Moringa bio-stimulant promoted cotton production via coordinating anti-oxidants and physiological behaviors to combat reproductive drought stress

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Foliar spray of moringa bio-stimulants significantly improved the morphological development attributes including plant populations (6.40%), plant height (4.84%), harvested boll plant − 1 (2.70%), average boll weight (18.20%), seed cotton yield (9.72%) under flowering drought followed by fruit’s formation drought during the second year as compared to the first year of the trials. An increasing trend was observed in the physiological attributes including specific leaf weight (11.70%), relative water contents (25.41%), relative cell injury (2.24%), relative membrane permeability (12.26%) after the moringa treatment as compared to seaweed, nitro-phenolates, hydro in control as well as flowering drought condition during the year 2024 than 2023 of the experiments. Among bio-stimulants, moringa foliar spray triggered the higher production of anti-oxidants including total soluble proteins (14.10%), superoxide dismutase (12.61%), peroxidase (33.17%), catalase (2.18%), total phenolic contents (9.55%) under fruit’s formation drought and flowering drought than control during the year-II compared to year-I of the trials. Data revealed the significant interaction effect of applied moringa bio-stimulant improved fiber quality parameters including fiber fineness (5.82%), fiber strength (2.43%), fiber uniformity (1.09%), staple length (2.66%) under flowering drought followed by fruit’s formation drought after control conditions during the 2nd year trials than 1st year. The average both years of the economic analysis proved the cost-effectiveness of applied moringa bio-stimulant with higher net income (2252.66US $ ) and benefit-cost ratio (3.97) as compared to other bio-stimulant in control followed by flowering drought and fruit’s formation drought. So, it is concluded that cotton yield can be improved by using the moringa foliar spray during the unfavorable conditions of environmental drought stress condition. Biological sciences/Physiology Biological sciences/Plant sciences Cotton yield Moringa Fiber quality Anti-oxidants Drought Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Climate change coupled with global warming is a serious problem for the agricultural sector in developing countries, especially in Pakistan. Meteorological data indicate an exceptional increase in global climate temperature of 1–2°C by 2050 1 . The temperature fluctuations diminished crop production due to counteracting various drastic environmental abiotic stresses including water, heat, saline, etc 2 , 3 . Drought could harm arable land and lead to a 46% reduction in crop production by the end of the 21st century 4 . Its persistence depended on the plant-water-soil relationship resulting from uneven rainfall, unbalanced plant evapotranspiration, and reduced soil moisture retention 5 . Moisture stress inhibits plant growth, leading to impaired nutrient absorption and reduced physiological activity 6 . Cotton is cultivated as a fiber crop in tropical regions worldwide with > 40°C temperature 7 . Its production achieved a significant role in the food and fiber industry based on the consumption of > 120 million bales 8 . Unfortunately, cotton production in major producing countries like Pakistan is being hampered by global climate change, including droughts and heatwaves 9 . Cotton is considered an exhaustive crop and required throughout the entire vegetative–reproductive growth stages 10 . Water stress during the reproductive stages, referred to as reproductive drought significantly impaired crop production. Observations proved that vegetative drought has a lesser impact (10–30%) compared to reproductive drought (50–80%) on cotton cultivation, especially during the flowering and fruit’s formation stages 11 . Reproductive drought decreased the morphological growth – developmental attributes, physiological parameters, anti-oxidant contents, fiber quality-related traits, and ultimately reduced the benefit-cost ratio of cotton 12 . Therefore, cotton cultivation may require a sustainable and organic approach to mitigate the negative impact of reproductive drought and improve the drought tolerance for higher cotton seed production. Moringa leaf extract (MLE 30 ) is one the best and most effective bio-stimulant growth regulators used for enhancing metabolic performance, boosting up crop yield and quality 13 . The exogenous application of moringa extract may serve to improve resistance due to its potential anti-oxidant contents, alleviate relative cell damage, and improve fiber quality in cotton plants induced by reproductive drought stress as well as normal irrigation conditions 14 . Moringa bio-stimulant may have the potential to enhance the source-sink relationship, performing a better photosynthesis process in cotton production 15 . Analysis of moringa has revealed a detailed composition of various plant growth hormones (Zeatin), anti-oxidants, vitamins, and micro-macro nutrients, making it an ideal bio-stimulant growth enhancer 16 . It can be effectively used to enhance cotton production by well-organized utilization of the nutrient absorption system, boosting up the anti-oxidant system, and performing significant physiological activities 17 . Moringa bio-stimulant compensates for the use of synthetic stimulants due to its cost-effectiveness and sustainable use in field crops under unfavorable environmental stress conditions 18 . A foliar spray of moringa bio-stimulant may be more effective than other methods like seed priming, seed coating, and soil application to obtain crop yield 19 . It is important to apply moringa spray at suitable critical stages of cotton crops, as effective for increasing tolerance under applied drought stress conditions 20 . To the author's current knowledge, studies have shown the effectiveness of the moringa bio-stimulant via seed priming in the cotton crop, but there is an urgent need to check its application via foliar application at reproductive growth stages in changing climate. Therefore, a study was planned to understand the effective use of bio-stimulants through foliar spray at various growth stages of cotton crops and its mechanism of action by observing physiological and anti-oxidant behavior to cope with the induced reproductive drought stress. Materials and methods Preparation of bio-stimulants Moringa, Seaweed, Nitro-phenolates Moringa extract was prepared by following the procedure described by 21 . For this, the fresh leaves were collected from a healthy, mature moringa tree at 10:30 am from the moringa garden situated within the Experimental Research Area, Institute of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan. The collected moringa leaves were carefully washed with distilled water and air-dried for 6 hours in the Seed Science Laboratory. The leaves were then stored in a laboratory freezer at –80 °C in a laboratory freezer for 48 hours. A hand-made extraction machine was used to crush and press the chilled leaves to obtain moringa extract. The collected extract was centrifuged at 6500 rpm resolution for 20 minutes. After this, the purified moringa extract was diluted with distilled water in the ratio of 1:30 and named as “SANJHI” bio-stimulant and commercialized in the pesticide industry with the funding support of the Technology Development Fund (TDF03-080), Higher Education Commission, Pakistan. Seaweed and nitro-phenolates extracts were purchased from private limited companies Wokozim Crop Plus and Asahi Star before application in the experimental trials 22 . Experimental field site, metrological data, and soil analysis Experimental trials were examined at the Experimental Research Area, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan (71° 28’ 31” E, 30° 11’ 44’’ N and 129 m above sea level) during the kharif seasons of 2023 and 2024. Multan belongs to a semi-arid region and its metrological data with annual maximum-minimum temperature, average rainfall, and relative humidity during the cotton crop phenological growth stages of both years I & II of the trials presented in Figure 1. According to FAO classification, experimental soil is fine silty in texture, sodic haplocambids, mixed, hyperthermic soil Sindhlianwali series. Three soil samples were collected from different experimental sites and analyzed in the Soil Fertility Laboratory, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan, during the years 2023 and 2024 shown in Table 1. Experimental layout This project field study was conducted for two consecutive years (2023, 2024) at the Experimental Research Area of Institute of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. Experiments were designed with Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two factorial arrangements having treatments; Factor A: Foliar spray of bio-stimulants i.e., Hydro (Distill water), Moringa leaf extract (1:3 MLE30: Water) 21 , Seaweed extract (3 ml L -1 ) 23 , Nitro-phenolates (2 ml L -1 ) 24 , Factor B: Terminal reproductive drought stress (Control (irrigations applied at vegetive - reproductive principal growth stages BBCH code 10, 20, 30, 50, 60, 70), Flowering Drought (code 60), Fruit’s formation Drought (code 70)). Bio-stimulants were sprayed at two principal growth stages following the BBCH code i.e., flowering (code 60) and fruit’s formation (code 70) 25 . IUB-2013 was used as a test cotton crop cultivar with replication thrice. Crop husbandry Pre-soaking irrigation (≥ 10 cm) was applied at the experimental area to attain the soil workable condition at 100% field capacity. The preparation of the seedbed was performed with 2 times ploughings and subsequent planking using a field tractor-mounted cultivator. The treated cotton seeds were sown according to the designed trial units during the 1 st fortnight of May and started harvesting (3 pickings at 22 days of intervals) during the 2 nd fortnight of October - November respectively in both years 2023 and 2024. A net plot area of 3.75 × 6.10 m 2 was maintained in each experimental unit. Three splits of urea (N) were applied at different intervals including first-time seedbed preparation, second at 1 st irrigation, and 3 rd at flowering stage (code 60) during the cotton crop growth stage. Diammonium phosphate (P) and sulfate of potash (K) were used during the seedbed preparation at recommended rates (65 and 55 kg ha -1 ) respectively in the area of experimental trials. Weed protection measures were practiced by foot manuring in cotton fields. The cotton field was kept free from insect-pest disease by implementing integrated crop management including the use of Imidacloprid (Confidor 200-SL). Moreover, uniform agronomic management practices were applied in all experimental units during both years of trials. Observations Anti-oxidants analysis The standard protocols were used to measure the anti-oxidants using a nano-spectrophotometer at the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University of Multan, Pakistan. Three samples were randomly collected from mature cotton plants in the early morning at 10:00 am at a temperature of 25 ± 5 °C after the application of fruit’s drought stress in the experimental studies. The collected leaves were separately packed in plastic zip bags and stored in a laboratory freezer at – 80 °C for anti-oxidant analysis. For this purpose, frozen leaf samples (0.5 g) were ground in a mortar with 1 mL of buffered extract (pH 7.3). A 1 L of phosphate buffer saline stock solution was prepared by mixing 10 mM Na 2 HPO 4 ; 2 mM KH 2 PO 4 ; 2.7 mM KCl; and 1.37 mM NaCl respectively. HCl was gradually mixed in phosphate buffer saline stock solution to adjust the pH 7.2. Before protein extraction, 1 µM protease inhibitor was added to the buffer solution. The grounded sample material was centrifuged into a supernatant solution by adjusting resolution at 15,000 × g for 10 minutes. The standard curve was plotted in a Microsoft Excel Sheet-2019 at different levels of bovine serum albumin (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 µg mL –1 ) followed by mixing 400 µL Dye stock with distilled water. All samples were then placed in a vortex mixer to mix carefully and incubated for 5 minutes at laboratory temperature. Total soluble protein observations were made at an absorbance of 595 nm 26 . The sample reactive mixture (100 µL) was prepared by adding 400 µL guaiacol (20 mM), 500 µL H 2 O 2 (40 mM), and 2 mL phosphate (50 mM). Peroxidase observations were measured at an absorbance of 470 nm (15 seconds ± 5 minutes). For catalase, the reactive mixture was decomposed with H 2 O 2 and then noted observations at an absorbance of 240 nm (25 seconds ± 5 minutes) 27 . 50 µL of reactive mixture was mixed with 1 mL nitro-blue tetrazolium (50 µM), 500 µL methionine (13 mM), 1 mL riboflavin (1.3 µM), 950 µL (50 mM) phosphate buffer, 500 µL EDTA (75 mM) followed by adapting the reaction procedure to place in the dark cabin with switching on (30 W ± 5 minutes). Superoxide dismutase observations were determined at an absorbance of 560 nm after mixing the reactive mixture with NBT photo reduction and blue formazane visibility 28 . On the other hand, a stock solution of gallic acid was used for the standard curve in the Microsoft Excel Sheet 2019 for measuring the total phenolic contents. For this purpose, all the treated samples (5 mL) were filtered using 80% acetone solution up to the level of 10 mL. Each sample (20 µL) was prepared with the mixing of deionized water (1.58 mL) and Folin Ciocalteu reagents (100 µL) (25 seconds ± 9 minutes). 300 µL sodium carbonate was added to each sample and placed in the laboratory (40 °C ± 30 minutes). Total phenolic contents observations were noted at an absorbance of 760 nm 29 . Physiological attributes All the physiological parameters were measured using the modified formulas described below; Specific leaf weight = Leaf dry weight / Leaf area 30 Relative water contents = {(Fresh weight – Dry weight) / (Turgid weight – Dry weight)} × 100 31 Relative membrane permeability = {(EC A – EC O ) / EC B – EC O )} × 100 32 Relative Cell Injury = 1 – {1 - (EC Treated sample before autoclaving / EC Treated sample after autoclaving )} / {1 – (EC Control sample before autoclaving / EC Control sample after autoclaving )} × 100 33 *EC = Electric Conductivity Morphological growth, development, and fiber quality-related attributes Standard procedures described in the protocols were used to measure cotton growth-related traits, including leaf area index 30 , seasonal leaf area length, and plant growth rate 34 . The randomly five healthy cotton plants were selected and harvested to calculate plant populations acre -1 , plant height (cm), harvested bolls plant -1 , average boll weight (g), and seed cotton yield (t ha -1 ). Twenty harvested bolls were preserved for determining the fiber-related attributes including fiber fineness (µg inch -1 ), fiber strength (g tex –1 ), fiber uniformity (%), and staple length (mm). Benefit-cost ratio The economic analysis of cotton cultivation was carried out in terms of total expenditures, net income, gross income, benefit-cost ratio after the application of foliar bio-stimulants under terminal reproductive drought stress conditions. Total expenditure on cotton production was calculated on the cost of seed, land rent, seedbed preparation, use of fertilizers, insect-pest control measures, irrigation, picking labor, etc. On the other hand, gross income was determined as per the local Pakistan market rate of seed cotton and cottonseed converted into US dollars. Following modified formulas described by 35 were used to measure net income and benefit-cost ratio; Net income = Gross income – Total expenditure Benefit-cost ratio = Gross income / total expenditures Pearson correlation and Principal component analysis Biplot 36 described the procedures using the software Statistix 8.1 for the Pearson correlation and Principal component analysis biplot. This analysis involved partitioning the coefficients correlation between direct and indirect effects in the applied treatment of bio-stimulants and terminal reproductive drought stress by substituting means for random variables into outcome variables. Statistics analysis In this project, statistical analysis was performed by Fisher's analysis of variance to organize and analyze the observed treatment data. Treatment means differences were compared at 0.05 probability level using Duncan’s multiple range tests [37]. RESULTS Physiological attributes The applied various bio-stimulants and terminal drought stress resulted in a significant improvement trend in the physiological attributes of cotton plants in both years of the project study (Figure 2). Among bio-stimulants, moringa foliar spray achieved maximum values of specific leaf weight (SLW) values under fruit’s formation drought followed by flowering drought after control during the year 2024 compared to 2023 (Figure 2). During the 2 nd year of the project study, terminal drought stress impaired the relative water contents (RWC), but the treatment of moringa foliar spray enhanced the relative water contents followed by seaweed, nitro-phenolates in the induced flowering drought, and fruit’s formation drought than control (Figure 2). Likewise, relative cell injury (RCI) was noted maximum in cotton plants treated with moringa bio-stimulant as per seaweed, nitro-phenolates, and hydro treatments in flowering drought followed by fruit’s formation drought during the second year than the first year of experiments (Figure 2). Terminal drought stress applied to flowering and fruit’s formation stages declined the relative membrane permeability (RMP) values of cotton plants, while moringa bio-stimulant diminished the impact of fruit’s formation drought as well as flowering drought and enhanced the relative water contents as per others bio-stimulants during the year-II than year-I of the trials (Figure 2). Morphological growth attributes Terminal reproductive drought stress significantly reduced the morphological growth attributes of cotton plants compared to control, but moringa foliar spray during flowering and fruit’s formation resulted in a gradual improvement in leaf area index (LAI) at 105 days after sowing (DAS) in both years of trials (2023, 2024) (Figure 3). The seasonal leaf area duration (SLAD) was reduced in the plants induced by flowering drought and fruit’s formation drought, however, treated plants with moringa bio-stimulants were noted with higher SLAD at 60, 75, 90, 105 DAS respectively, as per treatments of seaweed, nitro-phenolates, and hydro foliar spray in the applied terminal drought stress conditions during the year-I & II (Figure 3). The data revealed that crop growth rate (CGR) progressively increased up to 90 DAS and started to decline at 105 DAS, but the results of moringa-treated plants achieved maximum CGR values under flowering drought followed by