield panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, grain yield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, straw yield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, and weight of thousand seeds.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis such as one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), principal component analysis (PCA), and Pearson correlation analysis was done with MINITAB 20 statistical software packages (Minitab Inc., State College, Pennsylvania, USA). Two different PCAs were conducted for two different data sets, i.e., parents and hybrids; parents and F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e segregants. The eleven F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e segregants used in this study were denoted by S1-S11. The phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation (PCV and GCV) were measured using the formula given by Burton (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1952\u003c/span\u003e) and Singh and Chaudhary (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e), heritability and genetic advance by Johnson et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1955\u003c/span\u003e) and heterosis by Briggle (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1963\u003c/span\u003e) and Fonseca and Patterson (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1968\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAnalysis of variance\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor all morphological features, there were notable variations between parents and hybrids and parents and F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e segregants according to the analysis of variance (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The analysis of variance in this study revealed that the genotypic mean sum of squares was significant at 1% level (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01) and 0.1% level (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.001) for all the morphological traits.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of variance (mean squares) for morphological traits of two hybrids and their parents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"14\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSources of variation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"12\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Squares\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDFF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eETH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFGP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYPA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSYP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWTS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGenotype\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e407.60***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e334.11**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.867***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.733***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e182.98***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.031***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31784***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28459***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.172***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1522.3***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e353.67**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.502***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eError\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1583\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1445\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.345\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.874\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"14\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e** and *** indicate significant at 1% and 0.1% levels of probability, respectively. Here, df: degrees of freedom, DFF: Days to first flowering, PH: Plant height, TH: Number of tillers hill\u0026minus;1, ETH: Number of effective tillers hill\u0026minus;1, FL: Flagleaf length, PL: Panicle length, GP: Grains panicle\u0026minus;1, FGP: Filled grains panicle\u0026minus;1, YPA: Grain yield panicle\u0026minus;1, YP: Grain yield plant\u0026minus;1, SYP: Straw yield plant\u0026minus;1, and WTS: Weight of thousand seeds\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of variance (mean squares) for morphological traits of F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e segregants and their parents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"14\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSources of variation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"12\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Squares\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDFF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eETH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFGP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYPA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSYP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWTS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGenotype\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2484.93***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2958.69***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.047***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.21***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175.79***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.095***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33411.1***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34304.1***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.84***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e442.69***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e596.10***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.197***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eError\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.649\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.745\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.897\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e446.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e405.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.093\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"14\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e** and *** indicate significant at 1% and 0.1% levels of probability, respectively. Here, df: degrees of freedom, DFF: Days to first flowering, PH: Plant height, TH: Number of tillers hill\u0026minus;1, ETH: Number of effective tillers hill\u0026minus;1, FL: Flagleaf length, PL: Panicle length, GP: Grains panicle\u0026minus;1, FGP: Filled grains panicle\u0026minus;1, YPA: Grain yield panicle\u0026minus;1, YP: Grain yield plant\u0026minus;1, SYP: Straw yield plant\u0026minus;1, and WTS: Weight of thousand seeds\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTrait association\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe correlation coefficients among different morphological traits are displayed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. The correlation analysis indicated that out of 66 associations, thirty-two associations were significant at 5% level of probability, twenty-two associations were significant at 1% and 0.1% levels of probability, and the rest twelve associations were non-significant. Among them, fifty-four associations were positively correlated, and twelve associations were negatively correlated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation coefficients among morphological traits of two hybrids and their parents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraits\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDFF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eETH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFGP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYPA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSYP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.387\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.558*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.662**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eETH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.582**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.592**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.990***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.415\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.833***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.650**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.607**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.876***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.587**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.671**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.678**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.593**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.670**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.751***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.804***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.798***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.612**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.843***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFGP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.662**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.738***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.799***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.794***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.599**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.838***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.997***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYPA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.748***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.709***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.787***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.785***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.576