Prickly pear meal (Opuntia ficus-indica) in the feeding of lactating cows

Prickly pear meal (Opuntia ficus-indica) in the feeding of lactating cows | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Prickly pear meal ( Opuntia ficus-indica ) in the feeding of lactating cows Jacqueline Firmino de Sá, Fabiano Ferreira da Silva, Robério Rodrigues Silva, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9094637/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of inclusion of prickly pear meal (PPM) (Opuntia ficus-indica) in diets for lactating dairy cows on nutrient intake, apparent digestibility, milk yield and composition, milk fatty acid profile, and ingestive behavior. Fifteen lactating Holstein × Zebu crossbred cows were assigned to three 5 × 5 Latin squares and fed diets containing 0 (CON), 3.7, 7.4, 11.1, or 14.8% PPM on a dry matter basis. The inclusion of PPM increased NDFap intake (P = 0.037) compared with the CON diet and promoted a linear reduction in ether extract intake (P < 0.001). Apparent digestibility of ether extract (P < 0.022) and TDN (P = 0.034) decreased linearly as PPM inclusion levels increased. Milk yield showed a linear reduction with increasing levels of PPM (P = 0.031), as did protein yield (P = 0.023), lactose yield (P = 0.022), and solids-not-fat yield (P = 0.022). The milk fatty acid profile was significantly altered, with linear increases in C16:0 (P < 0.001) and total saturated fatty acids (P = 0.004), as well as reductions in C18 fatty acids (P < 0.001), total unsaturated fatty acids (P = 0.004), and the unsaturated:saturated fatty acid ratio (P = 0.007). Regarding ingestive behavior, the inclusion of PPM reduced the number of rumination periods (P = 0.036) and the number of ruminated boluses per day (P = 0.046). The inclusion of prickly pear meal in diets for lactating dairy cows negatively alters dietary energy density, reduces milk production, and modifies the milk fatty acid profile by increasing the proportion of saturated fatty acids. Although prickly pear meal represents a viable feed alternative in semi-arid regions, its inclusion must be carefully adjusted to avoid impairments in productive performance. Drought-adapted forages Milk production Milk fatty acid profile Semi-arid regions Introduction Milk production in tropical and semi-arid regions requires nutritional strategies capable of sustaining the performance of lactating cows under limitations in forage availability and quality, as well as increasing costs of energy concentrates (Souza et al. 2019). This scenario reinforces the need to identify alternative feed resources that ensure adequate nutrient supply and productive efficiency (Silva et al. 2024). Among plant species used in ruminant nutrition, forage cactus ( Opuntia ficus-indica ) stands out for its high biomass production capacity and physiological efficiency, characteristics associated with crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), which confers greater water-use efficiency and tolerance to adverse environmental conditions (Heyduk 2022; Sipango et al. 2022). In addition, forage cactus exhibits high biomass yield under semiarid conditions, with substantial dry matter accumulation over multi-year production cycles (Costa et al. 2024), adaptation to low-fertility soils (Sipango et al. 2022), and a nutritional composition characterized by high concentrations of non-fibrous carbohydrates (536 ± 85.1 g/kg of DM) (Siqueira et al. 2022), associated with good dry matter digestibility (Silva et al. 2024). These characteristics make forage cactus a promising ingredient for formulating diets for lactating cows with moderate milk production levels (approximately 10.4 kg/cow/day), whose nutritional requirements are compatible with the use of alternative feeds (Rashid et al. 2024). However, despite its recognized nutritional potential, the use of forage cactus in natura presents limitations related to its high moisture content (850–950 g/kg), low dry matter density, and reduced physical effectiveness of fiber (Siqueira et al. 2022; Godoi et al. 2024), factors that may restrict dry matter intake, compromise ruminal stability, and hinder diet standardization (Sipango et al. 2022; Silva et al. 2024). Moreover, the chemical composition of fresh forage cactus may vary according to species, cladode age, and cultivation conditions, imposing additional challenges to nutritional control in productive and experimental systems. In view of these limitations, the use of prickly pear meal emerges as a technically relevant alternative, as it concentrates dry matter, reduces compositional variability, and facilitates storage, transport, and dietary inclusion. However, compared with in natura use, the effects of prickly pear meal on productive performance and metabolism of lactating cows remain poorly documented. In this context, it is hypothesized that increasing levels of inclusion of prickly pear meal, due to its higher nutrient concentration, may promote increased nutrient intake and digestibility, enhance microbial protein synthesis, and maintain productive performance of cows, potentially resulting in responses that indicate a nutritionally more appropriate inclusion level. Thus, this study investigated the effects of increasing dietary inclusion of prickly pear meal ( Opuntia ficus-indica ) on nutrient intake and digestibility, nitrogen balance, microbial protein synthesis, productive performance, milk fatty acid composition, and ingestive behavior in lactating cows. Material and methods Ethics and Localization Committee Animal handling and experimental procedures complied with national and international ethical regulations and received approval from the Animal Ethics Committee of the State University of Southwest Bahia (protocol 169/2017). The trial was conducted on a commercial farm situated in Macarani-BA, Brazil (15°33′52″ S; 40°25′15″ W), at 311 m above sea level. Animals, experimental design and diets Fifteen Holstein × Zebu crossbred cows were used (mean days in milk = 90 ± 38 days, in the fourth or fifth lactation, body weight (BW) of 472 ± 9.65 kg, and milk yield of 12 ± 1.83 kg/day). Animals were assigned to three 5 × 5 Latin squares with five experimental periods. Each period lasted 21 days, with the first 16 days allocated for adaptation and the remaining 5 days for data collection. Five dietary treatments were evaluated, corresponding to increasing inclusion levels of prickly pear meal (PPM; Opuntia ficus-indica ) in the total mixed ration. The experimental diets were formulated as follows: a control treatment without PPM inclusion (CON) and four diets containing 3.7, 7.4, 11.1, or 14.8%PPM, expressed on a dry matter (DM) basis. Sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum ), cultivar RB 72454, was used as the forage component of the diets throughout the experimental period. During the adaptation phase, all cows received sugarcane supplemented with 0.5% of a urea and ammonium sulfate mixture (9:1, wt/wt), whereas in the experimental phase the inclusion level of this mixture was increased to 1%. Diets were formulated to meet the nutritional requirements for maintenance and a milk yield of 15 kg/day and to be isonitrogenous, according to NRC (2001) (Table 1). Each animal was maintained in an individual 19-m² pen containing sand bedding and equipped with a feeder, with water available ad libitum. Nutrient intake and apparent digestibility of the total tract Feed was offered twice daily (07:00 and 15:00 h) on an ad libitum basis, with orts maintained between 50 and 100 g/kg. From days 17 to 21 of each experimental period, samples of feed ingredients and orts were collected, frozen at −20 °C, and later used for laboratory analyses. Orts were sampled daily and subsequently pooled to obtain a composite sample per animal and per period. BW was recorded at the start of the trial and at the end of each experimental period to monitor weight changes and adjust dietary supply when necessary. Fecal sampling was carried out between days 18 and 20 of each period at 9-h intervals, with samples obtained directly from the rectum or immediately after spontaneous defecation. Following collection, fecal material was preserved and combined to form a composite sample for each animal within each period. Fecal output was estimated using indigestible neutral detergent fiber ( i NDF) as an internal marker, following the methodology described by Detmann et al. (2012). Sample collection and laboratory analysis Samples of feed ingredients, orts, and fecal material were first dried in a forced-air oven at 55 °C for 72 h and then ground using a Wiley-type mill equipped with a 1-mm screen. Chemical analyses were performed to determine DM (method 930.15), ash (method 942.05), crude protein (CP; method 984.13), and ether extract (EE; method 920.39), following the procedures recommended by AOAC (2000). Fiber fractions were quantified as neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDF ap ), according to the procedures proposed by Mertens (2002) and Licitra et al. (1996), using heat-stable α-amylase without the inclusion of sodium sulfite, with analyses conducted in a fiber analyzer (Ankom Tech Corp., Fairport, NY, USA). Non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) concentration was estimated following the approach described by Hall (2000). Dietary energy values, expressed as total digestible nutrients (TDN) and metabolizable energy (ME), were calculated based on NRC (2000) recommendations. Nitrogen balance and excretion of purine derivatives Blood samples were collected on the last day of each experimental period from the mammary vein into heparinized vacuum tubes. Plasma was obtained by centrifugation and stored at −20 °C for subsequent determination of urea concentration. Spot urine samples were collected on day 21 of each period, approximately 4 h after feeding, during spontaneous urination. Aliquots were preserved with sulfuric acid for analyses of urea, allantoin, and uric acid, while undiluted samples were stored for determination of total nitrogen and creatinine. Urea concentrations in plasma, urine, and milk, as well as urinary creatinine and uric acid, were quantified using commercial kits (Bioclin®), whereas allantoin in urine and deproteinized milk was determined by a colorimetric method (Chen and Gomes, 1992). Urinary volume was estimated from spot urine samples based on daily creatinine excretion (24.05 mg/kg BW; Chizzotti et al. 2007). Total purine excretion was calculated as the sum of urinary allantoin and uric acid plus milk allantoin. Absorbed microbial purines and intestinal flow of microbial nitrogen were estimated using equations proposed by Verbic et al. (1990) and Chen and Gomes (1992), respectively. Microbial crude protein synthesis and its efficiency were calculated based on total digestible nutrient intake. Nitrogen balance was determined as the difference between nitrogen intake and nitrogen excreted in feces, urine, and milk, with total nitrogen analyzed according to AOAC (2000). Production, composition, and milk fatty acid profile Cows were milked twice daily (05:00 and 17:00 h) using a mechanical milking system, and individual milk production was continuously monitored with an automated recording device (MMI6®). Mean daily milk yield was calculated using data obtained during the sampling phase, after adaptation to the experimental diets, and production was standardized to 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM; Sklan et al. 1992) and energy-corrected milk (ECM) according to NRC (2000). Milk sampling was performed over four consecutive days (days 18 to 21 of each experimental period). Milk composition (fat, protein, and lactose) was determined by mid-infrared spectrometry (Lactoscan®, Entelbras, São Paulo, Brazil). Additional aliquots were frozen at −20 °C for urea determination or freeze-dried for subsequent analysis of the milk fatty acid (FA) profile. Milk urea concentration was analyzed using a commercial enzymatic kit (Doles®, Goiânia, Brazil). Milk lipids were extracted and converted to fatty acid methyl esters using sodium methoxide as the transesterification catalyst and acetyl chloride for acidification, with hexane as the solvent. Fatty acid methyl esters were quantified by gas chromatography (Focus GC, Thermo Scientific, Milan, Italy) equipped with a flame ionization detector and a capillary column (SP-2560, Supelco). Injector and detector temperatures were set at 250 °C and 280 °C, respectively, and the oven temperature was programmed from 140 °C to 220 °C at 1 °C/min, with a final hold of 25 min. Hydrogen served as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min, and duplicate injections (1 μL) were performed. Fatty acids were identified by comparison of retention times with commercial standards (GLC-674, Nu-Chek Prep, Inc.) and expressed as mg/100 mg of total fatty acids based on peak area normalization. Eating behavior Ingestive behavior was assessed through continuous visual monitoring over a 24-h period on day 17 of each experimental phase. Observations were carried out at 5-min intervals by trained personnel positioned to avoid interference with animal activity, and artificial lighting was provided before the observation period to ensure proper acclimation. Rumination characteristics were evaluated during three daily intervals (10:00–12:00, 14:00–16:00, and 19:00–21:00 h) by recording the number of chewing movements per ruminal bolus and the duration of rumination using a digital stopwatch. Behavioral measurements followed the procedures described by Bürger et al. (2000). Statistical analysis Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS OnDemand for Academics© (2014) (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA), using the following model: Y