fruit’s formation drought after control in both years of exploration (Figure 3). Observations also interactive effect of applied bio-stimulant and terminal drought stress on morphological attributes of cotton plants was significantly higher in 2 nd year compared to 1 st year of trials (Figure 3). Anti-oxidant status Moringa bio-stimulant triggered the higher production of total soluble proteins (TSP) in the cotton plants induced by fruit’s formation drought followed by flowering drought during both years of experiments (Table 2). The release of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) was observed maximum after the treatment applied with foliar spray of moringa bio-stimulant in the fruit’s formation drought in both years-I & II shown in Table 2. The interactive effect of applied bio-stimulant and terminal drought stress resulted in significant positive for peroxidase (POD) contents, and moringa bio-stimulant upgraded the higher production of POD values in the plants induced with terminal fruit’s formation drought as well as flowering drought during both years of study (Table 2). The application of moringa bio-stimulant treatment increased catalase (CAT) contents in the cotton plants as compared to seaweed, nitro-phenolates, and hydro bio-stimulants under fruit’s formation drought followed by flowering drought than control during both years of the experimental study presented in Table 2. Total phenolic contents were produced maximum under the plants treated with moringa bio-stimulant as per others in the applied fruit’s formation drought during both years of study (Table 2). Table 2 presented the prominent production of anti-oxidant contents in the plants treated with bio-stimulants under terminal drought stress were noted higher during year II than year I. Morphological developmental-related yield attributes Table 3 describes the significant results of morphological development attributes in the cotton plants with the application of bio-stimulants under various terminal drought stress conditions. Maximum cotton plant populations were observed after foliar spray of moringa bio-stimulant as compared to seaweed, nitro-phenolates, and hydro treatments in control followed by flowering drought and fruit’s development drought during the year 2024 than 2023 (Table 3). Observations illustrated that treatment applied moringa bio-stimulant in cotton plants obtained higher plant height than others in flowering drought followed by fruit’s formation drought after control conditions during the year II compared to year I of the trials (Table 3). The harvested bolls plant -1 were noted maximum in the treated plants with moringa spray bio-stimulant as compared to others in the control condition as well as flowering drought and fruit’s formation drought during the 2 nd year than the 1 st of the trials (Table 3). The application of moringa spray treatment in the cotton plants achieved greater average boll weight compared to lesser hydro spray in the control condition (Table 3). During the 2 nd year of trials, seed cotton yield was noted as maximum in the treatment of moringa bio-stimulant compared to seaweed, nitro-phenolates, and the minimum was in hydro spray under flowering drought as well as fruit’s formation drought after control conditions than 1 st year illustrated in Table 3. Fiber quality attributes Data revealed that cotton plants treated with moringa foliar spray achieved better results in fiber fineness under control followed by flowering drought and fruit’s formation drought during both years of exploration (Table 4). Higher fiber strength was noted in the plants grown with foliar spray of moringa as compared to seaweed, nitro-phenolates, and hydro treatments in flowering drought as well as fruit’s drought after control conditions during both years I & II presented in Table 4. Terminal reproductive drought stress reduced the fiber uniformity, but the applied moringa bio-stimulant increased the fiber uniformity compared to hydro under control as well as flowering drought followed by fruit’s drought in both years of project study (Table 4). The second year of the experiments achieved higher results greater staple length in the plants with moringa treatment compared to the first year under control conditions followed by flowering drought and fruit’s formation drought (Table 4). Benefit-cost ratio Economic analysis of average both years (2023, 2024) mentioned that the applied flowering drought and fruit’s drought achieved superior net income and benefit-cost ratio in the treatment of moringa bio-stimulant as compared to seaweed, nitro-phenolates, hydro after control condition depicted in Table 5. Observations described that nitro-phenolates bio-stimulant resulted in least net income and benefit-cost ratio in the applied terminal reproductive drought stress and control condition (Table 5). Principal component analysis (PCA) Biplot and Pearson correlation analysis The applied treatment of bio-stimulant via foliar spray in the cotton plants under various induced terminal flowering and fruit’s formation drought stress obtained as significantly positive interaction in the observed growth, development, physiological, anti-oxidant contents, fiber quality parameters during both years (2023, 2024) of trials shown in Table 6 and Figure 4. Discussion In this project study, the application of moringa bio-stimulant triggered the plant performance in the way of increasing trend of cotton growth-related attributes like LAI, SLAD, and CGR during the various intervals of days after sowing under applied flowering drought and fruit’s formation drought. It has been observed that this might be due to the availability of essential nutrients and “Zeatin” growth-promoting hormones in moringa extract as compared to other bio-stimulants (seaweed, nitro-phenolates, hydro) for boosting up the plant drought tolerance for better photosynthesis activities 38 . A significant result in leaf-related growth traits played an important role as a promoting component for achieving the cotton yield in this study. Moringa foliar spray increased the production of photo-assimilates and transportation in the plant leaves under terminal drought stress conditions 39 . Moringa bio-stimulant acted as a catalyst to ensure a better connection between the source and sink during the photosynthesis process under normal conditions as well as terminal reproductive drought stress 40 . The difference in the efficiency of growth attributes of plants treated with moringa bio-stimulant compared to others may be due to providing a suitable platform for utilizing natural input resources 41 . The applied moringa foliar spray obtained higher values in LAI, SLAD, and CGR in the plants might be due to the enhanced photosynthetic activities, cell division, and cell enlargement respectively for exploitation of resources and higher consumption of solar radiation during the the flowering drought and fruit’s formation drought 42 . The applied terminal reproductive drought stress triggered the release of potential anti-oxidant contents against reactive oxygen species (ROS) after bio-stimulant application in cotton plants. Foliar spray of moringa bio-stimulant in cotton plants noted with maximum production of TSP, SOD, POD, CAT, and TPC may be performed as protective anti-oxidant defensive reagents, helped in diminishing the ROS molecules including’s hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion radical during flowering drought and fruit’s formation drought 43 . Cotton plants grown in the applied terminal reproductive drought stress resulted in greater anti-oxidant values compared to control conditions might be due to the use of moringa bio-stimulant boosted up the plant tolerance as compared to seaweed, nitro-phenolates, and hydro foliar spray during the both years of project study 44 . Moringa foliar spray triggered higher anti-oxidant production in the plants might be due to the presence of Zeatin hormones for tolerance against terminal reproductive drought stress conditions during the both years 2023 and 2024 2 . Terminal drought stress impaired the physiological behavior of cotton plants might be due to the loss of turgor pressure 45 . However, moringa bio-stimulant compensated its damaging impact by increasing the specific leaf weight and relative water contents might be due to minimum evapotranspiration loss in the plant's leaves planted under flowering and fruit’s formation drought stress conditions 46 . Cotton plants noted with less relative cell injury after the application of moringa treatments might be triggered by increasing the tolerance behavior to face the induced terminal reproductive drought stress conditions 33 . Observations proved the relative cell injury may be due to the genetic characteristics in the cotton plants and depicted minimum relative cell injury after moringa foliar spray under the unfavorable environment of terminal reproductive drought stress conditions in this experimental study 47 . The increasing trend in relative membrane permeability treated with moringa bio-stimulant may lead to the alteration in the potential induced drought stress and maintain the stability in the cotton plants under flowering drought and fruit’s formation drought 48 . A significantly higher plant population was observed in the control condition followed by flowering drought and fruit’s formation drought respectively. This may be due to effective management of the distance between plants and rows in the cotton field to ensure better performance during morphological growth and development processes 49 . The height of cotton plants that can be observed as a genetic trait and maximum values noted after the moringa treatment may be due to Zeatin hormones which maintained node formation and shortened the nodal distance to produce healthy boll’s formation 50 . Harvesting boll’s plant -1 is the final response of the cotton plant, observed maximum treated with foliar spray of moringa bio-stimulant might be due to the synchronized formation of primary and secondary branches under control conditions as well as terminal reproductive drought stress 10 . Observations proved that moringa application enhanced the cotton boll’s weight might be due to improved efficient absorption of nutrients and their transport from vegetative stages to reproductive boll development stage under unfavorable conditions of flowering drought and fruit’s formation drought stress during both years of experiments 14 . Seed cotton yield is the final stage of the reproductive stage and its outcome indicated the combined results of cotton plants, which was observed greater in the moringa-treated plants might be due to the better utilization of natural resources and mitigating the reproductive drought stress by potential anti-oxidant defense system and better physiological attributes during both years I & II of this project study 31 . Cotton fiber quality is a standard, built-in characteristic that can be improved to some extent by inducing exogenous applications of bio-stimulants 51 . Fiber-related attributes were reduced in the applied terminal reproductive drought stress, but moringa foliar spray significantly enhanced fiber fineness, fiber strength, fiber uniformity, and staple length, which may be due to providing favorable conditions for achieving better maturity during the phenological growth stages of the cotton crop during the flowering drought followed by fruit’s formation drought after control condition 52 . The project study showed that the adaptation of moringa to bio-stimulants can be effective due to cost-effectiveness in terms of inputs and higher net income compared to seaweed, nitro-phenolates, hydro treatments under control followed terminal reproductive droughty stress conditions 13 . The higher cost-benefit ratio of foliar spray application of moringa bio-stimulant was found to be a highly cost-effective, sustainable, and environmentally friendly approach to enable cotton cultivation under induced drought stress flowering and fruit’s formation conditions in arid and semi-arid regions of the world 53 . Conclusion This project study proved that foliar application of a moringa bio-stimulant improved the tolerance of cotton plants to terminal reproductive drought stress by upgrading the anti-oxidant status and mitigating relative water contents, relative cell injury, relative membrane permeability leading to potential outcomes in terms of fiber quality and benefit-cost ratio. Therefore, it is recommended that foliar spray of moringa bio-stimulant at flowering and fruit’s formation stages could be effective in achieving higher seed cotton yields under unfavorable environmental drought conditions. Declarations Acknowledgments The authors are also thankful for technical support from Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan Pakistan. The authors also extend their appreciation to the Researchers supporting project number (RGP2/526/45), Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University, Arabia. Author contributions Conceptualization, Methodology, M.W.H.; Review and editing, Formal analysis, A.Y.; Writing – review & editing H.N.; Resources, A.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding The authors also extend their appreciation to the Researchers supporting project number (RGP2/526/45), Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University, Arabia. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Data availability All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. References Riaz, M., Farooq, J., Sakhawat, G., Mahmood, A., Sadiq, M., Yaseen, M. 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Soil analysis of cotton experimental site at Experimental Research Area, Institute of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University of Multan, Pakistan Observations Units 2023 2024 Physical data Sand % 24.41 24.14 Silt % 58.50 58.90 Clay % 18.00 18.76 Texture Silty clay loam Chemical data Organic matter % 0.79 0.82 Saturation % 40.01 40.21 Total Nitrogen % 0.06 0.07 Available Phosphorus Ppm 6.12 6.33 Available Potassium Ppm 301.00 302.11 EC dS m -1 3.17 3.34 pH - 8.45 8.68 Zinc Ppm 0.37 0.37 CaCO 3 % 8.97 8.99 Soil Fertility Laboratory, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University of Multan, Pakistan Table 2. Bio-stimulants spray effected on anti-oxidant status of cotton at applied reproductive drought stress Foliar spray of Bio-stimulant Drought Stress Hydro (Tap water) Moringa leaf extract (MLE 30 ) Seaweed extract (SWE) Nitro- phenolates (NP) Mean Total soluble protein (TSP) (mg g –1 ) 2023 Control 0.91g ±0.01 1.54de ±0.02 1.38f ±0.01 1.31f ±0.02 1.56B Flowering Drought 1.43ef ±0.04 1.99b ±0.04 1.54de ±0.01 1.65cd ±0.01 Fruit’s formation Drought 1.01g ±0.07 2.28a ±0.02 1.94b ±0.02 1.78c ±0.03 2024 Control 0.78i±0.03 1.87de±0.04 1.40gh±0.01 1.73f±0.03 1.78A Flowering Drought 1.35h±0.05 2.68a±0.06 1.53g±0.05 2.04bc±0.06 Fruit’s formation Drought 1.95cd±0.03 2.15b±0.03 2.13b±0.03 1.79ef±0.03 [email protected] Year 2023 {0.1525}; Year 2024 {0.1408}, Interaction {0.0419} Superoxide dismutase (SOD) (IU min –1 mg –1 protein) 2023 Control 23.30e±0.86 48.33c±0.97 16.42f±0.03 36.08d±0.25 39.23B Flowering Drought 26.10e±0.36 76.35a±0.88 38.38d±0.62 27.58e±0.47 Fruit’s formation Drought 35.67d±0.73 57.42b±0.84 48.01c±0.82 37.11d±0.99 2024 Control 23.21h±0.26 39.80f±0.33 19.20i±0.66 30.70g±0.80 44.18A Flowering Drought 42.10ef±0.83 85.98a±0.51 48.52cd±0.71 45.49de±0.82 Fruit’s formation Drought 41.07f±0.34 62.39b±0.25 51.62c±0.76 40.14f±0.52 [email protected] Year 2023 {4.5392}; Year 2024 {3.9182}, Interaction {1.1794} Peroxidase (POD) (mmol min –1 mg –1 protein) 2023 Control 6.60f±0.14 11.43e±0.11 6.43f±0.14 9.79e±0.25 18.54B Flowering Drought 16.18d±0.28 42.55a±0.05 19.97c±0.12 25.05b±0.68 Fruit’s formation Drought 15.34d±0.12 24.23b±0.77 21.24c±0.43 23.72b±0.42 2024 Control 14.45gh±0.37 19.21d.f±0.12 13.58h±1.14 16.54f.h±0.96 24.69A Flowering Drought 23.37d±0.32 44.17a±0.73 29.65c±0.68 35.49b±0.15 Fruit’s formation Drought 18.40e.g±0.33 30.65c±1.13 21.42de±0.30 29.34c±1.37 [email protected] Year 2023 {2.1009}; Year 2024 {4.3177}, Interaction {0.9440} Catalase (CAT) (μmol min –1 mg –1 protein) 2023 Control 10.45f±0.22 12.58ef±0.26 10.72f±0.30 11.22f±0.20 22.29B Flowering Drought 20.60cd±0.10 43.20a±0.17 36.15b±0.39 38.14b±0.09 Fruit’s formation Drought 16.16de±0.24 25.20c±0.26 21.67c±2.67 21.42c±0.13 2024 Control 10.95i±0.10 13.44g±0.06 11.33hi±0.31 12.27h±0.17 24.47A Flowering Drought 10.47i±0.21 44.63a±0.10 37.11c±0.45 39.33b±0.12 Fruit’s formation Drought 16.06f±0.10 29.08e±0.33 35.97c±0.11 33.00d±0.24 [email protected] Year 2023 {4.9195}; Year 2024 {1.1568}, Interaction {1.0199} Total phenolic contents (TPC) (mg g –1 ) 2023 Control 1.37g±0.01 2.39de±0.09 1.63fg±0.05 1.57fg±0.07 2.72B Flowering Drought 2.74d±0.07 4.51a±0.04 3.41bc±0.10 3.48bc±0.13 Fruit’s formation Drought 2.33de±0.08 3.85b±0.09 2.00ef±0.02 3.35c±0.04 2024 Control 2.34de±0.03 3.81b±0.04 2.60d±0.03 2.99c±0.04 2.98A Flowering Drought 2.35de±0.03 4.92a±0.02 1.74f±0.09 2.11e±0.10 Fruit’s formation Drought 1.79f±0.03 3.98b±0.20 3.95b±0.03 3.21c±0.03 [email protected] Year 2023 {0.4664}; Year 2024 {0.2633}, Interaction {0.1043} Means sharing the different letters are significantly different from each other’s @0.05 Table 3. Bio-stimulants spray effected on morphological developmental related yield attributes of cotton at applied reproductive drought stress Foliar spray of Bio-stimulant Drought Stress Hydro (Tap water) Moringa leaf extract (MLE 30 ) Seaweed extract (SWE) Nitro- phenolates (NP) Mean Plant populations acre -1 2023 Control 17013f±0.24 19925a±1.12 17516b±1.31 17320c±0.26 17068B Flowering Drought 16016l±1.34 16509i±0.37 16327j±0.61 16261k±1.85 Fruit’s formation Drought 17119e±1.14 17209d±0.38 16741h±0.22 16858g±1.95 2024 Control 17516c±1.24 20976a±1.18 17823b±0.81 17436d±0.40 17178A Flowering Drought 16615g±0.74 16612g±0.87 16433h±1.02 16315i±0.57 Fruit’s formation Drought 16234j±0.34 16321i±2.40 16916f±0.72 16937e±1.10 [email protected] Year 2023 {6.4077}; Year 2024 {6.4622}, Interaction {1.7923} Plant height (cm) 2023 Control 111.38g±0.23 162.24a±0.09 137.64c±0.11 125.79e±0.09 125.21B Flowering Drought 100.74i±0.79 149.71b±0.09 130.91d±0.58 122.64f±0.82 Fruit’s formation Drought 105.78h±0.62 130.74d±0.08 112.04g±0.09 112.91g±0.11 2024 Control 125.17f±0.28 172.67a±0.55 144.04c±0.23 134.51de±0.61 131.28A Flowering Drought 123.22f±0.71 152.29b±0.73 137.22d±0.47 122.37fg±0.30 Fruit’s formation Drought 95.08i±0.70 132.65e±0.29 119.48gh±0.41 116.63h±0.23 [email protected] Year 2023 {2.5893}; Year 2024 {3.1920}, Interaction {0.8042} Harvested bolls plant -1 2023 Control 36ef±0.54 49a±0.27 43c±0.27 40d±0.01 37B Flowering Drought 31gh±0.82 46b±0.27 37e±0.42 34fg±0.79 Fruit’s formation Drought 29h±0.27 37e±0.82 33fg±0.57 31gh±0.82 2024 Control 37ef±0.54 50a±0.82 44bc±0.82 41cd±0.27 38A Flowering Drought 32gh±0.54 44b±1.09 38d.f±0.68 34fg±0.87 Fruit’s formation Drought 30h±0.82 39de±0.42 