Combination of High-Intensity Interval Training and Creatine Intake Enhances Leg Strength and Anaerobic Power without Changes in Body Composition in Physically Active Adult Men

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Aldhahi, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3304243/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Different training methods and ergogenic aids has been used to increase athletic performance. In this study, to understand the effect of the combination of the six-week high intensity interval training (HIIT) and creatine supplementation on body composition, leg strength, and anaerobic power in physically active male adults was purposed. Methods In this six-week study a total of fifteen physically active men with the mean age of 21.13 ± 1.68 years were divided into two groups as Wingate based HIIT training group (HIIT) and Wingate based HIIT training + Creatine supplementation group (C-HIIT). Both groups performed a total of six weeks three days a week of HIIT training, the scope of which increased in the second three-week period and organized based on Wingate. In addition to these trainings, the C-HIIT group took a total of 10 g of creatine each training day, 5 grams 30 minutes before the load and 5 grams immediately after the load. Their body composition, leg strength, anaerobic power measurements were taken three days before the study started and three days after it ended. Results According to the findings, although there was no significant difference in body composition values between the two groups, it was observed that leg strength (p < 0.05) and anaerobic power parameters such as peak power, average power, and minimum power improved significantly in the C-HIIT group (p < 0.01). Conclusions Comparative effectiveness of additive of 10 gram of creatine monohydrate to HIIT appears to be efficient in improving leg strength and anaerobic power in physically active adult men. Trial registration This research was registered retrospectively on August 7, 2023 with the number NCT05981820. Anaerobic power Ergogenic aids HIIT Creatine Performance Figures Figure 1 1. Background Exercise routine and nutritional intake affect physical performance [ 1 , 2 ]. Improvement of performance and capacity among athletes of different levels (professional, amateur, recreational etc.) augmented through using nutritional supplements and ergogenic aids [ 3 – 5 ]. Creatine monohydrate is one of the ergogenic aids used for this purpose. Creatine monohydrate consumption has been reported to provide multiple benefits including increasing muscle size, strength, and power [ 6 ], improving performance during short bursts of high-extension exercises [ 7 ], and increasing post-exercise recovery [ 8 ]. In the literature, there are some studies examining the effects of creatine intake on increasing the performance level and body composition in some sports branches [ 6 , 9 , 10 ]. Some of these studies have shown an increase in lean body mass [ 6 , 11 ] and type II muscle fiber area [ 12 , 13 ] in addition to performance. Whereas, other studies reported only the effect of creatine supplement on the anaerobic power and performance level during swimming [ 14 ], rowing [ 15 ] and cycling [ 16 ]. Apart from nutritional ergogenic aids, different training methods are also used to increase athletic performance. As a training model high intensity interval training (HIIT), has become popular in recent years for its effects on aerobic and anaerobic performance improvement [ 17 ]. HIIT is known as interval training at high intensity above the anaerobic threshold, and consists of repetitions of short and medium-term exercises that include intermittent passive and/or active rests [ 18 ]. Inducing intermittent physiological stress, providing chronic adaptation and increasing energy efficiency are shown as the reasons why HIIT is effective in increasing performance [ 19 ]. HIIT attracts more attention than traditional aerobic training programs because repetitive short-term high-intensity training, combined with low-intensity recovery, tends to further improve aerobic and anaerobic energy systems, metabolic functions and physical performance [ 20 , 21 ]. For instance, in a study comparing the effects of HIIT and moderate continuous training in badminton players it was observed that HIIT training increased the anaerobic power and enhanced the body composition by decreasing the percent body fat. Therefore, HIIT was reported as an effective method to improve strength and physical performance [ 22 ]. High intensity interval training can be applied with many different methods and equipment. Some of those are Wingate ergometer [ 19 ], circuit training method [ 23 ], treadmill [ 24 ], Tabata training method [ 25 ] and other bicycle ergometers [ 26 ]. Despite the time-efficiency of HIIT in inducing chronic physiological adaptation, it depletes phosphocreatine stores in the muscle and decreases power output by creating fatigue [ 27 ]. In addition to this, it has been observed that high-intensity exercise performance increases with the increase of intramuscular phosphocreatine [ 28 ], and it is thought that creatine intake may be effective in this process. It is predicted that phosphocreatine synthesis and the rate of mitochondrial transfer of ATP to the cytoplasm may increase with adequate level of creatine supplementation [ 29 , 30 ]. This suggests that performing HIIT with creatine supplementation will provide further improvement. Therefore, the purpose of this current six-week study was to compare the effectiveness of high intensity interval training alone with high intensity interval training and 10 gram of creatine intake per session in physically active adult men during six-week training period. We hypothesized that creatine supplementation with Wingate-based HIIT will positively affect lean body mass, leg strength, and anaerobic power parameters. 2. Methods 2.1. Study Design In this experimental research design the effects of creatine supplementation on body composition, leg strength, and anaerobic power values in physically active adult men was examined. After obtaining the legal permissions, the participants visited the measurement site for the first time for familiarization, and they were explained the details of the study and shown the tests. Three days later, the participants made their second visit for pre-tests. First, the body composition and leg strength were evaluated, and after 20 minutes of rest, the Wingate Anaerobic Power Test was measured. Throughout the six-week study, both groups were included in the same Wingate based HIIT program, with the duration and number of sets increasing in the second three weeks. During this time, one of the groups took 10 g of creatine per training session. Three days after the end of the study, the participants visited the measurement site for post-tests and the study was terminated. 2.2. Participants A minimum of 12 participants, 6 in each group, were determined for the appropriate sample size in accordance with the G*power software (alpha value = 0.05, 1-beta value = 0.80, and effect size = 1.6) [ 31 ], and a total of 20 physically active adult men, aged 18–30 years, without any medical history and not using drugs or ergogenic aids were included in the study. The ethical approval for the research was obtained from the Ethical Committee of Ankara University Rectorate (Number: E-56786525-050.04.04/378028 Decision Number: 2022/02) and it was carried out in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki's 2013 principles. Written inform consent forms that explain the study to the participant and any right and risk were derived prior to data collection. After having these official permissions, the participants were divided into two groups as those who performed Wingate-based HIIT with creatine (C-HIIT) (age: 21.78 ± 1.79 years; height: 179.56 ± 8.26 cm; weight: 76.86 ± 10.66 kg) and those who performed only Wingate-based HIIT (HIIT) (age: 20.167 ± 0.98 years; height: 172.33 ± 9.88 cm; weight: 66.53 ± 9.51kg). Only 15 participants were able to terminate the study, as 5 of the participants were excluded from the study due to sport injuries (n; HIIT = 6, C-HIIT = 9). 2.3. Wingate-based HIIT Program In the study to observe the effects of creatine, short-term HIIT was planned, and the exercise program was performed using a stationary bicycle. Participants in the C-HIIT and HIIT group performed the same Wingate-based HIIT with a resistance equal to 7.5% of body weight, three times a week for six weeks. The Wingate-based HIIT program is explained in Table 1 and Fig. 1 . Table 1 Wingate-based HIIT Program. First Three Week Last Three Week Warm-up : Warm-up at 70 rpm for 4 minutes, including 2–3 seconds of maximal sprint at 1.30 and 2.30 minutes Wingate-based HIIT : HIIT 4 sets of 12x15 seconds of maximal repetitions with 15 seconds of passive rest between reps in each set Cool-down : 4 minutes of passive rest between sets Warm-up : Warm-up at 70 rpm for 4 minutes, including 2–3 seconds of maximal sprint at 1.30 and 2.30 minutes Wingate-based HIIT : HIIT 5 sets of 20x15 seconds of maximal repetitions with 15 seconds of passive rest between reps in each set Cool-down : 4 minutes of passive rest between sets 2.4. Creatine Supplement To observe the effects of creatine in the study, 10 g of creatine supplementation was taken only on training days during the study period. Participants in the C-HIIT group used 10 g of creatine monohydrate by dissolved in 200 ml of water. Creatine supplementation was taken in two doses of five grams, 30 minutes before and right after the training session. 