“Pull-Back” Insights. Results of A Survey of 297 Israeli Physicians During and after Fellowship on their Motivations for Returning Home.

“Pull-Back” Insights. Results of A Survey of 297 Israeli Physicians During and after Fellowship on their Motivations for Returning Home. | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article “Pull-Back” Insights. Results of A Survey of 297 Israeli Physicians During and after Fellowship on their Motivations for Returning Home. Lior Seluk, Daniel Weltsch, Gadi Segal, Mayan Gilboa This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4365731/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 05 Nov, 2024 Read the published version in Israel Journal of Health Policy Research → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background. Emigration of healthcare professionals, particularly physicians, is an unresolved “pandemic”, influenced by various factors. In high-income countries, the training phase (fellowship) abroad is critical for career development, yet it poses challenges for the retention of these professionals upon their completion of training. This study aimed to identify the determinants influencing Israeli physicians' decisions to return to their home country after completing fellowship training abroad. Methods. This cross-sectional study conducted in early 2024, surveyed Israeli physicians with post-graduate training who pursued a fellowship abroad between 2013-2024. An anonymous survey included questions on demographics, training experience, and professional challenges. Analytical methods included descriptive statistics and regression analysis to explore factors associated with the decision to return. Results. Of the 323 individuals surveyed, 297 met the inclusion criteria. Among them, 141 (47.5%) have returned to Israel, while 156 (52.5%) currently reside in their fellowship country. Respondents identified several significant challenges, including a complex and demanding application process (47% of responders stated this as a major challenge), substantial financial burdens averaging 35,546 USD in direct out-of-pocket expenses, and job uncertainty, with only 55% having secured positions upon return. Of the 155 Israeli fellows still abroad, 107 (69%) reported medium to low confidence in returning. Factors associated with a higher likelihood of confidence in returning to Israel included a secured job position upon return (OR 8.6, 95% CI 3.1-28.9) and having an opportunity for a position that would utilize the skills gained during the fellowship (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.3-10.2). Conclusion. The decision to return to the origin country after a fellowship abroad involves a complex interplay of professional opportunities, personal circumstances, and geopolitical factors. Enhancing occupational certainty after fellowship can increase return rates, ensuring the sustainability of the healthcare system in Israel. These findings have implications for health care policy, suggesting the need for policies that support returning physicians and address the challenges they face. medical education workforce migration professional mobility emigration patterns healthcare personnel shortage medical fellows Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Global trends in physicians’ emigration Healthcare systems worldwide struggle with a significant workforce shortage, with an estimated global deficit of 5.9 million nurses and 4.3 million physicians [ 1 ]. Physicians, benefiting from universally applicable training, possess a high degree of mobility, enabling them to migrate with relative ease across international borders [ 2 ]. This phenomenon, known as "physician brain drain"[ 3 , 4 ], significantly impacts not only low and medium-income countries [ 5 ] but also high-income nations. Countries like Ireland, the United Kingdom (UK), Greece, and Croatia are increasingly experiencing the emigration of local doctors and a growing dependence on immigrant doctors [ 2 , 6 – 10 ]. Numerous studies have explored the factors driving doctors to leave their home countries [ 11 , 12 ]; These can be broadly categorized into 'push' factors, which drive physicians away from their native countries, and 'pull' factors, which attract them to other nations [ 5 ]. These influences can be further broken down into macro (global and national), meso (professional), and micro (personal) levels [ 5 , 13 ]. While specific geopolitical circumstances may vary, the underlying considerations for physicians are strikingly similar worldwide, especially among high-income nations [ 5 , 10 , 13 – 15 ]. The situation in Israel In high-income countries, including Israel, it is common for doctors to undertake a period of training abroad. This phase is pivotal for their career trajectory, and those who complete it often represent the elite in their field, and upon their return provide the substrate for the future professional leadership in their discipline [ 16 ]. The decision to return to their origin country after completing this phase is not obvious, and as new career opportunities are available in the new country, the health system in their origin country must consider what is the most effective way to “pull back” these physicians. It transcends mere migration, involving the intricate process of dismantling a life established in a foreign country to return to their homeland. It is imperative to comprehend the obstacles while enhancing the factors that can 'pull back' these internationally trained physicians, as this is crucial for healthcare systems aiming to sustain and cultivate future leadership. Effective utilization of resources providing essential support to these doctors may intensify their commitment to return and contribute to their original healthcare system post-fellowship. Aim of the current study This study describes a survey focused on Israeli medical doctors who, after their post-graduate training in Israel, underwent additional training abroad, providing insights into the factors influencing their decision to return to their home country. Methods Study design and population This cross-sectional study was conducted during the first quarter of 2024, to identify the determinants influencing the decision of Israeli physicians to return to their home country after completing fellowship training abroad. The study population consisted of Israeli physicians who had completed at least one residency in Israel and had undergone further medical training of at least six months duration outside of Israel post-2013. Life partners of participants who had already completed the survey were requested to exclude themselves to prevent bias. Survey Development The survey development process commenced with structured interviews with eight physicians including during fellowship, and post-fellowship, both among returnees and those who chose to remain abroad. These hour-long interviews, comprising 17 open-ended questions, were aimed at identifying key factors influencing the return decision and the challenges encountered. Based on the insights gathered, a preliminary survey was constructed and reviewed by 10 physicians who met the inclusion criteria, to assess the clarity, relevance, and comprehensibility of the questions. This feedback informed the final adjustments to the survey, resulting in a 72-question instrument. The survey, which lacked previously validated scales due to the specificity of the research topic, covered demographics, educational background, postgraduate training experiences, challenges, opportunities, financial implications, motives for staying abroad or returning, and preferences for future professional engagements. The survey created on the Microsoft Forms platform, aimed for a completion time of 15 minutes, and included a mix of single and multiple-choice questions, open-text responses, and Likert scale items to capture a broad range of data on demographics, professional experiences, and personal decisions regarding return versus (vs.) stay abroad (supplementary methods S1). The structured process described above was done with continuous consultation of a specialized epidemiologist and statistician. Survey Dissemination The dissemination strategy for the survey was designed to maximize reach and engagement among Israeli physicians training abroad, employing a multi-channel approach to ensure a comprehensive and diverse participant pool. The primary channels for survey distribution encompassed WhatsApp group chats, where the survey was shared in several pivotal WhatsApp groups tailored specifically to Israeli physicians abroad, spanning groups for those located in the United States of America (USA), Canada, Australia, the UK, and Germany. Additionally, Facebook served as a platform for survey dissemination, with the survey being shared within prominent groups exclusively dedicated to Israeli physicians, characterized by significant membership and active engagement. LinkedIn played a role through personalized invitations, strategically targeting individuals identified within professional networks and associations. Moreover, direct emails were dispatched to members of several major medical associations, including the Surgical Association and Hematology Association, alongside proactive encouragement for participants to share the survey with other eligible physicians within their networks. Data Analysis Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 29 and R version 4.3.0. Descriptive statistics, including means, standard deviations, and proportions, were calculated. Inferential analyses involved t-tests for continuous variables and Pearson's chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables, depending on expected cell frequencies. The significance threshold was set at 0.05 for all tests. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was limited to participants residing abroad, incorporating significant variables from univariate analyses (p ≤ 0.1) and intervention factors such as scholarships and guaranteed job opportunities Regression coefficients were exponentiated to obtain odds ratios. 