ijkl = μ + S i + A i (S) j + P k + T l + e ijkl where Y ijkl is the dependent variable, μ is the overall mean, S i is the fixed effect of Latin square i (i = 1–3), A i (S) j is the random effect of cow within square j (j = 1–5), P k is the fixed effect of experimental period k (k = 1–5), T l is the fixed effect of diet l (l = 1–5), and e ijkl is the residual error. Treatments corresponded to five levels of inclusion of PPM: control (0%), 3.7%, 7.4%, 11.1%, and 14.8% of total dietary dry matter. Orthogonal contrasts were applied to evaluate treatment effects, including the comparison between the CON and diets containing PPM (4 −1 −1 −1 −1), as well as the linear (0 −3 −1 1 3), quadratic (0 1 −1 −1 1), and cubic (0 −1 3 −3 1) effects of inclusion levels. Differences were considered statistically significant at P ≤ 0.05, and trends were considered when 0.05 < P ≤ 0.10. Results Dry matter intake (DMI) showed a tendency to increase in animals fed PPM compared with the CON diet ( P = 0.070) (Table 2). Conversely, lower NDF ap intake was observed in animals receiving the CON diet ( P = 0.037). EE intake exhibited a linear decreasing effect with increasing inclusion of PPM in the diet ( P 0.05). However, EE digestibility showed a tendency to decrease compared with the CON diet ( P = 0.081), in addition to a linear decreasing effect as PPM inclusion levels increased ( P = 0.022). TDN showed a tendency for a linear effect with PPM inclusion ( P = 0.068). No effect of PPM was observed on nitrogen balance or microbial protein synthesis ( P > 0.05) (Table 3). Regarding productive performance, cows fed the CON diet showed a tendency toward higher milk yield (kg/day) compared with those receiving PPM ( P = 0.092), as well as a linear decreasing effect with increasing levels of PPM in the diet ( P = 0.031). Similarly, linear decreasing effects were observed for protein yield (kg/day) ( P = 0.023), lactose yield (kg/day) ( P = 0.022), and defatted dry extract (DDE) yield (kg/day) ( P = 0.022), along with a tendency for a linear decreasing effect on total dry extract (TDE) yield (kg/day) in milk ( P = 0.090). Additionally, a tendency for a quadratic effect was observed for protein (%) ( P = 0.076), lactose (%) ( P = 0.081), and DEE (%) ( P = 0.093) concentrations in milk (Table 4). Cows fed the CON diet showed higher concentrations of C10:0 ( P = 0.030), C12:0 ( P = 0.023), C18:0 ( P < 0.001), C20:0 ( P = 0.039), and saturated C18 fatty acids ( P < 0.001), as well as a tendency toward higher C18:1n7 concentration ( P = 0.076). In contrast, these cows showed lower concentrations of C16:0 ( P = 0.013) and total C16 ( P = 0.013) in milk compared with those fed PPM (Table 5). Additionally, PPM inclusion promoted linear increases in the concentrations of C16:0 ( P < 0.001), total C16 ( P < 0.001), and total saturated FA ( P = 0.004). Conversely, linear decreasing effects were observed for C18:0 ( P < 0.001), C18:1n7 ( P = 0.002), C18:1n9 ( P C16 ( P < 0.001), saturated C18 fatty acids ( P < 0.001), unsaturated C18 FA ( P < 0.001), total unsaturated FA ( P = 0.004), and the U/S ratio ( P = 0.007), as well as a tendency for a linear decreasing effect on C18:2n6 ( P = 0.078). Regarding ingestive behavior, cows fed the CON diet showed a greater number of rumination periods ( P = 0.036) and a higher number of ruminated boluses per day ( P = 0.046), as well as a tendency toward a lower number of chews per bolus (NCB) ( P = 0.076) and less time spent per ruminated bolus (TBR) ( P = 0.091), compared with cows fed PPM. Similarly, a tendency for a linear effect was observed for the number of rumination periods per day ( P = 0.072), and a tendency for a quadratic effect was observed for total chewing time per day (TCT) ( P = 0.065) with increasing inclusion of PPM in the diet (Table 6). Discussion The increasing inclusion of PPM in sugarcane-based diets promoted gradual and consistent changes in dietary chemical composition, mainly characterized by increased NDF ap content and reductions in non-fibrous carbohydrates, ether extract, and energy density, as evidenced by lower TDN and metabolizable energy concentrations. These changes reflect the progressive replacement of ground corn with an ingredient containing a higher fibrous fraction and lower energetic value, with direct implications for intake regulation, nutrient utilization, and productive performance of lactating cows. Within this nutritional context, the tendency toward increased DMI observed in cows fed PPM containing diets compared with the control diet suggests an adaptive response to reduced dietary energy density. In dairy cows, adjustments in voluntary intake represent one of the primary compensatory mechanisms to mitigate reductions in metabolizable energy supply, provided that no physical or metabolic constraints to intake are present (Allen 2020). The fiber derived from PPM, despite its high concentration, is characterized by high ruminal fermentability and low physical effectiveness (Alves et al. 2023), which likely minimized rumen fill limitations and allowed this intake adjustment. This response is consistent with the cell wall characteristics of Opuntia ficus-indica , which is rich in pectins and highly fermentable polysaccharides that favor faster ruminal passage rate and reduced digesta retention, even under high dietary fiber levels (Gomes et al. 2023). Although NDFap intake was lower in the control diet due to its reduced fiber content, the progressive inclusion of PPM increased the intake of this fraction without compromising total DMI. Moreover, NDFap intake remained within the range of 1.2 to 1.3% of BW, which is considered adequate for moderately producing cows, as it stimulates rumination and supports ruminal stability without limiting voluntary intake (Allen 2000). These results indicate that the fiber supplied by PPM, despite its greater quantitative contribution, was functionally compatible with maintaining intake and ruminal activity. Concurrently, ether extract intake decreased linearly with increasing dietary PPM levels, directly reflecting the lower lipid content of this ingredient compared with corn. In addition, ether extract digestibility also declined linearly, a response that can be attributed to the combination of lower absolute dietary lipid content, greater association of ether extract with the fibrous matrix, and changes in the ingested fatty acid profile. Diets containing a higher proportion of long-chain saturated FA, such as C16:0, tend to exhibit reduced emulsification efficiency and intestinal absorption, thereby decreasing apparent lipid digestibility (Boerman et al. 1998; Rico et al. 2017). Under low-fat dietary conditions, endogenous losses represent a greater relative proportion of fecal ether extract, further contributing to reduced apparent digestibility (Palmquist et al. 2017). In addition, increased dietary fiber content favors physical entrapment of lipids, limiting access of ruminal and pancreatic lipases. Collectively, these factors explain the reduced energetic contribution of ether extract and the consequent linear reduction in total digestible nutrients, despite the maintenance of digestibility of the other dietary fractions. Despite these changes in diet composition and energy value, the inclusion of PPM did not affect nitrogen balance, plasma, urinary, or milk urea concentrations, nor microbial protein synthesis. These findings indicate that nitrogen metabolism was adequately supported across all treatments, suggesting that synchronization between ruminally degradable nitrogen availability and fermentable energy supply was sufficient to sustain microbial efficiency, even under reduced dietary energy density (Lu et al. 2019). From a productive standpoint, the linear reduction in milk yield with increasing PPM levels can be physiologically explained by the progressive decrease in dietary energy density, which limited the amount of energy available to the mammary gland. Milk synthesis is highly dependent on energy supply, particularly for lactose production, which acts as the primary osmotic regulator of milk volume secretion (Anger et al. 2024). When energy intake is insufficient, glucose availability to the mammary gland is reduced, thereby limiting lactose synthesis and, consequently, milk yield (Allen and Piantoni 2013). The reduced energetic contribution of ether extract exacerbates this process, given that lipids represent the most energy-dense fraction of the diet (Palmquist et al. 2017). In addition to effects on milk yield, the inclusion of PPM altered the milk fatty acid profile, characterized by reductions in C10:0 and C12:0, increases in C16:0, and relative decreases in long-chain and unsaturated fatty acids, resulting in a higher total concentration of saturated FA, a lower proportion of unsaturated FA, and a reduced U/S ratio. The reduction in C10:0 and C12:0 is associated with a lower relative availability of lipogenic precursors for de novo synthesis in the mammary gland, such as acetate and β-hydroxybutyrate (Matamoros et al. 2020), as well as with increased supply of preformed FA. Conversely, PPM is rich in C16:0, and the greater dietary supply of this long-chain FA leads to increased intestinal absorption and direct incorporation into milk fat, shifting lipid composition toward C16:0 and increasing total saturated FA (Rocha Filho et al. 2021). This response promotes a relative dilution of unsaturated FA and may also modify ruminal biohydrogenation patterns, resulting in a more saturated milk fat profile, consistent with dietary modulation of milk lipid composition in dairy cows (Gallardo and Teixeira 2023). From a behavioral perspective, cows fed the control diet exhibited a greater number of rumination periods and a higher number of ruminal boluses per day, behavior consistent with the greater physical effectiveness of sugarcane fiber. The inclusion of PPM reduced these parameters and promoted a tendency toward fewer chews and shorter chewing time per bolus, indicating that, despite the higher NDF ap content, the fiber from PPM presents lower physical resistance and requires less mastication effort. This characteristic is typical of feed ingredients with poorly lignified cell walls and high structural fragility (Zebeli et al. 2012; Heering et al. 2023). Nevertheless, total chewing time remained adequate, suggesting that PPM inclusion did not compromise ruminal health but rather promoted adjustments in intake and rumination patterns consistent with the physical nature and high fermentability of the supplied fiber. Conclusion The increasing inclusion of pickly pear meal increased dry matter intake while maintaining nutrient digestibility and microbial protein synthesis. However, the reduction in dietary energy density limited the productive performance of the cows, indicating that high inclusion levels compromise milk yield. Therefore, prickly pear meal can be used as an alternative feed ingredient, provided that its inclusion level is properly adjusted to balance increased intake with an adequate energy supply. Declarations Funding The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript. Competing Interests The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Author Contributions All authors contributed to the conception and design of the study. Jacqueline Firmino de Sá: Data curation and Functions/Writing - original version. Fabiano Ferreira da Silva: Conceptualization, formal analysis, methodology, project administration, resources, and validation. Robério Rodrigues Silva: Conceptualization. Jose Esler de Freitas Júnior and Lara Maria Santos Brant: Formal analysis and Writing - review and editing. Paulo De Jesus Santos and Luan Brito Matos: Research. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Data Availability The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to [WHY DATA ARE NOT PUBLIC] but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Ethics approval This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the State University of Southwest Bahia (UESB), under approval protocol 169/2017. References Allen MS, Piantoni P. (2013) Metabolic control of feed intake: Implications for metabolic disease of fresh cows. 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(2024). Effect of replacing ground corn with cactus pear Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) on feed intake and digestibility, water intake, milk production and composition in Holstein × Gyr cows. Trop Anim Health Prod 56:341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-024-04155-z Sipango N, Ravhuhali KE, Sebola NA, et al. (2022). Prickly pear (Opuntia spp.) as an invasive species and a potential fodder resource for ruminant animals. Sustainability 14:3719. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073719 Siqueira MC, Chagas JC, Monnerat JPI, et al. (2022). Cactus cladodes Opuntia or Nopalea and by-product of low nutritional value as solutions to forage shortages in semiarid areas. Animals 12:3182. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12223182 Sklan D, Ashkenazi R, Braun A, et al. (1992) Fatty acids, calcium soaps of fatty acids, and cottonseeds fed to high yielding cows. J Dairy Sci 75:2463–2472. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(92)78008-4 Souza MS, Silva TGF, Souza LSB, et al. (2019). Practices for the improvement of the agricultural resilience of the forage production in semiarid environment: a review. Amaz. Jour. of Plant Resear. 3(4):417-430. https://doi.org/10.26545/ajpr.2019.b00051x Verbic J, Chen XB, MacLeod NA, et al. (1990). Excretion of purine derivatives by ruminants. Effect of microbial nucleic acid infusion on purine derivative excretion by steers. J Agric Sci 114:243–248. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600072610 Zebeli Q, Aschenbach JR, Tafaj M, et al. (2012) Invited review: role of physically effective fiber and estimation of dietary fiber adequacy in high-producing dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 95:1041–1056. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-4421 Tables Table 1. Percentage of inclusion of ingredients and chemical composition of experimental diets. Ingredient (g/Kg DM) Levels of prickly pear meal in the diet (% DM) 0 3.7 7.4 11.1 14.8 Sugarcane 653.9 654.3 654.4 654.7 654.6 Ground corn 253.5 215.9 178.6 140.9 103.5 Prickly pear meal a 0.00 37.0 74.0 111.0 148.0 Soybean meal 70.2 70.4 70.6 71.0 71.5 Mineral b 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 Dicalcium phosphate 8.20 8.20 8.20 8.20 8.20 Limestone 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 Chemical composition (g/kg DM) Dry matter 478.7 478.2 477.9 478.0 478.3 Crude Protein 176.0 174.6 173.3 171.9 170.6 NDF ap c 404.4 415.2 425.8 436.3 446.8 Ether extract 22.2 21.2 20.2 19.3 18.4 Ash 63.2 69.0 74.8 80.7 86.6 NFC d 334.2 320.0 305.8 291.8 277.6 TDN e 71.8 70.6 69.3 68.0 66.7 ME (Mcal/kg of DM) f 2.59 2.55 2.50 2.46 2.41 FA (g/100 g of FA) g 16:0 14.38 13.29 15.92 16.00 17.42 16:1 0.11 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.19 17:0 0.26 0.16 0.21 0.31 0.46 17:1 0.14 0.06 0.09 0.16 0.26 18:0 4.53 3.20 4.36 4.60 4.88 18:1n-9c 48.73 49.45 47.68 44.27 33.80 18:2n6 29.18 30.61 28.24 30.58 38.09 18:3n-3 1.00 1.20 1.15 1.34 1.89 20:0 0.81 0.71 0.82 0.71 0.60 22:0 0.11 0.17 0.11 0.21 0.21 a Composition of prickly pear meal 86.97g of DM, 5.14g of CP, 40.97g of NDFap, 1.48g of EE, 17.21g of ash and 34.93g of NFC. b Composition: Calcium 200 g; Cobalt 200 mg; Copper 1,650 mg; Sulfur 12 g; Iron 560 mg; Fluorine (max) 1,000 g; Phosphorus 100 g; Iodine 195 mg; Magnesium 15 g; Manganese 1,960 mg; Nickel 40 mg; Selenium 32 mg; Sodium 68 g; Zinc 6,285 mg. c Neutral Detergent Fiber corrected for ash and protein. d Non-fiber carbohydrates. Calculated according to Hall (2000). e Total digestible nutrients. Calculated according to the NRC (2001). f Metabolizable energy. Calculated according to the NRC (2001). g Fatty Acids. Table 2 – Dry matter and nutrient intake and total tract digestibility of dry matter and nutrients of cows fed diets with different levels of prickly pear meal Item Levels of prickly pear meal in the diet (% DM) SEM a p-value* b 0 3.7 7.4 11.1 14.8 CON vs . PPM L Q Intake (kg/day) Dry matter 12.24 12.98 12.35 13.19 13.06 0.253 0.070 0.454 0.431 Crude protein 2.36 2.40 2.25 2.37 2.30 0.048 0.676 0.527 0.467 NDF ap c 5.58 5.96 5.67 6.20 6.07 0.123 0.037 0.239 0.623 Ether extract 0.33 0.36 0.32 0.31 0.28 0.007 0.615 <0.001 0.531 NFC d 4.36 4.50 4.43 4.60 4.63 0.079 0.117 0.209 0.651 TDN e 8.80 9.23 8.72 9.20 9.02 0.144 0.422 0.895 0.531 Intake (%BW) Dry matter 2.63 2.74 2.63 2.74 2.76 0.046 0.286 0.594 0.369 NDF ap c 1.20 1.26 1.21 1.29 1.28 0.022 0.148 0.361 0.536 Total tract digestibility Dry matter 62.15 62.49 60.30 60.14 60.35 0.596 0.205 0.120 0.204 Crude protein 70.88 71.93 68.63 71.30 69.74 0.730 0.777 0.563 0.562 NDF ap c 50.26 50.55 48.46 49.18 48.78 0.723 0.356 0.296 0.392 Ether extract 68.69 66.89 65.24 59.96 57.47 1.475 0.081 0.022 0.895 NFC d 88.36 89.14 89.31 88.30 88.88 0.455 0.608 0.678 0.834 TDN e 66.30 66.29 65.03 64.14 63.67 0.794 0.116 0.068 0.828 * Statistical differences were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05 and trends at 0.05 < P ≤ 0.10. a Standard error of the mean, b CON vs. PPM, control vs. treatment; L, linear effect of PPM; Q, quadratic effect of PPM. c Neutral Detergent Fiber corrected for ash and protein. d Non-fiber carbohydrates. e Total digestible nutrients. Table 3- Nitrogen balance, urea nitrogen concentration, and microbial efficiency of cows fed diets containing different levels of prickly pear meal Item Levels of prickly pear meal in the diet (% DM) SEM a p-value* b 0 3.7 7.4 11.1 14.8 CON vs . PPM L Q Nitrogen (N) utilization (g/day) Ingested-N 407.35 394.36 411.95 412.35 406.63 6.85 0.951 0.583 0.442 Fecal-N 114.13 110.00 113.83 111.52 109.42 4.11 0.743 0.910 0.711 Urinary-N 197.51 192.11 205.44 199.84 199.05 1.90 0.739 0.427 0.102 Milk-N 57.09 57.47 55.96 53.88 54.08 1.07 0.498 0.234 0.710 Retained-N 38.62 34.78 36.72 47.11 44.08 6.93 0.903 0.571 0.869 Urea nitrogen concentrations (mg/dL) Plasma 6.23 7.34 7.85 6.25 6.44 0.41 0.398 0.223 0.838 Urine 12.15 11.33 11.63 10.60 12.62 3.62 0.850 0.561 0.891 Milk 5.66 5.28 5.42 4.94 5.88 1.07 0.638 0.584 0.457 Microbial CP synthesis (g/day) Microbial crude protein 1163.9 1256.91 1178.26 1203.98 1187.41 180.02 0.672 0.331 0.431 Microbial efficiency Microbial CP (g/kg of TDN) 133.62 137.52 136.69 149.74 133.86 22.33 0.444 0.540 0.279 * Statistical differences were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05 and trends at 0.05 < P ≤ 0.10. a SEM, Standard error of the mean. b CON vs. PPM, control vs. treatment; L, linear effect of PPM; Q, quadratic effect of PPM Table 4- Productive parameters and milk composition of cows fed diets with different levels of prickly pear meal Item Levels of prickly pear meal in the diet (% DM) SEM a p-value* b 0 3.7 7.4 11.1 14.8 CON vs . PPM L Q Milk yield (kg/day) 11.54 11.42 11.20 11.06 10.70 0.212 0.092 0.031 0.750 FCM (3.5%) (kg/day) c 12.20 12.17 12.37 12.20 11.93 0.215 0.926 0.475 0.379 Composition (Kg/day) Protein 0.37 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.34 0.007 0.183 0.023 0.764 Fat 0.47 0.44 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.009 0.497 0.883 0.345 Lactose 0.52 0.52 0.51 0.49 0.49 0.009 0.182 0.022 0.782 DDE d 0.99 1.00 0.98 0.95 0.93 0.018 0.189 0.022 0.803 TDE e 1.44 1.44 1.43 1.40 1.38 0.025 0.481 0.090 0.824 Composition (%) Protein 3.17 3.23 3.19 3.13 3.18 0.017 0.767 0.137 0.076 Fat 3.84 3.96 4.12 4.16 4.15 0.097 0.117 0.338 0.538 Lactose 4.52 4.59 4.54 4.45 4.53 0.024 0.763 0.115 0.081 DDE d 8.66 8.82 8.74 8.56 8.70 0.047 0.663 0.129 0.093 TDE e 12.51 12.78 12.83 12.73 12.85 0.124 0.117 0.867 0.834 MEC (kg/day) f 12.18 12.17 12.25 12.05 11.80 0.209 0.684 0.244 0.516 BWV (kg/day) g -0.20 -0.02 0.22 0.24 0.21 0.170 0.198 0.395 0.218 * Statistical differences were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05 and trends at 0.05 < P ≤ 0.10). a Standard error of the mean. b CON vs. PPM, control vs. treatment; L, linear effect of PPM; Q, quadratic effect of PPM. c Milk yield was corrected to 3.5% fat: FCM = (0.432 + 0.165 × milk fat content) × milk yield (kg/day). d Defatted dry extract. e Total dry extract. f Energy-corrected milk: MEC = 0.327 × milk production (kg/day) + 12.86 × fat production (kg/day) + 7.65 × protein production (kg/day). g Body weight variation. Table 5 - Fatty acid composition of milk from cows fed diets with different levels of prickly pear meal Item Levels of prickly pear meal in the diet (% DM) SEM a p-value* b 0 3.7 7.4 11.1 14.8 CON vs . PPM L Q C4:0 2.85 2.87 2.88 3.11 2.91 0.045 0.341 0.382 0.111 C6:0 2.52 2.47 2.30 2.37 2.52 0.058 0.442 0.763 0.199 C8:0 1.66 1.69 1.61 1.69 1.65 0.030 0.952 0.783 0.659 C10:0 4.07 3.87 3.79 3.66 3.68 0.083 0.030 0.211 0.709 C12:0 4.52 3.75 3.93 3.58 2.96 0.218 0.023 0.104 0.276 C14:0 14.62 14.70 14.79 14.24 14.52 0.175 0.847 0.354 0.711 C16:0 40.20 39.56 40.79 44.03 45.69 0.508 0.013 <0.001 0.789 C18:0 7.25 6.68 5.66 4.72 4.21 0.205 <0.001 <0.001 0.451 C18:1n7 0.98 0.98 0.89 0.83 0.70 0.031 0.076 0.002 0.730 C18:1n9 14.46 15.60 14.82 13.41 12.42 0.360 0.610 <0.001 0.876 C18:2n6 1.25 1.99 1.33 1.14 1.21 0.142 0.638 0.078 0.254 C18:2 cis-9 trans-11 0.27 0.25 0.30 0.24 0.23 0.015 0.585 0.410 0.346 C18:2 trans-10 cis-12 0.15 0.17 0.15 0.24 0.16 0.020 0.539 0.730 0.460 C18:3n-3 0.12 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.006 0.722 0.508 0.823 C20:0 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.10 0.004 0.039 0.025 0.428 C22:0 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.16 0.14 0.011 0.295 0.284 0.325 Others C16 27.06 28.46 26.18 23.94 22.64 0.557 0.146 <0.001 0.647 C16 total 40.20 39.56 40.79 44.03 45.69 0.508 0.013 <0.001 0.789 C18 Saturated C18 7.25 6.68 5.66 4.72 4.21 0.205 <0.001 <0.001 0.451 Unsaturated C18 17.22 19.10 17.61 15.99 14.84 0.431 0.722 <0.001 0.841 Total Saturated 79.90 77.75 78.43 80.04 80.88 0.415 0.497 0.004 0.926 Unsaturated 20.10 22.25 21.57 19.96 19.13 0.415 0.497 0.004 0.925 U/S c 0.25 0.29 0.28 0.25 0.24 0.007 0.477 0.007 0.939 *Statistical differences were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05 and trends at 0.05 < P ≤ 0.10. a Standard error of the mean. b CON vs. PPM, control vs. treatment; L, linear effect of PPM; Q, quadratic effect of PPM. c Unsaturated to saturated ratio. Table 6- Eating behavior of cows fed diets with different levels of prickly pear meal Item Levels of prickly pear meal in the diet (% DM) SEM a P-value* b 0 3.7 7.4 11.1 14.8 CON vs . PPM L Q Time spent (minutes/day) Feeding 358.4 353.4 380.9 384.4 347.7 6.540 0.596 0.751 0.150 Rumination 527.3 508.3 521.7 513.4 516.6 8.814 0.463 0.800 0.745 Idling 554.3 578.3 537.4 542.2 575.7 10.958 0.862 0.926 0.648 Feeding behavior (number of periods/day) Feeding 13.89 15.24 15.65 15.39 14.36 0.378 0.140 0.387 0.347 Rumination 20.47 19.75 18.72 18.88 17.79 0.356 0.036 0.072 0.965 Idling 26.61 27.09 25.55 26.83 25.04 0.433 0.628 0.216 0.886 Time per period of feeding behavior (hour) Feeding 0.45 0.40 0.45 0.43 0.40 0.016 0.403 0.932 0.211 Rumination 0.45 0.45 0.48 0.44 0.51 0.018 0.223 0.128 0.378 Idling 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.35 0.38 0.014 0.901 0.605 0.465 Feeding efficiency Dry matter /hour(g) 2123.9 2182.2 2074.8 2133.8 2182.6 50.79 0.853 0.885 0.408 NDF/hour(g) c 1005.3 1012.7 916.3 986.4 1014.1 24.07 0.607 0.671 0.123 Rumination efficiency Dry matter /hour (g) 1403.7 1520.4 1521.0 1603.3 1460.2 33.45 0.100 0.736 0.278 NDF/hour (g) c 660.0 697.3 678.7 738.0 683.2 15.21 0.256 0.901 0.557 Chewing TCT (minutes/day) d 14.76 14.33 15.05 14.96 14.41 0.183 0.862 0.926 0.065 NBR (number/day) e 579.06 520.51 526.05 550.16 506.12 13.30 0.046 0.853 0.293 NCD (number/day) f 31760 30477 31910 31983 31020 756.3 0.778 0.767 0.362 NCB (number/bolus) g 56.79 59.59 61.03 58.89 61.69 1.250 0.076 0.588 0.699 TBR (second/bolus) h 56.72 59.60 60.72 56.99 62.95 1.121 0.091 0.410 0.170 *Statistical differences were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05 and trends at 0.05 < P ≤ 0.10. a Standard error of the mean. b CON vs. PPM, control vs. treatment; L, linear effect of PPM; Q, quadratic effect of PPM. c Neutral Detergent Fiber. d Total chewing time. e Number of boluses ruminated per day. f Number of chews per day. g Number of chews per boluse. h Time spent per boluse ruminated. 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This scenario reinforces the need to identify alternative feed resources that ensure adequate nutrient supply and productive efficiency (Silva et al. 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong plant species used in ruminant nutrition, forage cactus (\u003cem\u003eOpuntia ficus-indica\u003c/em\u003e) stands out for its high biomass production capacity and physiological efficiency, characteristics associated with crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), which confers greater water-use efficiency and tolerance to adverse environmental conditions (Heyduk 2022; Sipango et al. 2022). In addition, forage cactus exhibits high biomass yield under semiarid conditions, with substantial dry matter accumulation over multi-year production cycles (Costa et al. 2024), adaptation to low-fertility soils (Sipango et al. 2022), and a nutritional composition characterized by high concentrations of non-fibrous carbohydrates (536 \u0026plusmn; 85.1 g/kg of DM) (Siqueira et al. 2022), associated with good dry matter digestibility (Silva et al. 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese characteristics make forage cactus a promising ingredient for formulating diets for lactating cows with moderate milk production levels (approximately 10.4 kg/cow/day), whose nutritional requirements are compatible with the use of alternative feeds (Rashid et al. 2024). However, despite its recognized nutritional potential, the use of forage cactus in natura presents limitations related to its high moisture content (850\u0026ndash;950 g/kg), low dry matter density, and reduced physical effectiveness of fiber (Siqueira et al. 2022; Godoi et al. 2024), factors that may restrict dry matter intake, compromise ruminal stability, and hinder diet standardization (Sipango et al. 2022; Silva et al. 2024). Moreover, the chemical composition of fresh forage cactus may vary according to species, cladode age, and cultivation conditions, imposing additional challenges to nutritional control in productive and experimental systems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn view of these limitations, the use of prickly pear meal emerges as a technically relevant alternative, as it concentrates dry matter, reduces compositional variability, and facilitates storage, transport, and dietary inclusion. However, compared with in natura use, the effects of prickly pear meal on productive performance and metabolism of lactating cows remain poorly documented.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this context, it is hypothesized that increasing levels of inclusion of prickly pear meal, due to its higher nutrient concentration, may promote increased nutrient intake and digestibility, enhance microbial protein synthesis, and maintain productive performance of cows, potentially resulting in responses that indicate a nutritionally more appropriate inclusion level.