2.5. Wingate Anaerobic Power Test The Wingate anaerobic power test, a measure of lactic and alactic anaerobic power, was performed using a bicycle ergometer [ 32 ]. Before the test started, detailed information was given to the participants about the test. After the briefing, a four-minute warm-up protocol with a bicycle ergometer at 60–80 rpm pedal speed and 50 W workload was applied. Followed by 4 minutes of passive resting. Seat and handlebar adjustments were made for each participant, considering their leg lengths [ 33 ]. Weights of 7.5% kilograms of their body weight for each participant were placed on the pan of the bicycle ergometer and anaerobic power testing was initiated [ 32 ]. When the participants reached the pedal speed to 150 rpm, the pan went down automatically and the Wingate Anaerobic Power Test started [ 33 ]. Participants maximal effort pedaled against the weights for 30-seconds was collected. The Wingate software was used in which the program set up with the ergometers. Information about the relevant power parameters during the test was transmitted to the software program on the computer. All absolute and relative power parameters (values such as peak power, minimum power, average power, power drop etc.) and total energy expenditure were calculated by the software program. 2.6. Body Composition The body composition was determined using the PlusAvis 333 device (Jawon Medical, South Korea). Measurements were made according to standard techniques while the participants were wearing only shorts and without shoes [ 34 ]. When the participants exited the device, the data entered into the device (height, gender, age) was expected to appear on the device screen. Then, hand electrodes were attached to the participants and body composition measurements were taken for 10 seconds with the arms at either side in a stretched position [ 35 ]. Each of the participants was warned to stop taking alcohol and diuretic products at least 12 hours before the measurement and to stop eating and drinking at least four hours before the measurement. In addition, participants were asked to empty their bladders before the measurement. Finally, the participants were asked to remove the metal items they were wearing. As body composition parameters the body weight (BW), percent body fat (PBF), mass of body fat (MBF), lean body weight (LBW), body mass index (BMI), total body water (TW), and the basal metabolic rate (BMR) were used in the study. 2.7. Leg Strength Back and leg dynamometer (Takei-Back & Lift, Japan) was used to measure leg strength. Participants placed their feet on the dynamometer stand. The legs were bent at 15 angles, the body slightly forward, and the back straight. The participants pulled the dynamometer bar, which they grasped with their hands, using only their legs (without a back), without changing their current position, until the knees were extended. Participants repeated this draw twice, and the best value for each participant was recorded [ 36 ]. 2.8. Statistical Analysis IBM SPSS 24.0 program (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used to statistically analyze the data obtained in the study. Firstly, the distribution of the data was evaluated to determine the test used to compare the data as parametric or non-parametric. This normality distribution assessment was tested by using Shapiro Wilk Test, as both groups had less than 50 participants. Determination of the mean difference in within-group statistics was performed by Paired Sample t-Test in data with normal distribution and with Wilcoxon test in data where it was not normal. Independent Sample t-Test or Mann-Whitney U Test was utilized for comparisons between groups, depending on the data distribution. Groups are expressed as mean ± standard error. The alpha value was accepted as 0.05 in all statistical analysis. 3. Results The pre- and post-test findings of the body composition and leg strength parameters is shown in Table 2 . According to the findings a significant difference was observed only in the leg strength value in the C-HIIT group (p 0.05). Table 2 Comparison of the parameters and average differences of body composition and leg strength. Parameter Group Pre-test Post-test P-value Body Weight (kg) C-HIIT 76.86 ± 10.66 76.42 ± 10.96 0.128 HIIT 66.53 ± 9.51 66.07 ± 9.26 0.270 P-value 0.964 0.902 Percent Body Fat (%) C-HIIT 19.66 ± 5.64 18.89 ± 5.27 0.225 HIIT 17.47 ± 6.46 16.63 ± 7.03 0.058 P-value 0.587 0.217 Mass of Body Fat (kg) C-HIIT 15.64 ± 6.61 14.79 ± 6.14 0.086 HIIT 11.95 ± 5.23 11.37 ± 5.53 0.063 P-value 0.743 0.909 Lean Body Mass (kg) C-HIIT 61.21 ± 5.87 61.63 ± 6.68 0.442 HIIT 54.58 ± 6.01 54.70 ± 5.56 0.599 P-value 0.981 0.446 Total Body Water (kg) C-HIIT 44.07 ± 4.21 44.53 ± 4.64 0.246 HIIT 39.37 ± 4.32 39.40 ± 3.99 0.588 P-value 0.978 0.507 BMI (kg/m²) C-HIIT 23.97 ± 3.45 23.67 ± 3.47 0.336 HIIT 22.53 ± 3.75 21.80 ± 3.06 0.346 P-value_ 0.676 0.778 BMR (kcal) C-HIIT 1672.22 ± 117.50 1679.22 ± 130.98 0.502 HIIT 1554.67 ± 117.51 1562.33 ± 115.42 0.345 P-value 0.910 0.569 Leg Strength C-HIIT 145.83 ± 35.32 166.20 ± 23.81 0.038* HIIT 128.00 ± 29.69 132.33 ± 30.28 0.650 P-value 0.951 0.553 * p < 0.05 BMI: Body mass index, BMR: Basal metabolic rate. As seen in Table 3 , similar to the leg strength value significant differences in the C-HIIT group were found almost all Wingate anaerobic test results when compared with the HIIT group. Both absolute and relative peak power, average power, and minimum power, and total energy expended showed increases in C-HIIT group (p < 0.01). Table 3 Comparison of the parameters and average differences of Wingate Anaerobic Power Test. Parameter Group Pre-test Post-test P_ value Peak Power (W) C-HIIT 892.78 ± 151.39 999.06 ± 182.22 0.007** HIIT 802.39 ± 137.66 803.37 ± 156.47 0.985 P-value 0.640 0.814 Relative Peak Power (W/kg) C-HIIT 11.58 ± 1.04 12.99 ± 1.42 0.008** HIIT 11.72 ± 0.86 12.36 ± 1.58 0.370 P-value 0.519 0.683 Average Power (W) C-HIIT 603.23 ± 119.68 682.65 ± 120.98 0.003** HIIT 577.70 ± 99.05 544.62 ± 119.08 0.512 P-value 0.627 0.824 Relative Average Power (W/kg) C-HIIT 7.84 ± 1.16 8.81 ± 0.85 0.004** HIIT 8.38 ± 0.35 8.38 ± 1.34 0.345 P-value 0.089 0.572 Minimum Power (W) C-HIIT 310.67 ± 136.25 396.38 ± 107.70 0.009** HIIT 309.25 ± 104.30 290.98 ± 105.73 0.750 P-value 0.211 0.666 Relative Minimum Power (W/kg) C-HIIT 3.99 ± 1.64 5.11 ± 1.14 0.009** HIIT 4.44 ± 1.28 4.48 ± 1.42 0.753 P-value 0.272 0.826 Power Drop (%) C-HIIT 65.84 ± 13.33 60.26 ± 8.91 0.154 HIIT 62.32 ± 10.31 56.96 ± 23.61 0.706 P-value 0.298 0.197 Total Energy (joul) C-HIIT 17172.89 ± 3759.23 19716.33 ± 3634.66 0.008** HIIT 16736.33 ± 2847.97 15584.83 ± 3679.56 0.499 P-value 0.489 0.792 **p < 0.01 4. Discussion The present study aimed to determine whether there was a difference in the effects of taking 10 gram of creatine supplementation per session with Wingate-based HIIT on body composition, leg strength, and anaerobic power parameters when compared Wingate-based HIIT alone. For this purpose, fifteen physically active, healthy adult male participants divided into C-HIIT and HIIT groups and performed the same training for six weeks. In the current research, it was found that six weeks of HIIT did not cause any changes in body composition independent of creatine intake. There was no significant change in any of the body weight, percent body weight, mass of body fat, lean body mass, total body water, BMI, BMR parameters in both groups. It is seen that different results have been obtained in other studies in the literature on this subject. For instance, Alonso-Fernández et al. (2019) investigated the effect of HIIT based functional body weight exercises that performed with a 20/10 work/rest ratio for 7 weeks in 26 children [ 37 ]. According to their results, while cardiorespiratory fitness increased, the percent body fat decreased. These findings differ from those obtained in the present research. The reason for this can be interpreted as the fact that the research group is not physically active adults as in the current research and the body composition values of children can change in a short time. Forbes et al.'s study supports this interpretation. VO 2 max, ventilation threshold, lean body mass, mass of body fat, anaerobic power and insulin sensitivity were measured in the study examining the effects of HIIT training performed three days a week for a total of four weeks on some physical fitness parameters in 17 recreationally active adult women [ 38 ]. As a result, they reported an increase in anaerobic power value with no change in any of the body composition parameters. The increase in anaerobic power regardless of body composition is similar to current research. Unlike the current research, the increase in anaerobic power within four weeks without creatine supplementation may also be due to the research