Chemi-resistive sensor for ammonia using inkjet printing of G/PEDOT:PSS composite at room temperature

Chemi-resistive sensor for ammonia using inkjet printing of G/PEDOT:PSS composite at room temperature | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Chemi-resistive sensor for ammonia using inkjet printing of G/PEDOT:PSS composite at room temperature Pratik Chhapia, Harshad Patel This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4787807/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 17 Oct, 2024 Read the published version in Journal of Nanoparticle Research → Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study reveals the fabrication of a gas sensor with a PEDOT:PSS/Graphene ink composite as an active layer on glossy paper. The glossy paper was chosen as the substrate material due to its low cost and easy availability. PEDOT:PSS/Graphene ink was synthesized by simple mixing of PEDOT:PSS and Graphene solution in the presences of distilled water, ethanol, glycerol, and diethylene glycol and was then sonicated and stirred at room temperatures, and characterized by FTIR, UV, XRD, AFM, and SEM. The sensitivities of the gas sensors concerning acetonitrile, propanol, butanol, benzene, methanol, and ammonia analytes were investigated by measuring the change in resistance using conventional multi-meter at room temperature. The results exhibited that the composite’s response to ammonia change is stable and can well measure concentration. The results showed that the sensors show promising responses with ± 1% reading error with a high response percentage. Graphene Ink Printing Technique Resistance Multimeter Gas Sensor Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 1. INTRODUCTION Utilizing printed electronics, which have a great potential to offer recyclable and biodegradable solutions, may help minimize the amount of electronic trash (e-waste) that is produced as a result of the increased use of disposable electronic gadgets [ 1 , 2 ]. The environmental effect of producing electronics has significantly expanded in recent years due to the need for adding intelligence to everyday products. A wide range of applications for chemical sensing technologies are now possible, from electrochemical analysis to biological measures to environmental monitoring and industrial management. Chemical sensing of contaminants is becoming a more relevant area of research due to the pressure of environmental regulations and public knowledge of the challenges. For detecting tiny amounts of airborne pollutants, there is currently a demand for equipment with inexpensive arrangements. Additionally, single-use sensors are required for usage in cross-contamination-prone environments and medical analysis. Polymer-based semiconductor sensors, or chemiresistors, are the subject of great study because of their benefits in simple processing. Owing to a variety of residential and commercial applications, including the food industry, medical diagnosis, public safety, environmental pollution monitoring, and agriculture, gas sensors are of great interest. High sensitivity for low gas concentrations, superior gas selectivity, quick reaction times, and low cost are required of a gas sensor. Additionally, the capacity to operate at ambient temperature, use minimal electricity, and be portable are all very desirable [ 3 ]. Conducting polymers (CP’s) have emerged as attractive possibilities for chemiresistive sensors in sensor technology. By employing the right mix of nanoparticles during the nano-structuring process, the act of CP’s as chemiresistive sensors may be significantly customized. The CP’s outstanding sensing capabilities at ambient temperature make them ideal for gas-sensing applications. Therefore, it may be easy to maintain a balance between operating temperature and gas detection capabilities by developing energy-efficient sensors based on conducting polymer nanocomposites [ 4 ]. One of the better-conducting polymers frequently employed in sensor development is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate), or (PEDOT:PSS). Its poor structural and chemical characteristics, however, continue to pose significant challenges and limit its effectiveness in real-world settings [ 5 ]. Because of its excellent electrical conductivity, low redox potential, high transparency, and good processability, PEDOT:PSS is a conjugated polymer (a combination of two ionomers) that is frequently used as the dynamic material in bendable and printed electronics. Its poor structural and chemical qualities continue to be the principal barriers preventing its implementation in several practical applications [ 6 ]. In comparison to rigid metallic oxides, flexible electrode materials made of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and its complex with poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT-PSS) are the most promising among the many CP’s. Due to its adjustable electrical conductivity, optical transparency in visible series, ability to create vast area devices, high flexibility, stretchability, etc., has been widely employed in research labs. Among the attractive applications for PEDOT-PSS are antistatic coatings, transistors, LEDs, photovoltaic (PV), batteries, displays, supercapacitors, sensors, and thermoelectric generators [ 4 ]. The resistance and temperature sensitivity of the PEDOT:PSS ink both appeared to be significantly influenced by the substrate. The photo paper coating's NaCl content, which interacts with the PEDOT:PSS to produce this effect, is most likely to blame. PP substrate coatings frequently contain salt and NaCl. Cl has been demonstrated to have several impacts on PEDOT:PSS in the past. It is specifically claimed that Cl promotes a quicker agglomeration. It is rational to assume that the PEDOT particles on PP will likely become closely packed and compacted in the Z-direction, increasing the quantity of PSS grain boundaries, if salt in the PP coating leads to a quicker agglomeration of PEDOT particles and at a similar period solvent absorption is greater than on glass or bond paper. The resistivity and temperature sensitivity will eventually rise as a result [ 7 ]. Due to graphene’s distinctive characteristics, including a large surface area, high electrical conductivity, high mechanical strength, and admirable electron transfer rate [ 8 ]. Recently, graphene (G), a unique carbon nanostructure with a two-dimensional lattice structure arranged in a thick honeycomb, has gained great potential for use in a variety of fields, such as flexible electronics, batteries, solar cells, supercapacitors, gas, nanoelectronics, and chemical sensors. [ 9 – 13 ]. As a result, graphene has recently been characterized for use in a diversity of electrical applications and recently integrated by various means into PEDOT:PSS. For instance, Wisitsoraat A et. al. used a high-quality graphene-PEDOT nanocomposite film for biosensing applications by electrochemically reducing graphene oxide while simultaneously electrodepositing PEDOT on a glassy carbon electrode [ 12 ]. Graphene-based gas or vapor sensors have received a lot of interest recently because of their distinct detecting capabilities, room-temperature operating conditions, range of practicable designs, and limitless potential applications. For many different applications, graphene-based sensors have developed quickly during the last few decades. One of the utmost vital challenges in the areas of environmental protection, medical diagnostics, agriculture, and industrial manufacturing, etc. is humidity measuring [ 14 ]. When it comes to gas/vapor adsorption, intrinsic graphene is problematic since it lacks dangling bonds, which would improve target molecule chemisorption on the graphene surface. Polymers, metals, or other appropriate modifiers must thus be used to functionalize graphene [ 15 , 16 ]. Target species adsorption is facilitated by the functionalizing material’s thin coating, which results in a localized shift in electrical resistance [ 17 ]. The conductivity of graphene changes as it comes into contact with the target species (gas or vapor), much like the sensing principle of common semiconducting metal oxides. The detecting species function as transient dopants in the graphene layer, altering its localized electronic concentration and so adding holes (as with H 2 O and NO 2 ) or electrons (as with NH 3 and CO). This presented work is a novel, previously unexplored ink composition preparation, wherein the ink application technique is straightforward and generic. Additionally, building the sensing chamber is a simple process, and all experiments on gas sensing are conducted frequently and reveal no significant changes at room temperature. This study reports the detection of ammonia in a chemiresistive based composite of PEDOT:PSS/G film created using an inkjet printer on glossy paper. A multimeter was utilized to quantify the change in resistance during the sensing research, which was conducted in an acrylic chamber. The study presents a comparative analysis using different PEDOT:PSS/G concentrations in the ink, such as 0.2%, 1%, and 5%, throughout the ink manufacturing process. Several gases, including acetonitrile, propanol, butanol, benzene, methanol, and ammonia, were investigated to examine selectivity. This paper demonstrates that NH 3 and NH 4 + are the main ammonium groups in the ammonia gas produced by an ammonia water bubble system and that while there is weak contact between graphene with NH 3 molecules, NH 4 + molecules are the best candidates for molecular doping of graphene. Ammonia gas sensitivity was investigated at different concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 parts per million. 