Study on gas production characteristic of waste paper by microwave pyrolysis in silicon carbide reactor

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The study revealed that the primary components of syngas obtained through tissue paper microwave pyrolysis are predominantly CO and CO 2 , constituting approximately 80% of the total. CH 4 and H 2 make up 15–20% of the total. As microwave power increases, the main pyrolysis gas CO and CO 2 is released at a higher temperature. With a microwave power range of 500W-800W and a tissue paper diameter of approximately 6mm, the highest gas production reaches 18.8wt% (130ml•g − 1 ) at 700W. Adding 10–20% coke can significantly increase the amount of pyrolysis gas produced from waste paper. Once the feedstock had a diameter of approximately 4mm, the gas yield rose initially and then declined when coke was added. The greatest amount of gas produced is 20.5wt% (149.3ml•g − 1 ) with 20% coke addition. Microwave-assistant heating Pyrolysis Gas production characteristic Waste paper Microwave power Coke addition Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 1. Introduction The General Department of the National Energy Administration of China guidance on the development of the biological gas industry stated on February 20, 2019, that the construction of a distributed clean gas production and consumption system with local raw material collection, local processing, and nearby consumption and utilization is an important supplement to conventional natural gas. The major constituents of combustible solid waste predominantly consist of waste paper and plastics [ 1 ]. Owing to the rapid growth of China's economy, there has been a significant increase in the proportion of waste paper and plastics within municipal solid waste in recent years. It allows for the commercialization of several types of thermal disposal methods for solid waste, such as pyrolysis, gasification, and gasification melting, in addition to incineration. There are a lot of potential applications for the development of microwave pyrolysis for solid waste syngas [ 2 – 7 ]. Previous research indicates that the activation energy required is notably reduced under the same heating circumstances as compared to conventional pyrolysis [ 7 , 8 ]. Besides, the yield and quality of syngas produced by microwave pyrolysis have also been greatly enhanced.[ 2 , 5 , 9 – 14 ]. Similar results have been reported in microwave pyrolysis experiments with coal, bamboo, microalgae, corn stalk, lignite, and so forth [ 10 – 13 , 15 ]. It is a result of the fast and volumetric heating of microwaves[ 16 ]. The heating process occurs from the inside out. The increased volume fraction of H 2 in syngas is supported by the hot spots inside the martial and the greater heating rate. [ 2 , 12 , 13 , 17 ] Conversely, at low temperatures and modest heating rates, CO 2 and CO are easily produced. Microwave pyrolysis is influenced by three main types of factors: the operation parameters (microwave power, temperature [ 17 ], residence time, reaction atmosphere [ 3 ] and so on), the materials' composition and characteristics (size, moisture content, microwave absorption capacity) [ 18 ], and absorbers/catalysts[ 10 , 17 , 19 , 20 ](species, adding amount)[ 21 , 22 ]. Due to the selectivity of microwave heating, the microwave heating characteristics vary significantly among different materials. Typically, waste biomass exhibits poor microwave absorption capabilities due to its low dielectric loss. For example, even at a power of 1500W, Pine sawdust does not exceed a maximum temperature of 200℃ [ 23 ]. Therefore, in the microwave pyrolysis process of waste biomass, it is often necessary to add absorbers/catalysts to enhance its heating performance. Thus, microwave power, temperature, and the addition of absorbers/catalysts emerge as the three most critical factors influencing the pyrolysis of biomass. The maximal reaction temperature and heating rate are typically determined by microwave power and the presence of absorbers/catalysts. Higher microwave power as well as absorbers/catalysts can both accelerate heating and improve reaction temperature[ 15 ]. As a result, the most significant factors in microwave pyrolysis are microwave power and absorbers/catalysts. Some commonly used microwave absorbents/catalysts are metal oxides (NiO, CaO, CuO, MgO, etc.), zeolite [ 24 – 27 ], carbon-based compounds (biological carbon, activated carbon, silicon carbide, graphite, etc.), and pyrolysis residues [ 28 ] [ 29 ].Among the numerous catalysts, metal-modified carbon-based catalysts such as Fe, Ni, and Co exhibit excellent selectivity for the gases produced by pyrolysis [ 30 – 32 ]. However, the preparation process for these catalysts is complex, and they are prone to deactivation under high temperatures and coking environments. In contrast, silicon carbide (SiC) has gained widespread application in microwave pyrolysis in recent years due to its outstanding thermal stability, microwave absorption capabilities, heat transfer properties, and reusability [ 33 ]. Nevertheless, the significant density difference between SiC and biomass makes it challenging to achieve uniform mixing, even when using granular silicon carbide during the pyrolysis process. Therefore, designing an appropriate SiC monomer structure is crucial for achieving uniform heating of the material [ 34 ]. Besides, microwave pyrolysis product coke has also attracted more and more attention due to its cost-effectiveness, convenient source, and its inherent advantages of mixing uniformity as a pyrolysis product[ 3 , 23 , 29 ]. Selectivity of product gas can also be improved by addition of pyrolytic carbon.[ 35 ]From an economic perspective, SiC and pyrolysis product coke hold significant potential as microwave catalysts/absorbers for the disposal of waste through microwave heating. Additionally, in existing studies on microwave pyrolysis, the focus has predominantly been on product distribution, the composition of oil and gas constituents, and the characterization of product carbon, with less attention given to the characteristics of gas release during the pyrolysis process. Moreover, the research subjects are often limited to agricultural and forestry waste, with relatively fewer studies involving combustible municipal solid waste. In summary, there is a lot of potential for application with gas production from microwave pyrolysis of combustible municipal solid waste. One of the primary components of combustible municipal solid waste is waste paper. The aim of this study is to investigate the properties of gas production from daily waste paper using microwave pyrolysis in silicon carbide reactor. The influence of microwave power and coke addition on the mechanisms, process, and characteristic of waste paper microwave pyrolysis gas production was investigated. 2 Experimental materials and method 2.1 Experimental materials With the development of the classification and recycling of daily municipal solid waste in China, various items like plastic fast-food boxes, plastic bags, and other materials have been added to the list of recyclable waste alongside common items like cardboard boxes, newspapers, and plastic bottles. Polluted paper become one of the main components of combustible municipal solid waste. In this paper, daily life tissue produced by Vinda Group in China was used as experimental materials. Because of its low density and puffy, the weight of these materials is quite minimal, which can lead to substantial errors in product yields. Therefore, tissue was first cut into small pieces, then kneaded into small paper balls with a diameter of about 4 ~ 6mm to improve the uniformity of materials. The materials weight is 3 \(\:\pm\:\) 0.05g in each experiment. Since the main component of tissue is cellulose which loss tangent(tan δ) is small, only 0.035[ 28 ],i.e. microwave absorption capacity is poor. Therefore, silicon carbide reactor was used to improve the heating rate of materials during the experiment. The proximate and ultimate analysis of feedstock were conducted using ASTM D3172-13 [ 36 ]and D3176-09[ 37 ] methods respectively. Results are shown in Table 1 . It is showed that tissue has a high volatile and oxygen content. Table 1 Proximate and ultimate analysis of tissue Proximate analysis(%) Ultimate analysis(%) A ad M ad V ad FC ad C ad H ad N ad S ad O ad 0.03 7.38 84.35 8.24 41.41 6.71 1.72 0.08 42.68 2.2 Experimental equipment The flow chart of the experiment is shown in Fig. 1 . The microwave pyrolysis furnace used in the experiment was produced in Hunan Changyi Microwave Technology Co., LTD, China. Microwave output frequency is 2.45GHz \(\:\pm\:\) 25MHz. The maximum rated temperature is 1100℃. Temperature control accuracy is ± 1℃. Because microwave absorption capacity of paper is poor. The reactor used in the experiment is made of silicon carbide. The outer dimensions of the reactor are 24mm* 24 mm * 120mm, the inner dimensions are 18mm*18mm*110mm.The quartz tube has a diameter of 600mm. Owing to the penetrative nature of microwave radiation, it induces a "hot spot" effect within the material during the heating process, leading to uneven temperature distribution. This complicates the accurate measurement of the temperature distribution within materials undergoing microwave heating. Presently, the two predominant methods for temperature measurement in microwave reactors are infrared and thermocouple techniques. However, infrared temperature measurement is limited to the surface temperature of the material, which can result in an underestimation of the actual temperature [ 38 ]. Due to the small size of the reactor used in the experiment, a thermocouple was used to measure the material