**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.871***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.985***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.983***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.719***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.683**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.864***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.867***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.643**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.867***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.944***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.945***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.944***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSYP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.430\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.582**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.807***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.779***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.544*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.585**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.743***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.745***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.754***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.833***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWTS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.627**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.472*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.223\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.346\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.312\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.286\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"12\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eHere, DFF: Days to first flowering, PH: Plant height, TH: Number of tillers hill\u0026minus;1, ETH: Number of effective tillers hill\u0026minus;1, FL: Flagleaf length, PL: Panicle length, GP: Grains panicle\u0026minus;1, FGP: Filled grains panicle\u0026minus;1, YPA: Grain yield panicle\u0026minus;1, YP: Grain yield plant\u0026minus;1, SYP: Straw yield plant\u0026minus;1, and WTS: Weight of thousand seeds\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrincipal component analysis revealed the most apposite association among the traits and genotypes. The first four principal components (PCs) described 94.1% of the total data variation for four genotypes (parents and two hybrids) on twelve important morphological traits (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). PC1, PC2, PC3, and PC4 explained 70.7%, 13.1%, 6.0%, and 4.2% data variation, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoefficients of principal components for morphological traits of two hybrids and their parents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePC1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePC2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePC3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays to first flowering\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.257\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.423\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.224\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant height\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.358\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.438\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of tillers hill\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.306\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.182\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.336\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of effective tillers hill\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.303\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.381\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlagleaf length\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.284\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.482\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePanicle length\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.304\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.239\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.253\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrains panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.329\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFilled grains panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.327\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrain yield panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.330\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.080\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGain yield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.335\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.031\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStraw yield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.281\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.436\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight of thousand seeds\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.702\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Variation explained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.173\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe first principal component (PC1) explained the highest variation (70.7%) of the data with strong positive coefficients for all the morphological traits viz. plant height, number of tillers hill\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, number of effective tillers hill\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, flagleaf length, panicle length, grains panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, filled grains panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, grain yield panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, grain yield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, straw yield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, and weight of thousand seeds; except days to first flowering, which had negative coefficient. PC1 showed a highly significant difference among genotypes (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The PC1 clearly separated two hybrids (Kataribhog \u0026times; BRRI dhan50 and BRRI dhan50 \u0026times; Kataribhog) from their parents (Kataribhog and BRRI dhan50) in terms of morphological traits (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePC2 explained 13.1% of the total variation, which is mostly dominated by the positive coefficients of the majority of the characters except for panicle length, grain yield panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, grain yield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, and weight of thousand seeds. PC2 separated Kataribhog and Kataribhog \u0026times; BRRI dhan50 from other genotypes as evident by their differential location in biplot (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsidering F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e segregants, the first four principal components (PCs) explained 90.8% of the total data variation for the genotypes on twelve yield and yield-contributing morphological traits (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). PC1, PC2, PC3, and PC4 explained 54.1%, 20.4%, 8.6%, and 7.8% data variation, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoefficients of principal components for morphological traits of F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e segregants and their parents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePC1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePC2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePC3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePC4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays to first flowering\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.328\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.122\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.259\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.334\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant height\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.373\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of tillers hill\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.613\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of effective tillers hill\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.617\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlagleaf length\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.069\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.627\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePanicle length\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.350\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.258\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrains panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.356\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.153\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFilled grains panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.353\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.312\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.244\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrain yield panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.352\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.331\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGain yield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.280\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.299\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.227\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStraw yield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.311\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.183\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.239\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight of thousand seeds\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.279\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.797\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.338\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Variation explained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe first principal component (PC1) explained the highest variation (54.1%) of the data with strong positive coefficients for all the morphological traits, excluding days to first flowering, which had a negative coefficient. PC1 showed a highly significant difference among the genotypes (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The PC1 clearly separated S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, and S10 from the rest F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e segregants and their parents in terms of morphological traits as evident by their differential location in biplot (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). PC2 explained 20.4% of total variation which is governed by the positive coefficients of the traits viz. plant height, grains panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, filled grains panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, grain yield panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, and weight of thousand seeds.