Effects and Characterization of Environmental Conditions on Microplastic Fibers Release from Synthetic Textile

Effects and Characterization of Environmental Conditions on Microplastic Fibers Release from Synthetic Textile | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effects and Characterization of Environmental Conditions on Microplastic Fibers Release from Synthetic Textile guangmin liu, ke Wang, Xiangyu Ye, Laili Wang, Meiliang Wu, Hong Liu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3758709/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 6 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Microplastic fibers account for approximately 40–90% of the total amount of microplastics in water environments and sediments. Synthetic textiles are susceptible to aging as a result of prolonged exposure to moist heat, high-temperature drying, and abrasion, resulting in the release of microplastic fibers. However, studies on the effects of environmental conditions on the release of microplastic fibers remains limited. Herein, the influence of wet heat, high-temperature drying, and abrasion on the release of microplastic fibers from six different synthetic textiles was studied. The results demonstrate that the average release of microplastic fibers after undergoing abrasion, wet-heat treatment, and drying was found to be 3.7–10.5 times, 6.5–7.7 times, and 8.4–14.6 times higher, respectively, in comparison to standard washing procedures. The number of3523-8172 microplastic fibers for per gram of acrylic fabric was after undergoing various treatments. Additionally, the quantity of microplastic fibers released from polyester fabric during the first wash was 5.15–37.6 times greater than those released during the fifth wash. This study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying the release of microplastic fibers from synthetic textiles, as well as the influence of aging on such releases. This provides a solid foundation for the development of measures to mitigate the release of these pollutants into the environment. Synthetic textiles Microplastics Microplastic fibers Abrasion Aging Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 1. Introduction Microplastics, discovered since 2004 (Thompson et al., 2004), are plastic particles ranging from 1nm to 5mm in size. They are ubiquitous in our natural environment (Bergami et al., 2023 ; Forster et al., 2023 ; Kaliszewicz et al., 2023; Li et al., 2023 ; Matupang et al., 2023; Liu et al., 2023 ), which can be found in bottled beverages (Altun Hushi Husk et al., 2023), salt (Fadare et al., 2021 ), sugar (Makhdoumi et al., 2023 ), tea (Xing et al., 2023). Recently, microplastics have been found in human placenta and breast milk (Liu et al., 2023 ), lungs (Winkler et al., 2021 ) and the respiratory tract (Winkler et al., 2022 ), though their effects are largely unknown. Microplastic fibers (MPFs) exist as fiber’s shape and represent about 40%-90% of the total amount of microplastic in water and sediments (Fagiano et al., 2023; Lima et al., 2021 ; Sørensen et al., 2021). The main sources of MPFs are daily washing of clothing (Acharya et al., 2021 ; Galvao et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2021 ), synthetic textile production (Cai et al., 2020 ; Pinlova et al., 2022 ), and the use of mask (Khan et al., 2023 ). Researches show that washing parameters directly influence the release of MPFs, such as ratio of water volume to fabric (Kelly et al., 2019 ), washing temperature (30℃ < 30℃ − 40℃ < 60℃ or higher) (Yang et al., 2019 ), and use of detergent (Cesa et al., 2020 ; Rathinamoorthy et al., 2022). The structure (Cai et al., 2020 ), hydrophilicity (Rathinamoorthy et al., 2023), and different textiles finishing methods (Zambrano et al., 2021 ) of textiles could affect the release rate of MPFs. Additionally, abrasion during daily use (Cai et al., 2021 ; Yang et al., 2023 ) and exposure to ultraviolet light (Pinlova et al., 2023) play significant roles in the release of MPFs. In summary, existing research on the release of MPFs mainly focus on the influecne of washing parameters, physical properties, textile production and processing. Nonetheless, limited literature has examined the effect of textile use conditions, such as abrasion, wet heat, and high-temperature drying, on the release of MPFs. Synthetic textiles are prevalent due to their superior performance. Polyester, acrylic, nylon, and other synthetic textiles comprise 60% of global textile production (The Fiber Year, 2018 ). Unfortunately, technological advancements have have contributed to environmental degradation, particularly evident in the form of microplastic pollution. Existing studies have mainly focused on unused fabrics and only demonstrate the release of MPFs during initial use. Synthetic textiles experience aging during use, and this process is influenced by various factors such as abrasion, temperature, humidity, and light contribute. However, there is limited research available on the impact of environmental factors on the release of MPFs. There is a preliminary understanding of the release of MPFs in the early stages of clothing use. However, researches on the impact of temperature and humidity during the subsequent stage and the effect of environmental conditions on synthetic textiles are limited. Therefore, six kinds of synthetic textiles with different structure and materials were selected to study the effect of abrasion, wet heat, and drying on MPFs release. The number of MPFs released from synthetic textiles due to abrasion, wet heat, and drying is approximately3.7-14.6 times higher compared to the number released during regular washing. 2. Materials and methods 2.1 Textiles Six types of synthetic textiles (Jingbi Textile Corporation Limited) were selecte and detailed information as shown in Table 1 . The textiles were pre-washed with deionized water after wrapping. Table 1 Physical properties of the textile. Textile Structure Type Yarn Density[g/m²] Breaking strength(N) Polyester Weave Plain Filament 130 143.67 Weave Twill Filament 150 301.25 Weave Satin Filament 190 78.75 Nylon Weave Plain Filament 150 134 Knit Interlock Filament 115 115.4 Acrylic Woven Plain Filament 210 65.07 2.2 Experiments 1. Abrasion test Martindale tester (YG401H-9, Meibang, China) was used to conduct abrasion tests, following ISO 129477-2:2016 (Cai et al., 2021 ). Textile samples with a diameter of 12cm were continuously subjected to abrasion with a weight of 12 kPa for 5000 cycles. All textile samples were pre-wetted with deionized water before experiments. Each experiment was repeated three times. A total of 36 worn samples were collected. 2. Wet-heat treatment experiment The wet-heat treatment experiments were conducted at a constant temperature 100℃ water bath heater (DF-101S, Koda, China), following ISO 105-E09:2010. Textile samples (Into a 12cm diameter) was continuously heated for 24 hours at 100℃. The same samples were soaked in deionized water for 24 hours at room temperature to serve as a control sample. Each experiment was repeated three times. 18 wet-heat samples and 18 control sample were collected. 3. High-temperature drying experiment High-temperature drying experiment was conducted in a drying baker (101-cos, Lichengbangxi, China), following GB/T 9995 − 1997. The drying baker’s interior walls were cleaned using deionized water and dried before the experiment. The samples (Into a 12cm diameter) were placed on the drying baker rack. The temperature was set at 100℃, and the samples were continuously dried for 9 days. A total of 18 dried samples were collected. 4. Microplastic fibers extraction A mini washing machine (XPB30-3008, POLO, China) was utilized to collect MPFs after treatment with abrasion, drying, and wet-heat. Each treated sample was washed separately with 3000ml of deionized water containing 0.33g/L of ICE(A) detergent without adding steel balls. The washing machine operated at room temperature for 15 minutes. The untreated samples underwent with the same procedure. Five consecutive washing. The polyester flat and acrylic samples (treated and untreated) were washed five times consecutively. Each experiment was repeated three times. A total of 54 washed samples from treatment, 18 washed untreated samples, and 120 consecutively washed water samples were collected. The collected water samples were placed in glass beakers. The samples were stirred twice, in opposite directions, using glass rods with ten strokes to ensure the equal distribution of suspended MPFs. Five milliliters of each water sample was filtered through MCE filter paper (5 cm,0.45um) using a vacuum pump filtration device (YP-15L, Qunan, China) to collect the released MPFs. The filter paper was removed with tweezers and placed in a marked sealed box before being left to dry naturally. 