internal temperature. The temperature can be automatically recorded every 10s. 2.3 Determination of heating characteristics of microwave pyrolysis furnace Due to the different structural design and materials, the heating characteristics of different pyrolysis furnaces are quite different. It is important to determine the heating characteristics of the specific pyrolysis furnace before conducting the pyrolysis experiment. To minimize experimental errors, a silicon carbide reactor was placed inside a quartz glass tube. Nitrogen was used as atmospheric gas. The flow rate is 100 \(\:\pm\:\) 5ml/min. Microwave power was set at 500W-900W. The heating time is 50mins. 2.4 Experimental method Nitrogen was used as pyrolysis reaction gas. The flow rate is 100 \(\:\pm\:\) 5ml/min. Before experiment, nitrogen was vented for 10 minutes to remove residual air in the reactor. Once the reaction commenced, the product vapor was first cooled in two condensers to collected liquid product. Then, it further passed through 2 filters to remove particles and residue oil in the gas before the syngas was collected in a 50L gas bag. The volume of produced gas was measured by a mass flow meter. The reaction temperature was maintained at 600℃ for 10 minutes before the power supply was turned off. It is shown that the main component of tissue is cellulose and corresponding initial cracking temperatures is approximately 300℃[ 39 , 40 ]. Gas sampling was conducted every 50℃ within the temperature range of 300–600℃. The gas composition was analyzed by Agilent 7890 gas chromatograph. After the experiment, the coke is collected and weighed. 2.3 Product Analysis Product yield analysis : The gas mass yield can be calculated by the total gas volume and component concentration; the calculation formula is as follows: $$\:{m}_{g}=\frac{{\sum\:}_{i=1}^{n}{{M}_{i}V}_{0}{x}_{i}/22.4}{{M}_{0}}\times\:100\%$$ 1 Where: \(\:{m}_{g}\) is gas production rate,100%; \(\:{M}_{i}\) is the molar mass of each gas component, g•mol -1 . \(\:{V}_{0}\) is the total gas volume collected in the experiment, ml; \(\:{x}_{i}\) is the volume concentration of each gas component in collected gas. The solid yield was obtained by direct weighing. The liquid yield is difficult to determine directly. Therefore, it is obtained by differential subtraction. Gas production was calculated as : $$\:V=\frac{{\sum\:}_{i=1}^{n}{V}_{0}{x}_{i}}{{M}_{0}}$$ 2 Where: \(\:V\) is the gas volume per unit mass material, ml•g -1 ; \(\:{V}_{0}\) is the total gas volume collected in the experiment, ml; \(\:{x}_{i}\) is the volume concentration of each gas component in collected gas; \(\:{M}_{0}\) is the initial mass of the material, g. 3 Results and discussion Similar to the heating characteristics observed in many other microwave pyrolysis furnaces, the temperature rises rapidly at the beginning. However, as the heating goes on, the heating rate trend slows down and tends to stabilize. When the microwave power is 500w, 600w, 700w, 800w, 900w, the corresponding temperatures are 477℃, 544℃,607℃, 635℃,701℃ respectively at 50min. To ensure the complete decomposition of waste paper. 500W is set as the minimum power for this study. The maximum power of subsequent pyrolysis experiment is set at 800W. 3.1 Influence of microwave power on gas production of waste paper Figure 2 . shows the yield of waste paper (with a diameter of approximately 6mm) at microwave power 500W-800W. The primary pyrolysis product is liquid, and the yield is as high as 64–68%. It is consistent with the result form Fermanelli et al [ 39 ].When microwave power exceeds 600W, coke yield changes a little. That means, the volatiles within the material have been thoroughly decomposed. The gas yield increases first and then decrease with the microwave power. Its yield reaches the maximum 18.3wt% at 700W, but decreases to 15.8wt% at 800W. It because pyrolysis reaction is an endothermic process in which the feedstock is first thermally cracked into large molecules and subsequently further decomposed into small molecules. At higher microwave powers, more energy is absorbed during the initial stages of the pyrolysis process, causing vapor products consisting primarily of large molecules to escape from the feedstock more rapidly. Additionally, as the microwave power increases from 600W to 800W, the heating time decreases from 62 minutes to 26 minutes, resulting in less residence time for the further cracking of large molecules into smaller ones. Consequently, this reduces the production of non-condensable gases. Both factors contribute to the decreased gas production observed at higher microwave powers. Figure 3 . shows the gas production process of waste paper under different microwave power. During the initial stage of pyrolysis, CO and CO 2 are the primary gas product components. H 2 and other hydrocarbon gases are almost not produced. It can be attributed to the high presence of hydroxyl (-OH), carbonyl (-C = O), ether linkage(C-O-C), and carboxylic (-COOH) functional groups in cellulose, the main component of tissue. Among these functional groups, hydroxyl (-OH) and ether linkage (C-O-C) have relatively lower bond energies and tend to break first. Then, the carbonyl (-C = O) bonds and C-O bonds in carboxylic (-COOH) groups further break. These functional groups can be cracked and decomposed at lower temperatures, resulting in the generation of CO 2 and CO. Chen et al. discovered that the peak pyrolysis rate of newspaper occurred at 372°C, as determined by thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR). At this temperature, the pyrolysis products are anticipated to include CO, CO2, (C-O-C), (-C = O), etc., which also confirms the above discussion [ 40 ]. Besides, CO 2 and CO concentration showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with temperature, and the releasing peak temperature shifts towards higher temperature range. It is because the acceleration of the heating rate at higher microwave power leads to the decomposition of materials at elevated temperature. It is consistent with the conventional heating.[ 41 ] Simultaneously, there is a noticeable increase in the production of both CO 2 and CO increases obviously at higher microwave power. CH 4 comes mainly from the breaking of lower-energy methoxy functional groups (CH 3 O-), minor contribution from the methyl functional group CH 3 - . As the microwave power is increased from 500W to 800W, CH 4 initial release temperature is increased from approximately 400℃to 450℃. With the increase of reaction temperature, the concentration of CH 4 firstly rises and then declines. Additionally, its releasing peak temperature also moved to higher temperature range with higher microwave power. H 2 decomposition commences at approximately 500℃, and its yield sharply increases after 550℃. H 2 generation mainly comes from the broken and reformation of C = C, C ≡ C and C-H groups in waste paper, which often requires a high amount of chemical energy. In addition, the tar in the product is further cracked at higher temperatures, and the secondary reaction of coke, CO, and CO 2 can further promote the generation of H 2 . This process needs to be carried out at higher temperatures. The main reaction formula is as follows: CO + H 2 O→CO 2 + H 2 (3) C + CO 2 →2CO (4) C + H 2 O→CO + H 2 (5) CmHn + nCO 2 →2nCO+(m/2)H 2 (6) CmHn + nH 2 O→nCO+(n + m)/2H 2 (7) In addition, the yield of each gas component produced increased significantly when microwave power was increased from 500W to 700W. Since the material is first cracked into large molecules, which are then further decomposed into small molecules during pyrolysis process. However, when the microwave power was further increased to 800W, the evolution of each gas component has a slightly decreasing trend. This decrease can be attributed to the decrease of residence time. Hydrocarbon production with a carbon content of C 2 and above is relatively low and will not be discussed further in this paper. This shift in gas production can be attributed to the increased heating rate of the material with higher microwave power, causing the evolution peak temperature of each syngas component to move towards higher temperatures. Additionally, the overall gas production also increases. However, if the microwave power is increased beyond a certain point, there is a rapid release of large molecular products. Due to insufficient residence time, these large molecules are not able to undergo further decomposition, resulting in a decrease in non-condensable gas production. In a word, CO and CO 2 are the primary gas components produced of waste paper microwave pyrolysis at lower temperature. CH 4 , H 2, hydrocarbon production of C 2 and above are subsequently release. Because the heating rate of the material increases with microwave power, the evolution peak temperature of each syngas component moves to the higher temperature. The gas production also increases. However, when microwave power is further increased, a significant release of large molecular products occurs rapidly. There is insufficient residence time for the further decomposition of these large molecules, leading to a decrease in the production of non-condensable gases. Cui et al. also observed the same trend in their experiment on gas production from microwave pyrolysis of polypropylene plastic, where the gas yield initially increased with increasing microwave power and then decreased [ 42 ]. Figure 4 . shows the concentration of components in the pyrolysis gas. It is found that in the power range of 500W -800W, the gas produced by microwave pyrolysis of tissue paper is mainly CO and CO 2 , constituting approximately 80% of the total. At a microwave power of 500W, the concentration of CO 2 is notably high, while