group. A study group with a lower level of physical fitness than in the current study may be the reason for the significant increase in a short time. The more important point of this research is to examine the effects of creatine taken with Wingate-based HIIT on leg strength and anaerobic power values. According to the results, it was found that Wingate based HIIT with creatine intake increases the both absolute and relative anaerobic power values such as peak power, average power, minimum power and also total anergy expended significantly (p < 0.01). An improvement in the same direction was also seen in leg strength (p < 0.05). There are some studies in the literature that examine the effects of activity types similar to or different from the current study, together with creatine intake, on some performance parameters. In one of these studies Graef et al. [ 18 ] compared the effects of 10 g of creatine intake per session with HIIT that performed five days a week for four weeks with HIIT alone, and concluded that creatine supplementation had no additional positive effects on maximal oxygen consumption despite an increase in ventilatory threshold. However, it is observed in the literature that the positive effects of creatine on performance increase as the duration of the activity gets shorter. Examining the effect of 20 g creatine supplementation for 5 days on kayak ergometer performance over different durations, McNaughton et al. [ 39 ] divided the participants into creatine placebo, and groups and made them performed three maximum kayak ergometer tests of 90, 150 and 300 seconds. At the end of the research, they reported that creatine intake improves the amount of the work reached during the kayak ergometer performance at durations ranging from 90 to 300 seconds. In another study, Kendall et al. [ 19 ]’s investigated the effects of four-week HIIT program with 5 sets of 2-minute exercise bouts with 1 minute rest interval on the cycle ergometer and creatine supplementation on critical power and anaerobic working capacity in college-aged men. The subjects were assigned to creatine, placebo and control groups. According to their results, it was observed that the maximum power output increased in the creatine group, while the anaerobic working capacity did not change. Similarly, Romer et al. [ 40 ] found positive effects of 5-day creatine monohydrate loading of 0.075 g per kilogram of body weight four times a day and high intensity, intermittent exercises consisting of 10 sets of 2 repetitions of a simulated game in squash players. As a result of the study, a significant reduction in sprint time was observed. Balsom et al. [ 41 ] reported that six days of creatine loading (20 g per day) with HIIT sessions on a cycle ergometer did affect the power output in 10-second exercise period and increase the total muscle creatine and phosphocreatine concentration, but did not alter jump performance in physically active males. Unlike the current research, it has been observed that there are changes in body composition to the observed performance change. This may be due to the amount and frequency of creatine loading. However, some studies also show that creatine intake with HIIT does not have any positive effect on anaerobic performance. For instance, Biwer et al. did not observe any positive alterations on submaximal running interspersed with high-intensity intervals, after creatine monohydrate loading of 0.3 g per kilogram of body weight during six days [ 42 ]. The only significant change was the increase found in body mass of male participants. There are also studies in the literature showing the positive effects of HIIT training without creatine intake on leg strength and anaerobic power. For example, in a study evaluating the effects of combined upper and lower body HIIT on muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness, leg extensor muscle strength, handgrip strength, and health-related quality of life in adults over 50 years of age, Hurst et al. [ 43 ] concluded that the exercise program performed using a hydraulic resistance ergometer, twice a week for 12 weeks caused significant difference in body weight, BMI, body fat thickness, maximum aerobic power and maximum anaerobic power. In Fatemeh et al.’s study [ 44 ] subjects performed HIIT on a treadmill for 3 weeks, three sessions for a week. According to the data obtained, there was a significant difference in body weight, BMI, body fat thickness, maximum aerobic power and maximum anaerobic power in the group performing HIIT (p = 0.001), while there was no change in waist-hip ratio (WHR). Different from the present research, the reason for reaching these results may be the differences in the training protocol and the initial performance levels of the participants. Current research had some limitations. Firstly, due to sports injuries experienced, the number of participants was terminated with one less person than planned. Secondly, this study was conducted only on female subjects. Adding both genders in future studies may provide more detailed results. Another suggestion is to expand the research group with professional athletes from sports branches where different energy metabolisms are active. In this way, different results arising from the research group in the literature can be avoided. Finally, the addition of non-invasive measurement methods such as heart rate variability, which also provides information about the autonomic nervous system, will provide a broader understanding of the chronic effects of creatine and HIIT training. 5. Conclusions When the findings obtained as a result of the research were examined, it was seen that 10 gram of creatine supplement per session together with Wingate-based HIIT performed three days a week for six weeks, had an effect and increased the both absolute and relative anaerobic power parameters such as peak power, average power and minimum power values, and total energy expenditure, and it improved leg strength without causing any change in body composition parameters. Although creatine supplementation has positive effects on anaerobic performance parameters in many studies, it is seen that different results can be reached in some studies when the literature is examined. The type of creatine used, the total amount, the amount of loading per unit time, the content of the training with creatine intake and the physical activity level of the participants may affect the results. Therefore, future studies may carry out detailed studies with more participants and experimental groups. This way it will be easier to examine the net effect. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The ethical permission for the research was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Ankara University Rectorate (Number: E-56786525-050.04.04/378028 decision number: 2022/02) and it was carried out in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki's 2013 principles. “Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.” Consent for publication Not applicable Conflict of Interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Funding This research was funded by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2023R 286), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Author Contributions “Conceptualization, T.N.E., and D.A. methodology, T.N.E, and D.A. software, D.A.; validation, D.A. formal analysis, T.N.E.; investigation, T.N.E.; resources, D.A.; data curation, D.A.; writing-original draft preparation, T.N.E.; writing-review and editing, D.A., M.G., M.A., A.D., S.B.A.; visualization D.A. supervision D.A.; project administration, D.A.; funding acquisition, M.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.” Availability of data and materials The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to restrictions on privacy. 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J Am Coll Nutr. 1992;11(2):199–209. Alp M, Kılınç F, Suna G. Hazırlık Sezonunda Hentbolculara Uygulanan Antrenmanların Bazı Antropometrik ve Biyomotorik Özellikler Üzerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi. SSTB, 2015: p. 47. Alonso-Fernández D, et al. Impact of a HIIT protocol on body composition and VO2max in adolescents. Sci Sports. 2019;34(5):341–7. Forbes SC, et al. Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation Does Not Augment Fitness, Performance, or Body Composition Adaptations in Response to Four Weeks of High-Intensity Interval Training in Young Females. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2017;27(3):285–92. McNaughton LR, Dalton B, Tarr J. The effects of creatine supplementation on high-intensity exercise performance in elite performers. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1996;78(3):236–40. Romer LM, Barrington JP, Jeukendrup AE. Effects of oral creatine supplementation on high intensity, intermittent exercise performance in competitive squash players. Int J Sports Med. 2001;22(8):546–52. Balsom PD, et al. S keletal muscle metabolism during short duration high-intensity exercise: influence of creatine supplementation . Acta Physiol Scand. 