2.3 Microplastic fibers characterization and counting The MPFs were imaged using electron microscope (DM3, SHOCREX, China) The length and quantity were analyzed using ImageJ (Win64). The surface morphology of the MPFs were obtained using scanning electron microscopy (Regulus8100, Hitachi, Japan). To enhance contrast, a high vacuum sputtering coater was used to sputter a layer of 7 nm Au/Pd onto the sample surface prior. 2.4 Quality control To ensure the accuracy of the experiment, deionized water was consistently used in the present study to minimize any interference of tap water MPFs with the results. Samples were sealed and stored after the experiments to prevent air settling of MPFs from affecting the data. The equipment used in the experiment was cleaned with deionized water after each cycle to reduce contamination by residual MPFs that could impact the results. Additionally, nitrile glove and white cotton clothing were worn throughout the experiment to promote uniformity and to minimize contamination. 2.5 Statistics To investigate the effects of different processing methods and fabric types on MPFs release, single-factor variance analysis was performed using IBM SPSS software (version 25). The analysis was conducted for the abrasion treatment, wet-heat treatment, and high-temperature drying treatment. Results with a p-value of less than 0.05 were considered significant, while those with a p-value greater than or equal to 0.05 were considered not significant. Histograms for the MPFs release amount distribution and violin plots for the MPFs length distribution were plotted using OriginPro 2021 software (64 bit). 3. Results 3.1 Characterization of fabric surface morphology The effects of abrasion, wet-heat, and high-temperature drying treatments on the surface morphology of fabrics were sutdied. The yarns loosened and the surface of the fabric becomes coarse (Fig. 1 a), and fabric hair was observed on the textile surface (Fig. 1 b-c). The surface of acrylic appears fatigue fracture and bifurcation due to small intensity (Fig. 1 d). Continuous high-temperature leading to the appearance of spherical particles on the fabric surface (Fig. 1 e/f), their release could have further environmental consequences. Finally, drying treatment had a minimal effect on the fabric surface morphology, with only slight fading observed. 3.2 Surface morphology and length of microplastic fibers MPFs released from textiles during washing mostly consist of cylindrical fibers with mushroom or neat ends formed at the fiber ends (Cai et al., 2020 ). Similar morphology of MPFs have been discovered from various treated washing wastewater. However, the surface damage of MPFs has been observed after abrasion. The morphology of MPFs after abrasion showed in Fig. 2 (d). It is clearly that fibers had fibrillation at the ends, break occurred in the middle of the fibers, and the ribbon fibers appeared, cracks appear on the fiber surface. MPFs released after wet-heat and high-temperature drying treatments did not show fibrillation on the surface. However, the fiber surface exhibited varying degrees of curling and deformation (Fig. 2 c.d). Abrasion, wet-heat, and high-temperature drying treatments can shorten the length of MPFs. MPFs released by abrasion tend to have shorter average length (dry abrasion is 364.90 um, wet abrasion is 290.26 um). Compared to MPFs released during untreated textile, MPFs released after dry abrasion had an average length reduction of 35.11–56.64%, MPFs released after wet abrasion had an average length reduction from 37.98–71.49%. Although the average length of MPFs released increased with repeated washing, it remained shorter than untreated textiles, decreasing by 9.21–78.13%. Textiles are the main source of MPFs, which can be released due to abrasion, wet-heat, and high-temperature drying. Under the influence of the natural environment, surface-damaged MPFs can break down into smaller particles, resulting in more difficult to dispose. This breakdown process can further increase their potential harm to the environment. 4. Discussion 4.1. Effect of abrasion treatment on the release of microplastic fibers Abrasion has the potential to cause damage to the textile surface (Akgun et al., 2008 ), and the wear differs depending on the textile type and the number of abrasion 5000 abrasion tests on six different textiles were performed. The results illustrated a significant increase in the release of microplastic fibers (MPFs) due to abrasion, with acrylic fabric exhibiting the most notable release. Specifically, dry abrasion led to a 450.46% increase in MPFs release compared to untreated textiles, while wet abrasion resulted in a substantial increase of 947.67% (refer to Fig. 3 c). Furthermore, abrasion resulted in a significant reduction in the lengths of microplastic fibers (MPFs). Initially, MPFs exhibited a relatively uniform length distribution, with the majority falling within the range of 30um to 1000um. However, after abrasion, MPFs were more concentrated in the range of 10um to 500um, with a significant proportion positioned closer to the x-axis (Fig. 3 a/b). The structure and weaving method of fabric are significantly impacted MPFs release during abrasion (p < 0.05). Within the fabric category, the strength of the fabric had a pronounced impact on the MPFs release during abrasion. The weakest fabric, acrylic, exhibited the highest release of MPFs, totaling approximately 8171 per gram of textile (Fig. 3 c). As the number of abrasion tests increased, the surface printing patterns on the acrylic textile faded, and the yarns experienced breakage due to the abrasive action, resulting in pilling. Further abrasion forces resulted in shedding and accumulation of acrylic fibers, leading to fibrillation and release of finer MPFs (Cai et al., 2021 ). These fibers are susceptible to breaking and branching, thereby releasing additional MPFs that are difficult to observe with the naked eye and further pollute the environment. Fabric structure also played an important role, as satin weave fabrics with smoother surfaces released fewer MPFs. Dry abrasion and wet abrasion aretwo traditional abrasional states of textiles. Dry abrasion occurs during the process of wearing clothing, and wet abrasion occurs during washing process or mop cleaning. In a humid environment, a water film covers the surface of textiles due to the hydrophobicity of synthetic textiles. The water filmminimizes the cohesion of the fiber bundle (Han et al., 2021 ). As a result, wet abrasion carries a higher risk of damaging textiles and release more MPFs than dry abrasion (Fig. 3 c). Therefore, more attention should be paid to the abrasion of textiles in wet use. 4.2. Effect of wet-heat treatment on the release of microplastic fibers Textiles experiencee hot and humid environments during use process, such as cooking soup seasoning package made by synthetic textiles. Heating the textile in deionized water can not only simulate the release of MPFs in the hot and humid state, but also simulate the release of MPFs after gradually aging in the natural hot and humid environment. As shown in Fig. 4 a, when the textile is soaked in room temperature water, about 1000 MPFs are released per gram of the fabric, and the release amount of different types of synthetic textiles is similar. However, textiles release more MPFs in humid environments. The fabric type significantly affects the rate of MPFs release (p < 0.05) in humid and hot conditions, with polyester fabric releasing the fewest MPFs (around 1531–2129 per gram of fabric) and acrylic fabric releasing the most (3523 per gram of fabric) (Fig. 4 a). The effect of humid and hot treatment on the length distribution of MPFs is minimal (Fig. 4 b). Additional research suggests that high temperatures (> 60°C) may increase MPFs release during washing compared to low temperatures (< 30°C) (Yang et al., 2019 ). This is due to wet-heat causing changes in the maximum tensile stress and elastic modulus of textiles (Cerbu et al., 2020 ), which can reduce the ability of textiles to withstand natural stresses decreases. Therefore, we should pay more attention to the pollution release of MPFs under the heat and humidity. 