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThus, this study investigated the effects of increasing dietary inclusion of prickly pear meal (\u003cem\u003eOpuntia ficus-indica\u003c/em\u003e) on nutrient intake and digestibility, nitrogen balance, microbial protein synthesis, productive performance, milk fatty acid composition, and ingestive behavior in lactating cows.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and methods ","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics and Localization Committee\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnimal handling and experimental procedures complied with national and international ethical regulations and received approval from the Animal Ethics Committee of the State University of Southwest Bahia (protocol 169/2017).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe trial was conducted on a commercial farm situated in Macarani-BA, Brazil (15\u0026deg;33\u0026prime;52\u0026Prime; S; 40\u0026deg;25\u0026prime;15\u0026Prime; W), at 311 m above sea level.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnimals, experimental design and diets\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFifteen Holstein \u0026times; Zebu crossbred cows were used (mean days in milk = 90 \u0026plusmn; 38 days, in the fourth or fifth lactation, body weight (BW) of 472 \u0026plusmn; 9.65 kg, and milk yield of 12 \u0026plusmn; 1.83 kg/day). Animals were assigned to three 5 \u0026times; 5 Latin squares with five experimental periods. Each period lasted 21 days, with the first 16 days allocated for adaptation and the remaining 5 days for data collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFive dietary treatments were evaluated, corresponding to increasing inclusion levels of prickly pear meal (PPM; \u003cem\u003eOpuntia ficus-indica\u003c/em\u003e) in the total mixed ration. The experimental diets were formulated as follows: a control treatment without PPM inclusion (CON) and four diets containing\u0026nbsp;3.7, 7.4, 11.1, or 14.8%PPM, expressed on a dry matter (DM) basis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSugarcane (\u003cem\u003eSaccharum officinarum\u003c/em\u003e), cultivar RB 72454, was used as the forage component of the diets throughout the experimental period. During the adaptation phase, all cows received sugarcane supplemented with 0.5% of a urea and ammonium sulfate mixture (9:1, wt/wt), whereas in the experimental phase the inclusion level of this mixture was increased to 1%. Diets were formulated to meet the nutritional requirements for maintenance and a milk yield of 15 kg/day and to be isonitrogenous, according to NRC (2001) (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach animal was maintained in an individual 19-m\u0026sup2; pen containing sand bedding and equipped with a feeder, with water available ad libitum.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNutrient intake and apparent digestibility of the total tract\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFeed was offered twice daily (07:00 and 15:00 h) on an ad libitum basis, with orts maintained between 50 and 100 g/kg. From days 17 to 21 of each experimental period, samples of feed ingredients and orts were collected, frozen at \u0026minus;20 \u0026deg;C, and later used for laboratory analyses. Orts were sampled daily and subsequently pooled to obtain a composite sample per animal and per period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBW was recorded at the start of the trial and at the end of each experimental period to monitor weight changes and adjust dietary supply when necessary. Fecal sampling was carried out between days 18 and 20 of each period at 9-h intervals, with samples obtained directly from the rectum or immediately after spontaneous defecation. Following collection, fecal material was preserved and combined to form a composite sample for each animal within each period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFecal output was estimated using indigestible neutral detergent fiber (\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003eNDF) as an internal marker, following the methodology described by Detmann et al. (2012).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample collection and laboratory analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSamples of feed ingredients, orts, and fecal material were first dried in a forced-air oven at 55 \u0026deg;C for 72 h and then ground using a Wiley-type mill equipped with a 1-mm screen. Chemical analyses were performed to determine DM (method 930.15), ash (method 942.05), crude protein (CP; method 984.13), and ether extract (EE; method 920.39), following the procedures recommended by AOAC\u0026nbsp;(2000).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFiber fractions were quantified as neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDF\u003csub\u003eap\u003c/sub\u003e), according to the procedures proposed by Mertens (2002)\u0026nbsp;and Licitra et al. (1996), using heat-stable \u0026alpha;-amylase without the inclusion of sodium sulfite, with analyses conducted in a fiber analyzer (Ankom Tech Corp., Fairport, NY, USA).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNon-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) concentration was estimated following the approach described by Hall (2000). Dietary energy values, expressed as total digestible nutrients (TDN) and metabolizable energy (ME), were calculated based on NRC (2000) recommendations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNitrogen balance and excretion of purine derivatives\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBlood samples were collected on the last day of each experimental period from the mammary vein into heparinized vacuum tubes. Plasma was obtained by centrifugation and stored at \u0026minus;20 \u0026deg;C for subsequent determination of urea concentration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpot urine samples were collected on day 21 of each period, approximately 4 h after feeding, during spontaneous urination. Aliquots were preserved with sulfuric acid for analyses of urea, allantoin, and uric acid, while undiluted samples were stored for determination of total nitrogen and creatinine.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrea concentrations in plasma, urine, and milk, as well as urinary creatinine and uric acid, were quantified using commercial kits (Bioclin\u0026reg;), whereas allantoin in urine and deproteinized milk was determined by a colorimetric method (Chen and Gomes, 1992). Urinary volume was estimated from spot urine samples based on daily creatinine excretion (24.05 mg/kg BW;\u0026nbsp;Chizzotti et al. 2007).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal purine excretion was calculated as the sum of urinary allantoin and uric acid plus milk allantoin. Absorbed microbial purines and intestinal flow of microbial nitrogen were estimated using equations proposed by Verbic et al. (1990)\u0026nbsp;and Chen and Gomes (1992), respectively. Microbial crude protein synthesis and its efficiency were calculated based on total digestible nutrient intake.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNitrogen balance was determined as the difference between nitrogen intake and nitrogen excreted in feces, urine, and milk, with total nitrogen analyzed according to AOAC (2000).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProduction, composition, and milk fatty acid profile\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCows were milked twice daily (05:00 and 17:00 h) using a mechanical milking system, and individual milk production was continuously monitored with an automated recording device (MMI6\u0026reg;). Mean daily milk yield was calculated using data obtained during the sampling phase, after adaptation to the experimental diets, and production was standardized to 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM; Sklan et al. 1992) and energy-corrected milk (ECM) according to NRC (2000).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMilk sampling was performed over four consecutive days (days 18 to 21 of each experimental period). Milk composition (fat, protein, and lactose) was determined by mid-infrared spectrometry (Lactoscan\u0026reg;, Entelbras, S\u0026atilde;o Paulo, Brazil). Additional aliquots were frozen at \u0026minus;20 \u0026deg;C for urea determination or freeze-dried for subsequent analysis of the milk fatty acid (FA) profile.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMilk urea concentration was analyzed using a commercial enzymatic kit (Doles\u0026reg;, Goi\u0026acirc;nia, Brazil). Milk lipids were extracted and converted to fatty acid methyl esters using sodium methoxide as the transesterification catalyst and acetyl chloride for acidification, with hexane as the solvent. Fatty acid methyl esters were quantified by gas chromatography (Focus GC, Thermo Scientific, Milan, Italy) equipped with a flame ionization detector and a capillary column (SP-2560, Supelco). Injector and detector temperatures were set at 250 \u0026deg;C and 280 \u0026deg;C, respectively, and the oven temperature was programmed from 140 \u0026deg;C to 220 \u0026deg;C at 1 \u0026deg;C/min, with a final hold of 25 min. Hydrogen served as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min, and duplicate injections (1 \u0026mu;L) were performed. Fatty acids were identified by comparison of retention times with commercial standards (GLC-674, Nu-Chek Prep, Inc.) and expressed as mg/100 mg of total fatty acids based on peak area normalization.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEating behavior\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIngestive behavior was assessed through continuous visual monitoring over a 24-h period on day 17 of each experimental phase. Observations were carried out at 5-min intervals by trained personnel positioned to avoid interference with animal activity, and artificial lighting was provided before the observation period to ensure proper acclimation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRumination characteristics were evaluated during three daily intervals (10:00\u0026ndash;12:00, 14:00\u0026ndash;16:00, and 19:00\u0026ndash;21:00 h) by recording the number of chewing movements per ruminal bolus and the duration of rumination using a digital stopwatch. Behavioral measurements followed the procedures described by B\u0026uuml;rger et al. (2000).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analysis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS OnDemand for Academics\u0026copy; (2014) (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA), using the following model:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eY\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003eijkl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e = \u0026mu; + S\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e + A\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e(S)\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003ej\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e + P\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003ek\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e+ T\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003el\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e+ e\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003eijkl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhere Y\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003eijkl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e is the dependent variable, \u0026mu; is the overall mean, S\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e is the fixed effect of Latin square i (i = 1\u0026ndash;3), A\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e(S)\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003ej\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e is the random effect of cow within square j (j = 1\u0026ndash;5), P\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e is the fixed effect of experimental period k (k = 1\u0026ndash;5), T\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003el\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e is the fixed effect of diet l (l = 1\u0026ndash;5), and e\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003eijkl\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003eis the residual error.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreatments corresponded to five levels of inclusion of PPM: control (0%), 3.7%, 7.4%, 11.1%, and 14.8% of total dietary dry matter. Orthogonal contrasts were applied to evaluate treatment effects, including the comparison between the CON and diets containing PPM (4 \u0026minus;1 \u0026minus;1 \u0026minus;1 \u0026minus;1), as well as the linear (0 \u0026minus;3 \u0026minus;1 1 3), quadratic (0 1 \u0026minus;1 \u0026minus;1 1), and cubic (0 \u0026minus;1 3 \u0026minus;3 1) effects of inclusion levels. Differences were considered statistically significant at P \u0026le; 0.05, and trends were considered when 0.05 \u0026lt; P \u0026le; 0.10.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eDry matter intake (DMI) showed a tendency to increase in animals fed PPM compared with the CON diet (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e = 0.070) (Table 2). Conversely, lower NDF\u003csub\u003eap\u003c/sub\u003e intake was observed in animals receiving the CON diet (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e = 0.037). EE intake exhibited a linear decreasing effect with increasing inclusion of PPM in the diet (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe inclusion of PPM did not affect the digestibility of DM, CP, NDF\u003csub\u003eap\u003c/sub\u003e, or NFC (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026gt; 0.05). However, EE digestibility showed a tendency to decrease compared with the CON diet (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.081), in addition to a linear decreasing effect as PPM inclusion levels increased (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e = 0.022). TDN showed a tendency for a linear effect with PPM inclusion (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e = 0.068).