95% confidence intervals for the odds ratios were calculated using the standard errors of the regression coefficients and were considered significant if not crossing 0. Missing data was handled by analyzing only complete cases. Since most questions were required, only 2 cases had missing data in the variables included in the regression analysis Ethical Considerations The study protocol was approved by the Sheba Medical Center Institutional Review Board (IRB), (approval # SMC-1105-24). All participants provided informed consent before participation. Results A total of 323 individuals responded to the survey; of these, 297 met all inclusion criteria and were included in the study. Among the respondents, 156 are currently residing abroad, 149 of them are still in the country where they completed the fellowship. The other 141 have returned to their country of origin, Israel, after completing their fellowships (Fig. 1 ). Demographics The average age at the commencement of the fellowship was 38.4 (IQR 37–40). Females constituted 41% of the respondents. The average duration of the fellowship was 24.2 months. A significant majority (93.3%) embarked on their fellowships accompanied by a spouse and/or children, with an average of 2.4 (IQR 2–3) children per family, the average age range of the children varied between 3.3 (IQR 2–5) years for the youngest and 7.8 (IQR 5–10) years for the oldest. Detailed demographic characteristics, including medical specialties (a detailed list of medical specialties is presented in supplementary table S1 ) and countries of fellowships, are presented in Table 1 . Table 1 Demographic and professional characteristics of the 297 study participants Variable Category N % Current place of residence Israel 141 47.5 Country of fellowship 149 50.2 Other Country 7 2.4 Age - Mean (IQR) 38.4 (37–40) Gender Female 121 40.7 Male 174 58.6 First year of fellowship 2022–2024 118 39.7 2019–2021 102 34.3 2016–2018 48 16.2 2013–2015 29 9.8 Birth Country Israel 255 85.9 Non-Israel 42 14.1 Ethnicity Jewish 275 92.6 Non-Jewish 20 6.7 Place of residence before fellowship Tel-Aviv and Central Israel 196 66.0 Jerusalem and West Bank 31 10.4 Haifa and Northern Israel 50 16.8 Southern Israel 20 6.7 Marital Status Married or known in public 284 95.6 Divorced 4 1.3 Single 9 3.0 Number of children - Mean (IQR) 2.4 (2–3) Oldest Child Age- Mean (IQR) 7.8 (5–10) Youngest Child Age - Mean (IQR) 3.3 (2–5) Religiousness* Secular 204 68.7 Religious 91 30.6 Country of Medical School Israel 225 75.8 Abroad 56 18.9 Location of origin hospital** Central Israel 263 88.6 Periphery 34 11.4 Country of fellowship USA 134 45.1 Canada 89 30.0 UK 22 7.4 Australia and New-Zealand 31 10.4 Europe 15 5.1 Other 6 2.0 Type of fellowship Clinical 189 63.6 Research 32 10.8 Combined- clinical and research 76 25.6 Medical Specialty*** Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, Oncology Anesthesia, and Other Non-surgical 123 41% General Surgery, Neurosurgery, Cardiothoracic surgery 40 13% Orthopedic Surgery, Urology, ENT, Ophthalmology, Plastic surgery, Maxillofacial Surgery 88 29% Obstetrics and Gynecology 24 8% Psychiatry 5 2% Radiology 17 6% There are a few missing values due to participants who chose not to answer specific questions, the relative proportion (%) accounts for missing values. Abbreviations: ENT- Ear Nose and Throat Surgery; IQR-Interquartile range; N-number; UK-United Kingdom; USA-United States of America. * Religiousness was assessed on a scale of 1 to 5 and answers ≥ 1 were regarded as religious. ** Location of origin hospital – periphery was defined as hospitals entitled to a periphery grant. *** Detailed list of medical Specialties in table S1 . Perceived benefits and difficulties of the fellowship, and support from the Israeli health system Respondents rated the benefits of their fellowships as 4.6 (SD 0.7) on a scale of 1 to 5. When asked about the three primary motivations for pursuing an international fellowship, 73% cited broader clinical exposure compared to Israel, 47% valued an exposure to different healthcare systems, and 46% sought an adventure (i.e. personal and family experiences abroad). Only 6.4% indicated a desire to immigrate from Israel to another country as a primary motivation. Before departure, the average confidence level in returning to Israel was 4.2 ± 1.0 on a 1 to 5 scale. Only 25.8% embarked with low to medium confidence (confidence ≤ 3). We assessed the support from the Israeli health system when embarking on a fellowship in a few aspects where responders stated they had significant difficulties. The complex application process poses a substantial obstacle for fellows, and 47% mentioned this was a major difficulty in the process, 66% mentioned they received some form of assistance in the application process, mostly a connection with a fellowship program through an Israeli attending (40%) or a prior Israeli fellow in the same program (38%). Only 2% participated in a fellowship with a formal agreement through a collaboration between an Israeli institution and a fellowship program abroad. The financial burden of the fellowship is another major difficulty stated by survey responders (40% rated this as a major difficulty) and the average direct personal expenses from savings and loans associated with the fellowship were 35,546 USD (SD 40,693), excluding indirect income loss, such as reduced income during the fellowship and reduced contributions to savings accounts and pensions. Overall, 40% (n = 120) received financial assistance from an Israeli fund, either their employer or an external grant. For those who received financial assistance the average amount covered was 10% (SD 18) of the overall expenses of the fellowship. Another major difficulty stated by 31% of responders was occupational uncertainty. Only 55.3% had a secured job in a hospital that was promised before embarking on fellowship, for 97% of them this was the same workplace where they had been working before their fellowship. Push and pull factors A majority of the survey respondents (72%) envision their future within the next decade in Israel, however, among those currently residing abroad this proportion is lower 88/156 (56%). Respondents rated ten factors influencing their desire to stay in the host country (push factors) or return to the origin country (pull-back factors). We summed the number of participants that rated each factor in the top three places. The top push factors were financial opportunities and higher salaries in the fellowship country (59%), the political and social climate in their origin country (49%), and improved work-life balance abroad (39%). Conversely, the top pull-back factors that were stated as those that could encourage a return to Israel included opportunities to utilize skills acquired during the fellowship (67.3%), a high salary upon return to Israel (63.3%), and promotional opportunities (57.6%) as depicted in Fig. 2 . Demographic characteristics correlated with intention to return Among the 155 Israeli fellows still abroad, 107 (69%) reported medium to low confidence in returning. Those with lower confidence in returning tended to have fewer children (2.14 ± 1.05 vs. 2.67 ± 1.37, p = 0.002) and younger children (the age of the oldest child- 6.91 ± 2.88 vs. 8.4 ± 3.5, p = 0.022). A higher percentage of secular individuals was found among those with low confidence in returning (77.9% vs 56.5% p = 0.011)(supplementary table S2). Intervention factors and confidence in return We examined how support from the Israeli health system affected the confidence of returning responders living abroad. These factors included receiving a scholarship from an Israeli hospital before the fellowship, assistance from Israeli colleagues and superiors during the application process, a guaranteed job opportunity post-fellowship, and an opportunity for a post-fellowship position that would utilize the fellowship skills. We ran a multivariable logistic regression analysis for the 156 participants that included both demographic characteristics found to be significant in a univariant analysis (number of children, age of the oldest child, and religiousness), as well as the intervention factors- We found that a guaranteed job opportunity post-fellowship had an odds ratio (OR) for high confidence in returning to Israel of 8.6 (95% CI 3.1–28.9) and that an opportunity for a post-fellowship position that would utilize the fellowship skills had an OR of a 3.5 (95% CI 1.3–10.2) (Fig. 3 , supplementary table S3). In a sensitivity analysis of 121 participants, we found similar results after excluding participants who mentioned that they had already secured a position abroad (supplementary table S4). Effects of geopolitical turmoil on Israeli fellows abroad . Since our study was conducted during a time of geopolitical turmoil in Israel and among Jewish communities abroad, we asked specifically how each one of the following had affected the decision to return from fellowship, among participants residing abroad: The October 7th war, the political situation in Israel, and increased antisemitic events and anti-Israel protests abroad. The October 7th war had a mixed effect, decreasing the pull-back motivation among 52%, however, increasing the motivation to return among other 30% of fellows. The political situation decreased the motivation to return to Israel among 76% of responders and increased the motivation among 7% only. Moreover, the antisemitic events decreased the motivation to return for 7% and increased the motivation among 40% (supplementary figure S1 ). Discussion In this study, we surveyed Israeli physicians either undergoing or have completed post-residency fellowship training within the last decade. Our study characterized this cohort, examining the challenges they encounter and the support systems available to them, while also attempting to discern the factors that influence their decision to return to their native country. We categorized these influencing factors into three levels: micro-factors, which include personal family circumstances, where the number and ages of children, as well as religiousness, have been significant; meso-factors, which pertain to professional status—including career opportunities to apply skills learned during the fellowship, prospects for future advancement, and financial compensation; and macro-factors, which are geopolitical and have become increasingly significant amid the current reality in Israel. The shortage of healthcare workers is a global challenge, accelerated during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), leading to increased concern