60 cm2 perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells with an efficiency of 28.9% by homogenous passivation

60 cm2 perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells with an efficiency of 28.9% by homogenous passivation | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article 60 cm 2 perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells with an efficiency of 28.9% by homogenous passivation Kerem Artuk, Aleksandra Oranskaia, Deniz Turkay, Felipe Saenz, and 18 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6264086/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Inverted perovskite solar cells face performance limitations due to non-radiative recombination at the perovskite surfaces in devices, including functional layers. Advanced characterization and density functional theory reveal that phosphonic acids passivate perovskite surface defects, while piperazinium chloride mitigates interface recombination by improving energy level alignment, introducing a field effect, and homogenizing the surface. Together, the quasi-Fermi level splitting of the perovskite is homogeneously increased by ca. 100mV. This enables two-terminal perovskite-on-silicon tandems to achieve a certified open-circuit voltage of 2V for a 1 cm² device and high performance in excess of 31%. The scalability of the passivation is furthermore demonstrated with homogenously passivated devices reaching certified efficiencies of 28.9% for an active area of 60 cm². Materials Engineering Electronic Materials and Devices solar cells tandem solar cells scale-up homogeneous passivation Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6264086","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":431220877,"identity":"a0a45da3-8303-4794-a3e3-7d79b7df0c6c","order_by":0,"name":"Kerem Artuk","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA30lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCQSTjfEBA4OcDAMDD5FaeBjYmA0YGIx5SNLCJkGUFsn23oePbjDY5dtLpKVVfNxhwMPAfvYAXi3SPMeNjXMYki17JNKO3Zx5BqiFJy8BrxY5iTQ26RwGZgMeifS227xtf3gYJHgM8GuRf8b+O4ehHqyl+G+bAWEt0hJsbMw5DIeBWtKOMTMSo0WyJ41ZOsfguAHPmWfJkr1Av7Dx5ODXInH8GOPnnIpqA/b2NMMPP3cYyPGzn8GvBQJgahgbgImACPVIAKRlFIyCUTAKRgE6AAA4rzViTFM/9QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"EPFL","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kerem","middleName":"","lastName":"Artuk","suffix":""},{"id":431220878,"identity":"bba3f930-7ea6-4c9c-977e-8d4f2253b65b","order_by":1,"name":"Aleksandra Oranskaia","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"KAUST","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aleksandra","middleName":"","lastName":"Oranskaia","suffix":""},{"id":431220879,"identity":"3ac1118e-6011-438e-a7e2-e10889adfba0","order_by":2,"name":"Deniz Turkay","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"EPFL","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Deniz","middleName":"","lastName":"Turkay","suffix":""},{"id":431220880,"identity":"311da267-9b15-48ff-8797-9168518717c9","order_by":3,"name":"Felipe Saenz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"CSEM","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Felipe","middleName":"","lastName":"Saenz","suffix":""},{"id":431220881,"identity":"29ea05c0-64f3-4066-8afe-8c3203d6a926","order_by":4,"name":"Mounir D. 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