4.3 Effect of high-temperature drying treatment on the release of microplastic fibers Figure 5 Release quantity and length distribution of MPFs. a) Numbers of MPFs release after high-temperature drying treatment of different fabrics. b) Length of MPFs release after high-temperature drying treatment of different fabrics, 25th and 75th percent in the gray box, dots represent the median, triangle dots represent the average. Textiles undergo drying process during production and use. While research has shown that short-term drying after washing promotes the emission of MPFs (Tao et al., 2022, O’Brien et al., 2020). However, few studies focus on the characteristics of MPFs release under the drying conditions in a long period of time.This study exposed six types of textiles under drying treatment in a drying baker to investigate the impact of long term drying on MPFs release. Continuous drying significantly increased the release of MPFs from various textiles (p < 0.05), with release quantities ranging from 3817 to 8186 fibers per gram of fabric. The range of release was 4.95 to 17.48 times more than untreated fabric washing (Fig. 5a). It is indicating that dry environmental conditions, along with wind and high temperatures, significantly increase the release of MPFs from textiles. Although drying has little impact on MPFs length distribution, it generally causes a decrease in the average length of released MPFs (Fig. 5b). Under high-temperature conditions, fibers become soft and protrude from the yarns in the dry state due to the influence of wind (Okubayashi et al., 2005). Moreover, the fiber breakage rate after drying is higher than that ecnountered during inregular washing (Kärkkäinen et al., 2021), resulting in enhancing the release of MPFs 4.5 Effect of continuous washing on the release of microplastic fibers Characteristics of MPFs under various treatment are similar. After the first wash, the amount of released MPFs is 5.15–37.63 times higher than that released after the fifth wash (Fig. 7 a/c/e). This finding is consistent with the release patterns observed in other studies during simulated household washing processes (Sillanpää et al., 2017; Mahbub et al., 2022). The results suggest that washing remains the primary pathway for MPFs release from fabrics. Although the release of polyester microplastic fibers (MPFs) diminishes over time under various experimental conditions, it remains significantly greater than the release from untreated fabrics (Fig. 7 a/c/e). Additionally, the length of released MPFs from different experimental conditions is shorter than that released from untreated fabrics, particularly during the fourth and fifth consecutive washes (Fig. 7 b/d/f). Textile products exposed to wet, hot, windy, and abrasional conditions pose a greater potential risk to the environment. 4.5 Release mechanism and harm of microplastic fibers Three conditions contribute to the production of MPFs: (1) floating MPFs generated during textile production (Pinlova et al., 2022 ; Cai et al., 2020 ), (2) secondary MPFs produced during prolonged washing (Hartline et al., 2016 ), (3) MPFs produced under mechanical stress and environmental factors during daily wear of textile products. The mechanisms for MPFs release are as follows. MPFs are released during the initial use of the textiles. This process mainly involves floating MPFs generated during textile production and processing, where water and wind are the main media that induce these fibers entering the environment. The ends of the MPFs released by this process are mainly relatively neat cuts (Cai et al., 2020 ), and the number of MPFs is more, and the length is longer. MPFs are released during the prolonged use of textiles. Abrasion, wet-heat, high-temperature drying and other conditions will decline the properties of synthetic textiles, resulting in various degrees of aging. The fibers become more brittle and fibrious after treatments, leading to the broken intermolecular forces, polymer breakage, and fiber slip. This induces the splitting of tiny fibers from the surface of the fiber, which can release into water and air, forming MPFs. The MPFs entering the environment will be widely present in the natural environment with the help of the food chain (Zhu et al., 2023 ; Nakat et al., 2023 , 2023 ), surface runoff (Shu et al., 2023 ), atmospheric circulation (Bullard et al., 2023, 2021 ) and other transmission routes. These fibers can even enter the human body, potentially causing harm to both the environment and human health (Fig. 8 ). 5. Conclusions In this study, we conducted experiments involving abrasion, wet heat, and drying on polyester (flat, twill, satin) and nylon (knitting, flat), acrylic (flat) textiles. These experiments aimed to simulate the effects of environmental conditions, specifically wet heat, abrasion, and drying, on the release of MPFs. We found that environmental conditions (such as abrasion, wet-heat, high-temperature drying) during usage have an impact on MPFs release. This release is approximately 3.7 to 14.6 times higher than the release during washing and can potentially contribute to the production of MPFs during use. Although the release of MPFs shows a decreasing trend during continuous washing of aged fabrics, the amount released is still higher than that released from untreated fabrics. Additionally, wind action is a potential factor causing the release of MPFs into the environment. In general, synthetic textiles after different treatments will release shorter, more MPFs into the environment, which exacerbates the problem of MPFs pollution to some extent. Declarations Funding This work was supported by the Jiangsu R&D Center of the Ecological Textile Engineering & Technology, Yancheng Polytechnic College（YGKF202013），National key research and development program (2022YFB3805801 and 2022YFB3805802), Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province in China, Shandong Province Key Research and Development Plan (2019JZZY010335, 2019JZZY010340), Shandong Provincial Universities Youth Innovation Technology Plan Team (2020KJA013), National Natural Science Foundation of China(22208178), and Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China (ZR2020QE074). Supported by the Opening Fund of China National Textile and Apparel Council Key Laboratory of Flexible Devices for Intelligent Textile and Apparel, Soochow University, No. SDHY2223. Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. 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Shu, X., Xu, L., Yang, M., Qin, Z., Zhang, Q., & Zhang, L.,2023. Spatial distribution characteristics and migration of microplastics in surface water, groundwater and sediment in karst areas: The case of Yulong River in Guilin, Southwest China. Science of The Total Environment, 161578. Thompson, R. C., Olsen, Y., Mitchell, R. P., Davis, A., Rowland, S. J., John, A. W., ... & Russell, A. E.,2004. Lost at sea: where is all the plastic?. Science, 304(5672), 838-838. The Fiber Year, 2018. 2018. World Survey on Textiles & Nonwovens Issue. 18, p. 211. Tao, D., Zhang, K., Xu, S., Lin, H., Liu, Y., Kang, J., ... & Leung, K. M.,2022. Microfibers released into the air from a household tumble dryer. