The Shifting Economics of Food Away from Home (FAFH) Consumption of Chicken Inasal in Visayas Region, Philippines

The Shifting Economics of Food Away from Home (FAFH) Consumption of Chicken Inasal in Visayas Region, Philippines | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Shifting Economics of Food Away from Home (FAFH) Consumption of Chicken Inasal in Visayas Region, Philippines Mary Cris Pleños This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8384252/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Chicken Inasal is iconic Filipino food from Visayas region. Filipinos love Chicken Inasal because of its unique and savory flavor and it eating Chicken Inasal represents a communal and social experience. The objective of this study is to make a comparison of economic and social factors that drive consumption particularly on Chicken Inasal. Based on findings, there is no sufficient data explaining the association of income and expenditure on Chicken Inasal due to the fact that consumers have variety of food choices to purchase not only Chicken Inasal. It also shows that people working in urban spend more on Chicken Inasal rather than those from rural because people working in urban have busier schedules and have longer commuting time and preparing food at home takes time. Meanwhile, for the social factor respondents usually eat chicken Inasal during special occasions such as birthdays, fiestas and reunions. As policy recommendation, vendors must promote affordable and quality Chicken Inasal options, the government may support micro and small food enterprises through financial assistance, training, or marketing support and for future researchers, they must explore other local foods and expanding other factors that may impact the FAFH consumption. Food consumption Chicken Inasal Food Away from Home Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 INTRODUCTION Food creates a large share of the economy and covers the largest share of total household expenditure in low-income countries (World Bank, 2019 ). According to Rufino ( 2015 ), half of the overall budget among households is typically spent on food, whether consumed away from home or at home. As defined by the World Bank Group, Food away from home (FAFH) is food prepared away from home, from places like commercial establishments, schools, or other households, and may be consumed at home or not. As Filipino work patterns and lifestyles have changed over the years, food consumed away from home (FAFH) has become an increasingly significant part of daily life. In the Philippines, the spread of food service facilities such as fast-food restaurants, coffee shops, food courts, roadside stalls, canteens together with improved purchasing power and growing time constraints among Filipinos jointly create a strong motivation among Filipinos to opt for FAFH. Since this FAFH sector has a lot to contribute to the local economy, it is imperative to examine this aspect specifically on the preferences and behavior toward local foods Chicken Inasal is iconic Filipino food from Visayas region particularly in Bacolod and Iloilo is widely enjoyed in the Philippines (Serious eats, 2025 ). It is known for its bold, tangy marinade and vibrant yellow color from the achuete oil (The Kitchn, n.d.). It is typically served by the breast and wing or leg and/or thigh parts, that is marinated in a mixture of calamansi, black pepper, coconut vinegar and annatto before being grilled over hot coals while basted with the marinade. It is served with rice, calamansi, soy sauce, chicken oil and vinegar (Wikipedia). Filipinos love Chicken Inasal because of its unique and savory flavor from its special marinade. More than its taste, it represents a communal and social experience, often enjoyed with family and friends over unlimited rice and dipping sauces. There is limited local studies focusing on FAFH consumption of local foods in the Philippines and a lack of understanding on economic and social factors influencing FAFH choices. The objective of this case study is to make a comparison of economic and social factors that drive consumption particularly on Chicken Inasal. The outcomes of this study would be relevant to the local entrepreneurs, food service industry, researchers and policy makers in designing strategies to promote sustainable and culturally rooted FAHF selections particularly on Chicken Inasal consumption. METHODOLOGY Research Locale The study was conducted in selected areas in the Visayas Region, Philippines where Chicken Inasal is a popular local dish and food outlets are widespread. Both rural and urban areas were covered in this study. The urban areas included Cebu City and Ormoc City, while the rural areas consisted of Hilongos and Baybay. Data collection Procedure This case study used both primary data and secondary data. Primary data were gathered through online survey via Google Forms while secondary data were extracted from websites. Data collection was made last 24 th to 29 th of October 2025. A total of 80 respondents responded the survey covering both employed and students aged 18 and above. A stratified random sampling method was utilized to ensure representation from both urban and rural areas The survey covered demographic characteristics, income, and FAFH consumption habits. Data Analysis In order to answer the objectives of the study, data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, frequency and percentage) and inferential statistics, including Spearman correlation to determine the relationship between income and FAFH consumption. Mann-Whitney U test was also applied to test the statistical difference between urban and rural workers. Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 and Microsoft Excel were used to facilitate the analysis and the construction of table and graphs. Ethical Considerations The study followed to standard ethical research practices. Participation in the survey was voluntary, and all respondents were informed of the purpose of the study before data collection. They were assured that their responses would remain confidential and used exclusively for academic purposes only as one of the requirements in coursework. FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS A. Profile of the respondents The average age of the respondents is 29 years old. The youngest respondent is 23 years old while 58 is the maximum age. Table 1 shows the distribution of ages among the respondents. The respondents comprises both students and employed individuals in order to observe the difference in terms of its consumption of Chicken Inasal between these groups. As shown in Table 2, the monthly average income of those employed is 20758.02 PHP (353.31 USD) and for students their average allowance is 5136.67 PHP (87.43 USD) in a month. For employed respondents, their jobs were both in private and government agencies like engineer, teacher, clerk, virtual assistant and support staff while for students they are in the tertiary education. Table 1. Income category of the respondents Income Category Frequency Percent 5000 PHP and below (85.10 USD and below) 23 28.8 5001-10000 PHP (85.12 – 170.20 USD) 10 12.5 10001-15000 PHP (170.22-255.31 USD) 6 7.5 15001-20000 PHP (255.32- 340.41 USD) 13 16.3 Above 20000 PHP (Above 340.43 USD) 28 35.0 Total 80 100.0 Note: 58.75 USD = 1 PHP as of 29 October 2025 Table 2. Comparison of average income or allowance between student and employed respondents Student Employed 5136.67 PHP (87.43 USD) 20758.02 PHP (353.31 USD) Note: 58.75 USD = 1 PHP as of 29 October 2025 B. Patterns of Food Away from Home Consumption of Chicken Inasal Table 3 displays the average number of times does the respondents buy and eat Chicken Inasal. Majority (66.25%) responded that they eat Chicken Inasal once a week. Meanwhile, a quarter to them said that they buy and eat Chicken Inasal two or three times a week. Buying Chicken Inasal is common among Filipinos because of its savory taste, affordability and its availability. In the Philippines, you can find many restaurants serving Chicken Inasal at affordable prices. Table 3. Weekly frequency of Chicken Inasal consumption among respondents Frequency of Chicken Inasal consumption per week Frequency Percentage Once a week 53 66.25 2-3 times a week 21 26.25 4-5 times 3 3.75 Almost every day 1 1.25 Never 2 2.5 Total 80 100 Figure 1 illustrates where do the respondents buy and eat Chicken Inasal. The place they purchase depends on their taste preference, their budget or accessibility near to their homes or workplace. As seen in the graph, a large portion of the respondents frequently buy Chicken in the roadside grill (43%). This may be due to convenience, as these stalls are often located nearby, eliminating the need to travel farther to buy food. This was followed by restaurants that covers around 29% of the totality. Buying from restaurants is also common since many, such as Mang Inasal—a well-known chain in the Philippines—offers unlimited rice at affordable prices. Other options are bought from home-cooked meals being sold (15%), carinderia (12%). A carinderia is a food stall with a small seating area typically in a market and a small portion (1%) from store. Reasons for buying Chicken Inasal Figure 2 presents the reasons why respondents eat and buy Chicken Inasal. Their top reason is convenience (52%), as respondents mentioned that buying Chicken Inasal saves time and effort since they do not have to cook which is an advantage especially for those living alone. Chicken Inasal is also accessible being available in roadside, malls and restaurants. In the United States, FAFH plays a large role in their diets due to convenience especially that members of the family are employed individuals (Economic Research Service, 2025). Their second most common reason was for social activity and when eating with friends (40%) as they associate social gatherings to be more enjoyable experience when having Chicken Inasal is on the table. Aside from that, one reason why they prefer Chicken Inasal is that the lack of time to cook their food (38%) particularly during dinner. Roadside stalls selling Chicken Inasal are common in the evening, reflecting the high demand during this time because people are tired from work and prefer buying ready to eat foods. C. Economic Factors affecting FAFH consumption of Chicken Inasal Average monthly expenditure on Chicken Inasal Both students and employed individuals vary in terms of their monthly financial resources, with students relying on allowances and employed respondents earning regular income. As shown in the table, employed respondents spent more on Chicken Inasal (772 PHP or USD 13.13) compared to students (472 PHP or USD 8.03). This just confirms that employed individuals have a greater capacity to spend on food compared to students, as they have higher disposable income (see Table 2). Economic Factors and FAFH Consumption Table 4 analyzes the association between the monthly income and the amount of money spent for Chicken Inasal. As shown in the results, there is no statistical relationship between monthly income and expenditure for Chicken Inasal (p-value =0.572). However, the correlation coefficient is positive implying that monthly income and amount spent for Chicken Inasal is directly proportional yet no sufficient evidence will support this claim. This outcome is contrary to the study of Osman (2024) showing that income influences individuals FAFH consumption. Table 4. Correlation analysis Variables Correlation Coefficient