Adaptive AI-based Voltage Regulation in DC Microgrids Using Novel Power Optimization with Learning for Load Operations Algorithm

Adaptive AI-based Voltage Regulation in DC Microgrids Using Novel Power Optimization with Learning for Load Operations Algorithm | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Adaptive AI-based Voltage Regulation in DC Microgrids Using Novel Power Optimization with Learning for Load Operations Algorithm Amit Kumar Pandey, Prabhakar Tiwari, DINESH KUMAR NISHAD This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6829161/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 3 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This paper presents a novel AI-based Adaptive Power Optimization with Learning for Load Operations (APOLLO) Algorithm for improving power quality in DC microgrid systems, which significantly outperforms conventional control methods. Our hybrid framework integrates Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for feature extraction, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks for temporal pattern recognition, and Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) for adaptive control optimization. The proposed system demonstrates superior voltage regulation, achieving a 94.7% reduction in steady-state error and a 78.3% faster transient response compared to traditional PI controllers. Computational efficiency tests reveal an average execution time of 2.5 ms on standard embedded hardware platforms, making real-time implementation feasible for practical applications. The algorithm performs robustly under various disturbances, including load variations (± 50%), source fluctuations, and fault scenarios. Extensive validation was conducted through simulation studies using MATLAB/Simulink and hardware-in-the-loop testing on a laboratory-scale 380V DC microgrid prototype with distributed renewable energy sources, validating the approach's effectiveness across diverse operating conditions. This work addresses critical challenges in DC microgrid stability and demonstrates the potential of AI techniques to enhance power quality in next-generation distributed energy systems. Artificial intelligence machine learning DC microgrid power quality power supply unit voltage regulation harmonics Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Jan, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 09 Jan, 2026 First submitted to journal 05 Jun, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6829161","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":572071964,"identity":"5c9a7051-71c7-429a-826c-0ebec49ad6a1","order_by":0,"name":"Amit Kumar Pandey","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amit","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"Pandey","suffix":""},{"id":572071965,"identity":"5e13c6aa-271c-4b61-8593-bafb13f293cb","order_by":1,"name":"Prabhakar Tiwari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Madan Mohan Malaviya Engineering College: Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Prabhakar","middleName":"","lastName":"Tiwari","suffix":""},{"id":572071966,"identity":"5bf85793-04aa-4248-ba9f-7276892dfbc1","order_by":2,"name":"DINESH KUMAR NISHAD","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABFklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCw0DM2MDAwyDBwCDxAchuYz74gIHBwII4LZIzQFrYkg2AWiRwazkA0cIA0iLNA2KDtTDg1sJ3nPfgw5877sjIz25+eNt2j41sHxsz64YfBRIM/O3dCdi0SB7mSzbmPfOMx+DOMWPrnGdpxm1szGw3e4AOkzhzdgM2LQaHecykGdsO8xhIJJhJ5xw4nNgm33/sBpAL9E4uLi3mP38CtcjPSP8mbXHgfyLYlj/4tZgx8AK1MNzIMZNmOHAArOU2PlskD/MYS4O0GNzIKbbsOZAM9sttGQMJHlx+4Tt/xvAj0GH2QIdtvPHjgJ3s/Dagw978sZHjb+/FqgU34CFN+SgYBaNgFIwCZAAAXwRg6YaKEfcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5270-0922","institution":"Madan Mohan Malaviya Engineering College: Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"DINESH","middleName":"KUMAR","lastName":"NISHAD","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-05 12:33:40","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6829161/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6829161/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":100178070,"identity":"8031213d-0775-4560-a3e9-7389e22c7f56","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-13 18:32:20","extension":"xml","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":7099,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"socoSOCOD2501438.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/200ddbd3a502d1aa6001bfcc.xml"},{"id":100368541,"identity":"0a0af519-40c3-4895-9de0-1237baf16732","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:58:04","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":953,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SOCOD250143889037.go.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/0edce16180ef331dab6a086f.xml"},{"id":100369064,"identity":"d452c10e-913e-429a-a551-7d3d0722dc25","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:58:41","extension":"xml","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":817,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SOCOD2501438Import.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/aeb01e37e033b5e8e8d444c2.xml"},{"id":100369459,"identity":"17d41eab-a9ef-4f62-b869-83d4973e4e24","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:59:04","extension":"xml","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":264146,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SOCOD25014380enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/6864aa9c53068702a527d3f3.xml"},{"id":100369052,"identity":"365742ae-919e-4fce-9d2d-78863b91b9dd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:58:39","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":311433,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/2ed9a5a28c5b8bf3f00bc265.png"},{"id":100368339,"identity":"a9f8e66c-f033-4cc1-8d1b-b88d33810855","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:57:52","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":42978,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/0c15a4a466a51a02755eee88.png"},{"id":100369793,"identity":"6a452c2b-db64-46ea-b36e-ccfd9f94cb78","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:59:29","extension":"emf","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":48168,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/2b27a4234e70c61e270edb65.emf"},{"id":100178093,"identity":"df8cb5c6-6d36-46d9-a76b-c41ad160a366","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-13 18:32:21","extension":"emf","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":486652,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/8c8117f7dcfdfa730cb69fe8.emf"},{"id":100369367,"identity":"17ca953c-22c2-4553-81f6-d3c80ab51575","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:58:58","extension":"emf","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":744440,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/526604bbe22e3d9db659e0db.emf"},{"id":100178085,"identity":"9800ccb6-7c10-4170-8ef2-3cd0fa283620","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-13 18:32:21","extension":"emf","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":369204,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage14.