the content of H 2 remains low. The collective volumetric proportion of CO, CH 4 and H 2 in syngas is 49%, i.e., syngas quality is relatively poor at lower microwave power levels. The concentration of other gas components varies a little within the 500-800W power range. The collective volumetric ratio of CO, CH 4 and H 2 in syngas lies within the range of 58%-59% within the microwave power range of 600W-800W. At the same pyrolysis temperature of 600°C, Wang et al. found that under conventional heating, CO 2 , CH 4 , CO, and H 2 in the gas produced from the pyrolysis of waste paper were 68.76%, 2.14%, 23.25%, and 5.85%, respectively [ 43 ]. Lin et al. also discovered that the gas yield rates of CO 2 , CO, and H 2 in the production from paper mill sludge were 69%, 11%, and 13%, respectively [ 44 ]. It indicates that CO 2 is present in high concentrations, while the proportions of other combustible gas components are relatively small under conventional heating. In comparison, it is evident that microwave heating can effectively enhance quality of gas production, i.e., the combustible gas components increased from 31–59%. which aligns with the results of numerous studies on microwave pyrolysis of other biomass materials. Nevertheless, the gas productions are 112ml•g -1 ,122ml•g -1 ,130 ml•g -1 ,114 ml•g -1 at 500W, 600W, 700W, 800W microwave power respectively. In summary, it is evident that microwave power significantly influences gas production, while it has a minor impact on gas composition within the 600-800W power range. To conclude, the optimal characteristics of pyrolysis gas yield are exhibited at a microwave power level of 700W. 3.2 Effect of coke addition on gas production during microwave pyrolysis of tissue paper In order to enhance the pyrolysis performance of paper in combustible waste, it is necessary to add microwave absorbers due to their inadequate poor absorption capacity. When the amount of coke added reaches a certain point, the microwave absorption strengthening effect becomes less noticeable. As the reaction progresses, the accumulation of ash and coke on the surface of the new material increases. It hinders the response. In addition, the improved pyrolysis performance may also be caused by the catalytic effect of coke. The experiment revealed that coke tends to amass at the base of the reactor as a result of the considerable distance between the paper balls, which are approximately 6mm in diameter. The influence of coke addition could not be well investigated. Consequently, the paper balls' particle size is regulated to approximately 4mm in this set of experiments. The added coke is the pyrolysis product of the above experiments. Figure 5 . shows that when the coke addition increases from 0 to 20%, the gas yield improved greatly from 13wt% (93.7 ml•g − 1 ) to 20.5wt% (149.3ml•g − 1 ) at 700w microwave power. However, the liquid yield was the opposite, and the solid yield varied a little. The temperature profile reveals that, for the first 8 minutes, the addition of coke can effectively accelerate the heating rate of the paper and raise the reaction temperature. The corresponding temperature at 8th minute was around 370°C, when the pyrolysis reaction just beginning. The heating strengthen effect mainly due to the higher microwave absorption capacity of coke. The higher the temperature, the faster the pyrolysis of waste paper. However, at the following stage, the effect of coke addition on temperature is the opposite, i.e. coke addition lowers reaction temperature. It due to the catalytic effect of coke. More tar macromolecules break down into small molecules such as permanent gases (CO, CO 2 , and H 2 ) and light hydrocarbons (CH 4 , C 2 H 4 , C 2 H 6 , and so on). It enhances gas yield while decreasing reaction temperature. Because the pyrolysis reaction is endothermic. When the coke addition is increased to 30%, the gas output drops dramatically to 13.6wt% (94.2ml•g − 1 ). Accordingly, the liquid yield increased significantly. This is because too much coke covers on the surface of the reactant. It drags the product vapor evolution out. Besides, it decreases microwave absorption fraction of the feedstock and slows down the reaction rate. Figure 6 . shows that adding 10–20% more coke greatly enhances the generation of CO and CO 2 . Meanwhile, the evolution peak value initially shifts to a lower temperature. However, as the coke addition is raised to 30%, less CO and CO 2 are produced. Meanwhile, the evolution peak value shifts to a higher temperature. The release temperature of H 2 and CH 4 is advanced and the corresponding production concentrations are enhanced as coke addition rises from 0 to 20%. However, the generation of these two gases shifts to higher temperature when the coke addition approaches 30%. It's because, on the one hand, the material surface is covered with too much coke and releasing pyrolysis production is not favored. Microwaves, on the other hand, are much more easily absorbed by coke, resulting in a lower microwave absorption fraction of the material. It also causes gas production to shift to higher temperatures. Figure 7 demonstrates that with a coke addition of less than 20%, the CO concentration in the syngas reduces a little while the H 2 , CO 2 concentration increases significantly. The total volume proportion of CO, CH 4 , and H 2 in syngas decreases slightly from 58–57%. The gas yield, on the other hand, increased dramatically, rising from 94ml/g to 149ml/g. It indicates that coke addition has no discernible influence on syngas distribution but has a noticeable impact on syngas generation. When the coke addition is increased to 30%, the CO, H 2 concentration in the gas output declines while the CO 2 concentration increases dramatically. The total proportion of CO, CH 4 , and H 2 in syngas decreases slightly to 53%, indicating that syngas quality is poorer. Meanwhile, syngas yields fall dramatically to 94ml•g − 1 . It is possible that too much coke reduces the microwave absorption portion of the paper, resulting in a lower temperature of the waste paper itself. In brief, the coke addition during the waste paper microwave pyrolysis process accelerates the heating rate in the early stage and promotes the catalytic cracking of tar to produce syngas in the later stage. The performance of syngas generation is optimum with 20% coke addition. In the syngas, the corresponding total volume fraction of CO, CH 4 , and H 2 is 57%. 4 Conclusion The effects of microwave power and coke addition on microwave pyrolysis of waste paper for gas production were investigated in this paper. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Within the microwave power range of 500w-800w and a material diameter of about 6mm, the syngas component of microwave pyrolysis of waste paper is mostly CO and CO 2 , accounting for approximately 80% of the volume fraction. Then comes CH 4 and H 2 , which contribute for around 15–20% of the total, and gas production peaks at 700w, reaching 130ml/g. As microwave power further increases, the heating rate of tissue paper accelerates, resulting in less residence time of pyrolysis products and poor gas generation quality. (2) When the microwave power is 700w and the diameter of the waste paper ball is about 4mm, adding 10–20% coke can effectively promote the tar cracking and increase the gas production. The maximum gas production is 20.5wt% (149ml•g -1 ) with 20% coke addition. The total volume fraction of CO, CH 4 and H 2 in syngas is 57% together. Further increase coke addition will lead to the opposite effect. Declarations Competing Interests The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Funding This work was supported by Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China(2020J05141 ), Science and Technology Funding Project of Fujian Provincial Department of Education, China(JAT190312)and Scientific Research Foundation of JiMei University(ZQ2019004༉ Author Contributions All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Xuebin LIN, Yuanbo HUANG, Xiaodong ZHANG, and Hongzhou HE. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Xuebin LIN and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgment Financial support from Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China(2020J05141 ), Science and Technology Funding Project of Fujian Provincial Department of Education, China(JAT190312)and Scientific Research Foundation of JiMei University(ZQ2019004༉are gratefully acknowledged. 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Energy. 293 , 130711 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.130711 Hong, M.H., Joo, S.Y., Kim, S., Lee, C.G., Kim, D.W., Yoon, J.H.: Asbestos-containing waste detoxification by a microwave heat treatment using silicon carbide as an inorganic heating element. J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag. 22 (3), 826–835 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-020-01197-3 Reddy, B.R., Malhotra, A., Najmi, S., Baker-Fales, M., Coasey, K., Mackay, M., Vlachos, D.G.: Microwave assisted heating of plastic waste: Effect of plastic/susceptor (SiC) contacting patterns. Chem. Eng. Process. 182 , 109202 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2022.109202 Song, H.G., Chun, Y.N.: Microwave gasification and oxy-steam combustion for using the biomass char. J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag. 22 , 176–186 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-019-01177-5 ASTM: D3172-13 Standard Practice for Proximate Analysis of Coal and Coke. US-ASTM (2013). https://doi.org/10.1520/D3172-13 ASTM: D3176-09 Standard Practice for Ultimate Analysis of Coal and Coke. US-ASTM (2009). https://doi.org/10.1520/D3176-09 Luque, R., Menéndez, J.A., Arenillas, A., Cot, J.: Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of biomass feedstocks: the way forward? Energy Environ. Sci. 5 , 5481–5488 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1039/C1EE02450G Zhou, H., Long, Y., Meng, A., Li, Q., Zhang, Y.: Interactions of three municipal solid waste components during co-pyrolysis. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 111 , 265–271 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2014.10.016 Allende, S., Brodie, G., Jacob, M.V.: Breakdown of biomass for energy applications using microwave pyrolysis: A technological review. Environ. Res. 226 , 115619 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.115619 Fermanelli, C.S., Cordoba, A., Pierella, L.B., Saux, C.: Pyrolysis and copyrolysis of three lignocellulosic biomass residues from the agro-food industry: A comparative study. Waste Manag. 102 , 362–370 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.057 Chen, W., Shi, S., Zhang, J., Chen, M., Zhou, X.: Co-pyrolysis of waste newspaper with high-density polyethylene: synergistic effect and oil characterization. Energ. Convers. Manage. 112 , 41–48 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.11.032 Nyambura, S.M., Li, W.J., Feng, H., Pan, X.B., Li, X.J., Ahmad, B.R., Xu, J., Gbenontin, V., Bertrand, Li, X.: Microwave co-pyrolysis of kitchen food waste and rice straw for waste reduction and sustainable biohydrogen production: Thermo-kinetic analysis and evolved gas analysis. Sustainable Energy Technol. Assess. 52 , 102072 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2022.102072 Cui, Y., Zhang, Y., Cui, L., Xiong, Q., Mostafa, E.: Microwave-assisted fluidized bed reactor pyrolysis of polypropylene plastic for pyrolysis gas production towards a sustainable development. Appl. Energy. 342 , 121099 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121099 Wang, C., Jiang, Z., Song, Q., Liao, M., Weng, J., Gao, R., Zhao, M., Chen, Y., Chen, G.: Investigation on hydrogen-rich syngas production from catalytic copyrolysis of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and waste paper blends. Energy. 232 , 121005 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121005 Lin, X., Guo, Y., Tang, B., Fu, P., Li, H., Zhang, J., Li, P.: Fast co-pyrolysis of paper mill sludge and corn stover: Relationships between parameters, product distributions, and synergistic interactions. Ind. Crops Prod. 213 , 118415 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.118415 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 26 May, 2025 Read the published version in Waste and Biomass Valorization → Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Nov, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 12 Nov, 2024 Editor invited by journal 12 Nov, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 29 Oct, 2024 First submitted to journal 29 Oct, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5352617","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":377418913,"identity":"8e52c47b-7e5f-400b-964e-ab77b2157fe6","order_by":0,"name":"Xuebin Lin","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACPmYwdYCHgb354IOEihrCWtjgWniOJRs8OHOMCC0Q6gADg0SOmeTDFmYitLDzHpPmqbgjY85zwKwisYGNgb+9O4GAw/iSjXnOPOOxbG9Iu5G4Q4ZB4szZDQS08Bg+5m07zGNw5sCxG4ln2BgMJHIJajE4zPsPqOVGYltBYhszUVqAtjSAtCSzMRCrxdhwzrFnQIcdY5ZIOHOMh6Bf+PnPmEm8qbljb3C8/+PHHxU1cvztvfi1YAAe0pSPglEwCkbBKMAKALTrRYwf/cPmAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8166-7760","institution":"Jimei University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xuebin","middleName":"","lastName":"Lin","suffix":""},{"id":377418914,"identity":"08eedff0-d04c-47f2-b956-9ce996513c5f","order_by":1,"name":"Yuanbo HUANG","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jimei University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yuanbo","middleName":"","lastName":"HUANG","suffix":""},{"id":377418915,"identity":"e7bdd692-6e9f-4e10-81fb-9c16f29e1860","order_by":2,"name":"Xiaodong 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1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":135804,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSchematic diagram of experimental equipment for microwave pyrolysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1-Rotameter 2-Thermocouple 3- Insulating plug 4- Reactor 5-quartz glass tube 6-Condenser 7- defatted cotton 8-Filter 9-Gas mass flowmeter 10- sampling air bag 11-Collecting air bag 12- Control panel\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5352617/v1/4eaa1dca7283cb545a5c3e02.png"},{"id":70698409,"identity":"6b34a42d-ce33-4706-b038-f6f0aa1cef52","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-05 18:14:47","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":45669,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of microwave power on the distribution of waste paper pyrolysis products(6mm)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5352617/v1/90f9a0a31ab8066dc9980e10.png"},{"id":70697975,"identity":"06466f3b-c02a-49a6-9c26-ffbe6205ee7c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-05 17:58:47","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":171920,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of microwave power on gas production during microwave pyrolysis of waste paper (6mm)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5352617/v1/d65c2d07560dd73c2bfa8adf.png"},{"id":70697978,"identity":"7e7f5177-3c20-4852-afbd-b1d00e7faa3b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-05 17:58:47","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":267921,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of microwave power on syngas property\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5352617/v1/0f088078c32f34ca1f46c7dc.png"},{"id":70697980,"identity":"32e32bde-8308-432a-b610-93da817bdc93","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-05 17:58:47","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":49530,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of coke addition on distribution of waste paper pyrolysis products(4mm)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5352617/v1/9b2030622223b54756bd6171.png"},{"id":70698130,"identity":"077dce38-974b-42de-8063-def1cc79c000","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-05 18:06:47","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":178647,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of coke addition on gas production during microwave pyrolysis of waste paper(4mm)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5352617/v1/467ae93cfb2ba1e9f7d44434.png"},{"id":70697981,"identity":"0a802a62-028b-4bc5-a7ef-6795b1ae3e96","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-05 17:58:47","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":218699,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of coke addition on syngas property\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5352617/v1/4f63f1eca49bae890ee658f7.png"},{"id":83783035,"identity":"53d71685-30f2-4dc1-82c7-9034230900cc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-02 16:10:15","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1770336,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5352617/v1/fcdffe57-507f-4bc7-a5f4-d6d9d2d256a9.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Study on gas production characteristic of waste paper by microwave pyrolysis in silicon carbide reactor","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe General Department of the National Energy Administration of China guidance on the development of the biological gas industry stated on February 20, 2019, that the construction of a distributed clean gas production and consumption system with local raw material collection, local processing, and nearby consumption and utilization is an important supplement to conventional natural gas. The major constituents of combustible solid waste predominantly consist of waste paper and plastics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Owing to the rapid growth of China's economy, there has been a significant increase in the proportion of waste paper and plastics within municipal solid waste in recent years. It allows for the commercialization of several types of thermal disposal methods for solid waste, such as pyrolysis, gasification, and gasification melting, in addition to incineration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are a lot of potential applications for the development of microwave pyrolysis for solid waste syngas [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR3 CR4 CR5 CR6\" citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Previous research indicates that the activation energy required is notably reduced under the same heating circumstances as compared to conventional pyrolysis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Besides, the yield and quality of syngas produced by microwave pyrolysis have also been greatly enhanced.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10 CR11 CR12 CR13\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Similar results have been reported in microwave pyrolysis experiments with coal, bamboo, microalgae, corn stalk, lignite, and so forth [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR11 CR12\" citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. It is a result of the fast and volumetric heating of microwaves[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. The heating process occurs from the inside out. The increased volume fraction of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in syngas is supported by the hot spots inside the martial and the greater heating rate. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] Conversely, at low temperatures and modest heating rates, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and CO are easily produced.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrowave pyrolysis is influenced by three main types of factors: the operation parameters (microwave power, temperature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e], residence time, reaction atmosphere [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e] and so on), the materials' composition and characteristics (size, moisture content, microwave absorption capacity) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e], and absorbers/catalysts[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e](species, adding amount)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Due to the selectivity of microwave heating, the microwave heating characteristics vary significantly among different materials. Typically, waste biomass exhibits poor microwave absorption capabilities due to its low dielectric loss. For example, even at a power of 1500W, Pine sawdust does not exceed a maximum temperature of 200℃ [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, in the microwave pyrolysis process of waste biomass, it is often necessary to add absorbers/catalysts to enhance its heating performance. Thus, microwave power, temperature, and the addition of absorbers/catalysts emerge as the three most critical factors influencing the pyrolysis of biomass. The maximal reaction temperature and heating rate are typically determined by microwave power and the presence of absorbers/catalysts. Higher microwave power as well as absorbers/catalysts can both accelerate heating and improve reaction temperature[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. As a result, the most significant factors in microwave pyrolysis are microwave power and absorbers/catalysts. Some commonly used microwave absorbents/catalysts are metal oxides (NiO, CaO, CuO, MgO, etc.), zeolite [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR25 CR26\" citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e], carbon-based compounds (biological carbon, activated carbon, silicon carbide, graphite, etc.), and pyrolysis residues [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e].Among the numerous catalysts, metal-modified carbon-based catalysts such as Fe, Ni, and Co exhibit excellent selectivity for the gases produced by pyrolysis [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR31\" citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the preparation process for these catalysts is complex, and they are prone to deactivation under high temperatures and coking environments. In contrast, silicon carbide (SiC) has gained widespread application in microwave pyrolysis in recent years due to its outstanding thermal stability, microwave absorption capabilities, heat transfer properties, and reusability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. Nevertheless, the significant density difference between SiC and biomass makes it challenging to achieve uniform mixing, even when using granular silicon carbide during the pyrolysis process. Therefore, designing an appropriate SiC monomer structure is crucial for achieving uniform heating of the material [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. Besides, microwave pyrolysis product coke has also attracted more and more attention due to its cost-effectiveness, convenient source, and its inherent advantages of mixing uniformity as a pyrolysis product[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Selectivity of product gas can also be improved by addition of pyrolytic carbon.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]From an economic perspective, SiC and pyrolysis product coke hold significant potential as microwave catalysts/absorbers for the disposal of waste through microwave heating. Additionally, in existing studies on microwave pyrolysis, the focus has predominantly been on product distribution, the composition of oil and gas constituents, and the characterization of product carbon, with less attention given to the characteristics of gas release during the pyrolysis process. Moreover, the research subjects are often limited to agricultural and forestry waste, with relatively fewer studies involving combustible municipal solid waste. In summary, there is a lot of potential for application with gas production from microwave pyrolysis of combustible municipal solid waste. One of the primary components of combustible municipal solid waste is waste paper. The aim of this study is to investigate the properties of gas production from daily waste paper using microwave pyrolysis in silicon carbide reactor. The influence of microwave power and coke addition on the mechanisms, process, and characteristic of waste paper microwave pyrolysis gas production was investigated.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 Experimental materials and method","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Experimental materials\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWith the development of the classification and recycling of daily municipal solid waste in China, various items like plastic fast-food boxes, plastic bags, and other materials have been added to the list of recyclable waste alongside common items like cardboard boxes, newspapers, and plastic bottles. Polluted paper become one of the main components of combustible municipal solid waste. In this paper, daily life tissue produced by Vinda Group in China was used as experimental materials. Because of its low density and puffy, the weight of these materials is quite minimal, which can lead to substantial errors in product yields. Therefore, tissue was first cut into small pieces, then kneaded into small paper balls with a diameter of about 4\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;6mm to improve the uniformity of materials. The materials weight is 3\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\pm\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e0.05g in each experiment. Since the main component of tissue is cellulose which loss tangent(tan \u0026delta;) is small, only 0.035[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e],i.e. microwave absorption capacity is poor. Therefore, silicon carbide reactor was used to improve the heating rate of materials during the experiment. The proximate and ultimate analysis of feedstock were conducted using ASTM D3172-13 [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]and D3176-09[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e] methods respectively. Results are shown in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. It is showed that tissue has a high volatile and oxygen content.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProximate and ultimate analysis of tissue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProximate analysis(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUltimate analysis(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ead\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ead\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ead\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFC\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ead\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ead\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ead\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ead\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ead\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eO\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ead\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Experimental equipment\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe flow chart of the experiment is shown in \u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;1\u003c/strong\u003e. The microwave pyrolysis furnace used in the experiment was produced in Hunan Changyi Microwave Technology Co., LTD, China. Microwave output frequency is 2.45GHz\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\pm\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e25MHz. The maximum rated temperature is 1100℃. Temperature control accuracy is \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1℃. Because microwave absorption capacity of paper is poor. The reactor used in the experiment is made of silicon carbide. The outer dimensions of the reactor are 24mm*\u003cem\u003e24\u003c/em\u003e mm \u003cem\u003e*\u003c/em\u003e120mm, the inner dimensions are 18mm*18mm*110mm.The quartz tube has a diameter of 600mm. Owing to the penetrative nature of microwave radiation, it induces a \u0026quot;hot spot\u0026quot; effect within the material during the heating process, leading to uneven temperature distribution. This complicates the accurate measurement of the temperature distribution within materials undergoing microwave heating. Presently, the two predominant methods for temperature measurement in microwave reactors are infrared and thermocouple techniques. However, infrared temperature measurement is limited to the surface temperature of the material, which can result in an underestimation of the actual temperature [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. Due to the small size of the reactor used in the experiment, a thermocouple was used to measure the material internal temperature. The temperature can be automatically recorded every 10s.