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 9(2), 120-126. Winkler, A., Santo, N., Madaschi, L., Cherubini, A., Rusconi, F., Rosso, L., ... & Bacchetta, R.,2021. Lung organoids and microplastic fibers: a new exposure model for emerging contaminants. bioRxiv, 2021-03. Winkler, A. S., Cherubini, A., Rusconi, F., Santo, N., Madaschi, L., Pistoni, C., ... & Bacchetta, R.,2022. Human airway organoids and microplastic fibers: A new exposure model for emerging contaminants. Environment international, 163, 107200. Xing, D., Hu, Y., Sun, B., Song, F., Pan, Y., Liu, S., & Zheng, P.,2023. Behavior, Characteristics and Sources of Microplastics in Tea. Horticulturae, 9(2), 174. Yang, L., Qiao, F., Lei, K., Li, H., Kang, Y., Cui, S., & An, L.,2019. Microfiber release from different fabrics during washing. Environmental Pollution, 249, 136-143. Yang, T., Gao, M., & Nowack, B.,2023. Formation of microplastic fibers and fibrils during abrasion of a representative set of 12 polyester textiles. Science of the Total Environment, 862, 160758. Zambrano, M. C., Pawlak, J. J., Daystar, J., Ankeny, M., & Venditti, R. A.,2021. Impact of dyes and finishes on the microfibers released on the laundering of cotton knitted fabrics. Environmental Pollution, 272, 115998. Zhu, L., Xie, C., Chen, L., Dai, X., Zhou, Y., Pan, H., & Tian, K.,2023. Transport of microplastics in the body and interaction with biological barriers, and controlling of microplastics pollution. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 255, 114818. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major Revision 24 Mar, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Feb, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 15 Feb, 2024 Editor invited by journal 07 Feb, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 18 Jan, 2024 First submitted to journal 10 Jan, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3758709","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":273268275,"identity":"ff3af41c-5447-47cd-9e74-6b9bbd4183ee","order_by":0,"name":"guangmin liu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACPmYYi5mB8UFChYQcG3v7Abxa2JC0MBt8OGNhzMdzJgG/FmS25My2isR5Eg4G+LWw8xi/5qm5Y7e2nfeANA+bRHqbBEMCw4+KbXgcxmNmzXPsWfK2w3wJxjw8Erlt0o0HGHvO3MarxZiH7XCy2WEeg2QeCaAWmQMJzIxthLT8g2gBIol0NokEA0JajB/zth22A2oxbJyRIJFAhBa2Msa5fYcTgFqMGT4ckDBsAwbyQXx+4ec/vPnDm2+H7c3OnzH/kfivTl6+vf3ggx8VuLWALJIAEokNyEIH8KkHAuYPQMKegKJRMApGwSgYyQAAboNQD17UUcQAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Qingdao University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"guangmin","middleName":"","lastName":"liu","suffix":""},{"id":273268276,"identity":"0707b711-6dcc-4be9-aaf8-101a0bdb655d","order_by":1,"name":"ke Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yancheng Polytechnic College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"ke","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":273268277,"identity":"a3c317fd-ec78-4f45-9348-d3fbabe65946","order_by":2,"name":"Xiangyu Ye","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"zhejiang light industrial products inspection and resaerch institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiangyu","middleName":"","lastName":"Ye","suffix":""},{"id":273268278,"identity":"39702f27-fc91-4da3-8e1a-01a26891574d","order_by":3,"name":"Laili Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Sci-Tech University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Laili","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":273268279,"identity":"19e4b3be-f3ee-46e1-bfd7-85eaa589de38","order_by":4,"name":"Meiliang Wu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Qingdao University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Meiliang","middleName":"","lastName":"Wu","suffix":""},{"id":273268280,"identity":"a06f353d-ae39-4565-b8da-333a906aa293","order_by":5,"name":"Hong Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Qingdao University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hong","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-12-15 12:49:51","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3758709/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3758709/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":51327221,"identity":"586cc256-2cb5-47b3-b263-188aa142e7a8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-19 16:34:01","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":300200,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFabric surface morphology. a) g) h), pilling on fabrics. b) c), small fibers on the fabric surface. d), fiber fracture. (After washing, Take polyester and acrylic fabrics as an example, all pictures are polyester fabrics except d)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3758709/v1/be6e5122f0feac5516884075.png"},{"id":51327437,"identity":"f6eb708d-9c57-435c-9a80-923abd846e08","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-19 16:42:01","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":450442,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFiber curling and damage (white particles are detergents). a), morphology of fiber ends similar of normal washing. b), fiber morphology after abrasion. c), fiber morphology after wet-heat. d), high-temperature drying. (a c d were polyester fiber, b was acrylic fiber)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3758709/v1/467e64e9d61d63119b413761.png"},{"id":51327225,"identity":"fafc4571-4647-4725-bbf6-2c2923dd8c1f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-19 16:34:01","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":626679,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRelease quantity and length distribution of MPFs. a) b) Lengths of MPFs release after abrasion of different fabrics, with the 25th and 75th percentiles shown in the gray boxes, circles indicating the median, and triangles indicating the mean. c) Numbers of MPFs release after abrasion of different fabrics.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3758709/v1/614e313fd427945cbd920cd3.png"},{"id":51327222,"identity":"09e209e0-3857-44e3-acc6-f061cffe87fe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-19 16:34:01","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":479302,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRelease quantity and length distribution of MPFs. a) Numbers of MPFs release after wet-heat treatment of different fabrics. b) Length of MPFs release after wet-heat treatment of different fabrics,25th and 75th percent in the gray box, dots represent the median, and triangle dots represent the average\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3758709/v1/77390baa61bf92878b67efdd.png"},{"id":51327227,"identity":"e88d7cee-7917-4e88-a888-b940ab357732","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-19 16:34:01","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":539318,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRelease quantity and length distribution of MPFs. a) Numbers of MPFs release after high-temperature drying treatment of different fabrics. b) Length of MPFs release after high-temperature drying treatment of different fabrics, 25th and 75th percent in the gray box, dots represent the median, triangle dots represent the average.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3758709/v1/cc437c618c76c7a9b90c15f9.png"},{"id":51327223,"identity":"c568e0f0-b878-407b-ae15-ee4c83f67bc4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-19 16:34:01","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":450032,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFig.7 Release quantity and length distribution of MPFs during continuous washing. a) Numbers of MPFs release from five consecutive washing of polyester plain fabric after abrasion, b) Length of MPFs from five consecutive washing of polyester plain fabric after abrasion. c) Numbers of MPFs release from five consecutive washing of polyester plain fabric after wet-heat treatment. d) Length of MPFs from five consecutive washing of polyester plain fabric after wet-heat treatment. e) Numbers of MPFs release from five consecutive washing of polyester plain fabric after high-temperature drying treatment. f) Length of MPFs from five consecutive washing of polyester plain fabric after high-temperature drying treatment. 25th and 75th percent in the gray box, the dots represent the median and the triangular dots represent the mean\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3758709/v1/1664cb3a788e96a0e64f7301.png"},{"id":51327226,"identity":"0a4d4200-800f-4913-a549-4497f5e80267","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-19 16:34:01","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":173727,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFig.8 Release and propagation of MPFs\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3758709/v1/09ef5f0ef70e2a882a441d9f.png"},{"id":51335800,"identity":"6080391a-f1b3-4ef3-a252-301457d05d7d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-19 19:18:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1299153,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3758709/v1/c9a147a2-d842-4474-98f7-89557899ef57.