and strategy development in many countries, for retaining healthcare workers [ 1 ]. Israel's healthcare system is internationally recognized for its innovation, efficiency, and high performance. Despite having lower health expenditures compared to other high-income countries, Israel demonstrates high life expectancy and low rates of maternal and infant mortality compared to other countries in Europe [ 17 ]. However, Israel is also dealing with a significant "brain drain”, a trend exacerbated by doctors' increasing reluctance to return to the country after completing their training abroad. In May 2023, The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) reported that Israel has an average of 3.7 doctors per 1000 population, falling below the OECD average [ 18 ]. These numbers represent all licensed doctors, encompassing those in managerial, educational, research, and other roles (constituting an additional 5–10% of doctors) as well as those who have transitioned out of the health sector and those who have emigrated, leading to a substantial overestimation of the number of actively practicing doctors. Additionally, nearly half of all doctors in Israel are aged 55 and over [ 18 ]. Despite a significant increase in the number of medical students and new residents over the past decade, Israel still lags behind most OECD countries in terms of medical graduates [ 18 ]. Our survey reveals that the majority of doctors who are abroad for their fellowship training have low confidence in returning to Israel and that nearly half do not see their future in the following decade in Israel, despite the very high confidence in returning that they felt when embarking on fellowship, and that the vast majority of them did not initially intend to immigrate. Implications on policymaking Global health worker emigration is driven by a myriad of factors, many of which extend beyond the reach of health system policy adjustments. Our research indicates that the decision to return from the fellowship presents several challenges that could be mitigated through Israeli Health system policy changes. A key factor identified is the assurance of occupational stability upon return; only 55% of physicians embark on their fellowships with a confirmed position awaiting them at home. Those with such job security tend to exhibit greater confidence in their return. This observation suggests stakeholders should establish a more structured and transparent pathway for Israeli fellows, incorporating future employment considerations and career planning before their departure. Establishing a national database of Israeli physicians embarking on fellowships and an inventory of anticipated available positions could enhance the placement process, facilitating placements in hospitals beyond their initial departure sites. Implementing such measures could forge a pipeline for future leadership among Israeli physicians, offering those in the program financial and other forms of support, thereby increasing their engagement and commitment to return. Although many participants recognized the prospect of higher income as a significant factor that could encourage their return to Israel, this aspect was not included in the analysis due to uncertainties surrounding income and employment terms upon return, even for those with a guaranteed job offer. This lack of clarity made it challenging to compare individuals with higher salaries upon return to those without. Nevertheless, we believe that financial compensation is a crucial consideration, as it emerged as a major factor influencing the decision to return, as highlighted not only in the survey itself but also in the preliminary in-depth interviews and free-text responses. Policymakers should establish improved models for compensation for physician-scientists, full-timers, and other positions for physicians returning from fellowship, considering the high mobility of this population. Limitations This study encountered several limitations. Primarily, there is no formal database of all Israelis pursuing fellowships abroad. Furthermore, we lack information regarding the breakdown of the original cohort of Israeli fellows abroad by gender, specialty, and country where the fellowship was conducted. Thus, we cannot ascertain if our survey represents a true cross-section of the population of Israeli fellows. Previous studies have identified discrepancies in compliance with electronic surveys across different specialties [ 19 ], and we assume we might encounter a similar bias. Despite these challenges, we achieved the planned response rate, offering insights into trends relevant to the study objectives. Secondly, a potential limitation is selection bias. Although the survey was distributed through various methods, we lacked information on individuals who received the survey but chose not to participate. This gap could influence the results, especially in understanding the motives of those deciding not to return to Israel. Informal feedback suggested reasons for non-participation include a lack of intention to return to Israel, thus a disinterest in offering insights into the local health system, or a reluctance to confront what they perceive as a poor decision to return. Conclusions In summary, this study surveyed Israeli physicians who underwent post-residency fellowship training abroad, exploring the complex factors influencing their decision to return to Israel. It highlights the significant role of occupational stability and support from the Israeli health system in enhancing physicians' confidence in returning, suggesting the need for structured career planning and support mechanisms to ensure the return of these highly skilled professionals. Abbreviations COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019 IRB Institutional Review Board N Number OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development SD Standard deviation UK United Kingdom USA United States of America USD United States Dollar VS Versus Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The study protocol was approved by the Sheba Medical Center Institutional Review Board (IRB), (approval # SMC-1105-24). All participants provided informed consent before participation. The authors confirm that all methods were performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials Data availability is not applicable to this article due to their containing information that could compromise the privacy of research participants. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding No external funding was received for this research. Authors' contributions The authors confirm their contribution to the paper as follows: study conception and design: LS, MG; Survey development: GS, LS, MG; data collection: DW, GS, LS, MG; analysis and interpretation of results: DW, GS, LS, MG; draft manuscript preparation: DW, GS, LS, MG. All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript. Acknowledgments The authors extend their gratitude to Dr. Tomer Ziv-Baran for his expertise in statistics and analysis. Special appreciation is also owed to Dr. Alon Bar, Dr. Eliaz Brumer, Dr. Evgeny Gelman, Dr. Hila Fruchtman, Dr. Ido Veisman, Dr. Ilan Merdler, Dr. Karin Steiner, Dr. Keidar Zar Rab, Dr. Miri Ratner Herskovitz, Dr. Nadav Furie, Dr. Sahar Nadal, Dr. Sami Gendler, Dr. Samuel Tiosano, and Dr. Yuval Avda for their invaluable contributions to survey development. Lastly, heartfelt thanks go to the participants whose involvement in the study played a pivotal role in its success. References De Vries N, Lavreysen O, Boone A, et al. Retaining healthcare workers: A systematic review of strategies for sustaining power in the workplace. Healthc (Basel). 2023;11(13). 10.3390/healthcare11131887 . Ling K, Belcher P. Medical migration within Europe: opportunities and challenges. Clin Med. 2014;14(6):630–2. 10.7861/clinmedicine.14-6-630 . Dohlman L, DiMeglio M, Hajj J, Laudanski K. Global brain drain: how can the maslow theory of motivation improve our understanding of physician migration? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(7). 10.3390/ijerph16071182 . Mullan F. The metrics of the physician brain drain. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(17):1810–8. 10.1056/NEJMsa050004 . Schumann M, Maaz A, Peters H. Doctors on the move: a qualitative study on the driving factors in a group of Egyptian physicians migrating to Germany. Global Health. 2019;15(1):2. 10.1186/s12992-018-0434-x . Jurić T. Medical brain drain from southeastern europe: using digital demography to forecast health worker emigration. JMIRx Med. 2021;2(4):e30831. 10.2196/30831 . Bojanic A, Bojanic K, Likic R. Brain drain: final year medical students’ intentions of training abroad. Postgrad Med J. 2015;91(1076):315–21. 10.1136/postgradmedj-2014-132908 . Bazoukis X, Kalampokis N, Papoudou-Bai A, Bazoukis G, Grivas N. The increasing incidence of immigration and information-seeking behaviour of medical doctors in north-western Greece. Rural Remote Health. 2020;20(1):4877. 10.22605/RRH4877 . Moris D, Karachaliou G-S, Kontos M. Residency training in Greece: job dissatisfaction paves the way to brain drain. Ann Transl Med. 2017;5(5):123. 10.21037/atm.2017.03.03 . Humphries N, Connell J, Negin J, Buchan J. Tracking the leavers: towards a better understanding of doctor migration from Ireland to Australia 2008–2018. Hum Resour Health. 2019;17(1):36. 10.1186/s12960-019-0365-5 . Davda LS, Gallagher JE, Radford DR. Migration motives and integration of international human resources of health in the United Kingdom: systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative studies using framework analysis. Hum Resour Health. 2018;16(1):27. 10.1186/s12960-018-0293-9 . Sharma A, Lambert TW, Goldacre MJ. Why UK-trained doctors leave the UK: cross-sectional survey of doctors in New Zealand. J R Soc Med. 2012;105(1):25–34. 10.1258/jrsm.2011.110146 . Brennan N, Langdon N, Bryce M, et al. Drivers and barriers of international migration of doctors to and from the United Kingdom: a scoping review. Hum Resour Health. 2023;21(1):11. 10.1186/s12960-022-00789-y . Clarke N, Crowe S, Humphries N, et al. Factors influencing trainee doctor emigration in a high income country: a mixed methods study. Hum Resour Health. 2017;15(1):66. 10.1186/s12960-017-0239-7 . Humphries N, Crowe S, Brugha R. Failing to retain a new generation of doctors: qualitative insights from a high-income country. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):144. 10.1186/s12913-018-2927-y . Berger G, Epstein D, Kobi G, Braun E, Azzam ZS, Halberthal M. Career trajectory of physicians following a fellowship program: A descriptive study. Rambam Maimonides Med J. 2021;12(2). 10.5041/RMMJ.10432 . World Health Organization (WHO). Health Systems in Action: Israel. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies; 2022. Lafortune G. OECD Report on Medical Education and Training in Israel. OECD; 2023. Cunningham CT, Quan H, Hemmelgarn B, et al. Exploring physician specialist response rates to web-based surveys. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2015;15:32. 10.1186/s12874-015-0016-z . Supplementary Files supplementary.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 05 Nov, 2024 Read the published version in Israel Journal of Health Policy Research → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 05 Sep, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 May, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 18 May, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 15 May, 2024 First submitted to journal 15 May, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4365731","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":304049128,"identity":"68b1b26f-3ba3-473e-b0d7-15df919fc52c","order_by":0,"name":"Lior Seluk","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACPmYwZcEgwd4ApA0sCGthg2iRYJDgOQDSIkGEFgaYFokECIOwFnbmYx9/VEgkzpz5/OqGHwUSDPzt3QkEHMaWPJvnjETibOmcsps9QIdJnDm7gYAWHmNmxjaJxHnSOWk3eIBaDCRyCWth/PkPqEXyTNrNP8RqYeBtADpMgv3YbSJtYUtm5jkmYTyzJ4fttoyBBA9Bv/DzHz7M+KPGRnbG8ePPbr75YyPH396LXwsS4DEAk8QqBwH2B6SoHgWjYBSMghEEABM0PBQO3ZLfAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0127-6626","institution":"National Jewish Health","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lior","middleName":"","lastName":"Seluk","suffix":""},{"id":304049129,"identity":"58d414a7-c9d2-4799-83b7-11fb8c68da7e","order_by":1,"name":"Daniel Weltsch","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sheba Medical Center Division of Surgery","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Daniel","middleName":"","lastName":"Weltsch","suffix":""},{"id":304049130,"identity":"4cc46882-06b5-4e10-b36d-1401e885a699","order_by":2,"name":"Gadi Segal","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sheba Medical Center: Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gadi","middleName":"","lastName":"Segal","suffix":""},{"id":304049131,"identity":"c1cd91e1-0c65-49d4-86a9-97accd79e449","order_by":3,"name":"Mayan Gilboa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sheba Medical Center Division of Internal Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mayan","middleName":"","lastName":"Gilboa","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-03 19:35:03","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4365731/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4365731/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13584-024-00652-6","type":"published","date":"2024-11-05T15:58:23+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":57729835,"identity":"5abc39c9-3760-4616-a3db-cbc06400975c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-04 21:56:01","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":12706,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFlow chart of study participants\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4365731/v1/7acb4ab90e53e60d927ad7a8.png"},{"id":57729833,"identity":"e63d14df-baa9-49c7-a604-429873393f86","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-04 21:56:01","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":43128,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePush and pull factors: A. Push factors increasing the desire to return to Israel- the proportion of responders that rated each option in the top three places regarding their impact on the desire to \u003cstrong\u003ereturn to Israel\u003c/strong\u003e at the end of the fellowship period \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;- Assistance with relocation (language, family and bureaucracy.), Fellowship loan, A scholarship for the fellowship, Adding personnel to reduce non-clinical workload, Good work-life balance, High salary, Promotional opportunities, Budget for implementing the skills acquired, Ability to control your work structure, A position that utilizes the unique skills acquired during the fellowship” . B. Pull factors- regarding the desire to \u003cstrong\u003estay in the fellowship country\u003c/strong\u003e: Familial circumstances abroad, Political/social situation in Israel, Security situation in Israel, Work-life balance, Income potential, Prospects for professional advancement, Non-medical education- for children, Work-mix specialized versus general tasks, protected research time, Research budget and resources. A job that showcases the skills acquired during fellowship\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4365731/v1/80fa6d4f41e0bed5206bab2a.png"},{"id":57730219,"identity":"0178af69-4fba-41d4-8dfb-d8400a4ee3fe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-04 22:04:01","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":132528,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePredictors of high confidence returning to the home country Among Israeli Fellows Abroad: A Logistic Regression Analysis\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4365731/v1/67edf3502e97a75ecb0f2c5b.png"},{"id":68750193,"identity":"04747d84-2392-4dad-b8e7-544c142cd04e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-11 16:11:31","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":831462,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4365731/v1/4e2f41a1-7c09-4787-bc14-3cecceee63d9.pdf"},{"id":57729836,"identity":"fba37dc8-bdf7-4f25-acad-7838e71e489f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-04 21:56:01","extension":"docx","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":53106,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"supplementary.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4365731/v1/7a3b4cb42a4013a390905729.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"“Pull-Back” Insights. Results of A Survey of 297 Israeli Physicians During and after Fellowship on their Motivations for Returning Home.","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec2\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGlobal trends in physicians\u0026rsquo; emigration\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealthcare systems worldwide struggle with a significant workforce shortage, with an estimated global deficit of 5.9\u0026nbsp;million nurses and 4.3\u0026nbsp;million physicians [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Physicians, benefiting from universally applicable training, possess a high degree of mobility, enabling them to migrate with relative ease across international borders [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. This phenomenon, known as \"physician brain drain\"[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e], significantly impacts not only low and medium-income countries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e] but also high-income nations. Countries like Ireland, the United Kingdom (UK), Greece, and Croatia are increasingly experiencing the emigration of local doctors and a growing dependence on immigrant doctors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR7 CR8 CR9\" citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Numerous studies have explored the factors driving doctors to leave their home countries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]; These can be broadly categorized into 'push' factors, which drive physicians away from their native countries, and 'pull' factors, which attract them to other nations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. These influences can be further broken down into macro (global and national), meso (professional), and micro (personal) levels [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. While specific geopolitical circumstances may vary, the underlying considerations for physicians are strikingly similar worldwide, especially among high-income nations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eThe situation in Israel\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn high-income countries, including Israel, it is common for doctors to undertake a period of training abroad. This phase is pivotal for their career trajectory, and those who complete it often represent the elite in their field, and upon their return provide the substrate for the future professional leadership in their discipline [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe decision to return to their origin country after completing this phase is not obvious, and as new career opportunities are available in the new country, the health system in their origin country must consider what is the most effective way to \u0026ldquo;pull back\u0026rdquo; these physicians. It transcends mere migration, involving the intricate process of dismantling a life established in a foreign country to return to their homeland. It is imperative to comprehend the obstacles while enhancing the factors that can 'pull back' these internationally trained physicians, as this is crucial for healthcare systems aiming to sustain and cultivate future leadership. Effective utilization of resources providing essential support to these doctors may intensify their commitment to return and contribute to their original healthcare system post-fellowship.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAim of the current study\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study describes a survey focused on Israeli medical doctors who, after their post-graduate training in Israel, underwent additional training abroad, providing insights into the factors influencing their decision to return to their home country.