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo effect of PPM was observed on nitrogen balance or microbial protein synthesis (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026gt; 0.05) (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding productive performance, cows fed the CON diet showed a tendency toward higher milk yield (kg/day) compared with those receiving PPM (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.092), as well as a linear decreasing effect with increasing levels of PPM in the diet (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.031). Similarly, linear decreasing effects were observed for protein yield (kg/day) (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.023), lactose yield (kg/day) (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.022), and defatted dry extract (DDE) yield (kg/day) (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.022), along with a tendency for a linear decreasing effect on total dry extract (TDE) yield (kg/day) in milk (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.090). Additionally, a tendency for a quadratic effect was observed for protein (%) (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.076), lactose (%) (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.081), and DEE (%) (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.093) concentrations in milk (Table 4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCows fed the CON diet showed higher concentrations of C10:0 (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.030), C12:0 (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.023), C18:0 (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001), C20:0 (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.039), and saturated C18 fatty acids (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001), as well as a tendency toward higher C18:1n7 concentration (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.076). In contrast, these cows showed lower concentrations of C16:0 (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.013) and total C16 (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.013) in milk compared with those fed PPM (Table 5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, PPM inclusion promoted linear increases in the concentrations of C16:0 (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001), total C16 (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001), and total saturated FA (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.004). Conversely, linear decreasing effects were observed for C18:0 (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001), C18:1n7 (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.002), C18:1n9 (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001), C20:0 (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.025), FA \u0026gt; C16 (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001), saturated C18 fatty acids (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001), unsaturated C18 FA (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001), total unsaturated FA (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.004), and the U/S ratio (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.007), as well as a tendency for a linear decreasing effect on C18:2n6 (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.078).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding ingestive behavior, cows fed the CON diet showed a greater number of rumination periods (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.036) and a higher number of ruminated boluses per day (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.046), as well as a tendency toward a lower number of chews per bolus (NCB) (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.076) and less time spent per ruminated bolus (TBR) (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.091), compared with cows fed PPM. Similarly, a tendency for a linear effect was observed for the number of rumination periods per day (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.072), and a tendency for a quadratic effect was observed for total chewing time per day (TCT) (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.065) with increasing inclusion of PPM in the diet (Table 6).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe increasing inclusion of PPM in sugarcane-based diets promoted gradual and consistent changes in dietary chemical composition, mainly characterized by increased NDF\u003csub\u003eap\u003c/sub\u003e content and reductions in non-fibrous carbohydrates, ether extract, and energy density, as evidenced by lower TDN and metabolizable energy concentrations. These changes reflect the progressive replacement of ground corn with an ingredient containing a higher fibrous fraction and lower energetic value, with direct implications for intake regulation, nutrient utilization, and productive performance of lactating cows.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWithin this nutritional context, the tendency toward increased DMI observed in cows fed PPM containing diets compared with the control diet suggests an adaptive response to reduced dietary energy density. In dairy cows, adjustments in voluntary intake represent one of the primary compensatory mechanisms to mitigate reductions in metabolizable energy supply, provided that no physical or metabolic constraints to intake are present (Allen 2020). The fiber derived from PPM, despite its high concentration, is characterized by high ruminal fermentability and low physical effectiveness (Alves et al. 2023), which likely minimized rumen fill limitations and allowed this intake adjustment. This response is consistent with the cell wall characteristics of \u003cem\u003eOpuntia ficus-indica\u003c/em\u003e, which is rich in pectins and highly fermentable polysaccharides that favor faster ruminal passage rate and reduced digesta retention, even under high dietary fiber levels (Gomes et al. 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough NDFap intake was lower in the control diet due to its reduced fiber content, the progressive inclusion of PPM increased the intake of this fraction without compromising total DMI. Moreover, NDFap intake remained within the range of 1.2 to 1.3% of BW, which is considered adequate for moderately producing cows, as it stimulates rumination and supports ruminal stability without limiting voluntary intake (Allen 2000). These results indicate that the fiber supplied by PPM, despite its greater quantitative contribution, was functionally compatible with maintaining intake and ruminal activity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConcurrently, ether extract intake decreased linearly with increasing dietary PPM levels, directly reflecting the lower lipid content of this ingredient compared with corn. In addition, ether extract digestibility also declined linearly, a response that can be attributed to the combination of lower absolute dietary lipid content, greater association of ether extract with the fibrous matrix, and changes in the ingested fatty acid profile. Diets containing a higher proportion of long-chain saturated FA, such as C16:0, tend to exhibit reduced emulsification efficiency and intestinal absorption, thereby decreasing apparent lipid digestibility (Boerman et al. 1998; Rico et al. 2017). Under low-fat dietary conditions, endogenous losses represent a greater relative proportion of fecal ether extract, further contributing to reduced apparent digestibility (Palmquist et al. 2017). In addition, increased dietary fiber content favors physical entrapment of lipids, limiting access of ruminal and pancreatic lipases. Collectively, these factors explain the reduced energetic contribution of ether extract and the consequent linear reduction in total digestible nutrients, despite the maintenance of digestibility of the other dietary fractions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite these changes in diet composition and energy value, the inclusion of PPM did not affect nitrogen balance, plasma, urinary, or milk urea concentrations, nor microbial protein synthesis. These findings indicate that nitrogen metabolism was adequately supported across all treatments, suggesting that synchronization between ruminally degradable nitrogen availability and fermentable energy supply was sufficient to sustain microbial efficiency, even under reduced dietary energy density (Lu et al. 2019).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom a productive standpoint, the linear reduction in milk yield with increasing PPM levels can be physiologically explained by the progressive decrease in dietary energy density, which limited the amount of energy available to the mammary gland. Milk synthesis is highly dependent on energy supply, particularly for lactose production, which acts as the primary osmotic regulator of milk volume secretion (Anger et al. 2024). When energy intake is insufficient, glucose availability to the mammary gland is reduced, thereby limiting lactose synthesis and, consequently, milk yield (Allen and Piantoni 2013). The\u0026nbsp;reduced energetic contribution of ether extract exacerbates this process, given that lipids represent the most energy-dense fraction of the diet (Palmquist et al. 2017).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition to effects on milk yield, the inclusion of PPM altered the milk fatty acid profile, characterized by reductions in C10:0 and C12:0, increases in C16:0, and relative decreases in long-chain and unsaturated fatty acids, resulting in a higher total concentration of saturated FA, a lower proportion of unsaturated FA, and a reduced U/S ratio. The reduction in C10:0 and C12:0 is associated with a lower relative availability of lipogenic precursors for de novo synthesis in the mammary gland, such as acetate and \u0026beta;-hydroxybutyrate (Matamoros et al. 2020), as well as with increased supply of preformed FA. Conversely, PPM is rich in C16:0, and the greater dietary supply of this long-chain FA leads to increased intestinal absorption and direct incorporation into milk fat, shifting lipid composition toward C16:0 and increasing total saturated FA (Rocha Filho et al. 2021). This response promotes a relative dilution of unsaturated FA and may also modify ruminal biohydrogenation patterns, resulting in a more saturated milk fat profile, consistent with dietary modulation of milk lipid composition in dairy cows (Gallardo and Teixeira 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom a behavioral perspective, cows fed the control diet exhibited a greater number of rumination periods and a higher number of ruminal boluses per day, behavior consistent with the greater physical effectiveness of sugarcane fiber. The inclusion of PPM reduced these parameters and promoted a tendency toward fewer chews and shorter chewing time per bolus, indicating that, despite the higher NDF\u003csub\u003eap\u003c/sub\u003e content, the fiber from PPM presents lower physical resistance and requires less mastication effort. This characteristic is typical of feed ingredients with poorly lignified cell walls and high structural fragility (Zebeli et al. 2012; Heering et al. 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNevertheless, total chewing time remained adequate, suggesting that PPM inclusion did not compromise ruminal health but rather promoted adjustments in intake and rumination patterns consistent with the physical nature and high fermentability of the supplied fiber.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe increasing inclusion of pickly pear meal increased dry matter intake while maintaining nutrient digestibility and microbial protein synthesis. However, the reduction in dietary energy density limited the productive performance of the cows, indicating that high inclusion levels compromise milk yield. Therefore, prickly pear meal can be used as an alternative feed ingredient, provided that its inclusion level is properly adjusted to balance increased intake with an adequate energy supply.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the conception and design of the study. Jacqueline Firmino de S\u0026aacute;: Data curation and Functions/Writing - original version. Fabiano Ferreira da Silva: Conceptualization, formal analysis, methodology, project administration, resources, and validation. Rob\u0026eacute;rio Rodrigues Silva: Conceptualization. Jose Esler de Freitas J\u0026uacute;nior and Lara Maria Santos Brant: Formal analysis and Writing - review and editing. Paulo De Jesus Santos and Luan Brito Matos: Research. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to [WHY DATA ARE NOT PUBLIC] but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the State University of Southwest Bahia (UESB), under approval protocol 169/2017.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAllen MS, Piantoni P. (2013) Metabolic control of feed intake: Implications for metabolic disease of fresh cows. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice 29(2): 279-297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2013.04.001\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAllen MS. (2020) Control of feed intake by hepatic oxidation in ruminant animals: integration of homeostasis and homeorhesis. Animal 14:S55\u0026ndash;S64. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731119003215\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAllen MS. (2000). Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 83:1598\u0026ndash;1624. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)75030-2\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAlves KDA, Lima JAM, Costa MRGF, et al. (2023).Effect of replacing corn with cactus pear on the performance and carcass traits and meat quality of feedlot finished lambs. Cienc Anim Bras 24:e-75322E. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-6891v24e-75322E\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAnger JC, Loncke C, Omphalius C, et al. 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Plant Physiol 190:19\u0026ndash;30. https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiac303\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLicitra G, Hernandez TM, Van Soest PJ. (1996) Standardization of procedures for nitrogen fractionation of ruminant feeds. Anim Feed Sci Technol 57:347\u0026ndash;358. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(95)00837-3\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLu Z, Xu Z, Shen Z, Tian Y, Shen H. (2019). Dietary energy level promotes rumen microbial protein synthesis by improving the energy productivity of the ruminal microbiome. Front Microbiol 10:847. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00847\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMatamoros C, Klopp RN, Moraes LE, Harvatine KJ. (2020). Meta-analysis of the relationship between milk trans-10 C18:1, milk fatty acids \u0026lt;16 C, and milk fat production. J Dairy Sci 103:10195\u0026ndash;10206. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-18129\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMertens DR (2002) Gravimetric determination of amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber in feeds with refluxing beakers or crucibles: collaborative study. J AOAC Int 85:1217\u0026ndash;1240. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/85.6.1217\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNRC \u0026ndash; National Research Council (2001) Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle, 7th edn. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePalmquist DL, Jenkins TC.(2017). A 100-year review: fat feeding of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 100:10061\u0026ndash;10077. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-12922\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRashid M, Aboshady HM, Agamy R, Archimede H. (2024). Milk production and composition in warm-climate regions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 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Effect of replacing ground corn with cactus pear Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) on feed intake and digestibility, water intake, milk production and composition in Holstein \u0026times; Gyr cows. Trop Anim Health Prod 56:341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-024-04155-z\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSipango N, Ravhuhali KE, Sebola NA, et al. (2022). Prickly pear (Opuntia spp.) as an invasive species and a potential fodder resource for ruminant animals. Sustainability 14:3719. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073719\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSiqueira MC, Chagas JC, Monnerat JPI, et al. (2022). Cactus cladodes Opuntia or Nopalea and by-product of low nutritional value as solutions to forage shortages in semiarid areas. Animals 12:3182. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12223182\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSklan D, Ashkenazi R, Braun A, et al. \u0026nbsp;(1992) Fatty acids, calcium soaps of fatty acids, and cottonseeds fed to high yielding cows. J Dairy Sci 75:2463\u0026ndash;2472. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(92)78008-4\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSouza MS, Silva TGF, Souza LSB, et al. (2019). Practices for the improvement of the agricultural resilience of the forage production in semiarid environment: a review. Amaz. Jour. of Plant Resear. 3(4):417-430. https://doi.org/10.26545/ajpr.2019.b00051x\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVerbic J, Chen XB, MacLeod NA, et al. (1990). Excretion of purine derivatives by ruminants. Effect of microbial nucleic acid infusion on purine derivative excretion by steers. J Agric Sci 114:243\u0026ndash;248. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600072610\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZebeli Q, Aschenbach JR, Tafaj M, et al. (2012) Invited review: role of physically effective fiber and estimation of dietary fiber adequacy in high-producing dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 95:1041\u0026ndash;1056. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-4421\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePercentage of inclusion of ingredients and chemical composition of experimental diets.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIngredient (g/Kg DM)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLevels of prickly pear meal in the diet (% DM)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14.8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSugarcane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e653.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e654.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e654.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e654.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e654.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGround corn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e253.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e215.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e178.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrickly pear meal\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e148.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoybean meal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMineral\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDicalcium phosphate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLimestone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChemical composition (g/kg DM)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDry matter\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e478.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e478.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e477.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e478.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e478.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrude Protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e176.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e174.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e173.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e171.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNDF\u003csub\u003eap\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e404.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e415.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e425.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e436.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e446.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEther extract\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNFC\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e334.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e320.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e305.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e291.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e277.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTDN\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eME (Mcal/kg of DM)\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFA (g/100 g of FA)\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16:0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16:1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17:0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17:1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18:0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18:1n-9c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18:2n6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18:3n-3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20:0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22:0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003eComposition of prickly pear meal 86.97g of DM, 5.14g of CP, 40.97g of NDFap, 1.48g of EE, 17.21g of ash and 34.93g of NFC. \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003eComposition: Calcium 200 g; Cobalt 200 mg; Copper 1,650 mg; Sulfur 12 g; Iron 560 mg; Fluorine (max) 1,000 g; Phosphorus 100 g; Iodine 195 mg; Magnesium 15 g; Manganese 1,960 mg; Nickel 40 mg; Selenium 32 mg; Sodium 68 g; Zinc 6,285 mg. \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003eNeutral Detergent Fiber corrected for ash and protein.\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003eNon-fiber carbohydrates. Calculated according to Hall (2000).\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003eTotal digestible nutrients. Calculated according to the NRC (2001).\u003csup\u003ef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eMetabolizable energy. Calculated according to the NRC (2001).\u003csup\u003eg\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eFatty Acids.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2 \u0026ndash;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDry matter and nutrient intake and total tract digestibility of dry matter and nutrients of cows fed diets with different levels of prickly pear meal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItem\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLevels of prickly pear meal in the diet (% DM)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSEM\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value*\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14.8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCON \u003cem\u003evs\u003c/em\u003e. PPM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntake (kg/day)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDry matter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.253\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.454\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.431\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrude protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.676\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.527\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.467\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNDF\u003csub\u003eap\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.239\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.623\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEther extract\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.615\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.531\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNFC\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.079\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.209\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.651\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTDN\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.422\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.895\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.531\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntake (%BW)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDry matter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.286\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.594\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.369\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNDF\u003csub\u003eap\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.361\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.536\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal tract digestibility\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDry matter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.596\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.205\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.204\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrude protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.730\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.777\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.563\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.562\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNDF\u003csub\u003eap\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.723\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.356\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.296\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.392\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEther extract\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.475\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.081\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.895\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNFC\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.455\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.608\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.678\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.834\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTDN\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.794\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.068\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.828\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e Statistical differences were considered significant at P \u0026le; 0.05 and trends at 0.05 \u0026lt; P \u0026le; 0.10.