1995;154(3):303–10. Biwer CJ, et al. The effect of creatine on treadmill running with high-intensity intervals. J Strength Conditioning Res. 2003;17(3):439–45. Hurst C, Weston KL, Weston M. The effect of 12 weeks of combined upper- and lower-body high-intensity interval training on muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness in older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2019;31(5):661–71. Fatemeh B, Ramin S, Marzieh N. Effect of high-intensity interval training on body composition and bioenergetic indices in boys-futsal players . Phys Educ students, 2016. 5. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3304243","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":232617531,"identity":"6f8b9c9e-fd1e-430f-8954-38a03c9a1ecd","order_by":0,"name":"Tugce Nur Erdogmus","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ankara University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tugce","middleName":"Nur","lastName":"Erdogmus","suffix":""},{"id":232617532,"identity":"7993a568-3af9-4cd8-a13a-e1ac9ea79edc","order_by":1,"name":"Dicle Aras","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCAyCigoFBAsJlJlbLGWQtbMRoYWwjRQvf8bMPP/6cZ5cn2X724QeGCuvEBvneB3i1SJ5JN5bm3ZZcLM2TbizBcCY9sYGN3QCvFoMDaQzSjNuYE+cxpDFIMLYdBmoh4DKD88+Yf/6cU584j/8Z8w/Gf8RouZHGJsHbcDhxtgSQwdhAhBbJG8/YrHmOHU+cOeMZm0XCsXTjNrY0/Fr4zqcx3/xRU504A8i48aHGWraf+Rh+LagggYGImBwFo2AUjIJRQBgAAJEiQaQDu56sAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Ankara University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dicle","middleName":"","lastName":"Aras","suffix":""},{"id":232617533,"identity":"2fea44d3-627c-4790-8d5b-ab6861b803ea","order_by":2,"name":"Mehmet Gulu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kirikkale University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mehmet","middleName":"","lastName":"Gulu","suffix":""},{"id":232617534,"identity":"994b6482-2981-4c92-bf5f-cfb3d9d2ee20","order_by":3,"name":"Monira I. Aldhahi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Monira","middleName":"I.","lastName":"Aldhahi","suffix":""},{"id":232617535,"identity":"fa3821f1-e14f-4a84-882c-e605362bd5ed","order_by":4,"name":"Abdulkareem M. Dahesh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Academic \u0026 Clinical training Administration, KFSH","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdulkareem","middleName":"M.","lastName":"Dahesh","suffix":""},{"id":232617536,"identity":"dfe3c358-19f8-44a7-9213-646c1381a4be","order_by":5,"name":"Sameer Badri","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sameer","middleName":"","lastName":"Badri","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-08-28 17:29:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3304243/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3304243/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":43313595,"identity":"7f1f009f-7e62-4ca3-9d37-416ad064e790","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-18 16:45:35","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":486253,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eWingate-based HIIT Program.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3304243/v1/f6851c96718265b41fa97c36.png"},{"id":47697514,"identity":"1c3594b6-3954-4d84-a913-1a754cb9afcd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-12-06 10:30:17","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":783829,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3304243/v1/c81ebfe2-27ae-4091-b18d-13191612e989.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Combination of High-Intensity Interval Training and Creatine Intake Enhances Leg Strength and Anaerobic Power without Changes in Body Composition in Physically Active Adult Men","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eExercise routine and nutritional intake affect physical performance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Improvement of performance and capacity among athletes of different levels (professional, amateur, recreational etc.) augmented through using nutritional supplements and ergogenic aids [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR4\" citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Creatine monohydrate is one of the ergogenic aids used for this purpose. Creatine monohydrate consumption has been reported to provide multiple benefits including increasing muscle size, strength, and power [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], improving performance during short bursts of high-extension exercises [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e], and increasing post-exercise recovery [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. In the literature, there are some studies examining the effects of creatine intake on increasing the performance level and body composition in some sports branches [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Some of these studies have shown an increase in lean body mass [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] and type II muscle fiber area [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] in addition to performance. Whereas, other studies reported only the effect of creatine supplement on the anaerobic power and performance level during swimming [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], rowing [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] and cycling [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApart from nutritional ergogenic aids, different training methods are also used to increase athletic performance. As a training model high intensity interval training (HIIT), has become popular in recent years for its effects on aerobic and anaerobic performance improvement [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. HIIT is known as interval training at high intensity above the anaerobic threshold, and consists of repetitions of short and medium-term exercises that include intermittent passive and/or active rests [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Inducing intermittent physiological stress, providing chronic adaptation and increasing energy efficiency are shown as the reasons why HIIT is effective in increasing performance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. HIIT attracts more attention than traditional aerobic training programs because repetitive short-term high-intensity training, combined with low-intensity recovery, tends to further improve aerobic and anaerobic energy systems, metabolic functions and physical performance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. For instance, in a study comparing the effects of HIIT and moderate continuous training in badminton players it was observed that HIIT training increased the anaerobic power and enhanced the body composition by decreasing the percent body fat. Therefore, HIIT was reported as an effective method to improve strength and physical performance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. High intensity interval training can be applied with many different methods and equipment. Some of those are Wingate ergometer [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], circuit training method [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e], treadmill [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], Tabata training method [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e] and other bicycle ergometers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite the time-efficiency of HIIT in inducing chronic physiological adaptation, it depletes phosphocreatine stores in the muscle and decreases power output by creating fatigue [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition to this, it has been observed that high-intensity exercise performance increases with the increase of intramuscular phosphocreatine [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], and it is thought that creatine intake may be effective in this process. It is predicted that phosphocreatine synthesis and the rate of mitochondrial transfer of ATP to the cytoplasm may increase with adequate level of creatine supplementation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. This suggests that performing HIIT with creatine supplementation will provide further improvement. Therefore, the purpose of this current six-week study was to compare the effectiveness of high intensity interval training alone with high intensity interval training and 10 gram of creatine intake per session in physically active adult men during six-week training period. We hypothesized that creatine supplementation with Wingate-based HIIT will positively affect lean body mass, leg strength, and anaerobic power parameters.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"2. Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Study Design\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn this experimental research design the effects of creatine supplementation on body composition, leg strength, and anaerobic power values in physically active adult men was examined. After obtaining the legal permissions, the participants visited the measurement site for the first time for familiarization, and they were explained the details of the study and shown the tests. Three days later, the participants made their second visit for pre-tests. First, the body composition and leg strength were evaluated, and after 20 minutes of rest, the Wingate Anaerobic Power Test was measured. Throughout the six-week study, both groups were included in the same Wingate based HIIT program, with the duration and number of sets increasing in the second three weeks. During this time, one of the groups took 10 g of creatine per training session. Three days after the end of the study, the participants visited the measurement site for post-tests and the study was terminated.