34fg±0.42 33gh±0.27 [email protected] Year 2023 {2.7322}; Year 2024 {3.6331}, Interaction {0.8929} Average boll weight (g) 2023 Control 2.51f±0.09 4.97a±0.03 3.94b±0.02 3.69c±0.03 3.24B Flowering Drought 2.28g±0.01 3.92b±0.02 3.57c±0.01 3.09d±0.02 Fruit’s formation Drought 1.77h±0.03 3.50c±0.01 2.90de±0.09 2.78e±0.02 2024 Control 3.70e±0.05 5.06a±0.01 4.36b±0.02 4.17bc±0.01 3.83A Flowering Drought 3.44f±0.01 4.21b±0.01 3.99cd±0.01 3.83de±0.01 Fruit’s formation Drought 3.02g±0.10 3.82de±0.01 3.22g±0.01 3.15g±0.02 [email protected] Year 2023 {0.1876}; Year 2024 {0.1994}, Interaction {0.0547} Seed cotton yield (t ha -1 ) 2023 Control 2.70fg±0.06 3.78a±0.01 3.04cd±0.01 2.84ef±0.01 2.88B Flowering Drought 2.49h±0.01 3.08c±0.02 3.12c±0.02 2.58gh±0.01 Fruit’s formation Drought 2.17i±0.01 3.35b±0.01 2.92de±0.03 2.48h±0.07 2024 Control 2.97ef±0.14 4.14a±0.04 3.64b±0.04 3.47bc±0.04 3.16A Flowering Drought 2.89fg±0.05 3.47bc±0.03 3.31cd±0.04 3.14de±0.03 Fruit’s formation Drought 2.48h±0.04 3.14de±0.04 2.65gh±0.03 2.61h±0.03 [email protected] Year 2023 {}; Year 2024 {0.2484}, Interaction {0.0650} Means sharing the different letters are significantly different from each other’s @0.05 Table 4. Bio-stimulants spray effected on fiber quality related attributes of cotton at applied reproductive drought stress Foliar spray of Bio-stimulant Drought Stress Hydro (Tap water) Moringa leaf extract (MLE 30 ) Seaweed extract (SWE) Nitro- phenolates (NP) Mean Fiber fineness (µg inch -1 ) 2023 Control 3.73cd±0.02 4.41a±0.05 3.96bc±0.05 3.95bc±0.01 3.78B Flowering Drought 3.12f±0.09 4.04b±0.01 3.76bc±0.08 3.32ef±0.02 Fruit’s formation Drought 3.43de±0.10 3.99bc±0.07 3.74bc±0.03 3.95bc±0.05 2024 Control 3.94cd±0.07 4.80a±0.01 4.10bc±0.08 4.03bc±0.02 4.00A Flowering Drought 3.47e±0.06 4.32b±0.01 3.96bc±0.10 3.96bc±0.09 Fruit’s formation Drought 3.57de±0.10 4.11bc±0.04 3.83c.e±0.03 3.96bc±0.06 [email protected] Year 2023 {0.3037}; Year 2024 {0.3825}, Interaction {0.0955} Fiber strength (g tex –1 ) 2023 Control 25.48e±0.10 29.27a±0.06 26.27d±0.03 24.51f±0.02 26.28B Flowering Drought 24.56f±0.01 28.36b±0.02 27.32c±0.02 27.67c±0.04 Fruit’s formation Drought 21.48g±0.19 28.45b±0.02 25.46e±0.01 26.54d±0.06 2024 Control 28.21bc±0.18 29.96a±0.05 27.53cd±0.27 24.85e±0.01 26.92A Flowering Drought 27.40d±0.01 27.60cd±0.08 28.80b±0.05 28.19b.d±0.04 Fruit’s formation Drought 23.77f±0.29 25.62e±0.05 22.97g±0.05 28.22bc±0.03 [email protected] Year 2023 {0.4100}; Year 2024 {0.7938}, Interaction {0.1838} Fiber uniformity (%) 2023 Control 80.15cd±0.01 85.16a±0.31 82.14b±0.79 81.48bc±0.16 80.29B Flowering Drought 76.53e±0.47 82.60b±0.12 81.44bc±0.43 79.64cd±0.32 Fruit’s formation Drought 76.60e±0.41 80.94bc±0.16 78.60d±0.16 78.26de±0.01 2024 Control 81.08b.d±0.07 86.44a±0.09 83.01b±0.53 81.96b±0.78 81.17A Flowering Drought 79.63c.e±0.11 82.70b±0.13 82.71b±0.28 81.26bc±0.05 Fruit’s formation Drought 76.33f±0.69 81.17b.d±0.10 79.16de±0.85 78.59e±0.02 [email protected] Year 2023 {1.9886}; Year 2024 {2.0931}, Interaction {0.5675} Staple length (mm) 2023 Control 26.66e±0.05 30.05a±0.08 28.52bc±0.05 27.52c.e±0.03 27.79B Flowering Drought 27.26de±0.01 28.29b.d±0.15 27.81b.d±0.28 27.673c.e±0.03 Fruit’s formation Drought 24.86f±0.08 28.80b±0.02 28.07b.d±0.57 28.03b.d±0.04 2024 Control 28.48f±0.07 30.47a±0.02 29.47bc±0.05 29.65b±0.02 28.53A Flowering Drought 26.54h±0.10 29.26cd±0.06 29.03de±0.03 28.83ef±0.04 Fruit’s formation Drought 25.02i±0.10 29.38b.d±0.06 28.49f±0.08 27.72g±0.03 [email protected] Year 2023 {1.0982}; Year 2024 {0.3884}, Interaction {} Means sharing the different letters are significantly different from each other’s @0.05 Table 5. Average years (2023-2024) of cotton economic analysis Drought Stress Foliar spray of Bio-stimulant Total expenses (US$ ha -1 ) Gross income (US$ ha -1 ) Net income (US$ ha -1 ) Benefit-cost ratio (BCR) Control Hydro (Tap water) 753.23 2157.23 1404.00 2.86 Moringa leaf extract (MLE 30 ) 759.65 3012.30 2252.66 3.97 Seaweed extract (SWE) 804.73 2428.89 1624.17 3.02 Nitrophenolates (NP) 824.35 2264.77 1440.42 2.75 Flowering Drought Hydro (Tap water) 659.42 1989.44 1330.03 3.02 Moringa leaf extract (MLE 30 ) 672.68 2453.32 1780.65 3.65 Seaweed extract (SWE) 669.77 2492.27 1822.50 3.72 Nitrophenolates (NP) 694.30 2058.68 1364.38 2.97 Fruit’s formation Drought Hydro (Tap water) 659.91 1736.86 1076.95 2.63 Moringa leaf extract (MLE 30 ) 673.68 2670.18 1996.51 3.96 Seaweed extract (SWE) 669.78 2328.43 1658.66 3.48 Nitrophenolates (NP) 696.56 1977.22 1280.67 2.84 Table 6. Pearson correlation interaction in the observed attributes after Bio-stimulant application in cotton crop under reproductive drought stress Boll weight Catalase Cotton yield Fiber length Fiber strength Fiber uniformity Harvested bolls-plant Plant height Peroxidase Plant population Relative cell injury Relative membrane permeability Relative water contents Staple length Specific leaf weight Superoxide dismutase Total phenolic contents Catalase P-VALUE -0.1612 0.3477 Cotton yield 0.9110 0.0000 -0.1531 0.3727 Fiber length 0.7318 0.0000 0.0805 0.6407 0.6390 0.0000 Fiber strength 0.5397 0.0007 0.0073 0.9662 0.5185 0.0012 0.4181 0.0112 Fiber uniformity 0.8814 0.0000 -0.0613 0.7223 0.8079 0.0000 0.6904 0.0000 0.5282 0.0009 Harvested boll-plant 0.9027 0.0000 -0.0865 0.6158 0.8402 0.0000 0.7077 0.0000 0.3892 0.0190 0.8120 0.0000 Plant height 0.9267 0.0000 -0.0190 0.9126 0.8831 0.0000 0.7521 0.0000 0.5734 0.0003 0.8625 0.0000 0.8898 0.0000 Peroxidase -0.0289 0.8672 0.8346 0.0000 -0.0339 0.8443 0.1086 0.5283 0.2079 0.2237 -0.0024 0.9891 -0.0315 0.8555 0.1115 0.5173 Plant population 0.7092 0.0000 -0.4491 0.0060 0.6642 0.0000 0.6410 0.0000 0.4314 0.0086 0.6209 0.0001 0.6810 0.0000 0.7093 0.0000 -0.4080 0.0135 Relative cell injury -0.8579 0.0000 -0.1128 0.5126 -0.8121 0.0000 0.8337 0.0000 --0.4025 0.0149 -0.7747 0.0000 -0.8786 0.0000 -0.9177 0.0000 -0.1622 0.3445 -0.7094 0.0000 Relative membrane permeability -0.8130 0.0000 -0.3166 0.0599 -0.7850 0.0000 -0.7257 0.0000 -0.3700 0.0263 -0.7504 0.0000 -0.7925 0.0000 -0.8236 0.0000 -0.3003 0.0751 -0.3921 0.0180 0.8665 0.0000 Relative water contents 0.6828 0.0000 0.3323 0.0477 0.6537 0.0000 0.7130 0.0000 0.2483 0.1442 0.6680 0.0000 0.7590 0.0000 0.8052 0.0000 0.2072 0.2254 0.4857 0.0027 -0.8838 0.0000 -0.8932 0.0000 Staple Length 0.7945 0.0000 0.1490 0.3857 0.7504 0.0000 0.7045 0.0000 0.3842 0.0207 0.7669 0.0000 0.7796 0.0000 0.8241 0.0000 0.0988 0.5665 0.5151 0.0013 -0.8216 0.0000 -0.9152 0.0000 0.8641 0.0000 Specific leaf weight 0.8370 0.0000 0.1844 0.2818 0.7803 0.0000 0.7312 0.0000 0.3947 0.0172 0.8104 0.0000 0.7970 0.0000 0.8377 0.0000 0.2146 0.2089 0.4373 0.0077 -0.8566 0.0000 -0.9162 0.0000 0.8067 0.0000 0.8848 0.0000 Superoxide dismutase -0.0231 0.8935 0.7480 0.0000 -0.0207 0.9044 0.1406 0.4133 -0.0951 0.5810 0.0100 0.9538 0.0749 0.6642 0.1560 0.3636 0.8230 0.0000 -0.3281 0.0507 -0.2714 0.1093 -0.2736 0.1064 0.3082 0.0674 0.0722 0.6755 0.2558 0.1322 Total phenolic contents 0.2816 0.0961 0.3500 0.0364 0.2816 0.0962 0.4962 0.0021 -0.0823 0.6333 0.2828 0.0946 0.4888 0.0025 0.4976 0.0020 0.3662 0.0281 0.2466 0.1472 -0.6275 0.0000 -0.4803 0.0030 0.6483 0.0000 0.4753 0.0034 0.4502 0.0059 0.6175 0.0001 Total soluble proteins 0.0297 0.8637 0.6544 0.0000 0.0364 0.8330 0.2116 0.2155 -0.2783 0.1002 -0.0435 0.8012 0.1184 0.4916 0.1255 0.4657 0.6684 0.0000 -0.1561 0.3632 -0.3568 0.0327 -0.3574 0.0324 0.3687 0.0269 0.1174 0.4953 0.1978 0.2476 0.7947 0.0000 0.6094 0.0001 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 23 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 04 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 03 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 03 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 30 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 30 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 29 Aug, 2025 Editor invited by journal 29 Aug, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 18 Jul, 2025 First submitted to journal 16 Jul, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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13:19:41","extension":"html","order_by":36,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":246989,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7118803/v1/7354fbae55d787aa7c14a993.html"},{"id":93403833,"identity":"e61e1e3f-ed07-4946-a76e-84bb1006cf36","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-13 13:19:40","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":84603,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMetrological data of cotton phenological growth stages of cotton crop during 2023 and 2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWeather station located at Central Cotton Research Institute Multan, Pakistan\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7118803/v1/b48732460fdf88b3ee8a5831.png"},{"id":93403835,"identity":"aa292f5c-d116-4e2f-a2b7-17e0dbacda89","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-13 13:19:40","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":151126,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBio-stimulants spray effected on physiological attributes of cotton at applied reproductive drought stress\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7118803/v1/78bde13ba242e4a932bebbae.png"},{"id":93403834,"identity":"584afa5c-0e7d-469c-b33c-0b6cf010c274","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-13 13:19:40","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":101461,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBio-stimulants spray effected on morphological growth attributes of cotton at applied reproductive drought stress\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7118803/v1/680eb4bce78946af8caad7a1.png"},{"id":93404954,"identity":"7a34354f-c2d2-4ff8-97e5-a95195fc22d3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-13 13:27:40","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":137406,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrincipal component analysis (PCA) Biplot after applied Bio-stimulants spray in cotton crop at reproductive drought stress. \u003c/strong\u003ePlant population (PP), Plant height (PH), Harvested boll plant\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e (HB), Boll weight (BW), Cotton yield (CY), Specific leaf weight (SLW), Relative water contents (RWC), Relative cell injury (RCI), Relative membrane permeability (RMP), Total soluble proteins (TSP), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Peroxidase (POD), Catalase (CAT), Total phenolic contents (TPC), Fiber length (FL), Fiber strength (FS), Fiber uniformity (FU), Staple length (SL)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7118803/v1/103633f3239fd4f16b7d8f0e.png"},{"id":99172330,"identity":"1a8eee76-e502-4449-abfc-42f47ffae704","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 16:07:57","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3138719,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7118803/v1/2410dcdf-8584-46ee-8e02-668494905f02.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Moringa bio-stimulant promoted cotton production via coordinating anti-oxidants and physiological behaviors to combat reproductive drought stress","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eClimate change coupled with global warming is a serious problem for the agricultural sector in developing countries, especially in Pakistan. Meteorological data indicate an exceptional increase in global climate temperature of 1\u0026ndash;2\u0026deg;C by 2050\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e. The temperature fluctuations diminished crop production due to counteracting various drastic environmental abiotic stresses including water, heat, saline, etc\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Drought could harm arable land and lead to a 46% reduction in crop production by the end of the 21st century\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Its persistence depended on the plant-water-soil relationship resulting from uneven rainfall, unbalanced plant evapotranspiration, and reduced soil moisture retention\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Moisture stress inhibits plant growth, leading to impaired nutrient absorption and reduced physiological activity\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCotton is cultivated as a fiber crop in tropical regions worldwide with \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;40\u0026deg;C temperature\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Its production achieved a significant role in the food and fiber industry based on the consumption of \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;120\u0026nbsp;million bales\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Unfortunately, cotton production in major producing countries like Pakistan is being hampered by global climate change, including droughts and heatwaves\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Cotton is considered an exhaustive crop and required throughout the entire vegetative\u0026ndash;reproductive growth stages\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Water stress during the reproductive stages, referred to as reproductive drought significantly impaired crop production. Observations proved that vegetative drought has a lesser impact (10\u0026ndash;30%) compared to reproductive drought (50\u0026ndash;80%) on cotton cultivation, especially during the flowering and fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation stages\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Reproductive drought decreased the morphological growth \u0026ndash; developmental attributes, physiological parameters, anti-oxidant contents, fiber quality-related traits, and ultimately reduced the benefit-cost ratio of cotton\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, cotton cultivation may require a sustainable and organic approach to mitigate the negative impact of reproductive drought and improve the drought tolerance for higher cotton seed production.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMoringa leaf extract (MLE\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e) is one the best and most effective bio-stimulant growth regulators used for enhancing metabolic performance, boosting up crop yield and quality\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The exogenous application of moringa extract may serve to improve resistance due to its potential anti-oxidant contents, alleviate relative cell damage, and improve fiber quality in cotton plants induced by reproductive drought stress as well as normal irrigation conditions\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Moringa bio-stimulant may have the potential to enhance the source-sink relationship, performing a better photosynthesis process in cotton production\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Analysis of moringa has revealed a detailed composition of various plant growth hormones (Zeatin), anti-oxidants, vitamins, and micro-macro nutrients, making it an ideal bio-stimulant growth enhancer\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. It can be effectively used to enhance cotton production by well-organized utilization of the nutrient absorption system, boosting up the anti-oxidant system, and performing significant physiological activities\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Moringa bio-stimulant compensates for the use of synthetic stimulants due to its cost-effectiveness and sustainable use in field crops under unfavorable environmental stress conditions\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA foliar spray of moringa bio-stimulant may be more effective than other methods like seed priming, seed coating, and soil application to obtain crop yield\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. It is important to apply moringa spray at suitable critical stages of cotton crops, as effective for increasing tolerance under applied drought stress conditions\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. To the author's current knowledge, studies have shown the effectiveness of the moringa bio-stimulant via seed priming in the cotton crop, but there is an urgent need to check its application via foliar application at reproductive growth stages in changing climate. Therefore, a study was planned to understand the effective use of bio-stimulants through foliar spray at various growth stages of cotton crops and its mechanism of action by observing physiological and anti-oxidant behavior to cope with the induced reproductive drought stress.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreparation of bio-stimulants Moringa, Seaweed, Nitro-phenolates\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoringa extract was prepared by following the procedure described by\u003csup\u003e21\u003c/sup\u003e. For this, the fresh leaves were collected from a healthy, mature moringa tree at 10:30 am from the moringa garden situated within the Experimental Research Area, Institute of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences \u0026amp; Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan. The collected moringa leaves were carefully washed with distilled water and air-dried for 6 hours in the Seed Science Laboratory. The leaves were then stored in a laboratory freezer at \u0026ndash;80 \u0026deg;C in a laboratory freezer for 48 hours. A hand-made extraction machine was used to crush and press the chilled leaves to obtain moringa extract. The collected extract was centrifuged at 6500 rpm resolution for 20 minutes. After this, the purified moringa extract was diluted with distilled water in the ratio of 1:30 and named as \u0026ldquo;SANJHI\u0026rdquo; bio-stimulant and commercialized in the pesticide industry with the funding support of the Technology Development Fund (TDF03-080), Higher Education Commission, Pakistan. Seaweed and\u0026nbsp;nitro-phenolates\u0026nbsp;extracts were purchased from private limited companies Wokozim Crop Plus and Asahi Star before application in the experimental trials\u003csup\u003e22\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExperimental field site, metrological data, and soil analysis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExperimental trials were examined at the Experimental Research Area, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences \u0026amp; Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan (71\u0026deg; 28\u0026rsquo; 31\u0026rdquo; E, 30\u0026deg; 11\u0026rsquo; 44\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo; N and 129 m above sea level) during the kharif seasons of 2023 and 2024. Multan belongs to a semi-arid region and its metrological data with annual maximum-minimum temperature, average rainfall, and relative humidity during the cotton crop phenological growth stages of both years I \u0026amp; II of the trials presented in Figure 1. According to FAO classification, experimental soil is fine silty in texture, sodic haplocambids, mixed, hyperthermic soil Sindhlianwali series. Three soil samples were collected from different experimental sites and analyzed in the Soil Fertility Laboratory, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan, during the years 2023 and 2024 shown in Table 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExperimental layout\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis project field study was conducted for two consecutive years (2023, 2024) at the Experimental Research Area of Institute of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences \u0026amp; Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. Experiments were designed with Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two factorial arrangements having treatments; Factor A: Foliar spray of bio-stimulants i.e., Hydro (Distill water), Moringa leaf extract (1:3 MLE30: Water)\u003csup\u003e21\u003c/sup\u003e, Seaweed extract (3 ml L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003csup\u003e23\u003c/sup\u003e, Nitro-phenolates (2 ml L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003csup\u003e24\u003c/sup\u003e, Factor B: Terminal reproductive drought stress (Control (irrigations applied at vegetive - reproductive principal growth stages BBCH code 10, 20, 30, 50, 60, 70), Flowering Drought (code 60), Fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation Drought (code 70)). Bio-stimulants were sprayed at two principal growth stages following the BBCH code i.e., flowering (code 60) and fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation (code 70)\u003csup\u003e25\u003c/sup\u003e. IUB-2013 was used as a test cotton crop cultivar with replication thrice.