P-value Monthly income and Expenditure for Chicken Inasal .065 ns 0.571 ns Table 5 illustrates how working in urban and rural differs in terms of amount spent on Chicken Inasal. As shown, people working in urban areas has higher expenditure on Chicken Inasal rather (193.60 PHP or 3.20 USD) than those working in rural areas 139.36 PHP (2.32 USD). By Mann-Whitney U test, the difference between urban and rural in terms of Chicken Inasal expenditure is statistically significant at 5% level. One reason is that people from urban areas have busier schedules and longer commuting time and preparing food at home takes time so buying ready to eat foods saves more time and effort. The opportunity cost of cooking is higher in urban workers. Figure 3 further supports this finding, indicating that urban workers are more likely to cite convenience and lack of time to cook as their primary reasons for purchasing ready-to-eat food such as Chicken Inasal than workers from rural areas. This is in parallel to the study of Dionisio (2023) stating that urban areas increases the food-away- from-home expenditure of households Table 5. Comparison between urban and rural on the amount spent on Chicken Inasal Urban Rural P-value 193.60 PHP (3.30 USD) 139.36 PHP (2.37 USD) .036 ** ** significant at 5% 58.75 USD = 1 PHP as of 29 October 2025 D. Social and Cultural Factors Chicken Inasal in Family and Social Interactions Figure 4 illustrates the reasons how Chicken Inasal fits into family and social life among the Filipinos. More than a quarter (34%) cited that they usually eat it during special occasions such as birthdays, fiestas and reunions. This outcome was confirmed by Philstar (2021) reporting that Filipinos value social connection and togetherness to be happy. Secondly, Chicken Inasal is eaten during bonding activity with friends or co-workers especially after work or during outings (28%) as this adds more enjoyable experience. A survey by Selecta (2021) found that 66% of Filipinos said that human connection is what really makes them happy. Meanwhile, some opt to Chicken Inasal because it is a convenient or affordable meal option when they do not cook at home (25%). Other reasons are Chicken Inasal become regular part of our family meals during weekends and family gatherings (22%). A small part of the totality (3%) responded it is part of our leisure or relaxation time when someone else treats or when invited. About 2.5% responded that they eat Chicken Inasal to support local vendors or eateries in our community. Commonness Eating Out in the Community Majority (81.5%) said that eating out is common while a small percentage (17.3%) responded that dining out is not a frequent practice. One factor that explains this outcome is the income differences among respondents. It shows that those who said that eating out is not common has lower income (16435.71 PHP or 279.76 USD) than those who responded that it is common (16435.71 PHP or 298.88USD). Due to budget constraints, households particularly larger families often prefer to cook at home to save money. In addition, cultural preferences for thrift play a role, as Filipinos tend to be practical and avoid unnecessary expenses. Note: 58.75 USD = 1 PHP as of 29 October 2025 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The study intends to make a comparison of economic and social factors that drive consumption particularly on Chicken Inasal. Based on the results of the analysis, there is no association between monthly income and expenditure on Chicken Inasal. This outcome might be due to the fact that consumers have variety of food choices to purchase (FAFH) not only Chicken Inasal. On the other hand, people working in urban showed to spend more on Chicken Inasal rather than those from rural. This outcome is statistically significant. This may be because people working in urban have busier schedules and have longer commuting time and preparing food at home takes time so buying ready to eat foods saves more time and effort thus the opportunity cost of cooking is higher in urban workers. Among the respondents, the primary reason for their FAFH consumption is convenience and most of them buy Chicken Inasal from roadside grill due to accessibility. Meanwhile, for the social factor mostly mentioned that they usually eat it during special occasions such as birthdays, fiestas and reunions. Chicken Inasal is commonly served during special occasions due to its strong cultural and social significance in Filipino dining traditions. It has become a symbol of celebration and togetherness where families and friends gather. It is both enjoyable and satisfying for people of all ages. Moreover, Chicken Inasal is more affordable and accessible compared to other traditional celebratory dishes. RECOMMENDATIONS The findings of this study may offer valuable insights among local policymakers, entrepreneurs and future researchers. First, vendors must promote affordable and quality Chicken Inasal options. Local eateries and food chains can offer value meals to cater to cost-conscious consumers while maintaining quality. Second, the government may support micro and small food enterprises. Local agencies may provide financial assistance, training, or marketing support to small vendors to sustain the Chicken Inasal market as this food has a strong cultural and social significance in Filipino dining traditions. Lastly, for future researchers, they must e xplore other local foods and expanding other factors that may impact the FAFH consumption. Declarations Informed consent was obtained from all participants through voluntary participation in the survey. Prior to data collection, participants were informed about the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of their participation, and the confidentiality and anonymity of their responses. Completion of the questionnaire was taken as implied consent. References Dionisio, V.J.D. 2023. Factors Associated with Food-Away-From-Home in the Philippines" (2023). Undergraduate Theses. 