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy design and population\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional study was conducted during the first quarter of 2024, to identify the determinants influencing the decision of Israeli physicians to return to their home country after completing fellowship training abroad. The study population consisted of Israeli physicians who had completed at least one residency in Israel and had undergone further medical training of at least six months duration outside of Israel post-2013. Life partners of participants who had already completed the survey were requested to exclude themselves to prevent bias.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSurvey Development\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe survey development process commenced with structured interviews with eight physicians including during fellowship, and post-fellowship, both among returnees and those who chose to remain abroad. These hour-long interviews, comprising 17 open-ended questions, were aimed at identifying key factors influencing the return decision and the challenges encountered. Based on the insights gathered, a preliminary survey was constructed and reviewed by 10 physicians who met the inclusion criteria, to assess the clarity, relevance, and comprehensibility of the questions. This feedback informed the final adjustments to the survey, resulting in a 72-question instrument. The survey, which lacked previously validated scales due to the specificity of the research topic, covered demographics, educational background, postgraduate training experiences, challenges, opportunities, financial implications, motives for staying abroad or returning, and preferences for future professional engagements. The survey created on the Microsoft Forms platform, aimed for a completion time of 15 minutes, and included a mix of single and multiple-choice questions, open-text responses, and Likert scale items to capture a broad range of data on demographics, professional experiences, and personal decisions regarding return versus (vs.) stay abroad (supplementary methods S1). The structured process described above was done with continuous consultation of a specialized epidemiologist and statistician.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSurvey Dissemination\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dissemination strategy for the survey was designed to maximize reach and engagement among Israeli physicians training abroad, employing a multi-channel approach to ensure a comprehensive and diverse participant pool. The primary channels for survey distribution encompassed WhatsApp group chats, where the survey was shared in several pivotal WhatsApp groups tailored specifically to Israeli physicians abroad, spanning groups for those located in the United States of America (USA), Canada, Australia, the UK, and Germany. Additionally, Facebook served as a platform for survey dissemination, with the survey being shared within prominent groups exclusively dedicated to Israeli physicians, characterized by significant membership and active engagement. LinkedIn played a role through personalized invitations, strategically targeting individuals identified within professional networks and associations. Moreover, direct emails were dispatched to members of several major medical associations, including the Surgical Association and Hematology Association, alongside proactive encouragement for participants to share the survey with other eligible physicians within their networks.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData analysis was performed using SPSS version 29 and R version 4.3.0. Descriptive statistics, including means, standard deviations, and proportions, were calculated. Inferential analyses involved t-tests for continuous variables and Pearson's chi-square or Fisher\u0026rsquo;s exact tests for categorical variables, depending on expected cell frequencies. The significance threshold was set at 0.05 for all tests.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA multivariable logistic regression analysis was limited to participants residing abroad, incorporating significant variables from univariate analyses (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.1) and intervention factors such as scholarships and guaranteed job opportunities Regression coefficients were exponentiated to obtain odds ratios. 95% confidence intervals for the odds ratios were calculated using the standard errors of the regression coefficients and were considered significant if not crossing 0. Missing data was handled by analyzing only complete cases. Since most questions were required, only 2 cases had missing data in the variables included in the regression analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEthical Considerations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study protocol was approved by the Sheba Medical Center Institutional Review Board (IRB), (approval # SMC-1105-24). All participants provided informed consent before participation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 323 individuals responded to the survey; of these, 297 met all inclusion criteria and were included in the study. Among the respondents, 156 are currently residing abroad, 149 of them are still in the country where they completed the fellowship. The other 141 have returned to their country of origin, Israel, after completing their fellowships (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDemographics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe average age at the commencement of the fellowship was 38.4 (IQR 37\u0026ndash;40). Females constituted 41% of the respondents. The average duration of the fellowship was 24.2 months. A significant majority (93.3%) embarked on their fellowships accompanied by a spouse and/or children, with an average of 2.4 (IQR 2\u0026ndash;3) children per family, the average age range of the children varied between 3.3 (IQR 2\u0026ndash;5) years for the youngest and 7.8 (IQR 5\u0026ndash;10) years for the oldest. Detailed demographic characteristics, including medical specialties (a detailed list of medical specialties is presented in supplementary table \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e) and countries of fellowships, are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic and professional characteristics of the 297 study participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCurrent place of residence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsrael\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry of fellowship\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Country\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge - Mean (IQR)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(37\u0026ndash;40)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFirst year of fellowship\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u0026ndash;2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u0026ndash;2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2016\u0026ndash;2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2013\u0026ndash;2015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBirth Country\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsrael\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e255\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-Israel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthnicity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJewish\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e275\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-Jewish\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlace of residence before fellowship\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTel-Aviv and Central Israel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e196\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJerusalem and West Bank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHaifa and Northern Israel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouthern Israel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried or known in public\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e284\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of children - Mean (IQR)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOldest Child Age- Mean (IQR)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(5\u0026ndash;10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYoungest Child Age - Mean (IQR)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReligiousness*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e204\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligious\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCountry of Medical School\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsrael\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbroad\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLocation of origin hospital**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentral Israel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeriphery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCountry of fellowship\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e134\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCanada\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAustralia and New-Zealand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEurope\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eType of fellowship\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e189\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombined- clinical and research\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMedical Specialty***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal Medicine, Pediatrics, Oncology Anesthesia, and Other Non-surgical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral Surgery, Neurosurgery, Cardiothoracic surgery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrthopedic Surgery, Urology, ENT, Ophthalmology, Plastic surgery, Maxillofacial Surgery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObstetrics and Gynecology\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychiatry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadiology\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are a few missing values due to participants who chose not to answer specific questions, the relative proportion (%) accounts for missing values.