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCrop husbandry\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePre-soaking irrigation (\u0026ge; 10 cm) was applied at the experimental area to attain the soil workable condition at 100% field capacity. The preparation of the seedbed was performed with 2 times ploughings and subsequent planking using a field tractor-mounted cultivator. The treated cotton seeds were sown according to the designed trial units during the 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e fortnight of May and started harvesting (3 pickings at 22 days of intervals) during the 2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e fortnight of October - November respectively in both years 2023 and 2024. A net plot area of 3.75 \u0026times; 6.10 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e was maintained in each experimental unit. Three splits of urea (N) were applied at different intervals including first-time seedbed preparation, second at 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e irrigation, and 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e at flowering stage (code 60) during the cotton crop growth stage. Diammonium phosphate (P) and sulfate of potash (K) were used during the seedbed preparation at recommended rates (65 and 55 kg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) respectively in the area of experimental trials. Weed protection measures were practiced by foot manuring in cotton fields. The cotton field was kept free from insect-pest disease by implementing integrated crop management including the use of Imidacloprid (Confidor 200-SL). Moreover, uniform agronomic management practices were applied in all experimental units during both years of trials. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObservations\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnti-oxidants analysis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe standard protocols were used to measure the anti-oxidants using a nano-spectrophotometer at the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences \u0026amp; Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University of Multan, Pakistan. Three samples were randomly collected from mature cotton plants in the early morning at 10:00 am at a temperature of 25 \u0026plusmn; 5 \u0026deg;C after the application of fruit\u0026rsquo;s drought stress in the experimental studies. The collected leaves were separately packed in plastic zip bags and stored in a laboratory freezer at \u0026ndash; 80 \u0026deg;C for anti-oxidant analysis. For this purpose, frozen leaf samples (0.5 g) were ground in a mortar with 1 mL of buffered extract (pH 7.3). A 1 L of phosphate buffer saline stock solution was prepared by mixing 10 mM Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eHPO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e; 2 mM KH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e; 2.7 mM KCl; and 1.37 mM NaCl respectively. HCl was gradually mixed in phosphate buffer saline stock solution to adjust the pH 7.2. Before protein extraction, 1 \u0026micro;M protease inhibitor was added to the buffer solution. The grounded sample material was centrifuged into a supernatant solution by adjusting resolution at 15,000 \u0026times; g for 10 minutes. The standard curve was plotted in a Microsoft Excel Sheet-2019 at different levels of bovine serum albumin (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 \u0026micro;g mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026ndash;1\u003c/sup\u003e) followed by mixing 400 \u0026micro;L Dye stock with distilled water. All samples were then placed in a vortex mixer to mix carefully and incubated for 5 minutes at laboratory temperature. Total soluble protein observations were made at an absorbance of 595 nm\u003csup\u003e26\u003c/sup\u003e. The sample reactive mixture (100 \u0026micro;L) was prepared by adding 400 \u0026micro;L guaiacol (20 mM), 500 \u0026micro;L H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (40 mM), and 2 mL phosphate (50 mM). Peroxidase observations were measured at an absorbance of 470 nm (15 seconds \u0026plusmn; 5 minutes). For catalase, the reactive mixture was decomposed with H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and then noted observations at an absorbance of 240 nm (25 seconds \u0026plusmn; 5 minutes)\u003csup\u003e27\u003c/sup\u003e. 50 \u0026micro;L of reactive mixture was mixed with 1 mL nitro-blue tetrazolium (50 \u0026micro;M), 500 \u0026micro;L methionine (13 mM), 1 mL riboflavin (1.3 \u0026micro;M), 950 \u0026micro;L (50 mM) phosphate buffer, 500 \u0026micro;L EDTA (75 mM) followed by adapting the reaction procedure to place in the dark cabin with switching on (30 W \u0026plusmn; 5 minutes). Superoxide dismutase observations were determined at an absorbance of 560 nm after mixing the reactive mixture with NBT photo reduction and blue formazane visibility\u003csup\u003e28\u003c/sup\u003e. On the other hand, a stock solution of gallic acid was used for the standard curve in the Microsoft Excel Sheet 2019 for measuring the total phenolic contents. For this purpose, all the treated samples (5 mL) were filtered using 80% acetone solution up to the level of 10 mL. Each sample (20 \u0026micro;L) was prepared with the mixing of deionized water (1.58 mL) and Folin Ciocalteu reagents (100 \u0026micro;L) (25 seconds \u0026plusmn; 9 minutes). 300 \u0026micro;L sodium carbonate was added to each sample and placed in the laboratory (40 \u0026deg;C \u0026plusmn; 30 minutes). Total phenolic contents observations were noted at an absorbance of 760 nm\u003csup\u003e29\u003c/sup\u003e. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysiological attributes \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the physiological parameters were measured using the modified formulas described below; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 638px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecific leaf weight = Leaf dry weight / Leaf area\u003csup\u003e30\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 638px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative water contents = {(Fresh weight \u0026ndash; Dry weight) / (Turgid weight \u0026ndash; Dry weight)} \u0026times; 100\u003csup\u003e31\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 638px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative membrane permeability = {(EC \u003csub\u003eA\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026ndash; EC \u003csub\u003eO\u003c/sub\u003e) /\u0026nbsp;EC \u003csub\u003eB\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026ndash; EC \u003csub\u003eO\u003c/sub\u003e)} \u0026times; 100\u003csup\u003e32\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 638px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative Cell Injury = 1\u0026nbsp;\u0026ndash;\u0026nbsp;{1 - (EC \u003csub\u003eTreated sample before autoclaving\u003c/sub\u003e / EC \u003csub\u003eTreated sample after autoclaving\u003c/sub\u003e)} /\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;{1\u0026nbsp;\u0026ndash;\u0026nbsp;(EC \u003csub\u003eControl sample before autoclaving\u003c/sub\u003e / EC \u003csub\u003eControl sample after autoclaving\u003c/sub\u003e)} \u0026times; 100\u003csup\u003e33\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*EC = Electric Conductivity \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMorphological growth, development, and fiber quality-related attributes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStandard procedures described in the protocols were used to measure cotton growth-related traits, including leaf area index\u003csup\u003e30\u003c/sup\u003e, seasonal leaf area length, and plant growth rate\u003csup\u003e34\u003c/sup\u003e. The randomly five healthy cotton plants were selected and harvested to calculate plant populations acre\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, plant height (cm), harvested bolls plant\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, average boll weight (g), and seed cotton yield (t ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e). Twenty harvested bolls were preserved for determining the fiber-related attributes including fiber fineness (\u0026micro;g inch\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e), fiber strength (g tex\u003csup\u003e\u0026ndash;1\u003c/sup\u003e), fiber uniformity (%), and staple length (mm).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBenefit-cost ratio\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe economic analysis of cotton cultivation was carried out in terms of total expenditures, net income, gross income, benefit-cost ratio after the application of foliar bio-stimulants under terminal reproductive drought stress conditions. Total expenditure on cotton production was calculated on the cost of seed, land rent, seedbed preparation, use of fertilizers, insect-pest control measures, irrigation, picking labor, etc. On the other hand, gross income was determined as per the local Pakistan market rate of seed cotton and cottonseed converted into US dollars. Following modified formulas described by\u003csup\u003e35\u003c/sup\u003e were used to measure net income and benefit-cost ratio;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 638px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNet income = Gross income \u0026ndash; Total expenditure \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 638px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBenefit-cost ratio = Gross income / total expenditures\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePearson correlation and Principal component analysis Biplot\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e36\u003c/sup\u003e described the procedures using the software Statistix 8.1 for the Pearson correlation and Principal component analysis biplot. This analysis involved partitioning the coefficients correlation between direct and indirect effects in the applied treatment of bio-stimulants and terminal reproductive drought stress by substituting means for random variables into outcome variables. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistics analysis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this project, statistical analysis was performed by Fisher\u0026apos;s analysis of variance to organize and analyze the observed treatment data. Treatment means differences were compared at 0.05 probability level using Duncan\u0026rsquo;s multiple range tests [37]. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysiological attributes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe applied various bio-stimulants and terminal drought stress resulted in a significant improvement trend in the physiological attributes of cotton plants in both years of the project study (Figure 2). Among bio-stimulants, moringa foliar spray achieved maximum values of specific leaf weight (SLW) values under fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation drought followed by flowering drought after control during the year 2024 compared to 2023 (Figure 2). During the 2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e year of the project study, terminal drought stress impaired the relative water contents (RWC), but the treatment of moringa foliar spray enhanced the relative water contents followed by seaweed, nitro-phenolates in the induced flowering drought, and fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation drought than control (Figure 2). Likewise, relative cell injury (RCI) was noted maximum in cotton plants treated with moringa bio-stimulant as per seaweed, nitro-phenolates, and hydro treatments in flowering drought followed by fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation drought during the second year than the first year of experiments (Figure 2). Terminal drought stress applied to flowering and fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation stages declined the relative membrane permeability (RMP) values of cotton plants, while moringa bio-stimulant diminished the impact of fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation drought as well as flowering drought and enhanced the relative water contents as per others bio-stimulants during the year-II than year-I of the trials (Figure 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMorphological growth attributes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTerminal reproductive drought stress significantly reduced the morphological growth attributes of cotton plants compared to control, but moringa foliar spray during flowering and fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation resulted in a gradual improvement in leaf area index (LAI) at 105 days after sowing (DAS) in both years of trials (2023, 2024) (Figure 3). The seasonal leaf area duration (SLAD) was reduced in the plants induced by flowering drought and fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation drought, however, treated plants with moringa bio-stimulants were noted with higher SLAD at 60, 75, 90, 105 DAS respectively, as per treatments of seaweed, nitro-phenolates, and hydro foliar spray in the applied terminal drought stress conditions during the year-I \u0026amp; II (Figure 3). The data revealed that crop growth rate (CGR) progressively increased up to 90 DAS and started to decline at 105 DAS, but the results of moringa-treated plants achieved maximum CGR values under flowering drought followed by fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation drought after control in both years of exploration (Figure 3). Observations also interactive effect of applied bio-stimulant and terminal drought stress on morphological attributes of cotton plants was significantly higher in 2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e year compared to 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e year of trials (Figure 3).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnti-oxidant status\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoringa bio-stimulant triggered the higher production of total soluble proteins (TSP) in the cotton plants induced by fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation drought followed by flowering drought during both years of experiments (Table 2). The release of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) was observed maximum after the treatment applied with foliar spray of moringa bio-stimulant in the fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation drought in both years-I \u0026amp; II shown in Table 2. The interactive effect of applied bio-stimulant and terminal drought stress resulted in significant positive for peroxidase (POD) contents, and moringa bio-stimulant upgraded the higher production of POD values in the plants induced with terminal fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation drought as well as flowering drought during both years of study (Table 2). The application of moringa bio-stimulant treatment increased catalase (CAT) contents in the cotton plants as compared to seaweed, nitro-phenolates, and hydro bio-stimulants under fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation drought followed by flowering drought than control during both years of the experimental study presented in Table 2. Total phenolic contents were produced maximum under the plants treated with moringa bio-stimulant as per others in the applied fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation drought during both years of study (Table 2). Table 2 presented the prominent production of anti-oxidant contents in the plants treated with bio-stimulants under terminal drought stress were noted higher during year II than year I.