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/11bec2b441f2ba4b6021d3ad.emf"},{"id":100369448,"identity":"67bdbdc6-a7b6-4e37-ac33-a96d51848db8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:59:03","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":157673,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/95dc30ab3f655aa6d2c335cd.png"},{"id":100369615,"identity":"fe2eafa5-f61e-47b3-8736-8bd08c4000db","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:59:11","extension":"emf","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":98848,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage16.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/c94b704d6dae0896f46be78a.emf"},{"id":100368544,"identity":"5222e5d3-5ba0-4bb4-933f-89ffe29cd922","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:58:04","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":452788,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/cb055b012a8a5bc6a3f8239a.png"},{"id":100369813,"identity":"d3903738-10b2-414c-9773-1925040d9e15","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:59:30","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":356256,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/47fa1c4b7c2f8abe1d589119.png"},{"id":100369361,"identity":"884041f1-3aea-454f-97c5-d95824498432","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:58:58","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":207098,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/58c027a11f52f4511f009969.png"},{"id":100178097,"identity":"35e746a8-bf95-4c06-a764-edae1029a4f8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-13 18:32:22","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":275972,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/5c7963a04e732e0ccb954b23.png"},{"id":100178092,"identity":"a6b8f56c-0bb1-44d1-9dfb-aaa6923e2aa2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-13 18:32:21","extension":"emf","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":595144,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/5c2e5b2b0adb62952ad19429.emf"},{"id":100178096,"identity":"7b9461af-be05-4e94-8e93-c1e0119e9524","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-13 18:32:21","extension":"emf","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":113908,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/0db63adf7b8059ba4d523d83.emf"},{"id":100178100,"identity":"98bdea14-05db-418f-a318-25b074020ad9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-13 18:32:22","extension":"emf","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":994452,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/d09bed6db017de24483de499.emf"},{"id":100369034,"identity":"9daa35c7-d3c4-4d24-ac04-82db8543ee1f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:58:38","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":58874,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/e6adf882ae4384f4a17a0369.png"},{"id":100368843,"identity":"afac2050-e9c5-460e-8b61-4d59974f8b56","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:58:26","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":107903,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/c70bcaac3d7c48932c518276.png"},{"id":100367749,"identity":"32da6a48-927c-45b0-a619-139f7b8574c1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:57:16","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":17183,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/932ded1feb6821090de4db45.png"},{"id":100369824,"identity":"dbbba0aa-d885-4371-92e6-17070b9288d6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:59:32","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":16897,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/c9f8d3a4f57d4856f42daf93.png"},{"id":100369846,"identity":"9db41e73-8360-4318-91a8-beb69324a176","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:59:33","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":15410,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/1a4dcaa202929c4344a3c92d.png"},{"id":100369039,"identity":"294b5a33-e1ee-451b-82a4-4bf8770a4c40","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:58:38","extension":"png","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":10556,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/b3a3f9970ced0a8d97175519.png"},{"id":100369209,"identity":"96192904-578b-486e-8dc2-79c1ebc36154","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:58:48","extension":"png","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":18393,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/a343751ae92ba230e6130413.png"},{"id":100178089,"identity":"555232ff-ea57-49b5-bfa5-ef30b29a9ef9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-13 18:32:21","extension":"png","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":87805,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/f371ea53c2548ac33e182d35.png"},{"id":100369336,"identity":"ab8853ea-67d0-4e3f-864d-6b5112652e09","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:58:56","extension":"png","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":14878,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/71099bc749423a533325075c.png"},{"id":100178103,"identity":"639a1a69-c9af-4001-aa22-8c29599e442a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-13 18:32:22","extension":"png","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":144660,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/e8382e462e1571edf3946a64.png"},{"id":100178095,"identity":"631c5bce-1265-4101-8cb2-7202ccd07c39","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-13 18:32:21","extension":"png","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":129692,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/d91561ef38c75cebae242445.png"},{"id":100178101,"identity":"f5e03ba4-d6c0-428a-afe9-2d32b82a53d9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-13 