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eStandard error of the mean, \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003eCON vs. PPM, control vs. treatment; L, linear effect of PPM; Q, quadratic effect of PPM. \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003eNeutral Detergent Fiber corrected for ash and protein. \u003csup\u003ed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eNon-fiber carbohydrates. \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003eTotal digestible nutrients.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3-\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNitrogen balance, urea nitrogen concentration, and microbial efficiency of cows fed diets containing different levels of prickly pear meal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItem\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLevels of prickly pear meal in the diet (% DM)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSEM\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value*\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14.8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCON \u003cem\u003evs\u003c/em\u003e. PPM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNitrogen (N) utilization (g/day)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIngested-N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e407.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e394.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e411.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e412.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e406.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.951\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.583\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.442\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFecal-N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.743\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.910\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.711\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrinary-N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e197.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e192.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e205.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e199.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e199.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.739\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.427\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMilk-N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.498\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.234\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.710\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRetained-N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.903\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.571\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.869\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUrea nitrogen concentrations (mg/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlasma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.398\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.223\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.838\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.850\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.561\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.891\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMilk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.638\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.584\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.457\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMicrobial CP synthesis (g/day)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMicrobial crude protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1163.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1256.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1178.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1203.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1187.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.672\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.331\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.431\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMicrobial efficiency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMicrobial CP (g/kg of TDN)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e136.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.444\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.540\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.279\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e Statistical differences were considered significant at P \u0026le; 0.05 and trends at 0.05 \u0026lt; P \u0026le; 0.10.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003eSEM, Standard error of the mean. \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003eCON vs. PPM, control vs. treatment; L, linear effect of PPM; Q, quadratic effect of PPM\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4-\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eProductive parameters and milk composition of cows fed diets with different levels of prickly pear meal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItem\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLevels of prickly pear meal in the diet (% DM)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSEM\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value*\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14.8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCON \u003cem\u003evs\u003c/em\u003e. PPM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMilk yield (kg/day)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.212\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.750\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFCM (3.5%) (kg/day)\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.215\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.926\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.475\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.379\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComposition (Kg/day)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.183\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.764\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.497\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.883\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.345\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLactose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.182\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.782\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDDE\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.189\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.803\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTDE\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.481\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.090\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.824\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComposition (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.767\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.097\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.338\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.538\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLactose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.763\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.081\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDDE\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.047\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.663\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.093\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTDE\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.867\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.834\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMEC \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (kg/day)\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.209\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.684\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.244\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.516\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBWV (kg/day)\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.198\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.395\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.218\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003eStatistical differences were considered significant at P \u0026le; 0.05 and trends at 0.05 \u0026lt; P \u0026le; 0.10).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003eStandard error of the mean. \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003eCON vs. PPM, control vs. treatment; L, linear effect of PPM; Q, quadratic effect of PPM. \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003eMilk yield was corrected to 3.5% fat: FCM = (0.432 + 0.165 \u0026times; milk fat content) \u0026times; milk yield (kg/day). \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003eDefatted dry extract. \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003eTotal dry extract. \u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003eEnergy-corrected milk: MEC = 0.327 \u0026times; milk production (kg/day) + 12.86 \u0026times; fat production (kg/day) + 7.65 \u0026times; protein production (kg/day).\u003csup\u003eg\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eBody weight variation.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5 -\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eFatty acid composition of milk from cows fed diets with different levels of prickly pear meal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItem\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLevels of prickly pear meal in the diet (% DM)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSEM\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value*\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14.8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCON \u003cem\u003evs\u003c/em\u003e. PPM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC4:0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.341\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.382\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC6:0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.058\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.442\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.763\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.199\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC8:0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.952\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.783\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.659\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC10:0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.211\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.709\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC12:0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.218\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.276\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC14:0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.847\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.354\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.711\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC16:0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.508\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.789\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC18:0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.205\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.451\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC18:1n7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.730\u003c/p\u003e\n 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style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC18:2 \u003cem\u003ecis-9 trans-11\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.585\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.410\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.346\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC18:2 \u003cem\u003etrans-10 cis-12\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.539\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.730\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.460\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC18:3n-3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.722\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.508\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.823\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n 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total\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.508\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.789\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC18\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSaturated C18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.205\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.451\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnsaturated C18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.431\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.722\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.841\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSaturated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.415\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.497\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.926\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnsaturated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.415\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.497\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.925\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU/S\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.477\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.939\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*Statistical differences were considered significant at P \u0026le; 0.05 and trends at 0.05 \u0026lt; P \u0026le; 0.10.