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMorphological developmental-related yield attributes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3\u0026nbsp;describes the significant results of morphological development attributes in the cotton plants with the application of bio-stimulants under various terminal drought stress conditions. Maximum cotton plant populations were observed after foliar spray of moringa bio-stimulant as compared to seaweed, nitro-phenolates, and hydro treatments in control followed by flowering drought and fruit\u0026rsquo;s development drought during the year 2024 than 2023 (Table 3). Observations illustrated that treatment applied moringa bio-stimulant in cotton plants obtained higher plant height than others in flowering drought followed by fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation drought after control conditions during the year II compared to year I of the trials (Table 3). The harvested bolls plant\u003csup\u003e-1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003ewere noted maximum in the treated plants with moringa spray bio-stimulant as compared to others in the control condition as well as flowering drought and fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation drought during the 2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e year than the 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e of the trials (Table 3). The application of moringa spray treatment in the cotton plants achieved greater average boll weight compared to lesser hydro spray in the control condition (Table 3). During the 2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e year of trials, seed cotton yield was noted as maximum in the treatment of moringa bio-stimulant compared to seaweed, nitro-phenolates, and the minimum was in hydro spray under flowering drought as well as fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation drought after control conditions than 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e year illustrated in Table 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFiber quality attributes \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData revealed that cotton plants treated with moringa foliar spray achieved better results in fiber fineness under control followed by flowering drought and fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation drought during both years of exploration (Table 4). Higher fiber strength was noted in the plants grown with foliar spray of moringa as compared to seaweed, nitro-phenolates, and hydro treatments in flowering drought as well as fruit\u0026rsquo;s drought after control conditions during both years I \u0026amp; II presented in Table 4. Terminal reproductive drought stress reduced the fiber uniformity, but the applied moringa bio-stimulant increased the fiber uniformity compared to hydro under control as well as flowering drought followed by fruit\u0026rsquo;s drought in both years of project study (Table 4). The second year of the experiments achieved higher results greater staple length in the plants with moringa treatment compared to the first year under control conditions followed by flowering drought and fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation drought (Table 4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBenefit-cost ratio\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEconomic analysis of average both years (2023, 2024) mentioned that the applied flowering drought and fruit\u0026rsquo;s drought achieved superior net income and benefit-cost ratio in the treatment of moringa bio-stimulant as compared to seaweed, nitro-phenolates, hydro after control condition depicted in Table 5. Observations described that nitro-phenolates bio-stimulant resulted in least net income and benefit-cost ratio in the applied terminal reproductive drought stress and control condition (Table 5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrincipal component analysis (PCA) Biplot and Pearson correlation analysis \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe applied treatment of bio-stimulant via foliar spray in the cotton plants under various induced terminal flowering and fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation drought stress obtained as significantly positive interaction in the observed growth, development, physiological, anti-oxidant contents, fiber quality parameters during both years (2023, 2024) of trials shown in Table 6 and Figure 4.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this project study, the application of moringa bio-stimulant triggered the plant performance in the way of increasing trend of cotton growth-related attributes like LAI, SLAD, and CGR during the various intervals of days after sowing under applied flowering drought and fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation drought. It has been observed that this might be due to the availability of essential nutrients and \u0026ldquo;Zeatin\u0026rdquo; growth-promoting hormones in moringa extract as compared to other bio-stimulants (seaweed, nitro-phenolates, hydro) for boosting up the plant drought tolerance for better photosynthesis activities\u003csup\u003e38\u003c/sup\u003e. A significant result in leaf-related growth traits played an important role as a promoting component for achieving the cotton yield in this study. Moringa foliar spray increased the production of photo-assimilates and transportation in the plant leaves under terminal drought stress conditions\u003csup\u003e39\u003c/sup\u003e. Moringa bio-stimulant acted as a catalyst to ensure a better connection between the source and sink during the photosynthesis process under normal conditions as well as terminal reproductive drought stress\u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003e. The difference in the efficiency of growth attributes of plants treated with moringa bio-stimulant compared to others may be due to providing a suitable platform for utilizing natural input resources\u003csup\u003e41\u003c/sup\u003e. The applied moringa foliar spray obtained higher values in LAI, SLAD, and CGR in the plants might be due to the enhanced photosynthetic activities, cell division, and cell enlargement respectively for exploitation of resources and higher consumption of solar radiation during the the flowering drought and fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation drought\u003csup\u003e42\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe applied terminal reproductive drought stress triggered the release of potential anti-oxidant contents against reactive oxygen species (ROS) after bio-stimulant application in cotton plants. Foliar spray of moringa bio-stimulant in cotton plants noted with maximum production of TSP, SOD, POD, CAT, and TPC may be performed as protective anti-oxidant defensive reagents, helped in diminishing the ROS molecules including\u0026rsquo;s hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion radical during flowering drought and fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation drought\u003csup\u003e43\u003c/sup\u003e. Cotton plants grown in the applied terminal reproductive drought stress resulted in greater anti-oxidant values compared to control conditions might be due to the use of moringa bio-stimulant boosted up the plant tolerance as compared to seaweed, nitro-phenolates, and hydro foliar spray during the both years of project study\u003csup\u003e44\u003c/sup\u003e. Moringa foliar spray triggered higher anti-oxidant production in the plants might be due to the presence of Zeatin hormones for tolerance against terminal reproductive drought stress conditions during the both years 2023 and 2024\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTerminal drought stress impaired the physiological behavior of cotton plants might be due to the loss of turgor pressure\u003csup\u003e45\u003c/sup\u003e. However, moringa bio-stimulant compensated its damaging impact by increasing the specific leaf weight and relative water contents might be due to minimum evapotranspiration loss in the plant\u0026apos;s leaves planted under flowering and fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation drought stress conditions\u003csup\u003e46\u003c/sup\u003e. Cotton plants noted with less relative cell injury after the application of moringa treatments might be triggered by increasing the tolerance behavior to face the induced terminal reproductive drought stress conditions\u003csup\u003e33\u003c/sup\u003e. Observations proved the relative cell injury may be due to the genetic characteristics in the cotton plants and depicted minimum relative cell injury after moringa foliar spray under the unfavorable environment of terminal reproductive drought stress conditions in this experimental study\u003csup\u003e47\u003c/sup\u003e. The increasing trend in relative membrane permeability treated with moringa bio-stimulant may lead to the alteration in the potential induced drought stress and maintain the stability in the cotton plants under flowering drought and fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation drought\u003csup\u003e48\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA significantly higher plant population was observed in the control condition followed by flowering drought and fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation drought respectively. This may be due to effective management of the distance between plants and rows in the cotton field to ensure better performance during morphological growth and development processes\u003csup\u003e49\u003c/sup\u003e. The height of cotton plants that can be observed as a genetic trait and maximum values noted after the moringa treatment may be due to Zeatin hormones which maintained node formation and shortened the nodal distance to produce healthy boll\u0026rsquo;s formation\u003csup\u003e50\u003c/sup\u003e. Harvesting boll\u0026rsquo;s plant\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e is the final response of the cotton plant, observed maximum treated with foliar spray of moringa bio-stimulant might be due to the synchronized formation of primary and secondary branches under control conditions as well as terminal reproductive drought stress\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e. Observations proved that moringa application enhanced the cotton boll\u0026rsquo;s weight might be due to improved efficient absorption of nutrients and their transport from vegetative stages to reproductive boll development stage under unfavorable conditions of flowering drought and fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation drought stress during both years of experiments\u003csup\u003e14\u003c/sup\u003e. Seed cotton yield is the final stage of the reproductive stage and its outcome indicated the combined results of cotton plants, which was observed greater in the moringa-treated plants might be due to the better utilization of natural resources and mitigating the reproductive drought stress by potential anti-oxidant defense system and better physiological attributes during both years I \u0026amp; II of this project study\u003csup\u003e31\u003c/sup\u003e. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCotton fiber quality is a standard, built-in characteristic that can be improved to some extent by inducing exogenous applications of bio-stimulants\u003csup\u003e51\u003c/sup\u003e. Fiber-related attributes were reduced in the applied terminal reproductive drought stress, but moringa foliar spray significantly enhanced fiber fineness, fiber strength, fiber uniformity, and staple length, which may be due to providing favorable conditions for achieving better maturity during the phenological growth stages of the cotton crop during the flowering drought followed by fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation drought after control condition\u003csup\u003e52\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe project study showed that the adaptation of moringa to bio-stimulants can be effective due to cost-effectiveness in terms of inputs and higher net income compared to seaweed, nitro-phenolates, hydro treatments under control followed terminal reproductive droughty stress conditions\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003e. The higher cost-benefit ratio of foliar spray application of moringa bio-stimulant was found to be a highly cost-effective, sustainable, and environmentally friendly approach to enable cotton cultivation under induced drought stress flowering and fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation conditions in arid and semi-arid regions of the world\u003csup\u003e53\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis project study proved that foliar application of a moringa bio-stimulant improved the tolerance of cotton plants to terminal reproductive drought stress by upgrading the anti-oxidant status and mitigating relative water contents, relative cell injury, relative membrane permeability leading to potential outcomes in terms of fiber quality and benefit-cost ratio. Therefore, it is recommended that foliar spray of moringa bio-stimulant at flowering and fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation stages could be effective in achieving higher seed cotton yields under unfavorable environmental drought conditions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors are also thankful for technical support from Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan Pakistan. The authors also extend their appreciation to the Researchers supporting project number (RGP2/526/45), Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University, Arabia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization, Methodology, M.W.H.; Review and editing, Formal analysis, A.Y.; Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing H.N.; Resources, A.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors also extend their appreciation to the Researchers supporting project number (RGP2/526/45), Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University, Arabia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRiaz, M., Farooq, J., Sakhawat, G., Mahmood, A., Sadiq, M., Yaseen, M. 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Bot. \u003cstrong\u003e119\u003c/strong\u003e, 383\u0026ndash;389 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.10.003\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGuedes, W.A., Ara\u0026uacute;jo R.H.C.R.J.L.A. et al. Production of papaya seedlings using Spirulina platensis as a biostimulant applied on leaf and root. J. Exp. Agric. Int. \u003cstrong\u003e28\u003c/strong\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;9 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/JEAI/2018/45053 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZaid, A., Mohammad, F., Fariduddin, Q. Plant growth regulators improve growth, photosynthesis, mineral nutrient and antioxidant system under cadmium stress in menthol mint (Mentha arvensis l.). Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants \u003cstrong\u003e26\u003c/strong\u003e, 25\u0026ndash;39 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-019-00715-y \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZulfiqar, F., Casadesús, A., Brockman, H., Munné-Bosch, S. An overview of plant-based natural biostimulants for sustainable horticulture with a particular focus on moringa leaf extracts. Plant Sci. \u003cstrong\u003e295\u003c/strong\u003e, 110194 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110194 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShukla, P.S., Shotton, K., Norman, E., Neily, W., Critchley, A.T., Prithiviraj, B. Seaweed extract improve drought tolerance of soybean by regulating stress-response genes. AoB Plants \u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e, plx051 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plx051\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCristofano, F., El-Nakhel, C., Rouphael, Y. Biostimulant substances for sustainable agriculture: Origin, operating mechanisms and effects on Cucurbits, leafy greens, and nightshade vegetables species. Biomolecules. \u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e, 1103 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11081103 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDel Buono, D. Can biostimulants be used to mitigate the effect of anthropogenic climate change on agriculture? It is time to respond. Sci. Total Environ. \u003cstrong\u003e751\u003c/strong\u003e, 141763 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141763 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAydin, A., Kant, C., Turan, M. Humic acid application alleviates salinity stress of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris l.) plants decreasing membrane leakage. Afr. J. Agric. Res. \u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e, 1073\u0026ndash;1086 (2012). https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR10.274 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKhan, A., Pan, X., Najeeb, U., Tan, D.K.Y., Fahad, S., Zahoor, R., Luo, H. Coping with drought: stress and adaptive mechanisms, and management through cultural and molecular alternatives in cotton as vital constituents for plant stress resilience and fitness. Biol. Res. \u003cstrong\u003e51\u003c/strong\u003e, 47 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40659-018-0198-z \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBulgari, R., Franzoni, G., Ferrante. A Biostimulants application in horticultural crops under abiotic stress conditions. Agronomy. \u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e, 306 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9060306 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLau, S.E., Teo, W.F.A., Teoh, E.Y., Tan, B.C. Microbiome engineering and plant biostimulants for sustainable crop improvement and mitigation of biotic and abiotic stresses. Discov. Food. \u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e, 9 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44187-022-00009-5 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUl-Allah, S., Rehman, A., Hussain, M. et al. Fiber yield and quality in cotton under drought: efects and management. Agric. Water Manag. \u003cstrong\u003e255\u003c/strong\u003e, 106994 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.106994 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNawaz, H., Hussain, N., Yasmeen, A., Rehman, H., Bukhari, S.A.H., Rehmani, I.A. Ultra-narrow row spacing: A sustainable and economical approach ensuring profitable cotton production. Pak. J. Agric. Sci. \u003cstrong\u003e56\u003c/strong\u003e, 101\u0026ndash;107 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.21162/PAKJAS/19.7111 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. Soil analysis of cotton experimental site at Experimental Research Area, Institute of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences \u0026amp; Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University of Multan, Pakistan\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"97%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObservations\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnits\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical data\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSand\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSilt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClay\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTexture\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSilty clay loam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChemical data\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrganic matter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSaturation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Nitrogen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAvailable Phosphorus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePpm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAvailable Potassium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePpm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e301.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e302.