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eVariability parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison between the relative amount of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation provides an estimate of the degree of variation. Grain yield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (49.2%) showed the highest GCV both in hybrids and F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e segregants (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Days to first flowering (7.59%) showed the lowest GCV in hybrid, while panicle length (3.95%) showed the lowest GCV in F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimation of genetic parameters for morphological traits of parents, hybrids, and F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e segregants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"15\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraits\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGCV (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePCV (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eh\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGAM (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGCV (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePCV (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eh\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGAM (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDFF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eETH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7623\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1541\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1993\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFGP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5402\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6847\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e134.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1924\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2343\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYPA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e294.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e342.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSYP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e112.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWTS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"15\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eHere, GV=Genotypic variance, PV= Phenotypic variance, GCV= Genotypic coefficient of variation; PCV=Phenotypic coefficient of variation; GA= Genetic advance; GAM (%) = Genetic advance in percentage of mean, DFF: Days to first flowering, PH: Plant height, TH: Number of tillers hill\u0026minus;1, ETH: Number of effective tillers hill\u0026minus;1, FL: Flagleaf length, PL: Panicle length, GP: Grains panicle\u0026minus;1, FGP: Filled grains panicle\u0026minus;1, YPA: Grain yield panicle\u0026minus;1, YP: Grain yield plant\u0026minus;1, SYP: Straw yield plant\u0026minus;1, and WTS: Weight of thousand seeds\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHeritability and genetic advance\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe estimated broad sense heritability for hybrids ranged from 53.7\u0026ndash;87.9% for all traits related to yield, whereas the range for F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e segregants was from 36.11\u0026ndash;88.03% (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The estimates of the genetic advance in the percentage of the mean (GAM) ranged from 6.06% in F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e segregants to 94.09% for hybrids. In hybrids, high heritability (h\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003eb\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;60%) with high genetic advance (GAM\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;20%) accounted for the number of tillers hill\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, number of effective tillers hill\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, flagleaf length, panicle length, grains panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, filled grains panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, grain yield panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, grain yield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, straw yield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, and weight of thousand seeds. F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e segregants showed high heritability (h\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003eb\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;60%) with high genetic advance (GAM\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;20%) in grains panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, filled grains panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, grain yield panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, and grain yield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEstimation of heterosis and inbreeding depression\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn case of F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e (Kataribhog \u0026times; BRRI dhan50), heterobeltiosis (heterosis over better parent) ranged from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;15.7 to 125.2, while it ranged from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;13.4 to 156.9 in F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026prime; (BRRI dhan50 \u0026times; Kataribhog) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Days to first flowering had the lowest negative heterosis and grain yield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e showed the highest positive heterosis for both cross and reciprocal cross. F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e generation estimated the highest relative heterosis (heterosis over mid-parent) of 133.1% for grain yield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. Meanwhile F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026prime; generation showed the highest relative heterosis of 165.9% for grain yield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. However, the grain yield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e accounted for 25.9% and 44.9% inbreeding depression in F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e generation for both cross and reciprocal cross, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeterosis over better parent (BP), mid parent (MP), and inbreeding depression at F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e for yield and yield contributing traits\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraits\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKataribhog \u0026times; BRRI dhan50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan50 \u0026times; Kataribhog\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeterosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInbreeding Depression\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeterosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInbreeding Depression\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDFF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-15.7**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-12.0**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-13.4**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9.59*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-31.2**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.61*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-29.5**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.9**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.9**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.9**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.9**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.8**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eETH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.9**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.8**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.9**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.9**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.9**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.4**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.9**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.13**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.8**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-8.23**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.7**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.12**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.39**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.3**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.6**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-12.9*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.1**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.3**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFGP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