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Participants\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA minimum of 12 participants, 6 in each group, were determined for the appropriate sample size in accordance with the G*power software (alpha value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05, 1-beta value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.80, and effect size\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.6) [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e], and a total of 20 physically active adult men, aged 18\u0026ndash;30 years, without any medical history and not using drugs or ergogenic aids were included in the study. The ethical approval for the research was obtained from the Ethical Committee of Ankara University Rectorate (Number: E-56786525-050.04.04/378028 Decision Number: 2022/02) and it was carried out in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki\u0026apos;s 2013 principles. Written inform consent forms that explain the study to the participant and any right and risk were derived prior to data collection. After having these official permissions, the participants were divided into two groups as those who performed Wingate-based HIIT with creatine (C-HIIT) (age: 21.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.79 years; height: 179.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.26 cm; weight: 76.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.66 kg) and those who performed only Wingate-based HIIT (HIIT) (age: 20.167\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.98 years; height: 172.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.88 cm; weight: 66.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.51kg). Only 15 participants were able to terminate the study, as 5 of the participants were excluded from the study due to sport injuries (n; HIIT\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6, C-HIIT\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Wingate-based HIIT Program\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn the study to observe the effects of creatine, short-term HIIT was planned, and the exercise program was performed using a stationary bicycle. Participants in the C-HIIT and HIIT group performed the same Wingate-based HIIT with a resistance equal to 7.5% of body weight, three times a week for six weeks. The Wingate-based HIIT program is explained in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWingate-based HIIT Program.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirst Three Week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLast Three Week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWarm-up\u003c/strong\u003e: Warm-up at 70 rpm for 4 minutes, including 2\u0026ndash;3 seconds of maximal sprint at 1.30 and 2.30 minutes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWingate-based HIIT\u003c/strong\u003e: HIIT 4 sets of 12x15 seconds of maximal repetitions with 15 seconds of passive rest between reps in each set\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCool-down\u003c/strong\u003e: 4 minutes of passive rest between sets\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWarm-up\u003c/strong\u003e: Warm-up at 70 rpm for 4 minutes, including 2\u0026ndash;3 seconds of maximal sprint at 1.30 and 2.30 minutes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWingate-based HIIT\u003c/strong\u003e: HIIT 5 sets of 20x15 seconds of maximal repetitions with 15 seconds of passive rest between reps in each set\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCool-down\u003c/strong\u003e: 4 minutes of passive rest between sets\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Creatine Supplement\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo observe the effects of creatine in the study, 10 g of creatine supplementation was taken only on training days during the study period. Participants in the C-HIIT group used 10 g of creatine monohydrate by dissolved in 200 ml of water. Creatine supplementation was taken in two doses of five grams, 30 minutes before and right after the training session.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.5. Wingate Anaerobic Power Test\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Wingate anaerobic power test, a measure of lactic and alactic anaerobic power, was performed using a bicycle ergometer [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Before the test started, detailed information was given to the participants about the test. After the briefing, a four-minute warm-up protocol with a bicycle ergometer at 60\u0026ndash;80 rpm pedal speed and 50 W workload was applied. Followed by 4 minutes of passive resting. Seat and handlebar adjustments were made for each participant, considering their leg lengths [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. Weights of 7.5% kilograms of their body weight for each participant were placed on the pan of the bicycle ergometer and anaerobic power testing was initiated [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. When the participants reached the pedal speed to 150 rpm, the pan went down automatically and the Wingate Anaerobic Power Test started [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. Participants maximal effort pedaled against the weights for 30-seconds was collected. The Wingate software was used in which the program set up with the ergometers. Information about the relevant power parameters during the test was transmitted to the software program on the computer. All absolute and relative power parameters (values such as peak power, minimum power, average power, power drop etc.) and total energy expenditure were calculated by the software program.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.6. Body Composition\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe body composition was determined using the PlusAvis 333 device (Jawon Medical, South Korea). Measurements were made according to standard techniques while the participants were wearing only shorts and without shoes [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. When the participants exited the device, the data entered into the device (height, gender, age) was expected to appear on the device screen. Then, hand electrodes were attached to the participants and body composition measurements were taken for 10 seconds with the arms at either side in a stretched position [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. Each of the participants was warned to stop taking alcohol and diuretic products at least 12 hours before the measurement and to stop eating and drinking at least four hours before the measurement. In addition, participants were asked to empty their bladders before the measurement. Finally, the participants were asked to remove the metal items they were wearing. As body composition parameters the body weight (BW), percent body fat (PBF), mass of body fat (MBF), lean body weight (LBW), body mass index (BMI), total body water (TW), and the basal metabolic rate (BMR) were used in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.7. Leg Strength\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBack and leg dynamometer (Takei-Back \u0026amp; Lift, Japan) was used to measure leg strength. Participants placed their feet on the dynamometer stand. The legs were bent at 15 angles, the body slightly forward, and the back straight. The participants pulled the dynamometer bar, which they grasped with their hands, using only their legs (without a back), without changing their current position, until the knees were extended. Participants repeated this draw twice, and the best value for each participant was recorded [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.8. Statistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIBM SPSS 24.0 program (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used to statistically analyze the data obtained in the study. Firstly, the distribution of the data was evaluated to determine the test used to compare the data as parametric or non-parametric. This normality distribution assessment was tested by using Shapiro Wilk Test, as both groups had less than 50 participants. Determination of the mean difference in within-group statistics was performed by Paired Sample t-Test in data with normal distribution and with Wilcoxon test in data where it was not normal. Independent Sample t-Test or Mann-Whitney U Test was utilized for comparisons between groups, depending on the data distribution. Groups are expressed as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard error. The alpha value was accepted as 0.05 in all statistical analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe pre- and post-test findings of the body composition and leg strength parameters is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. According to the findings a significant difference was observed only in the leg strength value in the C-HIIT group (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,.05). None of the body composition parameters was statistically different in both HIIT and C-HIIT groups (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of the parameters and average differences of body composition and leg strength.