11608. Retrieved from https://www.ukdr.uplb.edu.ph/etd-undergrad/11608 on 07 November 2025. Economic Research Service. 2025. Food Consumption & Demand - Food Away from Home. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Retrieved from https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-choices-health/food-consumption-demand/food-away-from-home on 07 November 2025. Osman, I.G. 2024 Factors Affecting Consumers’ Food Away from Home Consumption Decisions: a Pilot Study on Türkiye. Turkish Journal of Agriculture -Food Science and Technology,12(1): 83-90, 2024. Philstar. 2021. Filipinos value social connection, togetherness to feel happy: Survey. Philstar. https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/2021/07/27/2115621/filipinos-value-social-connection-togetherness-feel-happy-survey. Rufino, C. 2015. The pattern of consumption for food away from home (FAFH) of Filipino households during the modern era [Conference paper]. De La Salle University. https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp‑content/uploads/pdf/conferences/research‑congress‑proceedings/2015/FNH/016FNH_Rufino_CC.pdf Selecta. 2021. Choose happier together: Selecta’s manifesto for a happier world [Global survey]. Philstar. https://www.philstar.com/ Serious eats. 2025. Retrieved from https://www.seriouseats.com/chicken-inasal on 07 November 2025. The Kitchn. (n.d.). Filipino chicken inasal recipe. The Kitchn. https://www.thekitchn.com/filipino-chicken-inasal-recipe-23724768. Wikipedia. (n.d.). Chicken inasal. Wikipedia. Retrieved November 10, 2025, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_inasal. World Bank. 2019. Food data collection in household consumption and expenditure surveys: Guidelines for low- and middle-income countries. World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/lsms/publication/Food-data-collection-in-household-consumption-and-expenditure-surveys-guidelines-for-low-and-middle-income-countries Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":32067,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eReasons for buying Chicken Inasal (in percentage)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: This is a multiple response type of question\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8384252/v1/d54f880b23c7549d3adec9be.jpg"},{"id":98591666,"identity":"211d3218-cdf9-4d53-bdd4-c53e08d08e65","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 10:43:56","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":32279,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eReason for FAFH consumption between rural and urban workers\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8384252/v1/54a354530c1e7aeee9a14220.jpg"},{"id":98591665,"identity":"3df8b0f0-1557-458e-afa3-19143fcc517c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 10:43:56","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":40160,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSignificance of Chicken Inasal in Family and Social Interactions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote: This is a multiple response type of question\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8384252/v1/4100789f4b9757a52e8a7669.jpg"},{"id":98632141,"identity":"3f68a2e3-a65b-4221-974c-b4345f38759b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:21:10","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":466445,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8384252/v1/d9933a25-f44b-4dcf-b4cb-ee14895780f4.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eThe Shifting Economics of Food Away from Home (FAFH) Consumption of Chicken Inasal in Visayas Region, Philippines\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eFood creates a large share of the economy and covers the largest share of total household expenditure in low-income countries (World Bank, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). According to Rufino (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), half of the overall budget among households is typically spent on food, whether consumed away from home or at home. As defined by the World Bank Group, Food away from home (FAFH) is food prepared away from home, from places like commercial establishments, schools, or other households, and may be consumed at home or not. As Filipino work patterns and lifestyles have changed over the years, food consumed away from home (FAFH) has become an increasingly significant part of daily life.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the Philippines, the spread of food service facilities such as fast-food restaurants, coffee shops, food courts, roadside stalls, canteens together with improved purchasing power and growing time constraints among Filipinos jointly create a strong motivation among Filipinos to opt for FAFH. Since this FAFH sector has a lot to contribute to the local economy, it is imperative to examine this aspect specifically on the preferences and behavior toward local foods\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChicken Inasal is iconic Filipino food from Visayas region particularly in Bacolod and Iloilo is widely enjoyed in the Philippines (Serious eats, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). It is known for its bold, tangy marinade and vibrant yellow color from the achuete oil (The Kitchn, n.d.). It is typically served by the breast and wing or leg and/or thigh parts, that is marinated in a mixture of calamansi, black pepper, coconut vinegar and annatto before being grilled over hot coals while basted with the marinade. It is served with rice, calamansi, soy sauce, chicken oil and vinegar (Wikipedia). Filipinos love Chicken Inasal because of its unique and savory flavor from its special marinade. More than its taste, it represents a communal and social experience, often enjoyed with family and friends over unlimited rice and dipping sauces.