Elemental, Phenolic and Flavonoid Content, Antibacterial, Antiradical Properties, and Health Risk Assessment of honey samples from NEPAL

Elemental, Phenolic and Flavonoid Content, Antibacterial, Antiradical Properties, and Health Risk Assessment of honey samples from NEPAL | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Elemental, Phenolic and Flavonoid Content, Antibacterial, Antiradical Properties, and Health Risk Assessment of honey samples from NEPAL Hidayet TUTUN, Kedar Devkota, Sedat SEVİN, Yaşar ALUC, Melike DEMİRAĞ, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7357944/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study aimed to determine total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antiradical activity (DPPH) and element concentrations in 14 honey samples collected from different districts of Nepal. Spectrophotometric techniques were used to measure TPC, TFC, and DPPH. Similarly, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and agar well diffusion were used to analyze the metal content and antibacterial activity of honey samples, respectively. The TPC, TFC, and DPPH in honey samples ranged from 73.92 ± 5.11 to 170.75 ± 12.20 mg GAE 100 g − 1 , 1.08 ± 0.18 to 5.61 ± 0.59 mg QE 100 g − 1 , and 4.91 ± 0.26 to 49.83 ± 0.31 mg AAE 100 g − 1 . The average content (mg kg-1) of the elements in honey samples in orders: Mg (74.20) > Sn > Fe > Mn > Zn > Pb > Sr > Cu > Ba > Ni > Cr = Al > Mo = V (0.07). The non-essential elements Cd, Hg, As, Se and Co were below the detection limit. The risk assessment revealed that the honey samples do not pose a health risk. Several honey samples shown antibacterial activity against K. pneumonia and S. aureus at 50% and 25% concentrations, the honeys showed no antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa and E. Faecalis . Antibacterial DPPH Elements Honey Nepal Risk assessment TFC TPC Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7357944","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":499563036,"identity":"4368db63-5f4d-4b1b-887b-6c15f5ed4dd1","order_by":0,"name":"Hidayet TUTUN","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi: Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Universitesi","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hidayet","middleName":"","lastName":"TUTUN","suffix":""},{"id":499563037,"identity":"82fbc760-6bb6-4ca4-b4e0-333085289372","order_by":1,"name":"Kedar 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TPC","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7357944/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7357944/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to determine total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antiradical activity (DPPH) and element concentrations in 14 honey samples collected from different districts of Nepal. Spectrophotometric techniques were used to measure TPC, TFC, and DPPH. Similarly, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and agar well diffusion were used to analyze the metal content and antibacterial activity of honey samples, respectively. The TPC, TFC, and DPPH in honey samples ranged from 73.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.11 to 170.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.20 mg GAE 100 g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 1.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18 to 5.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.59 mg QE 100 g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, and 4.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26 to 49.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31 mg AAE 100 g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The average content (mg kg-1) of the elements in honey samples in orders: Mg (74.20)\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Sn\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Fe\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Mn\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Zn\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Pb\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Sr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cu\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Ba\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Ni\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cr\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Al\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Mo\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;V (0.07). The non-essential elements Cd, Hg, As, Se and Co were below the detection limit. The risk assessment revealed that the honey samples do not pose a health risk. Several honey samples shown antibacterial activity against \u003cem\u003eK. pneumonia\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e at 50% and 25% concentrations, the honeys showed no antibacterial activity against \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eE. Faecalis\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Elemental, Phenolic and Flavonoid Content, Antibacterial, Antiradical Properties, and Health Risk Assessment of honey samples from NEPAL","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-20 16:37:31","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7357944/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fcb4728a-f39e-4f76-a1d6-ec18f7ccec51","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 20th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-08-20T17:56:53+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-20 16:37:31","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7357944","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7357944","identity":"rs-7357944","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}