Laboratory Investigation of Breakage and Deformation Characteristics of Phyllite Residual Fills under Varying Gradation Conditions

Laboratory Investigation of Breakage and Deformation Characteristics of Phyllite Residual Fills under Varying Gradation Conditions | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Laboratory Investigation of Breakage and Deformation Characteristics of Phyllite Residual Fills under Varying Gradation Conditions chen liang, Yanjie Zhang, Xu Wang, Hanxing Zhu, Weizhong Lai, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7747077/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Granular Matter → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract To elucidate the coupled breakage–deformation mechanisms of soft rock residuals in large-scale embankment applications, this study focuses on phyllite materials from the Kangluo Expressway project in Gansu Province, China. A combined experimental and numerical investigation was conducted under varying gradation conditions to examine interactions between particle breakage and deformation. Talbot continuous gradation curves (n = 0.30, 0.50, 0.7) and corresponding single-sized gradations were evaluated. A total of 400 single-particle crushing tests were performed to derive the Weibull modulus m and characteristic strength σ₀​ through statistical fitting. One-dimensional confined compression tests were then conducted in a steel cylinder (150 mm diameter, 300 mm height) under axial stresses from 0 to 15 MPa to quantify the breakage ratio. In the numerical analysis, a Fragment Replacement Method (FRM) was implemented within the PFC3D discrete element framework. When the octahedral shear stress exceeded a fracture threshold, the mother particle was replaced by 14 Apollonian sub-particles, with conservation of mass and momentum strictly enforced. The simulation results aligned closely with experimental data regarding stress–strain behavior and the correlation between Talbot gradation and breakage ratio. These findings provide experimental validation and theoretical guidance for utilizing soft rock waste and calibrating discrete element models. phyllite waste particle breakage continuous gradation particle breakage rate fragment-replacement discrete-element method Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Granular Matter → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7747077","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":533796222,"identity":"9d8c27cf-f237-47b7-9e36-2ed11dba05b2","order_by":0,"name":"chen liang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Lanzhou Jiaotong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"chen","middleName":"","lastName":"liang","suffix":""},{"id":533796223,"identity":"f8371850-2173-4f5c-80eb-33c1ddcfbb94","order_by":1,"name":"Yanjie 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Conditions","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"phyllite waste, particle breakage, continuous gradation, particle breakage rate, fragment-replacement discrete-element method","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7747077/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7747077/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eTo elucidate the coupled breakage\u0026ndash;deformation mechanisms of soft rock residuals in large-scale embankment applications, this study focuses on phyllite materials from the Kangluo Expressway project in Gansu Province, China. A combined experimental and numerical investigation was conducted under varying gradation conditions to examine interactions between particle breakage and deformation. Talbot continuous gradation curves (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.30, 0.50, 0.7) and corresponding single-sized gradations were evaluated. A total of 400 single-particle crushing tests were performed to derive the Weibull modulus \u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e and characteristic strength σ₀​ through statistical fitting. One-dimensional confined compression tests were then conducted in a steel cylinder (150 mm diameter, 300 mm height) under axial stresses from 0 to 15 MPa to quantify the breakage ratio. In the numerical analysis, a Fragment Replacement Method (FRM) was implemented within the PFC3D discrete element framework. When the octahedral shear stress exceeded a fracture threshold, the mother particle was replaced by 14 Apollonian sub-particles, with conservation of mass and momentum strictly enforced. The simulation results aligned closely with experimental data regarding stress\u0026ndash;strain behavior and the correlation between Talbot gradation and breakage ratio. These findings provide experimental validation and theoretical guidance for utilizing soft rock waste and calibrating discrete element models.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Laboratory Investigation of Breakage and Deformation Characteristics of Phyllite Residual Fills under Varying Gradation Conditions","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-27 11:32:29","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7747077/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"83e28356-4cbe-467f-9af6-f6c45c1afc6f","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 27th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-02T16:14:58+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7747077","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-025-01606-8","journal":{"identity":"granular-matter","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Granular Matter"},"publishedOn":"2026-02-24 15:57:07","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 24th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-27 11:32:29","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10035-025-01606-8","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-025-01606-8","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7747077","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7747077","identity":"rs-7747077","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}