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edS m\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZinc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePpm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSoil Fertility Laboratory, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences \u0026amp; Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University of Multan, Pakistan\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2. Bio-stimulants spray effected on anti-oxidant status of cotton at applied reproductive drought stress\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFoliar spray of Bio-stimulant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDrought Stress\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHydro\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Tap water)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMoringa leaf\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eextract (MLE\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeaweed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eextract (SWE)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNitro-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ephenolates (NP)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eTotal soluble protein (TSP) (mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026ndash;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91g \u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.54de \u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38f \u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.31f \u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.56B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.43ef \u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.99b \u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.54de \u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.65cd \u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u0026rsquo;s formation Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01g \u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.28a \u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94b \u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.78c \u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78i\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.87de\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.40gh\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.73f\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.78A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.35h\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.68a\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.53g\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.04bc\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u0026rsquo;s formation Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.95cd\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.15b\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.13b\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.79ef\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"mailto:[email protected]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\[email protected]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Year 2023 {0.1525}; Year 2024 {0.1408}, Interaction {0.0419}\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eSuperoxide dismutase (SOD) (IU min\u003csup\u003e\u0026ndash;1\u003c/sup\u003e mg\u003csup\u003e\u0026ndash;1\u003c/sup\u003e protein)\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.30e\u0026plusmn;0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.33c\u0026plusmn;0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.42f\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.08d\u0026plusmn;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e39.23B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.10e\u0026plusmn;0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.35a\u0026plusmn;0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.38d\u0026plusmn;0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.58e\u0026plusmn;0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u0026rsquo;s formation Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.67d\u0026plusmn;0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.42b\u0026plusmn;0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.01c\u0026plusmn;0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.11d\u0026plusmn;0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.21h\u0026plusmn;0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.80f\u0026plusmn;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.20i\u0026plusmn;0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.70g\u0026plusmn;0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e44.18A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.10ef\u0026plusmn;0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.98a\u0026plusmn;0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.52cd\u0026plusmn;0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.49de\u0026plusmn;0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u0026rsquo;s formation Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.07f\u0026plusmn;0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.39b\u0026plusmn;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.62c\u0026plusmn;0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.14f\u0026plusmn;0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"mailto:[email protected]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\[email protected]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Year 2023 {4.5392}; Year 2024 {3.9182}, Interaction {1.1794}\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003ePeroxidase (POD) (mmol min\u003csup\u003e\u0026ndash;1\u003c/sup\u003e mg\u003csup\u003e\u0026ndash;1\u003c/sup\u003e protein)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.60f\u0026plusmn;0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.43e\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.43f\u0026plusmn;0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.79e\u0026plusmn;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e18.54B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.18d\u0026plusmn;0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.55a\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.97c\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.05b\u0026plusmn;0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u0026rsquo;s formation Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.34d\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.23b\u0026plusmn;0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.24c\u0026plusmn;0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.72b\u0026plusmn;0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.45gh\u0026plusmn;0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.21d.f\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.58h\u0026plusmn;1.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.54f.h\u0026plusmn;0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e24.69A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.37d\u0026plusmn;0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.17a\u0026plusmn;0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.65c\u0026plusmn;0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.49b\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u0026rsquo;s formation Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.40e.g\u0026plusmn;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.65c\u0026plusmn;1.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.42de\u0026plusmn;0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.34c\u0026plusmn;1.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\[email protected]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Year 2023 {2.1009}; Year 2024 {4.3177}, Interaction {0.9440}\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eCatalase (CAT) (\u0026mu;mol min\u003csup\u003e\u0026ndash;1\u003c/sup\u003e mg\u003csup\u003e\u0026ndash;1\u003c/sup\u003e protein)\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.45f\u0026plusmn;0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.58ef\u0026plusmn;0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.72f\u0026plusmn;0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.22f\u0026plusmn;0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e22.29B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.60cd\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.20a\u0026plusmn;0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.15b\u0026plusmn;0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.14b\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u0026rsquo;s formation Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.16de\u0026plusmn;0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.20c\u0026plusmn;0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.67c\u0026plusmn;2.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.42c\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.95i\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.44g\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.33hi\u0026plusmn;0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.27h\u0026plusmn;0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e24.47A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.47i\u0026plusmn;0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.63a\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.11c\u0026plusmn;0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.33b\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u0026rsquo;s formation Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.06f\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.08e\u0026plusmn;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.97c\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.00d\u0026plusmn;0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\[email protected]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Year 2023 {4.9195}; Year 2024 {1.1568}, Interaction {1.0199}\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eTotal phenolic contents (TPC) (mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026ndash;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.37g\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.39de\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.63fg\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.57fg\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.72B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.74d\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.51a\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.41bc\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.48bc\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u0026rsquo;s formation Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.33de\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.85b\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00ef\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.35c\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.34de\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.81b\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.60d\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.99c\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.98A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.35de\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.92a\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.74f\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.11e\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u0026rsquo;s formation Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.79f\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.98b\u0026plusmn;0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.95b\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.21c\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\[email protected]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Year 2023 {0.4664}; Year 2024 {0.2633}, Interaction {0.1043}\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeans sharing the different letters are significantly different from each other\u0026rsquo;s @0.05 \u003cstrong\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3. Bio-stimulants spray effected on morphological developmental related yield attributes of cotton at applied reproductive drought stress\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFoliar spray of Bio-stimulant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDrought Stress\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHydro\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Tap water)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMoringa leaf\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eextract (MLE\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeaweed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eextract (SWE)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNitro-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ephenolates (NP)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003ePlant populations acre\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17013f\u0026plusmn;0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19925a\u0026plusmn;1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17516b\u0026plusmn;1.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17320c\u0026plusmn;0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17068B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16016l\u0026plusmn;1.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16509i\u0026plusmn;0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16327j\u0026plusmn;0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16261k\u0026plusmn;1.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u0026rsquo;s formation Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17119e\u0026plusmn;1.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17209d\u0026plusmn;0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16741h\u0026plusmn;0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16858g\u0026plusmn;1.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17516c\u0026plusmn;1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20976a\u0026plusmn;1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17823b\u0026plusmn;0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17436d\u0026plusmn;0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17178A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16615g\u0026plusmn;0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16612g\u0026plusmn;0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16433h\u0026plusmn;1.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16315i\u0026plusmn;0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u0026rsquo;s formation Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16234j\u0026plusmn;0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16321i\u0026plusmn;2.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16916f\u0026plusmn;0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16937e\u0026plusmn;1.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\[email protected]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Year 2023 {6.4077}; Year 2024 {6.4622}, Interaction {1.7923}\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003ePlant height (cm)\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111.38g\u0026plusmn;0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e162.24a\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137.64c\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125.79e\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e125.21B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.74i\u0026plusmn;0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149.71b\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130.91d\u0026plusmn;0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122.64f\u0026plusmn;0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u0026rsquo;s formation Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105.78h\u0026plusmn;0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130.74d\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112.04g\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112.91g\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125.17f\u0026plusmn;0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172.67a\u0026plusmn;0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144.04c\u0026plusmn;0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134.51de\u0026plusmn;0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e131.28A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123.22f\u0026plusmn;0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152.29b\u0026plusmn;0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137.22d\u0026plusmn;0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122.37fg\u0026plusmn;0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u0026rsquo;s formation Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.08i\u0026plusmn;0.