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere is limited local studies focusing on FAFH consumption of local foods in the Philippines and a lack of understanding on economic and social factors influencing FAFH choices. The objective of this case study is to make a comparison of economic and social factors that drive consumption particularly on Chicken Inasal. The outcomes of this study would be relevant to the local entrepreneurs, food service industry, researchers and policy makers in designing strategies to promote sustainable and culturally rooted FAHF selections particularly on Chicken Inasal consumption.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODOLOGY","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eResearch Locale\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in selected areas in the Visayas Region, Philippines where Chicken Inasal is a popular local dish and food outlets are widespread. Both rural and urban areas were covered in this study. The urban areas included Cebu City and Ormoc City, while the rural areas consisted of Hilongos and Baybay.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eData collection Procedure\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis case study used both primary data and secondary data. Primary data were gathered through online survey via Google Forms while secondary data were extracted from websites. Data collection was made last 24\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e to 29\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e of October 2025. A total of 80 respondents responded the survey covering both employed and students aged 18 and above. A stratified random sampling method was utilized to ensure representation from both urban and rural areas The survey covered demographic characteristics, income, and FAFH consumption habits.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eData Analysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn order to answer the objectives of the study, data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, frequency and percentage) and inferential statistics, including Spearman correlation to determine the relationship between income and FAFH consumption. Mann-Whitney U test was also applied to test the statistical difference between urban and rural workers. Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 and Microsoft Excel were used to facilitate the analysis and the construction of table and graphs.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthical Considerations\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study followed to standard ethical research practices. Participation in the survey was voluntary, and all respondents were informed of the purpose of the study before data collection. They were assured that their responses would remain confidential and used exclusively for academic purposes only as one of the requirements in coursework.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS","content":"\u003cp\u003eA. \u0026nbsp; Profile of the respondents\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe average age of the respondents is 29 years old. The youngest respondent is 23 years old while 58 is the maximum age. Table 1 shows the distribution of ages among the respondents. The respondents comprises both students and employed individuals in order to observe the difference in terms of its consumption of Chicken Inasal between these groups. As shown in Table 2, the monthly average income of those employed is 20758.02 PHP (353.31 USD) and for students their average allowance is 5136.67 PHP (87.43 USD) in a month. For employed respondents, their jobs were both in private and government agencies like engineer, teacher, clerk, virtual assistant and support staff while for students they are in the tertiary education.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1. Income category of the respondents\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"595\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncome Category\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5000 PHP and below (85.10 USD and below)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5001-10000 PHP (85.12 \u0026ndash; 170.20 USD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10001-15000 PHP (170.22-255.31 USD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15001-20000 PHP (255.32- 340.41 USD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbove 20000 PHP (Above 340.43 USD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote: 58.75 USD = 1 PHP as of 29 October 2025\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2. Comparison of average income or allowance between student and employed respondents\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 295px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5136.67 PHP (87.43 USD)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 295px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20758.02 PHP (353.31 USD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote: 58.75 USD = 1 PHP as of 29 October 2025\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eB. \u0026nbsp; Patterns of Food Away from Home Consumption of Chicken Inasal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 displays the average number of times does the respondents buy and eat Chicken Inasal. Majority (66.25%) responded that they eat Chicken Inasal once a week. Meanwhile, a quarter to them said that they buy and eat Chicken Inasal two or three times a week. Buying Chicken Inasal is common among Filipinos because of its savory taste, affordability and its availability. In the Philippines, you can find many restaurants serving Chicken Inasal at affordable prices.