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Effects and Characterization of Environmental Conditions on Microplastic Fibers Release from Synthetic Textile","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMicroplastics, discovered since 2004 (Thompson et al., 2004), are plastic particles ranging from 1nm to 5mm in size. They are ubiquitous in our natural environment (Bergami et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Forster et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Kaliszewicz et al., 2023; Li et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Matupang et al., 2023; Liu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), which can be found in bottled beverages (Altun Hushi Husk et al., 2023), salt (Fadare et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), sugar (Makhdoumi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), tea (Xing et al., 2023). Recently, microplastics have been found in human placenta and breast milk (Liu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), lungs (Winkler et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) and the respiratory tract (Winkler et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), though their effects are largely unknown.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicroplastic fibers (MPFs) exist as fiber\u0026rsquo;s shape and represent about 40%-90% of the total amount of microplastic in water and sediments (Fagiano et al., 2023; Lima et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; S\u0026oslash;rensen et al., 2021). The main sources of MPFs are daily washing of clothing (Acharya et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Galvao et al., 2020; Liu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), synthetic textile production (Cai et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Pinlova et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), and the use of mask (Khan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Researches show that washing parameters directly influence the release of MPFs, such as ratio of water volume to fabric (Kelly et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), washing temperature (30℃ \u0026lt; 30℃ \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;40℃ \u0026lt; 60℃ or higher) (Yang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), and use of detergent (Cesa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Rathinamoorthy et al., 2022). The structure (Cai et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), hydrophilicity (Rathinamoorthy et al., 2023), and different textiles finishing methods (Zambrano et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) of textiles could affect the release rate of MPFs. Additionally, abrasion during daily use (Cai et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Yang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) and exposure to ultraviolet light (Pinlova et al., 2023) play significant roles in the release of MPFs. In summary, existing research on the release of MPFs mainly focus on the influecne of washing parameters, physical properties, textile production and processing. Nonetheless, limited literature has examined the effect of textile use conditions, such as abrasion, wet heat, and high-temperature drying, on the release of MPFs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynthetic textiles are prevalent due to their superior performance. Polyester, acrylic, nylon, and other synthetic textiles comprise 60% of global textile production (The Fiber Year, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Unfortunately, technological advancements have have contributed to environmental degradation, particularly evident in the form of microplastic pollution. Existing studies have mainly focused on unused fabrics and only demonstrate the release of MPFs during initial use. Synthetic textiles experience aging during use, and this process is influenced by various factors such as abrasion, temperature, humidity, and light contribute. However, there is limited research available on the impact of environmental factors on the release of MPFs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere is a preliminary understanding of the release of MPFs in the early stages of clothing use. However, researches on the impact of temperature and humidity during the subsequent stage and the effect of environmental conditions on synthetic textiles are limited. Therefore, six kinds of synthetic textiles with different structure and materials were selected to study the effect of abrasion, wet heat, and drying on MPFs release. The number of MPFs released from synthetic textiles due to abrasion, wet heat, and drying is approximately3.7-14.6 times higher compared to the number released during regular washing.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Textiles\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSix types of synthetic textiles (Jingbi Textile Corporation Limited) were selecte and detailed information as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The textiles were pre-washed with deionized water after wrapping.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical properties of the textile.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTextile\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYarn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDensity[g/m\u0026sup2;]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreaking strength(N)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolyester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeave\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFilament\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeave\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwill\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFilament\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e301.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeave\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSatin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFilament\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e190\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNylon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeave\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFilament\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e134\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterlock\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFilament\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcrylic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWoven\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFilament\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Experiments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e1. Abrasion test\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMartindale tester (YG401H-9, Meibang, China) was used to conduct abrasion tests, following ISO 129477-2:2016 (Cai et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Textile samples with a diameter of 12cm were continuously subjected to abrasion with a weight of 12 kPa for 5000 cycles. All textile samples were pre-wetted with deionized water before experiments. Each experiment was repeated three times. A total of 36 worn samples were collected.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e2. Wet-heat treatment experiment\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe wet-heat treatment experiments were conducted at a constant temperature 100℃ water bath heater (DF-101S, Koda, China), following ISO 105-E09:2010. Textile samples (Into a 12cm diameter) was continuously heated for 24 hours at 100℃. The same samples were soaked in deionized water for 24 hours at room temperature to serve as a control sample. Each experiment was repeated three times. 