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132.65e\u0026plusmn;0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119.48gh\u0026plusmn;0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116.63h\u0026plusmn;0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\[email protected]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Year 2023 {2.5893}; Year 2024 {3.1920}, Interaction {0.8042}\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eHarvested bolls plant\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36ef\u0026plusmn;0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49a\u0026plusmn;0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43c\u0026plusmn;0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40d\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e37B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31gh\u0026plusmn;0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46b\u0026plusmn;0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37e\u0026plusmn;0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34fg\u0026plusmn;0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u0026rsquo;s formation Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29h\u0026plusmn;0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37e\u0026plusmn;0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33fg\u0026plusmn;0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31gh\u0026plusmn;0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37ef\u0026plusmn;0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50a\u0026plusmn;0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44bc\u0026plusmn;0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41cd\u0026plusmn;0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e38A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32gh\u0026plusmn;0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44b\u0026plusmn;1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38d.f\u0026plusmn;0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34fg\u0026plusmn;0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u0026rsquo;s formation Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30h\u0026plusmn;0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39de\u0026plusmn;0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34fg\u0026plusmn;0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33gh\u0026plusmn;0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\[email protected]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Year 2023 {2.7322}; Year 2024 {3.6331}, Interaction {0.8929}\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eAverage boll weight (g)\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.51f\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.97a\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.94b\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.69c\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.24B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.28g\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.92b\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.57c\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.09d\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u0026rsquo;s formation Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.77h\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.50c\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.90de\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.78e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.70e\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.06a\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.36b\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.17bc\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.83A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.44f\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.21b\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.99cd\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.83de\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u0026rsquo;s formation Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.02g\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.82de\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.22g\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.15g\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\[email protected]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Year 2023 {0.1876}; Year 2024 {0.1994}, Interaction {0.0547}\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eSeed cotton yield (t ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.70fg\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.78a\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.04cd\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.84ef\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.88B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.49h\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.08c\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.12c\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.58gh\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u0026rsquo;s formation Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.17i\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.35b\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.92de\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.48h\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.97ef\u0026plusmn;0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.14a\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.64b\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.47bc\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.16A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.89fg\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.47bc\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.31cd\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.14de\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u0026rsquo;s formation Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.48h\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.14de\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.65gh\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.61h\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\[email protected]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Year 2023 {}; Year 2024 {0.2484}, Interaction {0.0650}\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeans sharing the different letters are significantly different from each other\u0026rsquo;s @0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4. Bio-stimulants spray effected on fiber quality related attributes of cotton at applied reproductive drought stress\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFoliar spray of Bio-stimulant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDrought Stress\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHydro\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Tap water)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMoringa leaf\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eextract (MLE\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeaweed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eextract (SWE)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNitro-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ephenolates (NP)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eFiber fineness (\u0026micro;g inch\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.73cd\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.41a\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.96bc\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.95bc\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.78B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.12f\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.04b\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.76bc\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.32ef\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u0026rsquo;s formation Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.43de\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.99bc\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.74bc\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.95bc\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.94cd\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.80a\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.10bc\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.03bc\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.00A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.47e\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.32b\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.96bc\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.96bc\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u0026rsquo;s formation Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.57de\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.11bc\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.83c.e\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.96bc\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\[email protected]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Year 2023 {0.3037}; Year 2024 {0.3825}, Interaction {0.0955}\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eFiber strength (g tex\u003csup\u003e\u0026ndash;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.48e\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.27a\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.27d\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.51f\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e26.28B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.56f\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.36b\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.32c\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.67c\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u0026rsquo;s formation Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.48g\u0026plusmn;0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.45b\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.46e\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.54d\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.21bc\u0026plusmn;0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.96a\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.53cd\u0026plusmn;0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.85e\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e26.92A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.40d\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.60cd\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.80b\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.19b.d\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u0026rsquo;s formation Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.77f\u0026plusmn;0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.62e\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.97g\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.22bc\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\[email protected]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Year 2023 {0.4100}; Year 2024 {0.7938}, Interaction {0.1838}\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eFiber uniformity (%)\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.15cd\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.16a\u0026plusmn;0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.14b\u0026plusmn;0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.48bc\u0026plusmn;0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e80.29B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.53e\u0026plusmn;0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.60b\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.44bc\u0026plusmn;0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.64cd\u0026plusmn;0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u0026rsquo;s formation Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.60e\u0026plusmn;0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.94bc\u0026plusmn;0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.60d\u0026plusmn;0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.26de\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.08b.d\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.44a\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.01b\u0026plusmn;0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.96b\u0026plusmn;0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e81.17A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.63c.e\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.70b\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.71b\u0026plusmn;0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.26bc\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u0026rsquo;s formation Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.33f\u0026plusmn;0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.17b.d\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.16de\u0026plusmn;0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.59e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\[email protected]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Year 2023 {1.9886}; Year 2024 {2.0931}, Interaction {0.5675}\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eStaple length (mm)\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.66e\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.05a\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.52bc\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.52c.e\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e27.79B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.26de\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.29b.d\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.81b.d\u0026plusmn;0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.673c.e\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u0026rsquo;s formation Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.86f\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.80b\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.07b.d\u0026plusmn;0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.03b.d\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.48f\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.47a\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.47bc\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.65b\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e28.53A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.54h\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.26cd\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.03de\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.83ef\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u0026rsquo;s formation Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.02i\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.38b.d\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.49f\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.72g\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\[email protected]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Year 2023 {1.0982}; Year 2024 {0.3884}, Interaction {}\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeans sharing the different letters are significantly different from each other\u0026rsquo;s @0.05 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5. Average years (2023-2024) of cotton economic analysis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"666\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDrought Stress\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFoliar spray of\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBio-stimulant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal expenses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(US$ ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGross income\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(US$ ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNet income\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(US$ ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBenefit-cost ratio\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(BCR)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHydro (Tap water)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e753.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2157.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1404.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMoringa leaf extract (MLE\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e759.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3012.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2252.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeaweed extract (SWE)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e804.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2428.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1624.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNitrophenolates (NP)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e824.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2264.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1440.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering Drought\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHydro (Tap water)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e659.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1989.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1330.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMoringa leaf extract (MLE\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e672.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2453.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1780.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeaweed extract (SWE)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e669.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2492.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1822.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNitrophenolates (NP)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e694.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2058.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1364.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u0026rsquo;s formation Drought\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHydro (Tap water)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e659.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1736.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1076.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMoringa leaf extract (MLE\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e673.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2670.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1996.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeaweed extract (SWE)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e669.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2328.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1658.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNitrophenolates (NP)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e696.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1977.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1280.