Strategic Multi-Level Wettability Gradient Distribution for Directional Migration of Droplets: Toward Microgravity Condensate Management

Strategic Multi-Level Wettability Gradient Distribution for Directional Migration of Droplets: Toward Microgravity Condensate Management | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Strategic Multi-Level Wettability Gradient Distribution for Directional Migration of Droplets: Toward Microgravity Condensate Management Leigang Zhang, Menghao Dun, Bo Xu, Shang Mao, Liwen Yue, Yonghai Zhang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7688593/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Microgravity Science and Technology → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study employs two-dimensional numerical simulation to characterize droplet migration and collision dynamics on unidirectional and symmetrical multi-stage wettability gradient (WG) surfaces under Earth (g₀), Martian (0.38g₀), and microgravity (10⁻⁶g₀). Parametric analysis reveals WG = 15° optimizes single-droplet migration time in microgravity, exhibiting minimal sensitivity to gravity reduction, while WG = 20° maximizes efficiency under g₀. Larger droplets (D = 3 mm) accelerate terrestrial transport but severely impede microgravity migration, where smaller droplets (D = 2 mm) excel. Peak velocity (> 0.3 m/s), governed by WG and D independent of gravity, dictates acceleration capability. Final equilibrium morphology mainly depends on WG. For dual droplets, microgravity collision requires WG ≥ 15° and D = 2 mm; lower gradients or larger diameters prevent collision. The results demonstrate that reduced gravity disrupts mirror-synchronized droplet motion observed under g₀, delaying collision initiation. These findings provide critical guidelines for designing passive capillary fluidic systems in variable-gravity environments, particularly space applications. Wettability gradient droplet migration CFD microgravity liquid management Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Microgravity Science and Technology → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 01 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 31 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 26 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 06 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 30 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 29 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 29 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 22 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7688593","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":527574276,"identity":"b851872b-f413-45ff-a933-e668cce74be1","order_by":0,"name":"Leigang 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Parametric analysis reveals WG\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15\u0026deg; optimizes single-droplet migration time in microgravity, exhibiting minimal sensitivity to gravity reduction, while WG\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20\u0026deg; maximizes efficiency under g₀. Larger droplets (D\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3 mm) accelerate terrestrial transport but severely impede microgravity migration, where smaller droplets (D\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2 mm) excel. Peak velocity (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.3 m/s), governed by WG and D independent of gravity, dictates acceleration capability. Final equilibrium morphology mainly depends on WG. For dual droplets, microgravity collision requires WG\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;15\u0026deg; and D\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2 mm; lower gradients or larger diameters prevent collision. The results demonstrate that reduced gravity disrupts mirror-synchronized droplet motion observed under g₀, delaying collision initiation. These findings provide critical guidelines for designing passive capillary fluidic systems in variable-gravity environments, particularly space applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Strategic Multi-Level Wettability Gradient Distribution for Directional Migration of Droplets: Toward Microgravity Condensate Management","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-13 09:07:10","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7688593/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-11-01T23:19:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-31T06:22:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-27T03:38:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"250024103417109180232582570169340318460","date":"2025-10-07T18:47:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-06T22:01:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"330662866448920389308931549591171050976","date":"2025-10-06T14:19:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"338545491751239394339399451839714149262","date":"2025-10-05T18:48:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-30T09:31:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-29T05:20:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-29T05:19:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Microgravity Science and Technology","date":"2025-09-23T02:29:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"microgravity-science-and-technology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"mgst","sideBox":"Learn more about [Microgravity Science and Technology](http://link.springer.com/journal/12215)","snPcode":"12217","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12217/3","title":"Microgravity Science and Technology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ed60ef70-c8c8-4615-98de-c90f9f4764bc","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 13th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-02T16:01:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7688593","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12217-025-10221-4","journal":{"identity":"microgravity-science-and-technology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Microgravity Science and Technology"},"publishedOn":"2026-01-28 15:58:47","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 28th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-13 09:07:10","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s12217-025-10221-4","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12217-025-10221-4","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7688593","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7688593","identity":"rs-7688593","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}