18 wet-heat samples and 18 control sample were collected.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e3. High-temperature drying experiment\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHigh-temperature drying experiment was conducted in a drying baker (101-cos, Lichengbangxi, China), following GB/T 9995\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1997. The drying baker\u0026rsquo;s interior walls were cleaned using deionized water and dried before the experiment. The samples (Into a 12cm diameter) were placed on the drying baker rack. The temperature was set at 100℃, and the samples were continuously dried for 9 days. A total of 18 dried samples were collected.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e4. Microplastic fibers extraction\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA mini washing machine (XPB30-3008, POLO, China) was utilized to collect MPFs after treatment with abrasion, drying, and wet-heat. Each treated sample was washed separately with 3000ml of deionized water containing 0.33g/L of ICE(A) detergent without adding steel balls. The washing machine operated at room temperature for 15 minutes. The untreated samples underwent with the same procedure. Five consecutive washing. The polyester flat and acrylic samples (treated and untreated) were washed five times consecutively. Each experiment was repeated three times. A total of 54 washed samples from treatment, 18 washed untreated samples, and 120 consecutively washed water samples were collected.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe collected water samples were placed in glass beakers. The samples were stirred twice, in opposite directions, using glass rods with ten strokes to ensure the equal distribution of suspended MPFs. Five milliliters of each water sample was filtered through MCE filter paper (5 cm,0.45um) using a vacuum pump filtration device (YP-15L, Qunan, China) to collect the released MPFs. The filter paper was removed with tweezers and placed in a marked sealed box before being left to dry naturally.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Microplastic fibers characterization and counting\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe MPFs were imaged using electron microscope (DM3, SHOCREX, China) The length and quantity were analyzed using ImageJ (Win64). The surface morphology of the MPFs were obtained using scanning electron microscopy (Regulus8100, Hitachi, Japan). To enhance contrast, a high vacuum sputtering coater was used to sputter a layer of 7 nm Au/Pd onto the sample surface prior.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Quality control\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo ensure the accuracy of the experiment, deionized water was consistently used in the present study to minimize any interference of tap water MPFs with the results. Samples were sealed and stored after the experiments to prevent air settling of MPFs from affecting the data. The equipment used in the experiment was cleaned with deionized water after each cycle to reduce contamination by residual MPFs that could impact the results. Additionally, nitrile glove and white cotton clothing were worn throughout the experiment to promote uniformity and to minimize contamination.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Statistics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo investigate the effects of different processing methods and fabric types on MPFs release, single-factor variance analysis was performed using IBM SPSS software (version 25). The analysis was conducted for the abrasion treatment, wet-heat treatment, and high-temperature drying treatment. Results with a p-value of less than 0.05 were considered significant, while those with a p-value greater than or equal to 0.05 were considered not significant. Histograms for the MPFs release amount distribution and violin plots for the MPFs length distribution were plotted using OriginPro 2021 software (64 bit).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Characterization of fabric surface morphology\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effects of abrasion, wet-heat, and high-temperature drying treatments on the surface morphology of fabrics were sutdied. The yarns loosened and the surface of the fabric becomes coarse (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ea), and fabric hair was observed on the textile surface (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eb-c). The surface of acrylic appears fatigue fracture and bifurcation due to small intensity (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ed). Continuous high-temperature leading to the appearance of spherical particles on the fabric surface (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ee/f), their release could have further environmental consequences. Finally, drying treatment had a minimal effect on the fabric surface morphology, with only slight fading observed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Surface morphology and length of microplastic fibers\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMPFs released from textiles during washing mostly consist of cylindrical fibers with mushroom or neat ends formed at the fiber ends (Cai et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Similar morphology of MPFs have been discovered from various treated washing wastewater. However, the surface damage of MPFs has been observed after abrasion. The morphology of MPFs after abrasion showed in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e(d). It is clearly that fibers had fibrillation at the ends, break occurred in the middle of the fibers, and the ribbon fibers appeared, cracks appear on the fiber surface. MPFs released after wet-heat and high-temperature drying treatments did not show fibrillation on the surface. However, the fiber surface exhibited varying degrees of curling and deformation (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ec.d).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbrasion, wet-heat, and high-temperature drying treatments can shorten the length of MPFs. MPFs released by abrasion tend to have shorter average length (dry abrasion is 364.90 um, wet abrasion is 290.26 um). Compared to MPFs released during untreated textile, MPFs released after dry abrasion had an average length reduction of 35.11\u0026ndash;56.64%, MPFs released after wet abrasion had an average length reduction from 37.98\u0026ndash;71.49%. Although the average length of MPFs released increased with repeated washing, it remained shorter than untreated textiles, decreasing by 9.21\u0026ndash;78.13%. Textiles are the main source of MPFs, which can be released due to abrasion, wet-heat, and high-temperature drying. Under the influence of the natural environment, surface-damaged MPFs can break down into smaller particles, resulting in more difficult to dispose. This breakdown process can further increase their potential harm to the environment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1. Effect of abrasion treatment on the release of microplastic fibers\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbrasion has the potential to cause damage to the textile surface (Akgun et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e), and the wear differs depending on the textile type and the number of abrasion 5000 abrasion tests on six different textiles were performed. The results illustrated a significant increase in the release of microplastic fibers (MPFs) due to abrasion, with acrylic fabric exhibiting the most notable release. Specifically, dry abrasion led to a 450.46% increase in MPFs release compared to untreated textiles, while wet abrasion resulted in a substantial increase of 947.67% (refer to Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ec). Furthermore, abrasion resulted in a significant reduction in the lengths of microplastic fibers (MPFs). Initially, MPFs exhibited a relatively uniform length distribution, with the majority falling within the range of 30um to 1000um. However, after abrasion, MPFs were more concentrated in the range of 10um to 500um, with a significant proportion positioned closer to the x-axis (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea/b). The structure and weaving method of fabric are significantly impacted MPFs release during abrasion (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Within the fabric category, the strength of the fabric had a pronounced impact on the MPFs release during abrasion. The weakest fabric, acrylic, exhibited the highest release of MPFs, totaling approximately 8171 per gram of textile (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ec). As the number of abrasion tests increased, the surface printing patterns on the acrylic textile faded, and the yarns experienced breakage due to the abrasive action, resulting in pilling. Further abrasion forces resulted in shedding and accumulation of acrylic fibers, leading to fibrillation and release of finer MPFs (Cai et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). These fibers are susceptible to breaking and branching, thereby releasing additional MPFs that are difficult to observe with the naked eye and further pollute the environment. Fabric structure also played an important role, as satin weave fabrics with smoother surfaces released fewer MPFs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry abrasion and wet abrasion aretwo traditional abrasional states of textiles. Dry abrasion occurs during the process of wearing clothing, and wet abrasion occurs during washing process or mop cleaning. In a humid environment, a water film covers the surface of textiles due to the hydrophobicity of synthetic textiles. The water filmminimizes the cohesion of the fiber bundle (Han et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). As a result, wet abrasion carries a higher risk of damaging textiles and release more MPFs than dry abrasion (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ec). Therefore, more attention should be paid to the abrasion of textiles in wet use.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2. Effect of wet-heat treatment on the release of microplastic fibers\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTextiles experiencee hot and humid environments during use process, such as cooking soup seasoning package made by synthetic textiles. Heating the textile in deionized water can not only simulate the release of MPFs in the hot and humid state, but also simulate the release of MPFs after gradually aging in the natural hot and humid environment. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ea, when the textile is soaked in room temperature water, about 1000 MPFs are released per gram of the fabric, and the release amount of different types of synthetic textiles is similar. However, textiles release more MPFs in humid environments. The fabric type significantly affects the rate of MPFs release (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in humid and hot conditions, with polyester fabric releasing the fewest MPFs (around 1531\u0026ndash;2129 per gram of fabric) and acrylic fabric releasing the most (3523 per gram of fabric) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ea). The effect of humid and hot treatment on the length distribution of MPFs is minimal (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eb). Additional research suggests that high temperatures (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;60\u0026deg;C) may increase MPFs release during washing compared to low temperatures (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;30\u0026deg;C) (Yang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). This is due to wet-heat causing changes in the maximum tensile stress and elastic modulus of textiles (Cerbu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), which can reduce the ability of textiles to withstand natural stresses decreases. Therefore, we should pay more attention to the pollution release of MPFs under the heat and humidity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3 Effect of high-temperature drying treatment on the release of microplastic fibers \u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;5 Release quantity and length distribution of MPFs. a) Numbers of MPFs release after high-temperature drying treatment of different fabrics. b) Length of MPFs release after high-temperature drying treatment of different fabrics, 25th and 75th percent in the gray box, dots represent the median, triangle dots represent the average.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTextiles undergo drying process during production and use. While research has shown that short-term drying after washing promotes the emission of MPFs (Tao et al., 2022, O\u0026rsquo;Brien et al., 2020). However, few studies focus on the characteristics of MPFs release under the drying conditions in a long period of time.This study exposed six types of textiles under drying treatment in a drying baker to investigate the impact of long term drying on MPFs release. Continuous drying significantly increased the release of MPFs from various textiles (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), with release quantities ranging from 3817 to 8186 fibers per gram of fabric. The range of release was 4.95 to 17.48 times more than untreated fabric washing (Fig.\u0026nbsp;5a). It is indicating that dry environmental conditions, along with wind and high temperatures, significantly increase the release of MPFs from textiles. Although drying has little impact on MPFs length distribution, it generally causes a decrease in the average length of released MPFs (Fig.\u0026nbsp;5b). Under high-temperature conditions, fibers become soft and protrude from the yarns in the dry state due to the influence of wind (Okubayashi et al., 2005). Moreover, the fiber breakage rate after drying is higher than that ecnountered during inregular washing (K\u0026auml;rkk\u0026auml;inen et al., 2021), resulting in enhancing the release of MPFs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.5 Effect of continuous washing on the release of microplastic fibers\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of MPFs under various treatment are similar. After the first wash, the amount of released MPFs is 5.15\u0026ndash;37.63 times higher than that released after the fifth wash (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003ea/c/e). This finding is consistent with the release patterns observed in other studies during simulated household washing processes (Sillanp\u0026auml;\u0026auml; et al., 2017; Mahbub et al., 2022). The results suggest that washing remains the primary pathway for MPFs release from fabrics. Although the release of polyester microplastic fibers (MPFs) diminishes over time under various experimental conditions, it remains significantly greater than the release from untreated fabrics (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003ea/c/e). Additionally, the length of released MPFs from different experimental conditions is shorter than that released from untreated fabrics, particularly during the fourth and fifth consecutive washes (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003eb/d/f). Textile products exposed to wet, hot, windy, and abrasional conditions pose a greater potential risk to the environment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.5 Release mechanism and harm of microplastic fibers\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree conditions contribute to the production of MPFs: (1) floating MPFs generated during textile production (Pinlova et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Cai et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), (2) secondary MPFs produced during prolonged washing (Hartline et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), (3) MPFs produced under mechanical stress and environmental factors during daily wear of textile products. The mechanisms for MPFs release are as follows.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMPFs are released during the initial use of the textiles. This process mainly involves floating MPFs generated during textile production and processing, where water and wind are the main media that induce these fibers entering the environment. The ends of the MPFs released by this process are mainly relatively neat cuts (Cai et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), and the number of MPFs is more, and the length is longer.