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3. Weekly frequency of Chicken Inasal consumption among respondents\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"595\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 293px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency of Chicken Inasal consumption per week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 293px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOnce a week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 293px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2-3 times a week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 293px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-5 times\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 293px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlmost every day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 293px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNever\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 293px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 1 illustrates where do the respondents buy and eat Chicken Inasal. The place they purchase depends on their taste preference, their budget or accessibility near to their homes or workplace. As seen in the graph, a large portion of the respondents frequently buy Chicken in the roadside grill (43%). This may be due to convenience, as these stalls are often located nearby, eliminating the need to travel farther to buy food. This was followed by restaurants that covers around 29% of the totality. Buying from restaurants is also common since many, such as Mang Inasal\u0026mdash;a well-known chain in the Philippines\u0026mdash;offers unlimited rice at affordable prices. Other options are bought from home-cooked meals being sold (15%), carinderia (12%). A \u003cem\u003ecarinderia\u003c/em\u003e is a food stall with a small seating area typically in a market and a small portion (1%) from store.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eReasons for buying Chicken Inasal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 2 presents the reasons why respondents eat and buy Chicken Inasal. Their top reason is convenience (52%), as respondents mentioned that buying Chicken Inasal saves time and effort since they do not have to cook which is an advantage especially for those living alone. Chicken Inasal is also accessible being available in roadside, malls and restaurants. \u0026nbsp;In the United States, FAFH plays a large role in their diets due to convenience especially that members of the family are employed individuals (Economic Research Service, 2025). Their second most common reason was for social activity and when eating with friends (40%) as they associate social gatherings to be more enjoyable experience when having Chicken Inasal is on the table. Aside from that, one reason why they prefer Chicken Inasal is that the lack of time to cook their food (38%) particularly during dinner. Roadside stalls selling Chicken Inasal are common in the evening, reflecting the high demand during this time because people are tired from work and prefer buying ready to eat foods.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC. \u0026nbsp;Economic Factors affecting FAFH consumption of Chicken Inasal\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAverage monthly expenditure on Chicken Inasal\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBoth students and employed individuals vary in terms of their monthly financial resources, with students relying on allowances and employed respondents earning regular income. As shown in the table, employed respondents spent more on Chicken Inasal (772 PHP or USD 13.13) compared to students (472 PHP or USD 8.03). This just confirms that employed individuals have a greater capacity to spend on food compared to students, as they have higher disposable income (see Table 2).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEconomic Factors and FAFH Consumption\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4 analyzes the association between the monthly income and the amount of money spent for Chicken Inasal. As shown in the results, there is no statistical relationship between monthly income and expenditure for Chicken Inasal (p-value =0.572). However, the correlation coefficient is positive implying that monthly income and amount spent for Chicken Inasal is directly proportional yet no sufficient evidence will support this claim. This outcome is contrary to the study of Osman (2024) showing that income influences individuals FAFH consumption.