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Determination of heating characteristics of microwave pyrolysis furnace\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDue to the different structural design and materials, the heating characteristics of different pyrolysis furnaces are quite different. It is important to determine the heating characteristics of the specific pyrolysis furnace before conducting the pyrolysis experiment. To minimize experimental errors, a silicon carbide reactor was placed inside a quartz glass tube. Nitrogen was used as atmospheric gas. The flow rate is 100\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\pm\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e5ml/min. Microwave power was set at 500W-900W. The heating time is 50mins.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Experimental method\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNitrogen was used as pyrolysis reaction gas. The flow rate is 100\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\pm\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e5ml/min. Before experiment, nitrogen was vented for 10 minutes to remove residual air in the reactor. Once the reaction commenced, the product vapor was first cooled in two condensers to collected liquid product. Then, it further passed through 2 filters to remove particles and residue oil in the gas before the syngas was collected in a 50L gas bag. The volume of produced gas was measured by a mass flow meter. The reaction temperature was maintained at 600℃ for 10 minutes before the power supply was turned off. It is shown that the main component of tissue is cellulose and corresponding initial cracking temperatures is approximately 300℃[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. Gas sampling was conducted every 50℃ within the temperature range of 300\u0026ndash;600℃. The gas composition was analyzed by Agilent 7890 gas chromatograph. After the experiment, the coke is collected and weighed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Product Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProduct yield analysis\u003c/em\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe gas mass yield can be calculated by the total gas volume and component concentration; the calculation formula is as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\:{m}_{g}=\\frac{{\\sum\\:}_{i=1}^{n}{{M}_{i}V}_{0}{x}_{i}/22.4}{{M}_{0}}\\times\\:100\\%$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere: \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{m}_{g}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is gas production rate,100%; \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{M}_{i}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eis the molar mass of each gas component, g\u0026bull;mol\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e. \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{V}_{0}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is the total gas volume collected in the experiment, ml; \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{x}_{i}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eis the volume concentration of each gas component in collected gas. The solid yield was obtained by direct weighing. The liquid yield is difficult to determine directly. Therefore, it is obtained by differential subtraction.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGas production was calculated as\u003c/em\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Equ2\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ2\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\:V=\\frac{{\\sum\\:}_{i=1}^{n}{V}_{0}{x}_{i}}{{M}_{0}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere: \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:V\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is the gas volume per unit mass material, ml\u0026bull;g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e; \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{V}_{0}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is the total gas volume collected in the experiment, ml; \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{x}_{i}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eis the volume concentration of each gas component in collected gas; \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{M}_{0}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is the initial mass of the material, g.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3 Results and discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eSimilar to the heating characteristics observed in many other microwave pyrolysis furnaces, the temperature rises rapidly at the beginning. However, as the heating goes on, the heating rate trend slows down and tends to stabilize. When the microwave power is 500w, 600w, 700w, 800w, 900w, the corresponding temperatures are 477℃, 544℃,607℃, 635℃,701℃ respectively at 50min. To ensure the complete decomposition of waste paper. 500W is set as the minimum power for this study. The maximum power of subsequent pyrolysis experiment is set at 800W.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Influence of microwave power on gas production of waste paper\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. shows the yield of waste paper (with a diameter of approximately 6mm) at microwave power 500W-800W. The primary pyrolysis product is liquid, and the yield is as high as 64\u0026ndash;68%. It is consistent with the result form Fermanelli et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e].When microwave power exceeds 600W, coke yield changes a little. That means, the volatiles within the material have been thoroughly decomposed. The gas yield increases first and then decrease with the microwave power. Its yield reaches the maximum 18.3wt% at 700W, but decreases to 15.8wt% at 800W. It because pyrolysis reaction is an endothermic process in which the feedstock is first thermally cracked into large molecules and subsequently further decomposed into small molecules. At higher microwave powers, more energy is absorbed during the initial stages of the pyrolysis process, causing vapor products consisting primarily of large molecules to escape from the feedstock more rapidly. Additionally, as the microwave power increases from 600W to 800W, the heating time decreases from 62 minutes to 26 minutes, resulting in less residence time for the further cracking of large molecules into smaller ones. Consequently, this reduces the production of non-condensable gases. Both factors contribute to the decreased gas production observed at higher microwave powers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. shows the gas production process of waste paper under different microwave power. During the initial stage of pyrolysis, CO and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e are the primary gas product components. H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and other hydrocarbon gases are almost not produced. It can be attributed to the high presence of hydroxyl (-OH), carbonyl (-C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O), ether linkage(C-O-C), and carboxylic (-COOH) functional groups in cellulose, the main component of tissue. Among these functional groups, hydroxyl (-OH) and ether linkage (C-O-C) have relatively lower bond energies and tend to break first. Then, the carbonyl (-C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O) bonds and C-O bonds in carboxylic (-COOH) groups further break. These functional groups can be cracked and decomposed at lower temperatures, resulting in the generation of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and CO. Chen et al. discovered that the peak pyrolysis rate of newspaper occurred at 372\u0026deg;C, as determined by thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR). At this temperature, the pyrolysis products are anticipated to include CO, CO2, (C-O-C), (-C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O), etc., which also confirms the above discussion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBesides, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and CO concentration showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with temperature, and the releasing peak temperature shifts towards higher temperature range. It is because the acceleration of the heating rate at higher microwave power leads to the decomposition of materials at elevated temperature. It is consistent with the conventional heating.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e] Simultaneously, there is a noticeable increase in the production of both CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and CO increases obviously at higher microwave power. CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e comes mainly from the breaking of lower-energy methoxy functional groups (CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO-), minor contribution from the methyl functional group CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e. As the microwave power is increased from 500W to 800W, CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e initial release temperature is increased from approximately 400℃to 450℃. With the increase of reaction temperature, the concentration of CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e firstly rises and then declines. Additionally, its releasing peak temperature also moved to higher temperature range with higher microwave power. H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e decomposition commences at approximately 500℃, and its yield sharply increases after 550℃. H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e generation mainly comes from the broken and reformation of C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C, C\u0026thinsp;\u0026equiv;\u0026thinsp;C and C-H groups in waste paper, which often requires a high amount of chemical energy. In addition, the tar in the product is