18:32:22","extension":"png","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":74828,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/56687206cabe4576be771937.png"},{"id":100178098,"identity":"fa64aa79-1601-4719-98fd-881f570cc820","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-13 18:32:22","extension":"png","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":91951,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/a5875118d5da9fed805cb4ed.png"},{"id":100178102,"identity":"16c14dd0-aeaa-43ec-b280-dbd530fe4309","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-13 18:32:22","extension":"png","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":24489,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/f3b78168af95f49c30cfbf32.png"},{"id":100178099,"identity":"afc12944-aa6c-4493-bcbd-27e13a46e5c4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-13 18:32:22","extension":"png","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":16973,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/202472d6a33b0a44343ed97a.png"},{"id":100369054,"identity":"4c428856-126d-4e8b-84ce-4ba026633c04","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:58:40","extension":"png","order_by":35,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":53438,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/656c70aabfe833627467a4d4.png"},{"id":100369088,"identity":"f41f1f45-8bf9-4ebb-a771-43adc4687546","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:58:41","extension":"png","order_by":36,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":20979,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/e87b0b17f4ca1610b7119802.png"},{"id":100369126,"identity":"02495c51-21ee-42bc-8e26-c5072a9f0080","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:58:42","extension":"xml","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":262862,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SOCOD25014380structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/901c7963954a7ae2c3666c7a.xml"},{"id":100178105,"identity":"53a2039e-98dd-4c31-8de6-feeb659fa315","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-13 18:32:22","extension":"html","order_by":38,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":287255,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1/13e97bda657be25fc425faad.html"},{"id":100382871,"identity":"f265220e-235b-4722-b583-56cd33f9492b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 10:44:53","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2835128,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"N1AIBasedPowerDCMicrogridedited.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829161/v1_covered_fb9ca88c-7459-43b1-a8e9-e3c486bbd699.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Adaptive AI-based Voltage Regulation in DC Microgrids Using Novel Power Optimization with Learning for Load Operations Algorithm","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"soft-computing","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"soco","sideBox":"Learn more about [Soft Computing](https://www.springer.com/journal/500)","snPcode":"500","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/500/3","title":"Soft Computing","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Artificial intelligence, machine learning, DC microgrid, power quality, power supply unit, voltage regulation, harmonics","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6829161/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6829161/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis paper presents a novel AI-based Adaptive Power Optimization with Learning for Load Operations (APOLLO) Algorithm for improving power quality in DC microgrid systems, which significantly outperforms conventional control methods. Our hybrid framework integrates Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for feature extraction, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks for temporal pattern recognition, and Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) for adaptive control optimization. The proposed system demonstrates superior voltage regulation, achieving a 94.7% reduction in steady-state error and a 78.3% faster transient response compared to traditional PI controllers. Computational efficiency tests reveal an average execution time of 2.5 ms on standard embedded hardware platforms, making real-time implementation feasible for practical applications. The algorithm performs robustly under various disturbances, including load variations (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50%), source fluctuations, and fault scenarios. Extensive validation was conducted through simulation studies using MATLAB/Simulink and hardware-in-the-loop testing on a laboratory-scale 380V DC microgrid prototype with distributed renewable energy sources, validating the approach's effectiveness across diverse operating conditions. This work addresses critical challenges in DC microgrid stability and demonstrates the potential of AI techniques to enhance power quality in next-generation distributed energy systems.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Adaptive AI-based Voltage Regulation in DC Microgrids Using Novel Power Optimization with Learning for Load Operations Algorithm","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-13 18:32:15","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6829161/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2026-01-09T22:25:12+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-09T13:03:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Soft Computing","date":"2025-06-05T08:33:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"soft-computing","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"soco","sideBox":"Learn more about [Soft Computing](https://www.springer.com/journal/500)","snPcode":"500","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/500/3","title":"Soft Computing","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"97668934-4f0e-47f0-b737-40d7e339bc15","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 13th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-13T18:32:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-13 18:32:15","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6829161","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6829161","identity":"rs-6829161","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}