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4. Correlation analysis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"592\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 274px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorrelation Coefficient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 274px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonthly income and\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExpenditure for Chicken Inasal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.065 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.571 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5 illustrates how working in urban and rural differs in terms of amount spent on Chicken Inasal. \u0026nbsp;As shown, people working in urban areas has higher expenditure on Chicken Inasal rather (193.60 PHP or 3.20 USD) than those working in rural areas 139.36 PHP (2.32 USD). By Mann-Whitney U test, the difference between urban and rural in terms of Chicken Inasal expenditure is statistically significant at 5% level. One reason is that people from urban areas have busier schedules and longer commuting time and preparing food at home takes time so buying ready to eat foods saves more time and effort. The opportunity cost of cooking is higher in urban workers. Figure 3 further supports this finding, indicating that urban workers are more likely to cite convenience and lack of time to cook as their primary reasons for purchasing ready-to-eat food such as Chicken Inasal than workers from rural areas. This is in parallel to the study of Dionisio (2023) stating that urban areas increases the food-away- from-home expenditure of households\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5. Comparison between urban and rural on the amount spent on Chicken Inasal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e193.60 PHP (3.30 USD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139.36 PHP (2.37 USD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.036 **\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e** significant at 5%\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e58.75 USD = 1 PHP as of 29 October 2025\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eD. \u0026nbsp;Social and Cultural Factors\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChicken Inasal in Family and Social Interactions\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 4 illustrates the reasons how Chicken Inasal fits into family and social life among the Filipinos. More than a quarter (34%) cited that they usually eat it during special occasions such as birthdays, fiestas and reunions. This outcome was confirmed by Philstar (2021) reporting that Filipinos value social connection and togetherness to be happy. Secondly, Chicken Inasal is eaten during bonding activity with friends or co-workers especially after work or during outings (28%) as this adds more enjoyable experience. A survey by Selecta (2021) found that 66% of Filipinos said that human connection is what really makes them happy. Meanwhile, some opt to Chicken Inasal because it is a convenient or affordable meal option when they do not cook at home (25%). Other reasons are Chicken Inasal become regular part of our family meals during weekends and family gatherings (22%). A small part of the totality (3%) responded it is part of our leisure or relaxation time when someone else treats or when invited. About 2.5% responded that they eat Chicken Inasal to support local vendors or eateries in our community.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCommonness Eating Out in the Community\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMajority (81.5%) said that eating out is common while a small percentage (17.3%) responded that dining out is not a frequent practice. One factor that explains this outcome is the income differences among respondents. It shows that those who said that eating out is not common has lower income (16435.71 PHP or 279.76 USD) than those who responded that it is common (16435.71 PHP or 298.88USD). \u0026nbsp;Due to budget constraints, households particularly larger families often prefer to cook at home to save money. In addition, cultural preferences for thrift play a role, as Filipinos tend to be practical and avoid unnecessary expenses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote: 58.75 USD = 1 PHP as of 29 October 2025\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study intends to make a comparison of economic and social factors that drive consumption particularly on Chicken Inasal. Based on the results of the analysis, there is no association between monthly income and expenditure on Chicken Inasal. This outcome might be due to the fact that consumers have variety of food choices to purchase (FAFH) not only Chicken Inasal. On the other hand, people working in urban showed to spend more on Chicken Inasal rather than those from rural. This outcome is statistically significant. This may be because people working in urban have busier schedules and have longer commuting time and preparing food at home takes time so buying ready to eat foods saves more time and effort thus the opportunity cost of cooking is higher in urban workers. Among the respondents, the primary reason for their FAFH consumption is convenience and most of them buy Chicken Inasal from roadside grill due to accessibility. Meanwhile, for the social factor mostly mentioned that they usually eat it during special occasions such as birthdays, fiestas and reunions.\u0026nbsp;Chicken Inasal is commonly served during special occasions due to its strong cultural and social significance in Filipino dining traditions. It has become a symbol of celebration and togetherness where families and friends gather. It is both enjoyable and satisfying for people of all ages. Moreover, Chicken Inasal is more affordable and accessible compared to other traditional celebratory dishes.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRECOMMENDATIONS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study may offer valuable insights among local policymakers, entrepreneurs and future researchers. First, vendors must \u003cstrong\u003epromote affordable and quality Chicken Inasal options.\u003c/strong\u003e Local eateries and food chains can offer value meals to cater to cost-conscious consumers while maintaining quality. Second, the government may \u003cstrong\u003esupport micro and small food enterprises.