further cracked at higher temperatures, and the secondary reaction of coke, CO, and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e can further promote the generation of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. This process needs to be carried out at higher temperatures. The main reaction formula is as follows:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCO\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u0026rarr;CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026rarr;2CO (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u0026rarr;CO\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCmHn\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;nCO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026rarr;2nCO+(m/2)H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCmHn\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;nH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u0026rarr;nCO+(n\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;m)/2H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, the yield of each gas component produced increased significantly when microwave power was increased from 500W to 700W. Since the material is first cracked into large molecules, which are then further decomposed into small molecules during pyrolysis process. However, when the microwave power was further increased to 800W, the evolution of each gas component has a slightly decreasing trend. This decrease can be attributed to the decrease of residence time. Hydrocarbon production with a carbon content of C\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and above is relatively low and will not be discussed further in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis shift in gas production can be attributed to the increased heating rate of the material with higher microwave power, causing the evolution peak temperature of each syngas component to move towards higher temperatures. Additionally, the overall gas production also increases. However, if the microwave power is increased beyond a certain point, there is a rapid release of large molecular products. Due to insufficient residence time, these large molecules are not able to undergo further decomposition, resulting in a decrease in non-condensable gas production.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn a word, CO and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e are the primary gas components produced of waste paper microwave pyrolysis at lower temperature. CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, H\u003csub\u003e2,\u003c/sub\u003e hydrocarbon production of C\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and above are subsequently release. Because the heating rate of the material increases with microwave power, the evolution peak temperature of each syngas component moves to the higher temperature. The gas production also increases. However, when microwave power is further increased, a significant release of large molecular products occurs rapidly. There is insufficient residence time for the further decomposition of these large molecules, leading to a decrease in the production of non-condensable gases. Cui et al. also observed the same trend in their experiment on gas production from microwave pyrolysis of polypropylene plastic, where the gas yield initially increased with increasing microwave power and then decreased [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. shows the concentration of components in the pyrolysis gas. It is found that in the power range of 500W -800W, the gas produced by microwave pyrolysis of tissue paper is mainly CO and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, constituting approximately 80% of the total. At a microwave power of 500W, the concentration of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is notably high, while the content of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e remains low. The collective volumetric proportion of CO, CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in syngas is 49%, i.e., syngas quality is relatively poor at lower microwave power levels. The concentration of other gas components varies a little within the 500-800W power range. The collective volumetric ratio of CO, CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in syngas lies within the range of 58%-59% within the microwave power range of 600W-800W. At the same pyrolysis temperature of 600\u0026deg;C, Wang et al. found that under conventional heating, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, CO, and H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in the gas produced from the pyrolysis of waste paper were 68.76%, 2.14%, 23.25%, and 5.85%, respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. Lin et al. also discovered that the gas yield rates of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, CO, and H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in the production from paper mill sludge were 69%, 11%, and 13%, respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]. It indicates that CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is present in high concentrations, while the proportions of other combustible gas components are relatively small under conventional heating. In comparison, it is evident that microwave heating can effectively enhance quality of gas production, i.e., the combustible gas components increased from 31\u0026ndash;59%. which aligns with the results of numerous studies on microwave pyrolysis of other biomass materials.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNevertheless, the gas productions are 112ml\u0026bull;g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e,122ml\u0026bull;g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e,130 ml\u0026bull;g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e,114 ml\u0026bull;g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e at 500W, 600W, 700W, 800W microwave power respectively. In summary, it is evident that microwave power significantly influences gas production, while it has a minor impact on gas composition within the 600-800W power range. To conclude, the optimal characteristics of pyrolysis gas yield are exhibited at a microwave power level of 700W.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Effect of coke addition on gas production during microwave pyrolysis of tissue paper\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to enhance the pyrolysis performance of paper in combustible waste, it is necessary to add microwave absorbers due to their inadequate poor absorption capacity. When the amount of coke added reaches a certain point, the microwave absorption strengthening effect becomes less noticeable. As the reaction progresses, the accumulation of ash and coke on the surface of the new material increases. It hinders the response. In addition, the improved pyrolysis performance may also be caused by the catalytic effect of coke. The experiment revealed that coke tends to amass at the base of the reactor as a result of the considerable distance between the paper balls, which are approximately 6mm in diameter. The influence of coke addition could not be well investigated. Consequently, the paper balls' particle size is regulated to approximately 4mm in this set of experiments. The added coke is the pyrolysis product of the above experiments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. shows that when the coke addition increases from 0 to 20%, the gas yield improved greatly from 13wt% (93.7 ml\u0026bull;g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) to 20.5wt% (149.3ml\u0026bull;g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) at 700w microwave power. However, the liquid yield was the opposite, and the solid yield varied a little. The temperature profile reveals that, for the first 8 minutes, the addition of coke can effectively accelerate the heating rate of the paper and raise the reaction temperature. The corresponding temperature at 8th minute was around 370\u0026deg;C, when the pyrolysis reaction just beginning. The heating strengthen effect mainly due to the higher microwave absorption capacity of coke. The higher the temperature, the faster the pyrolysis of waste paper. However, at the following stage, the effect of coke addition on temperature is the opposite, i.e. coke addition lowers reaction temperature. It due to the catalytic effect of coke. More tar macromolecules break down into small molecules such as permanent gases (CO, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) and light hydrocarbons (CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, C\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, C\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e, and so on). It enhances gas yield while decreasing reaction temperature. Because the pyrolysis reaction is endothermic. When the coke addition is increased to 30%, the gas output drops dramatically to 13.6wt% (94.2ml\u0026bull;g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e). Accordingly, the liquid yield increased significantly. This is because too much coke covers on the surface of the reactant. It drags the product vapor evolution out. Besides, it decreases microwave absorption fraction of the feedstock and slows down the reaction rate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. shows that adding 10\u0026ndash;20% more coke greatly enhances the generation of CO and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. Meanwhile, the evolution peak value initially shifts to a lower temperature. However, as the coke addition is raised to 30%, less CO and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e are produced. Meanwhile, the