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6. Pearson correlation interaction in the observed attributes after Bio-stimulant application in cotton crop under reproductive drought stress\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"1164\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBoll weight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCatalase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCotton\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eyield\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFiber\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elength\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFiber\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003estrength\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFiber\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003euniformity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHarvested\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebolls-plant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eheight\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeroxidase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epopulation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecell injury\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative membrane\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epermeability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewater contents\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStaple\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elength\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecific\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eleaf weight\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSuperoxide\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edismutase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ephenolic contents\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCatalase\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-VALUE \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1612\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3477\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCotton yield\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9110 \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1531\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3727\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFiber length\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7318 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0805 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6407\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6390\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFiber strength\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5397\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9662 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5185 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0012 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4181\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFiber uniformity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8814 \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0613\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7223\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8079\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6904 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5282\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHarvested\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eboll-plant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0865 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6158 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8402 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7077\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3892\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eheight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9267 \u0026nbsp; 0.0000 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0190 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9126 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8831\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7521\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5734\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8625\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8898\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeroxidase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0289 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8672\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8346\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0339\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8443 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1086 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5283 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2079\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2237\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9891\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0315\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8555\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5173\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epopulation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7092 \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.4491\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6642\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6410\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4314 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0086 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6209 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6810\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7093\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000 \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.4080\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecell injury\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.8579\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1128 \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5126 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.8121 \u0026nbsp; 0.0000 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8337\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--0.4025 \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0149 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.7747\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.8786\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.9177\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1622\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3445\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.7094\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative membrane permeability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.8130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.3166 \u0026nbsp; 0.0599\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.7850 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.7257\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.3700\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0263\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.7504\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.7925\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.8236\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.3003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0751\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.3921\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8665\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative water contents\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6828\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3323\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0477 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6537\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7130 \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.0000 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2483\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1442 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6680\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7590\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8052\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2072\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2254\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4857\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0027 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.8838\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.8932\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStaple Length\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7945 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1490 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3857 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7504\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7045\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3842\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0207 \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7669\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7796\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8241\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0988\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5665\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0013 \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.8216\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000 \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.9152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8641\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecific leaf\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eweight\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8370\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1844 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2818 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7803\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7312 \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3947\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0172 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7970\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8377\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2146\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2089\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4373\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0077\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.8566\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.9162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8848\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSuperoxide dismutase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0231\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8935\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7480\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0207\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9044 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1406\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4133\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0951\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5810\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9538\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0749\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6642\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1560\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3636\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8230\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.3281\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0507\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.2714\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1093\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.2736\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1064\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3082\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0674\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0722\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6755\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2558\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1322\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal phenolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003econtents\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2816\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0961\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0364 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2816\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0962\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4962\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0823\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6333\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2828\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0946\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4888\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4976\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3662\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0281\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2466\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1472\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.6275\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.4803\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6483\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4753\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4502\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0059\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal soluble proteins\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0297\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8637 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6544 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0364\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8330\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.2783\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0435\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1184\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4916\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1255\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4657\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6684\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1561\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3632\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.3568\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0327\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.3574\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0324\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3687\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0269\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1174\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4953\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1978\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2476\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7947\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6094\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Cotton yield, Moringa, Fiber quality, Anti-oxidants, Drought","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7118803/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7118803/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eExperimental trials were conducted in the Experimental Research Area, Institute of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan, having treatments; foliar spray of bio-stimulants in various induced terminal reproductive drought stress conditions during the two consecutive years of 2023 and 2024. Foliar spray of moringa bio-stimulants significantly improved the morphological development attributes including plant populations (6.40%), plant height (4.84%), harvested boll plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (2.70%), average boll weight (18.20%), seed cotton yield (9.72%) under flowering drought followed by fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation drought during the second year as compared to the first year of the trials. An increasing trend was observed in the physiological attributes including specific leaf weight (11.70%), relative water contents (25.41%), relative cell injury (2.24%), relative membrane permeability (12.26%) after the moringa treatment as compared to seaweed, nitro-phenolates, hydro in control as well as flowering drought condition during the year 2024 than 2023 of the experiments. Among bio-stimulants, moringa foliar spray triggered the higher production of anti-oxidants including total soluble proteins (14.10%), superoxide dismutase (12.61%), peroxidase (33.17%), catalase (2.18%), total phenolic contents (9.55%) under fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation drought and flowering drought than control during the year-II compared to year-I of the trials. Data revealed the significant interaction effect of applied moringa bio-stimulant improved fiber quality parameters including fiber fineness (5.82%), fiber strength (2.43%), fiber uniformity (1.09%), staple length (2.66%) under flowering drought followed by fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation drought after control conditions during the 2nd year trials than 1st year. The average both years of the economic analysis proved the cost-effectiveness of applied moringa bio-stimulant with higher net income (2252.66US\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e) and benefit-cost ratio (3.97) as compared to other bio-stimulant in control followed by flowering drought and fruit\u0026rsquo;s formation drought. So, it is concluded that cotton yield can be improved by using the moringa foliar spray during the unfavorable conditions of environmental drought stress condition.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Moringa bio-stimulant promoted cotton production via coordinating anti-oxidants and physiological behaviors to combat reproductive drought stress","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-13 13:19:35","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7118803/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-11-04T10:39:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-03T18:47:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"206167934226597510037097178511796322271","date":"2025-10-27T06:00:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"66920009806807414919288396655214625578","date":"2025-10-09T06:16:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-03T09:19:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"214874796154723446920288618228443743569","date":"2025-09-30T06:40:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-30T06:34:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-08-29T06:58:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-29T04:57:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-07-18T09:16:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-07-16T15:06:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a6faa00d-c470-445b-b206-1c027d80b135","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 13th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":56158306,"name":"Biological sciences/Physiology"},{"id":56158307,"name":"Biological sciences/Plant sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-29T16:01:12+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7118803","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-33402-y","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2025-12-23 15:57:11","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 23rd, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-13 13:19:35","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-025-33402-y","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-33402-y","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7118803","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7118803","identity":"rs-7118803","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}