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody Weight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC-HIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.270\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP-value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.964\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.902\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent Body Fat (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC-HIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP-value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.587\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.217\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMass of Body Fat (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC-HIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.086\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.063\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP-value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.743\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.909\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLean Body Mass (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC-HIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.442\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.599\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP-value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.981\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.446\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Body Water (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC-HIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.246\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.588\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP-value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.978\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.507\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMI (kg/m\u0026sup2;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC-HIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.336\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.346\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP-value_\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.676\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.778\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMR (kcal)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC-HIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1672.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;117.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1679.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;130.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.502\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1554.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;117.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1562.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;115.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.345\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP-value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.910\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.569\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeg Strength\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC-HIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.038*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;29.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.650\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP-value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.951\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.553\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e* p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMI: Body mass index, BMR: Basal metabolic rate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs seen in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, similar to the leg strength value significant differences in the C-HIIT group were found almost all Wingate anaerobic test results when compared with the HIIT group. Both absolute and relative peak power, average power, and minimum power, and total energy expended showed increases in C-HIIT group (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of the parameters and average differences of Wingate Anaerobic Power Test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP_ value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeak Power (W)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC-HIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e892.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;151.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e999.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;182.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e802.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;137.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e803.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;156.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.985\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP-value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.640\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.814\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelative Peak Power (W/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC-HIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.370\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP-value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.519\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.683\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage Power (W)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC-HIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e603.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;119.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e682.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;120.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e577.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;99.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e544.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;119.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.512\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP-value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.627\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.824\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelative Average Power (W/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC-HIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.345\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP-value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.089\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.572\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinimum Power (W)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC-HIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e310.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;136.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e396.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;107.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e309.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;104.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e290.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;105.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.750\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP-value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.211\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.666\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelative Minimum Power (W/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC-HIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.753\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP-value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.272\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.826\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePower Drop (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC-HIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.706\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP-value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.298\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.197\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Energy (joul)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC-HIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17172.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3759.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19716.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3634.