evolution peak value shifts to a higher temperature. The release temperature of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e is advanced and the corresponding production concentrations are enhanced as coke addition rises from 0 to 20%. However, the generation of these two gases shifts to higher temperature when the coke addition approaches 30%. It's because, on the one hand, the material surface is covered with too much coke and releasing pyrolysis production is not favored. Microwaves, on the other hand, are much more easily absorbed by coke, resulting in a lower microwave absorption fraction of the material. It also causes gas production to shift to higher temperatures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e demonstrates that with a coke addition of less than 20%, the CO concentration in the syngas reduces a little while the H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e concentration increases significantly. The total volume proportion of CO, CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, and H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in syngas decreases slightly from 58\u0026ndash;57%. The gas yield, on the other hand, increased dramatically, rising from 94ml/g to 149ml/g. It indicates that coke addition has no discernible influence on syngas distribution but has a noticeable impact on syngas generation. When the coke addition is increased to 30%, the CO, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e concentration in the gas output declines while the CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e concentration increases dramatically. The total proportion of CO, CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, and H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in syngas decreases slightly to 53%, indicating that syngas quality is poorer. Meanwhile, syngas yields fall dramatically to 94ml\u0026bull;g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. It is possible that too much coke reduces the microwave absorption portion of the paper, resulting in a lower temperature of the waste paper itself.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn brief, the coke addition during the waste paper microwave pyrolysis process accelerates the heating rate in the early stage and promotes the catalytic cracking of tar to produce syngas in the later stage. The performance of syngas generation is optimum with 20% coke addition. In the syngas, the corresponding total volume fraction of CO, CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, and H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is 57%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4 Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe effects of microwave power and coke addition on microwave pyrolysis of waste paper for gas production were investigated in this paper. The main conclusions are as follows:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1) Within the microwave power range of 500w-800w and a material diameter of about 6mm, the syngas component of microwave pyrolysis of waste paper is mostly CO and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, accounting for approximately 80% of the volume fraction. Then comes CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, which contribute for around 15\u0026ndash;20% of the total, and gas production peaks at 700w, reaching 130ml/g. As microwave power further increases, the heating rate of tissue paper accelerates, resulting in less residence time of pyrolysis products and poor gas generation quality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2) When the microwave power is 700w and the diameter of the waste paper ball is about 4mm, adding 10\u0026ndash;20% coke can effectively promote the tar cracking and increase the gas production. The maximum gas production is 20.5wt% (149ml\u0026bull;g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) with 20% coke addition. The total volume fraction of CO, CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in syngas is 57% together. Further increase coke addition will lead to the opposite effect.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China(2020J05141 ), Science and Technology Funding Project of Fujian Provincial Department of Education, China(JAT190312)and Scientific Research Foundation of JiMei University(ZQ2019004༉\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Xuebin LIN, Yuanbo HUANG, Xiaodong ZHANG, and Hongzhou HE. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Xuebin LIN and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinancial support from Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China(2020J05141 ), Science and Technology Funding Project of Fujian Provincial Department of Education, China(JAT190312)and Scientific Research Foundation of JiMei University(ZQ2019004༉are gratefully acknowledged.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper. Should any raw data files be needed in another format they are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. 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Energy. \u003cb\u003e232\u003c/b\u003e, 121005 (2021). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121005\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.energy.2021.121005\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLin, X., Guo, Y., Tang, B., Fu, P., Li, H., Zhang, J., Li, P.: Fast co-pyrolysis of paper mill sludge and corn stover: Relationships between parameters, product distributions, and synergistic interactions. Ind. Crops Prod. \u003cb\u003e213\u003c/b\u003e, 118415 (2024). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.118415\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.118415\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"waste-and-biomass-valorization","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"wave","sideBox":"Learn more about [Waste and Biomass Valorization](http://link.springer.com/journal/12649)","snPcode":"12649","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12649/3","title":"Waste and Biomass Valorization","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Microwave-assistant heating, Pyrolysis, Gas production characteristic, Waste paper, Microwave power, Coke addition","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5352617/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5352617/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAn investigation was conducted to analyze the influence of microwave power and the addition of coke on the pyrolysis of tissue paper for gas generation in a silicon carbide reactor. The study revealed that the primary components of syngas obtained through tissue paper microwave pyrolysis are predominantly CO and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, constituting approximately 80% of the total. CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e make up 15\u0026ndash;20% of the total. As microwave power increases, the main pyrolysis gas CO and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is released at a higher temperature. With a microwave power range of 500W-800W and a tissue paper diameter of approximately 6mm, the highest gas production reaches 18.8wt% (130ml\u0026bull;g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) at 700W. Adding 10\u0026ndash;20% coke can significantly increase the amount of pyrolysis gas produced from waste paper. Once the feedstock had a diameter of approximately 4mm, the gas yield rose initially and then declined when coke was added. The greatest amount of gas produced is 20.5wt% (149.3ml\u0026bull;g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) with 20% coke addition.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Study on gas production characteristic of waste paper by microwave pyrolysis in silicon carbide reactor","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-12-05 17:58:42","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5352617/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2024-11-13T02:05:45+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-11-13T01:54:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Waste and Biomass Valorization","date":"2024-11-12T16:58:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-10-29T15:29:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Waste and Biomass Valorization","date":"2024-10-29T04:46:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"waste-and-biomass-valorization","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"wave","sideBox":"Learn more about [Waste and Biomass Valorization](http://link.springer.com/journal/12649)","snPcode":"12649","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12649/3","title":"Waste and Biomass Valorization","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"37259c1e-f646-4808-88ed-a9da6501b070","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 5th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-02T16:05:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5352617","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-025-03032-6","journal":{"identity":"waste-and-biomass-valorization","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Waste and Biomass Valorization"},"publishedOn":"2025-05-26 15:57:35","publishedOnDateReadable":"May 26th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-12-05 17:58:42","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s12649-025-03032-6","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-025-03032-6","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5352617","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5352617","identity":"rs-5352617","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}