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eStandard error of the mean.\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003eCON vs. PPM, control vs. treatment; L, linear effect of PPM; Q, quadratic effect of PPM. \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e Unsaturated to saturated ratio.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6-\u003c/strong\u003e Eating behavior of cows fed diets with different levels of prickly pear meal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItem\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLevels of prickly pear meal in the diet (% DM)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSEM\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value*\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14.8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCON \u003cem\u003evs\u003c/em\u003e. PPM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTime spent (minutes/day)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFeeding\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e358.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e353.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e380.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e384.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e347.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.540\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.596\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.751\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRumination\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e527.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e508.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e521.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e513.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e516.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.814\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.463\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.745\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIdling\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e554.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e578.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e537.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e542.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e575.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.958\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.862\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.926\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.648\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFeeding behavior (number of periods/day)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFeeding\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.378\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.140\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.387\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.347\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRumination\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.356\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.072\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.965\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIdling\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.433\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.628\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.216\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.886\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTime per period of feeding behavior (hour)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFeeding\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.403\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.932\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.211\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRumination\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.223\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.378\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIdling\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.901\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.605\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.465\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFeeding efficiency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDry matter /hour(g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2123.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2182.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2074.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2133.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2182.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.853\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.885\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.408\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNDF/hour(g)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1005.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1012.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e916.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e986.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1014.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.607\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.671\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRumination efficiency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDry matter /hour (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1403.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1520.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1521.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1603.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1460.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.736\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.278\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNDF/hour (g)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e660.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e697.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e678.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e738.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e683.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.901\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.557\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChewing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTCT (minutes/day)\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.183\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.862\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.926\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.065\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNBR (number/day)\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e579.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e520.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e526.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e550.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e506.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.853\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.293\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNCD (number/day)\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31760\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30477\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31910\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31983\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e756.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.778\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.767\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.362\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNCB (number/bolus)\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.588\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.699\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTBR (second/bolus)\u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.091\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.410\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*Statistical differences were considered significant at P \u0026le; 0.05 and trends at 0.05 \u0026lt; P \u0026le; 0.10.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003eStandard error of the mean. \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003eCON vs. PPM, control vs. treatment; L, linear effect of PPM; Q, quadratic effect of PPM. \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003eNeutral Detergent Fiber. \u003csup\u003ed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eTotal chewing time. \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003eNumber of boluses ruminated per day.\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;f\u003c/sup\u003eNumber of chews per day. \u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003eNumber of chews per boluse. \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003eTime spent per boluse ruminated.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"tropical-animal-health-and-production","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"trop","sideBox":"Learn more about [Tropical Animal Health and Production](https://www.springer.com/journal/11250)","snPcode":"11250","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11250/3","title":"Tropical Animal Health and Production","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Drought-adapted forages, Milk production, Milk fatty acid profile, Semi-arid regions","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9094637/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9094637/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of inclusion of prickly pear meal (PPM) (Opuntia ficus-indica) in diets for lactating dairy cows on nutrient intake, apparent digestibility, milk yield and composition, milk fatty acid profile, and ingestive behavior. Fifteen lactating Holstein × Zebu crossbred cows were assigned to three 5 × 5 Latin squares and fed diets containing 0 (CON), 3.7, 7.4, 11.1, or 14.8% PPM on a dry matter basis. The inclusion of PPM increased NDFap intake (P = 0.037) compared with the CON diet and promoted a linear reduction in ether extract intake (P \u0026lt; 0.001). Apparent digestibility of ether extract (P \u0026lt; 0.022) and TDN (P = 0.034) decreased linearly as PPM inclusion levels increased. Milk yield showed a linear reduction with increasing levels of PPM (P = 0.031), as did protein yield (P = 0.023), lactose yield (P = 0.022), and solids-not-fat yield (P = 0.022). The milk fatty acid profile was significantly altered, with linear increases in C16:0 (P \u0026lt; 0.001) and total saturated fatty acids (P = 0.004), as well as reductions in C18 fatty acids (P \u0026lt; 0.001), total unsaturated fatty acids (P = 0.004), and the unsaturated:saturated fatty acid ratio (P = 0.007). Regarding ingestive behavior, the inclusion of PPM reduced the number of rumination periods (P = 0.036) and the number of ruminated boluses per day (P = 0.046). The inclusion of prickly pear meal in diets for lactating dairy cows negatively alters dietary energy density, reduces milk production, and modifies the milk fatty acid profile by increasing the proportion of saturated fatty acids. Although prickly pear meal represents a viable feed alternative in semi-arid regions, its inclusion must be carefully adjusted to avoid impairments in productive performance.","manuscriptTitle":"Prickly pear meal (Opuntia ficus-indica) in the feeding of lactating cows","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-05-12 10:27:10","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9094637/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2026-05-04T14:04:26+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-05-04T10:49:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-20T12:20:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Tropical Animal Health and Production","date":"2026-03-17T13:25:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"tropical-animal-health-and-production","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"trop","sideBox":"Learn more about [Tropical Animal Health and Production](https://www.springer.com/journal/11250)","snPcode":"11250","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11250/3","title":"Tropical Animal Health and Production","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f583a7aa-e376-46ec-a170-bd01acb4a37c","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 12th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2026-05-04T14:04:26+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-05-04T10:49:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-12T10:27:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-05-12 10:27:10","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9094637","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9094637","identity":"rs-9094637","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}