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHIIT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16736.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2847.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15584.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3679.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.499\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP-value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.489\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.792\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e**p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study aimed to determine whether there was a difference in the effects of taking 10 gram of creatine supplementation per session with Wingate-based HIIT on body composition, leg strength, and anaerobic power parameters when compared Wingate-based HIIT alone. For this purpose, fifteen physically active, healthy adult male participants divided into C-HIIT and HIIT groups and performed the same training for six weeks.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the current research, it was found that six weeks of HIIT did not cause any changes in body composition independent of creatine intake. There was no significant change in any of the body weight, percent body weight, mass of body fat, lean body mass, total body water, BMI, BMR parameters in both groups. It is seen that different results have been obtained in other studies in the literature on this subject. For instance, Alonso-Fern\u0026aacute;ndez et al. (2019) investigated the effect of HIIT based functional body weight exercises that performed with a 20/10 work/rest ratio for 7 weeks in 26 children [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. According to their results, while cardiorespiratory fitness increased, the percent body fat decreased. These findings differ from those obtained in the present research. The reason for this can be interpreted as the fact that the research group is not physically active adults as in the current research and the body composition values of children can change in a short time.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForbes et al.'s study supports this interpretation. VO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003emax, ventilation threshold, lean body mass, mass of body fat, anaerobic power and insulin sensitivity were measured in the study examining the effects of HIIT training performed three days a week for a total of four weeks on some physical fitness parameters in 17 recreationally active adult women [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. As a result, they reported an increase in anaerobic power value with no change in any of the body composition parameters. The increase in anaerobic power regardless of body composition is similar to current research. Unlike the current research, the increase in anaerobic power within four weeks without creatine supplementation may also be due to the research group. A study group with a lower level of physical fitness than in the current study may be the reason for the significant increase in a short time.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe more important point of this research is to examine the effects of creatine taken with Wingate-based HIIT on leg strength and anaerobic power values. According to the results, it was found that Wingate based HIIT with creatine intake increases the both absolute and relative anaerobic power values such as peak power, average power, minimum power and also total anergy expended significantly (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). An improvement in the same direction was also seen in leg strength (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). There are some studies in the literature that examine the effects of activity types similar to or different from the current study, together with creatine intake, on some performance parameters. In one of these studies Graef et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] compared the effects of 10 g of creatine intake per session with HIIT that performed five days a week for four weeks with HIIT alone, and concluded that creatine supplementation had no additional positive effects on maximal oxygen consumption despite an increase in ventilatory threshold. However, it is observed in the literature that the positive effects of creatine on performance increase as the duration of the activity gets shorter. Examining the effect of 20 g creatine supplementation for 5 days on kayak ergometer performance over different durations, McNaughton et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e] divided the participants into creatine placebo, and groups and made them performed three maximum kayak ergometer tests of 90, 150 and 300 seconds. At the end of the research, they reported that creatine intake improves the amount of the work reached during the kayak ergometer performance at durations ranging from 90 to 300 seconds. In another study, Kendall et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]\u0026rsquo;s investigated the effects of four-week HIIT program with 5 sets of 2-minute exercise bouts with 1 minute rest interval on the cycle ergometer and creatine supplementation on critical power and anaerobic working capacity in college-aged men. The subjects were assigned to creatine, placebo and control groups. According to their results, it was observed that the maximum power output increased in the creatine group, while the anaerobic working capacity did not change. Similarly, Romer et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e] found positive effects of 5-day creatine monohydrate loading of 0.075 g per kilogram of body weight four times a day and high intensity, intermittent exercises consisting of 10 sets of 2 repetitions of a simulated game in squash players. As a result of the study, a significant reduction in sprint time was observed. Balsom et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e] reported that six days of creatine loading (20 g per day) with HIIT sessions on a cycle ergometer did affect the power output in 10-second exercise period and increase the total muscle creatine and phosphocreatine concentration, but did not alter jump performance in physically active males. Unlike the current research, it has been observed that there are changes in body composition to the observed performance change. This may be due to the amount and frequency of creatine loading. However, some studies also show that creatine intake with HIIT does not have any positive effect on anaerobic performance. For instance, Biwer et al. did not observe any positive alterations on submaximal running interspersed with high-intensity intervals, after creatine monohydrate loading of 0.3 g per kilogram of body weight during six days [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. The only significant change was the increase found in body mass of male participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are also studies in the literature showing the positive effects of HIIT training without creatine intake on leg strength and anaerobic power. For example, in a study evaluating the effects of combined upper and lower body HIIT on muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness, leg extensor muscle strength, handgrip strength, and health-related quality of life in adults over 50 years of age, Hurst et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e] concluded that the exercise program performed using a hydraulic resistance ergometer, twice a week for 12 weeks caused significant difference in body weight, BMI, body fat thickness, maximum aerobic power and maximum anaerobic power. In Fatemeh et al.\u0026rsquo;s study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e] subjects performed HIIT on a treadmill for 3 weeks, three sessions for a week. According to the data obtained, there was a significant difference in body weight, BMI, body fat thickness, maximum aerobic power and maximum anaerobic power in the group performing HIIT (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001), while there was no change in waist-hip ratio (WHR). Different from the present research, the reason for reaching these results may be the differences in the training protocol and the initial performance levels of the participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrent research had some limitations. Firstly, due to sports injuries experienced, the number of participants was terminated with one less person than planned. Secondly, this study was conducted only on female subjects. Adding both genders in future studies may provide more detailed results. Another suggestion is to expand the research group with professional athletes from sports branches where different energy metabolisms are active. In this way, different results arising from the research group in the literature can be avoided. Finally, the addition of non-invasive measurement methods such as heart rate variability, which also provides information about the autonomic nervous system, will provide a broader understanding of the chronic effects of creatine and HIIT training.