2. MATERIALS AND METHOD 2.1 Materials The PEDOT:PSS (1% Poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)- poly(styrenesulfonate), high-conductive grade) was bought from Aldrich Chemicals. Graphene powder (GPN type 1), Diethylene Glycol (extrapure AR, 99%), and Dimethyl Sulphoxide (DMSO, extrapure AR) were acquired from SRL Chemicals, along with graphene powder (GPN type 1). From KUC Ltd, ethanol (absolute alcohol) was bought. Neelam Enterprise sold Nylon membrane Whattman filters (0.45 m, 47 mm) for filtering. All experiments utilized milli-Q grade water. 2.2 Preparation of ink The PEDOT:PSS (8 ml) was dissolved in DMSO (2 ml) to create the graphene-based PEDOT:PSS ink. In this solution, 0.5% graphene powder [ 18 ] was mixed and put into a bath sonicator at room temperature for two hours. Different ink concentrations (0.2%, 1%, and 5% of PEDOT:PSS and Graphene) are obtained from this solution. The mixture contains 24 wt% of distilled water, 8 wt% ethanol, 30 wt% glycerol, and 38 wt% diethylene glycol. The final solution kept at room temperature for 24 hours with continues stirred. Later the produced solution was subjected to ultrasonication for an hour at room temperature to prevent agglomeration. To get rid of bigger particles after sonication, the solution was vacuum-filtered with Whatman filter paper. The ink mixture was kept in the refrigerator in a sealed vial. A shear-thinning behavior of the ink is advantageous because it is necessary for the ink to readily run over the printing nozzles under the applied pressure to have a good flow ability at the printing shear rate. When extruded from moving nozzles, our viscosity of ~ 11.42 cP at a surface tension of ~ 37.74 mN/m is high enough for extrusion printing to produce fine lines on printing surfaces. 2.3 Fabrication of Graphene in PEDOT: PSS ink sensor The glossy paper (GP) was printed with polymeric inks of G and PEDOT:PSS using an HP commercial inkjet printer, model DeskJet2332. The ink, sponge, and internal filter were taken from the original cartridge after opening it. A thorough cleaning using methanol and deionized water was done to get rid of any traces of commercial ink [ 13 ]. After printing the 2 x 2 cm square, it was used for sensing after a brief period of drying. The thickness of the inkjet-printed film is adjusted by changing the quantity of printed layers. Each sensor costs less than one euro cent, and the printing system is around €50 [ 19 ]. 3. GAS SENSING CHAMBER The schematic diagram of the gas-detecting test system is shown in Fig. 1 . A 13.5 L acrylic chamber with a sensor inside of it was used. In the chamber, there are three ports: one for vacuum generation, one for gas entry, and one for gas outflow. A simple multimeter (Fluke) was used to measure the sensor resistance. The chamber measurements are 30 cm, 30 cm, and 15 cm in length, breadth, and height, respectively. The response and selectivity of the sensors were evaluated using the conventional flow-through method for methanol, ammonia, benzene, butanol, propanol, and acetonitrile. All tests were carried out at room temperature (26 ± 2 ºC). 4. Characterization UV-Vis spectroscopic observations were carried out using the JASCO V-670 spectrophotometer. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) measurements were performed in the JASCO 4600. A Bruker AXS D8 was utilized by the Central University of Gujarat to perform X-ray diffraction measurements. Tensiometer measurements were performed at SVNIT in Surat using a Kruss scientific K9. The Fluke 117 TRUE RMS multimeter was used to monitor resistance variations. 5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION UV–visible spectrometry shows the π-π* transitions in graphene and PEDOT: PSS as illustrated in Fig. 2 (a). It is evident from the Figures that there are two peaks present at 205 and 278 nm due to PSS containing an aromatic ring [ 20 – 22 ]. The peak at 205 nm is caused by the bonding to antibonding, or π-π*, transition of the aromatic rings, whereas the peak at ~ 278 nm is caused by the bonding to nonbonding, or π–n, transition [ 23 – 26 ]. Graphene's wide absorption band at ~ 268 nm is ascribed to the aromatic C-C bond or π-π* transitions [ 27 ]. Two peaks at 254 nm and 260 nm in the UV–visible absorption spectra of PEDOT: PSS are seen, which correspond to the aromatic ring’s distinctive absorption bands in PSS [ 27 ]. In the G-PEDOT:PSS composite, the aromatic ring absorption peaks of PSS are red-shifted and superimposed over the broad graphene absorption band. These findings point to a π-π electron donor–acceptor interaction between graphene and PEDOT:PSS as well as graphene blending in the PEDOT:PSS composite [ 28 ]. General relations are used to determine the band gap (E g ) where, E g from UV-visible absorbance spectra of the synthetic ink solution, an absorption peak as illustrated in equation no. 1 is revealed. Where the band-band transition is responsible for the dramatic increase in absorption. Where B is a constant linked to the real masses of charge carriers related to the valence and conduction bands, h is Planck’s constant, v is frequency of vibration, α is a absorbance coefficient, and n is equal to either 1/2 or 2, depending on whether the shift is direct or indirect. The G-based Ink taut plot is shown in Fig. 3 (b). The plot's nature makes two intercepts for = 0 at ~ 3.45 and 4.59 eV, which correspond to the bandgap range of G-based PEDOT:PSS ink [ 29 ]. XRD results show a downshift in (002) diffraction of the G from 2θ of ~ 28.9 is shown in Fig. 2 (d) [ 30 ]. For PEDOT:PSS, two separate peaks were seen at 2θ equal to ~ 17.0° and ~ 24.1°, which corresponds to the distances needed for the inter-chain packing of the pseudo-orthorhombic crystal structure and face-to-face interchain stacking of thiophene rings, respectively [ 31 , 32 ]. The characteristic properties of the PEDOT:PSS, indicate revealed the graphene sheets coated with PSS were very dispersible in PEDOT:PSS [ 31 ]. In inkjet-printed G/PEDOT:PSS composites, the three layers were examined using FTIR spectroscopy, whose results are shown in Fig. 2 (c). The carboxyl stretching vibration modes of C-O, C-OH, C-C stretching, O-H deformation, and C = O are responsible for the peaks located at 1095, 1224, 1338, 1412, and 1713 cm − 1 in the graphene FTIR spectrum [ 29 – 31 ]. From the PEDOT:PSS, the S-phenyl bonds in sulfonic acid are detected at 1010, 1039, and 1060 cm − 1 , C-O-C stretching vibration peaks are found at 1263 cm − 1 , and C-S bonds in the thiophene ring are found.021 at 705, 858, and 946 cm − 1 [ 32 ]. Furthermore, the thiophene ring's C-C stretching vibration peak at 1521 cm − 1 and the C-O bonding peak at 1126 cm − 1 for PEDOT:PSS is marginally moved to 1519 cm − 1 and 1120 cm − 1 for G–PEDOT: PSS. The FTIR spectra of a G-PEDOT:PSS sensing film show a small red shift due to electron delocalization from aromatic rings of PSS and C-O bonds to the π-clouds of graphene, indicating π-π interactions between the two materials. When fixed in a PEDOT:PSS matrix, PEDOT:PSS polymer chains adsorb to the graphene surface, allowing for intercalation between layers. An extra C-O carbonyl stretching peak indicates successful hybridization. Graphene's wide absorption band at 268 nm, is ascribed to the aromatic C-C bond π-π transitions [ 33 ]. Two peaks at 254 nm and 260 nm in the UV–visible absorption spectra of PEDOT:PSS are seen, which match the characteristic absorption bands of the aromatic rings in PSS [ 34 ]. In the G-PEDOT:PSS composite, the aromatic ring absorption peaks of PSS are red-shifted and superimposed over the broad graphene absorption band. These findings point to a π-π electron donor–acceptor interaction between graphene and PEDOT:PSS as well as graphene blending in the PEDOT:PSS composite [ 35 ]. Properties of ink like viscosity, surface tension, and particle size have a big impact on printed electronics. Viscosity is a vital element that regulates the flow through the printer nozzle. Because of high rates of flow and tiny nozzle sizes, the fluids operate in a zone of high shear rates. Viscosity has an impact on how ink is injected into the print head's ink chamber as well. It affects drop development, substrate contact, and drop as well as satellite formation. The resistance to flow at a specific shear rate is shown by the viscosity of the ink. Even if an ink's viscosity may be altered, it may be challenging to preserve similar electrical properties [ 36 ]. As the solvent evaporates, the ink's viscosity increases, whereas it decreases as the temperature rises [ 37 ]. The solvent from the ink can be used to change the liquid's viscosity. Additionally, the ink's viscosity decreases when the dispersant concentration is raised [ 37 ]. The surface tension and viscosity of the produced ink are displayed in Table No. 1 as results. The ink had a viscosity between ~ 9 and 15 cP and a total surface tension between 36 and 40 mN/m, permitting the dimensionless figure of merit, which is used to characterize the drop behavior in the DOD (drop on demand) printing technology; it thus displayed well-suited rheological features for optimal jetting performance and printing effects [ 38 – 41 ]. The surface tension of the ink, which also affects how the ink interacts with the substrate, is what causes droplet formation [ 42 ]. Compared to polar liquids, nonpolar liquids frequently exhibit lower surface tension. Raising the temperature or adding more solids to an ink can lower its surface tension [ 43 ]. Table 1 Viscosity and surface tension of ink. S. No. Sample Viscosity (cP) Surface tension (mN/m) 1. 