.9**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.1**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-16.1**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.2**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105.6**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYPA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.0**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.1**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-11.9**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101.8**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114.4**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.9**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125.2**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133.1**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.9**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156.9**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165.9**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.9**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSYP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.9*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.1**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-29.1**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.1**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.2**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWTS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9.74**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.30*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e* and ** indicate significant at 5% and 1% levels of probability, respectively. Here, BP: Better parent, MP: Mid parent, DFF: Days to first flowering, PH: Plant height, TH: Number of tillers hill\u0026minus;1, ETH: Number of effective tillers hill\u0026minus;1, FL: Flagleaf length, PL: Panicle length, GP: Grains panicle\u0026minus;1, FGP: Filled grains panicle\u0026minus;1, YPA: Grain yield panicle\u0026minus;1, YP: Grain yield plant\u0026minus;1, SYP: Straw yield plant\u0026minus;1, and WTS: Weight of thousand seeds\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe experiment was conducted to estimate variability, correlation, and genetic parameters of hybrids and F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e generation based on morphological traits. Additionally, heterosis for F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e hybrids was estimated to determine their superiority compared to their parents. However, to estimate the reduced fitness, inbreeding depression of the F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e generation was done.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe estimation of correlation among the studied morphological characters bears great importance in identifying the key characters that can be exploited for increased yield. Grain yield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was significantly and positively correlated with the number of tillers hill\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, number of effective tillers hill\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, flagleaf length, panicle length, grains panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, filled grains panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, and grain yield panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). This finding showed that increased grain yield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e is the result of the increased number of tillers and effective tillers plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, Tiwari et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). On the contrary, a significant negative correlation was found for days to first flowering with grain yield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, Mishu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe majority of characters has complex inheritance pattern and are significantly influenced by multiple genes acting with several environmental factors; as a result, the study of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation is very effective in determining the probability for selection-based improvement. There was an environmental effect on phenotype which is suggested by a relatively higher phenotypic coefficient of variation than the genotypic coefficient of variation (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrain yield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e had the highest genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) values in hybrid, followed by grain yield panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and filled grains panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, which indicated that selection could be done from these traits (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, Islam et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Kumari and Parmar \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). On the other hand, days to first flowering recorded lower values of PCV and GCV, indicating a narrow genetic base for these traits (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, Shivapriya \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). The F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e segregants exhibited higher PCV and GCV values for grains panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, filled grains panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, grain yield panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, and grain yield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, recommending the scope for choosing genotypes with the aforementioned traits (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, Ratnakar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Kiran et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Contrarily, plant height showed lower GCV and PCV, suggesting less effect of this trait for improvement (Shivapriya \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo determine the amount of heritable variation, only GCV and PCV alone cannot provide a concise and meaningful result. The combination of heritability and genetic advance is more relevant in forecasting how selection affects phenotypic expression. Knowledge about heritability is a prerequisite for any breeding program since it can help to pick superior genotypes from a diverse genetic pool (Singh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). However, the only knowledge of heritability is insufficient for a successful selection. Genetic advance if studied in addition to heritability might be more useful (Vanisree et al. 2013). Therefore, to forecast the effect of selection to choose the best individual, heritability estimates (above 60%) combined with genetic advance (above 20%) would be more fruitful than heritability alone (Johnson et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1955\u003c/span\u003e; Islam et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study revealed high estimates of heritability coupled with high genetic advance (20%) for all the traits, excluding days to first flowering and plant height of hybrids (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, Kahani et al. 2015; Abebe et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). In F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e generation, high heritability with high genetic gain over the percentage mean for grains panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, filled grains panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, grain yield panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, and grain yield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e concluded that these characters were governed by additive gene action (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The traits having low heritability and genetic advance would not be useful for selection (Rahman et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSince increasing yield is the main objective of rice breeding, highly significant positive heterosis estimates are preferred for yield and features that contribute to yield, such as the number of tillers hill\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, panicle length, flagleaf length, grains panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, and filled grains panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (Shukla et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). On the contrary, negative heterosis is preferable for flowering and maturation to produce short-duration variety because hybrids or crosses are more likely to achieve early maturity with early flowering than those with positive heterosis. Both crosses had significant and negative relative heterosis and heterobeltiosis in days to first flowering which indicates the scope of the extensive use of heterosis for earliness (Gokulakrishnan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive heterosis is considered undesirable for plant height because the newly produced hybrids are more prone to lodge. In the present investigation, significant positive heterosis over mid and better parent for plant height was obtained for both the crosses (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). However, to develop dwarf plant types, Sari et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) and Shukla et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) emphasized the importance of negative heterosis for plant height. One of the most important yield-determining factors is the tillering habit of a genotype. A high degree of heterosis was observed in both crosses for the number of tillers hill\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and number of effective tillers hill\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e manifesting superior performance of hybrids (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, Xalxo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Panicle length is another main attribute of the higher yield of rice. Positive and significant heterosis was recorded for panicle length in both crosses (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, Shukla