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eWhen the findings obtained as a result of the research were examined, it was seen that 10 gram of creatine supplement per session together with Wingate-based HIIT performed three days a week for six weeks, had an effect and increased the both absolute and relative anaerobic power parameters such as peak power, average power and minimum power values, and total energy expenditure, and it improved leg strength without causing any change in body composition parameters. Although creatine supplementation has positive effects on anaerobic performance parameters in many studies, it is seen that different results can be reached in some studies when the literature is examined. The type of creatine used, the total amount, the amount of loading per unit time, the content of the training with creatine intake and the physical activity level of the participants may affect the results. Therefore, future studies may carry out detailed studies with more participants and experimental groups. This way it will be easier to examine the net effect.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ethical permission for the research was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Ankara University Rectorate (Number: E-56786525-050.04.04/378028 decision number: 2022/02) and it was carried out in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki\u0026apos;s 2013 principles. \u0026ldquo;Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was funded by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2023R 286), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Conceptualization, T.N.E., and D.A. methodology, T.N.E, and D.A. software, D.A.; validation, D.A. formal analysis, T.N.E.; investigation, T.N.E.; resources, D.A.; data curation, D.A.; writing-original draft preparation, T.N.E.; writing-review and editing, D.A., M.G., M.A., A.D., S.B.A.; visualization D.A. supervision D.A.; project administration, D.A.; funding acquisition, M.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to restrictions on privacy.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to thank the Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University for supporting this project through the Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2023R 286), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGuest NS, et al. Sport Nutrigenomics: Personalized Nutrition for Athletic Performance. Front Nutr. 2019;6:8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. 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J Physiol Sci. 2019;69(4):559\u0026ndash;72.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSchaun GZ, Vecchio FBD. High-Intensity Interval Exercises' Acute Impact on Heart Rate Variability: Comparison Between Whole-Body and Cycle Ergometer Protocols. J Strength Cond Res. 2018;32(1):223\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBogdanis GC, et al. Recovery of power output and muscle metabolites following 30 s of maximal sprint cycling in man. J Physiol. 1995;482(Pt 2):467\u0026ndash;80.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSyrotuik DG, Bell GJ. Acute creatine monohydrate supplementation: a descriptive physiological profile of responders vs. nonresponders. J Strength Cond Res. 2004;18(3):610\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHarris RC, S\u0026ouml;derlund K, Hultman E. Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation. Clin Sci (Lond). 1992;83(3):367\u0026ndash;74.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHultman E et al. \u003cem\u003eMuscle creatine loading in men.\u003c/em\u003e J Appl Physiol (1985), 1996. 81(1): p.\u0026nbsp;232-7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFaul F, et al. G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175\u0026ndash;91.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBar-Or O. The Wingate anaerobic test an update on methodology, reliability and validity. Sports Med. 1987;4(6):381\u0026ndash;94.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eInbar O, Bar-Or O, Skinner JS. The Wingate anaerobic test. John Wiley \u0026amp; Sons; 1996.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLohman TG, Roche AF, Martorell R. Anthropometric standardization reference manual. Human kinetics books; 1988.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKushner RF. Bioelectrical impedance analysis: a review of principles and applications. J Am Coll Nutr. 1992;11(2):199\u0026ndash;209.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlp M, Kılın\u0026ccedil; F, Suna G. \u003cem\u003eHazırlık Sezonunda Hentbolculara Uygulanan Antrenmanların Bazı Antropometrik ve Biyomotorik \u0026Ouml;zellikler \u0026Uuml;zerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi.\u003c/em\u003e SSTB, 2015: p.\u0026nbsp;47.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlonso-Fern\u0026aacute;ndez D, et al. Impact of a HIIT protocol on body composition and VO2max in adolescents. Sci Sports. 2019;34(5):341\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eForbes SC, et al. 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S\u003cem\u003ekeletal muscle metabolism during short duration high-intensity exercise: influence of creatine supplementation\u003c/em\u003e. Acta Physiol Scand. 1995;154(3):303\u0026ndash;10.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBiwer CJ, et al. The effect of creatine on treadmill running with high-intensity intervals. J Strength Conditioning Res. 2003;17(3):439\u0026ndash;45.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHurst C, Weston KL, Weston M. The effect of 12 weeks of combined upper- and lower-body high-intensity interval training on muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness in older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2019;31(5):661\u0026ndash;71.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFatemeh B, Ramin S, Marzieh N. \u003cem\u003eEffect of high-intensity interval training on body composition and bioenergetic indices in boys-futsal players\u003c/em\u003e. Phys Educ students, 2016. 5.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Anaerobic power, Ergogenic aids, HIIT, Creatine, Performance","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3304243/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3304243/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferent training methods and ergogenic aids has been used to increase athletic performance. In this study, to understand the effect of the combination of the six-week high intensity interval training (HIIT) and creatine supplementation on body composition, leg strength, and anaerobic power in physically active male adults was purposed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this six-week study a total of fifteen physically active men with the mean age of 21.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.68 years were divided into two groups as Wingate based HIIT training group (HIIT) and Wingate based HIIT training\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Creatine supplementation group (C-HIIT). Both groups performed a total of six weeks three days a week of HIIT training, the scope of which increased in the second three-week period and organized based on Wingate. In addition to these trainings, the C-HIIT group took a total of 10 g of creatine each training day, 5 grams 30 minutes before the load and 5 grams immediately after the load. Their body composition, leg strength, anaerobic power measurements were taken three days before the study started and three days after it ended.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the findings, although there was no significant difference in body composition values between the two groups, it was observed that leg strength (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and anaerobic power parameters such as peak power, average power, and minimum power improved significantly in the C-HIIT group (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparative effectiveness of additive of 10 gram of creatine monohydrate to HIIT appears to be efficient in improving leg strength and anaerobic power in physically active adult men.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eTrial registration\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research was registered retrospectively on August 7, 2023 with the number NCT05981820.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Combination of High-Intensity Interval Training and Creatine Intake Enhances Leg Strength and Anaerobic Power without Changes in Body Composition in Physically Active Adult Men","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-09-18 16:45:30","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3304243/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"db4972ee-fc0c-4e9c-9817-7e42f7c6e684","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 18th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-12-06T10:29:56+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-09-18 16:45:30","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3304243","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3304243","identity":"rs-3304243","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}