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbbreviations: ENT- Ear Nose and Throat Surgery; IQR-Interquartile range; N-number; UK-United Kingdom; USA-United States of America.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e* Religiousness was assessed on a scale of 1 to 5 and answers\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1 were regarded as religious.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e** Location of origin hospital \u0026ndash; periphery was defined as hospitals entitled to a periphery grant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*** Detailed list of medical Specialties in table \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePerceived benefits and difficulties of the fellowship, and support from the Israeli health system\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondents rated the benefits of their fellowships as 4.6 (SD 0.7) on a scale of 1 to 5. When asked about the three primary motivations for pursuing an international fellowship, 73% cited broader clinical exposure compared to Israel, 47% valued an exposure to different healthcare systems, and 46% sought an adventure (i.e. personal and family experiences abroad). Only 6.4% indicated a desire to immigrate from Israel to another country as a primary motivation. Before departure, the average confidence level in returning to Israel was 4.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0 on a 1 to 5 scale. Only 25.8% embarked with low to medium confidence (confidence\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;3).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe assessed the support from the Israeli health system when embarking on a fellowship in a few aspects where responders stated they had significant difficulties. The complex application process poses a substantial obstacle for fellows, and 47% mentioned this was a major difficulty in the process, 66% mentioned they received some form of assistance in the application process, mostly a connection with a fellowship program through an Israeli attending (40%) or a prior Israeli fellow in the same program (38%). Only 2% participated in a fellowship with a formal agreement through a collaboration between an Israeli institution and a fellowship program abroad.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe financial burden of the fellowship is another major difficulty stated by survey responders (40% rated this as a major difficulty) and the average direct personal expenses from savings and loans associated with the fellowship were 35,546 USD (SD 40,693), excluding indirect income loss, such as reduced income during the fellowship and reduced contributions to savings accounts and pensions. Overall, 40% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;120) received financial assistance from an Israeli fund, either their employer or an external grant. For those who received financial assistance the average amount covered was 10% (SD 18) of the overall expenses of the fellowship.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother major difficulty stated by 31% of responders was occupational uncertainty. Only 55.3% had a secured job in a hospital that was promised before embarking on fellowship, for 97% of them this was the same workplace where they had been working before their fellowship.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePush and pull factors\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA majority of the survey respondents (72%) envision their future within the next decade in Israel, however, among those currently residing abroad this proportion is lower 88/156 (56%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondents rated ten factors influencing their desire to stay in the host country (push factors) or return to the origin country (pull-back factors). We summed the number of participants that rated each factor in the top three places. The top push factors were financial opportunities and higher salaries in the fellowship country (59%), the political and social climate in their origin country (49%), and improved work-life balance abroad (39%). Conversely, the top pull-back factors that were stated as those that could encourage a return to Israel included opportunities to utilize skills acquired during the fellowship (67.3%), a high salary upon return to Israel (63.3%), and promotional opportunities (57.6%) as depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDemographic characteristics correlated with intention to return\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the 155 Israeli fellows still abroad, 107 (69%) reported medium to low confidence in returning. Those with lower confidence in returning tended to have fewer children (2.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.05 vs. 2.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.37, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002) and younger children (the age of the oldest child- 6.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.88 vs. 8.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.022). A higher percentage of secular individuals was found among those with low confidence in returning (77.9% vs 56.5% p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.011)(supplementary table S2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eIntervention factors and confidence in return\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe examined how support from the Israeli health system affected the confidence of returning responders living abroad. These factors included receiving a scholarship from an Israeli hospital before the fellowship, assistance from Israeli colleagues and superiors during the application process, a guaranteed job opportunity post-fellowship, and an opportunity for a post-fellowship position that would utilize the fellowship skills. We ran a multivariable logistic regression analysis for the 156 participants that included both demographic characteristics found to be significant in a univariant analysis (number of children, age of the oldest child, and religiousness), as well as the intervention factors- We found that a guaranteed job opportunity post-fellowship had an odds ratio (OR) for high confidence in returning to Israel of 8.6 (95% CI 3.1\u0026ndash;28.9) and that an opportunity for a post-fellowship position that would utilize the fellowship skills had an OR of a 3.5 (95% CI 1.3\u0026ndash;10.2) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, supplementary table S3). In a sensitivity analysis of 121 participants, we found similar results after excluding participants who mentioned that they had already secured a position abroad (supplementary table S4).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eEffects of geopolitical turmoil on Israeli fellows abroad\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSince our study was conducted during a time of geopolitical turmoil in Israel and among Jewish communities abroad, we asked specifically how each one of the following had affected the decision to return from fellowship, among participants residing abroad: The October 7th war, the political situation in Israel, and increased antisemitic events and anti-Israel protests abroad. The October 7th war had a mixed effect, decreasing the pull-back motivation among 52%, however, increasing the motivation to return among other 30% of fellows. The political situation decreased the motivation to return to Israel among 76% of responders and increased the motivation among 7% only. Moreover, the antisemitic events decreased the motivation to return for 7% and increased the motivation among 40% (supplementary figure \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we surveyed Israeli physicians either undergoing or have completed post-residency fellowship training within the last decade. Our study characterized this cohort, examining the challenges they encounter and the support systems available to them, while also attempting to discern the factors that influence their decision to return to their native country. We categorized these influencing factors into three levels: micro-factors, which include personal family circumstances, where the number and ages of children, as well as religiousness, have been significant; meso-factors, which pertain to professional status\u0026mdash;including career opportunities to apply skills learned during the fellowship, prospects for future advancement, and financial compensation; and macro-factors, which are geopolitical and have become increasingly significant amid the current reality in Israel.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe shortage of healthcare workers is a global challenge, accelerated during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), leading to increased concern and strategy development in many countries, for retaining healthcare workers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsrael's healthcare system is internationally recognized for its innovation, efficiency, and high performance. Despite having lower health expenditures compared to other high-income countries, Israel demonstrates high life expectancy and low rates of maternal and infant mortality compared to other countries in Europe [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. However, Israel is also dealing with a significant \"brain drain\u0026rdquo;, a trend exacerbated by doctors' increasing reluctance to return to the country after completing their training abroad. In May 2023, The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) reported that Israel has an average of 3.7 doctors per 1000 population, falling below the OECD average [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. These numbers represent all licensed doctors, encompassing those in managerial, educational, research, and other roles (constituting an additional 5\u0026ndash;10% of doctors) as well as those who have transitioned out of the health sector and those who have emigrated, leading to a substantial overestimation of the number of actively practicing doctors. Additionally, nearly half of all doctors in Israel are aged 55 and over [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite a significant increase in the number of medical students and new residents over the past decade, Israel still lags behind most OECD countries in terms of medical graduates [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur survey reveals that the majority of doctors who are abroad for their fellowship training have low confidence in returning to Israel and that nearly half do not see their future in the following decade in Israel, despite the very high confidence in returning that they felt when embarking on fellowship, and that the vast majority of them did not initially intend to immigrate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eImplications on policymaking\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal health worker emigration is driven by a myriad of factors, many of which extend beyond the reach of health system policy adjustments. Our research indicates that the decision to return from the fellowship presents several challenges that could be mitigated through Israeli Health system policy changes. A key factor identified is the assurance of occupational stability upon return; only 55% of physicians embark on their fellowships with a confirmed position awaiting them at home. Those with such job security tend to exhibit greater confidence in their return. This observation suggests stakeholders should establish a more structured and transparent pathway for Israeli fellows, incorporating future employment considerations and career planning before their departure. Establishing a national database of Israeli physicians embarking on fellowships and an inventory of anticipated available positions could enhance the placement process, facilitating placements in hospitals beyond their initial departure sites. Implementing such measures could forge a pipeline for future leadership among Israeli physicians, offering those in the program financial and other forms of support, thereby increasing their engagement and commitment to return.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough many participants recognized the prospect of higher income as a significant factor that could encourage their return to Israel, this aspect was not included in the analysis due to uncertainties surrounding income and employment terms upon return, even for those with a guaranteed job offer. This lack of clarity made it challenging to compare individuals with higher salaries upon return to those without. Nevertheless, we believe that financial compensation is a crucial consideration, as it emerged as a major factor influencing the decision to return, as highlighted not only in the survey itself but also in the preliminary in-depth interviews and free-text responses. Policymakers should establish improved models for compensation for physician-scientists, full-timers, and other positions for physicians returning from fellowship, considering the high mobility of this population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLimitations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study encountered several limitations. Primarily, there is no formal database of all Israelis pursuing fellowships abroad. Furthermore, we lack information regarding the breakdown of the original cohort of Israeli fellows abroad by gender, specialty, and country where the fellowship was conducted. Thus, we cannot ascertain if our survey represents a true cross-section of the population of Israeli fellows. Previous studies have identified discrepancies in compliance with electronic surveys across different specialties [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], and we assume we might encounter a similar bias. Despite these challenges, we achieved the planned response rate, offering insights into trends relevant to the study objectives.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondly, a potential limitation is selection bias. Although the survey was distributed through various methods, we lacked information on individuals who received the survey but chose not to participate. This gap could influence the results, especially in understanding the motives of those deciding not to return to Israel. Informal feedback suggested reasons for non-participation include a lack of intention to return to Israel, thus a disinterest in offering insights into the local health system, or a reluctance to confront what they perceive as a poor decision to return.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn summary, this study surveyed Israeli physicians who underwent post-residency fellowship training abroad, exploring the complex factors influencing their decision to return to Israel. It highlights the significant role of occupational stability and support from the Israeli health system in enhancing physicians' confidence in returning, suggesting the need for structured career planning and support mechanisms to ensure the return of these highly skilled professionals.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.916666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOVID-19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.08333333333333%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoronavirus disease 2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.916666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIRB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.08333333333333%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInstitutional Review Board\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.916666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.08333333333333%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.916666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOECD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.08333333333333%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrganization for Economic Cooperation and Development\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.916666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.08333333333333%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandard deviation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.916666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.08333333333333%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnited Kingdom\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.916666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUSA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.08333333333333%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnited States of America\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.916666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.08333333333333%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnited States\u0026nbsp;Dollar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.916666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.08333333333333%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVersus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cu\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study protocol was approved by the Sheba Medical Center Institutional Review Board (IRB), (approval # SMC-1105-24). All participants provided informed consent before participation. The authors confirm that all methods were performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cu\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData availability is not applicable to this article due to their containing information that could compromise the privacy of research participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cu\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cu\u003eFunding\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo external funding was received for this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cu\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors confirm their contribution to the paper as follows: study conception and design: LS, MG; Survey development: GS, LS, MG; data collection: DW, GS, LS, MG; analysis and interpretation of results: DW, GS, LS, MG; draft manuscript preparation: DW, GS, LS, MG. All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cu\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors extend their gratitude to Dr. Tomer Ziv-Baran for his expertise in statistics and analysis. Special appreciation is also owed to Dr. Alon Bar, Dr. Eliaz Brumer, Dr. Evgeny Gelman, Dr. Hila Fruchtman, Dr. Ido Veisman, Dr. Ilan Merdler, Dr. Karin Steiner, Dr. Keidar Zar Rab, Dr. Miri Ratner Herskovitz, Dr. Nadav Furie, Dr. Sahar Nadal, Dr. Sami Gendler, Dr. Samuel Tiosano, and Dr. Yuval Avda for their invaluable contributions to survey development. Lastly, heartfelt thanks go to the participants whose involvement in the study played a pivotal role in its success.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDe Vries N, Lavreysen O, Boone A, et al. Retaining healthcare workers: A systematic review of strategies for sustaining power in the workplace. Healthc (Basel). 2023;11(13). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3390/healthcare11131887\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/healthcare11131887\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLing K, Belcher P. Medical migration within Europe: opportunities and challenges. Clin Med. 2014;14(6):630\u0026ndash;2. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.7861/clinmedicine.14-6-630\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.7861/clinmedicine.14-6-630\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDohlman L, DiMeglio M, Hajj J, Laudanski K. Global brain drain: how can the maslow theory of motivation improve our understanding of physician migration? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(7). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3390/ijerph16071182\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/ijerph16071182\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMullan F. The metrics of the physician brain drain. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(17):1810\u0026ndash;8. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1056/NEJMsa050004\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1056/NEJMsa050004\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSchumann M, Maaz A, Peters H. Doctors on the move: a qualitative study on the driving factors in a group of Egyptian physicians migrating to Germany. Global Health. 2019;15(1):2. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1186/s12992-018-0434-x\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12992-018-0434-x\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJurić T. Medical brain drain from southeastern europe: using digital demography to forecast health worker emigration. JMIRx Med. 2021;2(4):e30831. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.2196/30831\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.2196/30831\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBojanic A, Bojanic K, Likic R. Brain drain: final year medical students\u0026rsquo; intentions of training abroad. Postgrad Med J. 2015;91(1076):315\u0026ndash;21. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1136/postgradmedj-2014-132908\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1136/postgradmedj-2014-132908\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBazoukis X, Kalampokis N, Papoudou-Bai A, Bazoukis G, Grivas N. The increasing incidence of immigration and information-seeking behaviour of medical doctors in north-western Greece. Rural Remote Health. 2020;20(1):4877. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.22605/RRH4877\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.22605/RRH4877\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMoris D, Karachaliou G-S, Kontos M. Residency training in Greece: job dissatisfaction paves the way to brain drain. Ann Transl Med. 2017;5(5):123. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.21037/atm.2017.03.03\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.21037/atm.2017.03.03\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHumphries N, Connell J, Negin J, Buchan J. Tracking the leavers: towards a better understanding of doctor migration from Ireland to Australia 2008\u0026ndash;2018. Hum Resour Health. 2019;17(1):36. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1186/s12960-019-0365-5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12960-019-0365-5\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDavda LS, Gallagher JE, Radford DR. Migration motives and integration of international human resources of health in the United Kingdom: systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative studies using framework analysis. Hum Resour Health. 2018;16(1):27. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1186/s12960-018-0293-9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12960-018-0293-9\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSharma A, Lambert TW, Goldacre MJ. Why UK-trained doctors leave the UK: cross-sectional survey of doctors in New Zealand. J R Soc Med. 2012;105(1):25\u0026ndash;34. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1258/jrsm.2011.110146\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1258/jrsm.2011.110146\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBrennan N, Langdon N, Bryce M, et al. Drivers and barriers of international migration of doctors to and from the United Kingdom: a scoping review. Hum Resour Health. 2023;21(1):11. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1186/s12960-022-00789-y\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12960-022-00789-y\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eClarke N, Crowe S, Humphries N, et al. Factors influencing trainee doctor emigration in a high income country: a mixed methods study. Hum Resour Health. 2017;15(1):66. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1186/s12960-017-0239-7\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12960-017-0239-7\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHumphries N, Crowe S, Brugha R. Failing to retain a new generation of doctors: qualitative insights from a high-income country. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):144. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1186/s12913-018-2927-y\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12913-018-2927-y\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBerger G, Epstein D, Kobi G, Braun E, Azzam ZS, Halberthal M. Career trajectory of physicians following a fellowship program: A descriptive study. Rambam Maimonides Med J. 2021;12(2). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.5041/RMMJ.10432\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.5041/RMMJ.10432\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWorld Health Organization (WHO). Health Systems in Action: Israel. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies; 2022.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLafortune G. OECD Report on Medical Education and Training in Israel. OECD; 2023.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCunningham CT, Quan H, Hemmelgarn B, et al. Exploring physician specialist response rates to web-based surveys. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2015;15:32. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1186/s12874-015-0016-z\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12874-015-0016-z\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"israel-journal-of-health-policy-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jhpr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Israel Journal of Health Policy Research](http://ijhpr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"13584","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jhpr/default2.aspx","title":"Israel Journal of Health Policy Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"medical education, workforce migration, professional mobility, emigration patterns, healthcare personnel shortage, medical fellows","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4365731/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4365731/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground.\u003c/strong\u003e Emigration of healthcare professionals, particularly physicians, is an unresolved “pandemic”, influenced by various factors. In high-income countries, the training phase (fellowship) abroad is critical for career development, yet it poses challenges for the retention of these professionals upon their completion of training. This study aimed to identify the determinants influencing Israeli physicians' decisions to return to their home country after completing fellowship training abroad.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods.\u003c/strong\u003e This cross-sectional study conducted in early 2024, surveyed Israeli physicians with post-graduate training who pursued a fellowship abroad between 2013-2024. An anonymous survey included questions on demographics, training experience, and professional challenges. Analytical methods included descriptive statistics and regression analysis to explore factors associated with the decision to return.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults.\u003c/strong\u003e Of the 323 individuals surveyed, 297 met the inclusion criteria. Among them, 141 (47.5%) have returned to Israel, while 156 (52.5%) currently reside in their fellowship country. Respondents identified several significant challenges, including a complex and demanding application process (47% of responders stated this as a major challenge), substantial financial burdens averaging 35,546 USD in direct out-of-pocket expenses, and job uncertainty, with only 55% having secured positions upon return. Of the 155 Israeli fellows still abroad, 107 (69%) reported medium to low confidence in returning. Factors associated with a higher likelihood of confidence in returning to Israel included a secured job position upon return (OR 8.6, 95% CI 3.1-28.9) and having an opportunity for a position that would utilize the skills gained during the fellowship (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.3-10.2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion.\u003c/strong\u003e The decision to return to the origin country after a fellowship abroad involves a complex interplay of professional opportunities, personal circumstances, and geopolitical factors. Enhancing occupational certainty after fellowship can increase return rates, ensuring the sustainability of the healthcare system in Israel. These findings have implications for health care policy, suggesting the need for policies that support returning physicians and address the challenges they face.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"“Pull-Back” Insights. Results of A Survey of 297 Israeli Physicians During and after Fellowship on their Motivations for Returning Home.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-04 21:55:56","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4365731/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2024-09-05T10:24:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2024-05-19T05:00:46+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-05-18T18:09:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-05-16T01:55:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Israel Journal of Health Policy Research","date":"2024-05-15T19:34:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"israel-journal-of-health-policy-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jhpr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Israel Journal of Health Policy Research](http://ijhpr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"13584","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jhpr/default2.aspx","title":"Israel Journal of Health Policy Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"49af736a-2798-43d4-a16d-2bb84a682069","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 4th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-11-11T16:06:52+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4365731","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13584-024-00652-6","journal":{"identity":"israel-journal-of-health-policy-research","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Israel Journal of Health Policy Research"},"publishedOn":"2024-11-05 15:58:23","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 5th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-04 21:55:56","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s13584-024-00652-6","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13584-024-00652-6","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4365731","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4365731","identity":"rs-4365731","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}