et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The number of grains panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and number of filled grains panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e showed higher estimates of positive significant heterosis, which are two crucial factors for increased yield in rice (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, Thakor et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e and Sari et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Both crosses showed the highest positive heterosis for grain yield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e which is the most desirable trait for plant breeders who want to select superior genotypes over the existing ones. (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, Devi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Negative heterosis over better parent was recorded for the weight of thousand seeds as it was desired to obtain fine rice grains since fine grains belong to less weight than coarse grains (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, Shukla et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, significant negative inbreeding depression was recorded for plant height, which revealed that the F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e segregants had larger plant heights than hybrids (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, Asati and Yadab 2020). A high magnitude of positive and significant inbreeding depression was recorded for days to first flowering, number of tillers hill\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, number of effective tillers hill\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, flagleaf length, and grain yield panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e concluding their reduced performance (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, Ismaeel et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). On the other hand, F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026prime; showed positive significant inbreeding depression in days to first flowering, number of tillers hill\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, number of effective tillers hill\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, grains panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, filled grains panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, grain yield panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, grain yield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, straw yield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, and weight of thousand seeds which indicates their decreased output comparing to their prior generation (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, Ismaeel et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to Abdel-Moneam et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), the inheritance of yield and yield components is regulated by the non-additive type of gene action. Since increased yield is the ultimate aim in plant breeding, it is recommended to give more emphasis on yield-contributing traits, as there is no separate gene for yield.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe current study was conducted to determine heterosis, correlation, genetic variability, and inbreeding depression in F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e and F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e generations. This study revealed substantial variations among all the genotypes studied for all the morphological traits. Grain yield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was positively correlated with all the studied traits, excluding days to first flowering. Additionally, grain yield panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and grain yield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e showed the highest GCV and PCV. High heritability and genetic advance accounted for grains panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, filled grains panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, grain yield panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, and grain yield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. However, both the hybrids showed the highest positive heterosis for grain yield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. That is the reason why exploitation of heterosis would be an effective approach for increased yield potential in rice. Several segregants from the F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e generation were found promising for better yield and would be selected for further advancement.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Statements \u0026 Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe thank Metal Seed and Bangladesh Rice Research Institute for providing Kataribhog and BRRI dhan50 seeds, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was funded by the National Science and Technology Fellowship (2020-21) from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of Bangladesh.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbu Musa Md Main Uddin Tareque conceived, designed, and conducted the experiment, formally analyzed the data, and wrote the original draft. Lutful Hassan provided technical advice on how to prepare tables and figures. Mohammad Ashraful Habib and Swati Nayak assisted in data analysis and edited the manuscript. Arif Hasan Khan Robin supervised and monitored the experimental work, provided technical support, and extensively revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data are available on request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAbebe T, Alamerew S, Tulu L (2017) Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and its related traits in rainfed lowland rice (\u003cem\u003eOryza sativa L\u003c/em\u003e.). 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J Biol Sci Opin\u0026nbsp;347-3\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eXalxo A, Chaudhari PR, Sharma D, Singh L, Sahu P, Tiwari S, Singh SP, Baghel S (2018) Heterosis studies for yield and yield components using CMS lines in rice (\u003cem\u003eOryza sativa L\u003c/em\u003e.).\u0026nbsp;Int J Chem Stud\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;6(3)\u003c/strong\u003e 2192-2198\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Oryza sativa, hybridization, aroma, segregating generation, principal component analysis, genetic variability","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4709895/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4709895/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study was designed to analyze genetic parameters, heterosis, and inbreeding depression in F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e and F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e generations obtained from a crossing between fine and aromatic rice genotypes - Kataribhog and BRRI dhan50. A significant amount of variation was found from the analysis of variance among the genotypes of F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and their parents. Grain yield plant\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e showed a significant positive correlation with the number of tillers hill\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, number of effective tillers hill\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, flagleaf length, panicle length, grains panicle\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, filled grains panicle\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, and grain yield panicle\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e. For all the traits of F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e and F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, the phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was greater than the corresponding genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), suggesting an influence of environment on the expression of these traits. Furthermore, high heritability along with high genetic advance in the percentage of the mean (GAM) was observed for all the traits studied except days to first flowering and plant height in F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e and for grains panicle\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, filled grains panicle\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, grain yield panicle\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, and grain yield plant\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e in F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e generations which is an indication of additive gene control and selection for improvement could be effective. Both the cross and reciprocal cross had significant positive heterosis with subsequent inbreeding depression predominantly in the number of tillers hill\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, grains panicle\u003csup\u003e‑1\u003c/sup\u003e, filled grains panicle\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, grain yield panicle\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, and grain yield plant\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, excluding days to first flowering suggested the scope for exploitation of heterosis. Seed materials from F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e generatios can be used to obtain advanced segregating generations for developing a high-yielding aromatic rice variety.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Estimation of genetic parameters in hybrid and F2 generations of aromatic fine rice","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-24 05:45:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4709895/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"657ebff3-b753-44e0-a0e1-64b2d7de764b","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 24th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-24T05:45:23+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-24 05:45:22","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4709895","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4709895","identity":"rs-4709895","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}