\u003c/strong\u003e Local agencies may provide financial assistance, training, or marketing support to small vendors to sustain the Chicken Inasal market as this food has a strong cultural and social significance in Filipino dining traditions. Lastly, for future researchers, \u003cstrong\u003ethey must e\u003c/strong\u003explore other local foods and expanding other factors that may impact the FAFH consumption.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eInformed consent was obtained from all participants through voluntary participation in the survey. Prior to data collection, participants were informed about the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of their participation, and the confidentiality and anonymity of their responses. Completion of the questionnaire was taken as implied consent.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDionisio, V.J.D. 2023. Factors Associated with Food-Away-From-Home in the Philippines\u0026quot; (2023). Undergraduate Theses. 11608. Retrieved from https://www.ukdr.uplb.edu.ph/etd-undergrad/11608 on 07 November 2025. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEconomic Research Service. 2025. Food Consumption \u0026amp; Demand - Food Away from Home. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Retrieved from https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-choices-health/food-consumption-demand/food-away-from-home on 07 November 2025. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOsman, I.G. 2024 Factors Affecting Consumers\u0026rsquo; Food Away from Home Consumption Decisions: a Pilot Study on T\u0026uuml;rkiye. Turkish Journal of Agriculture -Food Science and Technology,12(1): 83-90, 2024. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePhilstar. 2021. Filipinos value social connection, togetherness to feel happy: Survey. Philstar. https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/2021/07/27/2115621/filipinos-value-social-connection-togetherness-feel-happy-survey. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRufino, C. 2015. The pattern of consumption for food away from home (FAFH) of Filipino households during the modern era [Conference paper]. De La Salle University. https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp‑content/uploads/pdf/conferences/research‑congress‑proceedings/2015/FNH/016FNH_Rufino_CC.pdf \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSelecta. 2021. \u003cem\u003eChoose happier together: Selecta\u0026rsquo;s manifesto for a happier world\u003c/em\u003e [Global survey]. Philstar. https://www.philstar.com/\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSerious eats. 2025. Retrieved from https://www.seriouseats.com/chicken-inasal on 07 November 2025. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe Kitchn. (n.d.). Filipino chicken inasal recipe. The Kitchn. https://www.thekitchn.com/filipino-chicken-inasal-recipe-23724768.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWikipedia. (n.d.). Chicken inasal. Wikipedia. Retrieved November 10, 2025, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_inasal.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Bank. 2019. Food data collection in household consumption and expenditure surveys: Guidelines for low- and middle-income countries. World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/lsms/publication/Food-data-collection-in-household-consumption-and-expenditure-surveys-guidelines-for-low-and-middle-income-countries\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Visayas State University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Food consumption, Chicken Inasal, Food Away from Home","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8384252/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8384252/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eChicken Inasal is iconic Filipino food from Visayas region. Filipinos love Chicken Inasal because of its unique and savory flavor and it eating Chicken Inasal represents a communal and social experience. The objective of this study is to make a comparison of economic and social factors that drive consumption particularly on Chicken Inasal. Based on findings, there is no sufficient data explaining the association of income and expenditure on Chicken Inasal due to the fact that consumers have variety of food choices to purchase not only Chicken Inasal. It also shows that people working in urban spend more on Chicken Inasal rather than those from rural because people working in urban have busier schedules and have longer commuting time and preparing food at home takes time. Meanwhile, for the social factor respondents usually eat chicken Inasal during special occasions such as birthdays, fiestas and reunions. As policy recommendation, vendors must promote affordable and quality Chicken Inasal options, the government may support micro and small food enterprises through financial assistance, training, or marketing support and for future researchers, they must explore other local foods and expanding other factors that may impact the FAFH consumption.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Shifting Economics of Food Away from Home (FAFH) Consumption of Chicken Inasal in Visayas Region, Philippines","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-19 10:43:51","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8384252/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"49985df5-4f86-40e3-bcfe-6918054fe3ea","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 19th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-19T10:43:52+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-19 10:43:51","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8384252","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8384252","identity":"rs-8384252","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}