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMPFs are released during the prolonged use of textiles. Abrasion, wet-heat, high-temperature drying and other conditions will decline the properties of synthetic textiles, resulting in various degrees of aging. The fibers become more brittle and fibrious after treatments, leading to the broken intermolecular forces, polymer breakage, and fiber slip. This induces the splitting of tiny fibers from the surface of the fiber, which can release into water and air, forming MPFs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe MPFs entering the environment will be widely present in the natural environment with the help of the food chain (Zhu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Nakat et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), surface runoff (Shu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), atmospheric circulation (Bullard et al., 2023,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) and other transmission routes. These fibers can even enter the human body, potentially causing harm to both the environment and human health (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we conducted experiments involving abrasion, wet heat, and drying on polyester (flat, twill, satin) and nylon (knitting, flat), acrylic (flat) textiles. These experiments aimed to simulate the effects of environmental conditions, specifically wet heat, abrasion, and drying, on the release of MPFs. We found that environmental conditions (such as abrasion, wet-heat, high-temperature drying) during usage have an impact on MPFs release. This release is approximately 3.7 to 14.6 times higher than the release during washing and can potentially contribute to the production of MPFs during use. Although the release of MPFs shows a decreasing trend during continuous washing of aged fabrics, the amount released is still higher than that released from untreated fabrics. Additionally, wind action is a potential factor causing the release of MPFs into the environment. In general, synthetic textiles after different treatments will release shorter, more MPFs into the environment, which exacerbates the problem of MPFs pollution to some extent.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by the Jiangsu R\u0026amp;D Center of the Ecological Textile Engineering \u0026amp; Technology, Yancheng Polytechnic College（YGKF202013），National key research and development program (2022YFB3805801 and 2022YFB3805802), Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province in China, Shandong Province Key Research and Development Plan (2019JZZY010335, 2019JZZY010340), Shandong Provincial Universities Youth Innovation Technology Plan Team (2020KJA013), National Natural Science Foundation of China(22208178), and Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China (ZR2020QE074). Supported by the Opening Fund of China National Textile and Apparel Council Key Laboratory of Flexible Devices for Intelligent Textile and Apparel, Soochow University, No. SDHY2223.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contribution\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors have made the following declaration about their contributions: conceptualization: Guangmin Liu: methodology, data curation, writing - original draft, validation, formal analysis. Ke Wang : funding acquisition, resources. Xiangyu Ye:validation. Laili Wang: project administration, supervision. Meiliang Wu: formal analysis. Hong Liu: conceptualization, methodology, writing - review \u0026amp; editing, funding acquisition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAltunışık, A.,2023. Prevalence of microplastics in commercially sold soft drinks and human risk assessment. Journal of Environmental Management, 336, 117720.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcharya, S., Rumi, S. S., Hu, Y., \u0026amp; Abidi, N.,2021. Microfibers from synthetic textiles as a major source of microplastics in the environment: A review. Textile Research Journal, 91(17-18), 2136-2156.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAkgun, M., Becerir, B., \u0026amp; Alpay, H. R.,2008. Assessment of color strength and chroma values of polyester fabrics having different cover factors after abrasion. Textile Research Journal, 78(3), 264-271.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBergami, E., Ferrari, E., L\u0026ouml;der, M. 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Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 255, 114818.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"espr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Science and Pollution Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/11356)","snPcode":"11356","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11356/3","title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Synthetic textiles, Microplastics, Microplastic fibers, Abrasion, Aging","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3758709/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3758709/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eMicroplastic fibers account for approximately 40\u0026ndash;90% of the total amount of microplastics in water environments and sediments. Synthetic textiles are susceptible to aging as a result of prolonged exposure to moist heat, high-temperature drying, and abrasion, resulting in the release of microplastic fibers. However, studies on the effects of environmental conditions on the release of microplastic fibers remains limited. Herein, the influence of wet heat, high-temperature drying, and abrasion on the release of microplastic fibers from six different synthetic textiles was studied. The results demonstrate that the average release of microplastic fibers after undergoing abrasion, wet-heat treatment, and drying was found to be 3.7\u0026ndash;10.5 times, 6.5\u0026ndash;7.7 times, and 8.4\u0026ndash;14.6 times higher, respectively, in comparison to standard washing procedures. The number of3523-8172 microplastic fibers for per gram of acrylic fabric was after undergoing various treatments. Additionally, the quantity of microplastic fibers released from polyester fabric during the first wash was 5.15\u0026ndash;37.6 times greater than those released during the fifth wash. This study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying the release of microplastic fibers from synthetic textiles, as well as the influence of aging on such releases. This provides a solid foundation for the development of measures to mitigate the release of these pollutants into the environment.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effects and Characterization of Environmental Conditions on Microplastic Fibers Release from Synthetic Textile","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-02-19 16:33:56","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3758709/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major Revision","date":"2024-03-24T17:48:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2024-02-15T18:04:31+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-02-15T17:00:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","date":"2024-02-07T16:37:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-01-18T05:47:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","date":"2024-01-10T21:22:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"espr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Science and Pollution Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/11356)","snPcode":"11356","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11356/3","title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c8867ee0-9a82-4ebc-965d-7a66b0a27ce3","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 19th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-06-27T07:44:48+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-02-19 16:33:56","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3758709","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3758709","identity":"rs-3758709","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}