0.2% ink 9.23 39.8 2. 1% ink 10.91 37.4 3. 5% ink 14.12 36.0 There are remarkable structural and topographical parallels between the AFM and SEM pictures displayed in Figs. 3 and 4 . The ink's solvent, such as ethanol, volatilizes during the ink droplet's deposition process on the paper substrate, causing the ink to condense and producing nanoscale roughness. Prepared inks completely cover glossy paper, as seen in Fig. 3 [ 44 ]. The dimensions of all images are 5 µm×5 µm. Figures 3 demonstrate how the ink substantially screened the nanopores on the top surface and how, for number (n) = 1–5, the ink composition homogenized with increasing printing numbers, resulting in an excellent conductive coating. For PEDOT:PSS/G based ink, the average area roughnesses ranged from 56 to 288 nm [ 45 ]. SEM pictures of both unprinted and inkjet-printed materials were acquired to see if inkjet printing has affected the morphology of the papers. Shiny papers have inherent microscale porosity and structure, as seen in Fig. 4 . The roughness of inkjet printed materials was much higher than that of virgin paper. Interestingly, filter sheets with nanostructured roughness are produced by inkjet printing a hydrophilic precursor. AFM investigations also revealed that increasing the printing pass of the hydrophilic precursor causes more fractures to form [ 46 , 47 ]. 6. GAS SENSING The selectivity of the sensor was studied by exposing PEDOT:PSS/G to several analytes at 1000 ppm, such as acetonitrile (C 2 H 3 N), benzene (C 6 H 6 ), butanol (C 4 H 10 O), methanol (CH 3 OH), ammonia (NH 3 ), and propanol (C 3 H 8 O), as shown in Fig. 5 and Table 2 . A detailed breakdown of the gas response of the 0.2%, 1%, and 5% PEDOT:PSS/G inks for 1000 ppm concentrations of NH 3 , CH 3 OH, C 3 H 8 O, C 4 H 10 O, C 2 H 3 N, and C 6 H 6 is shown in Table no. 2. It was found that the sensor was specifically selective to NH 3 gas. Table 2 Gas responses in the percentage of flexible printed PEDOT:PSS/G to various gases. S. No. Gases 0.2% Ink 1% Ink 5% Ink 1. Propanol 18.513 38.666 7.790 2. Butanol 31.175 43.955 3.895 3. Benzene 17.985 21.111 0.566 4. CAN 19.328 23.377 0.495 5. Methanol 24.268 47.555 18.484 6. Ammonia 76.776 74.177 65.708 6.1 The impact on the number of printing layers The initial resistance and response to NH 3 of the sensor were significantly influenced by the thickness of the PEDOT: PSS film. It is simple to manage the film thickness by adjusting the number of printing cycles. Increasing the amount of printing ink utilized, as seen in Fig. 6 . Cycles considerably reduced the PEDOT:PSS/G film resistance. From one to five printing cycles, the resistivity of the pure PEDOT: PSS/G ink significantly dropped from 20 MΩ to 9 MΩ for 0.2%ink, 30 MΩ to 14 MΩ for 1%ink, and 29 MΩ to 11 MΩ for 5% ink.. The influence on the resistance of the printed films was reduced as the number of printing cycles rose, preventing a rise in film resistance. The number of printing cycles, as opposed to film resistances, reveals a distinct shifting pattern in how PEDOT: PSS/G films respond. The reactivity of the PEDOT: PSS/G film reduced with increasing printing cycles. After three printing cycles, the PEDOT: PSS film responded favorably to NH 3 at 20°C [ 42 ]. 6.2 Ammonia gas sensing The static gas sensing response of PEDOT:PSS/G for various concentrations of 0.2%, 1%, and 5% for NH 3 gas at 1, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 ppm is shown in Fig. 7 (a), (b), and (c), respectively. When sensors are exposed to NH 3 , their resistance diminishes, but when the NH 3 is removed from the environment, it returns to its initial value. The NH 3 molecule adsorption and desorption on the sensing films may be the source of the resistance-changing behaviours. In the next part, we'll go over the details of the graphene-PEDOT:PSS gas sensor's detecting system. The flexible printed G-PEDOT:PSS gas sensors estimated average response times at various concentrations are 11.3, 14.3, and 10.3 minutes, respectively. The total time required to achieve the largest potential total resistance change is known as the response time. Additionally, the resistance of the G-PEDOT:PSS gas sensor nearly return to its previous value during the first minute of exposure to the open atmosphere. The PEDOT:PSS/G gas sensor's delayed reaction and recovery may be caused by the gas molecule’s poor diffusion across the surface of the sensing films and shallow penetration into those surfaces. Table 3 displays the ink response percentage for ammonia gas concentrations Table 3 Response in the percentage of various inks for ammonia gas concentration. S. No. Concentration (ppm) Response (%) 0.2% Ink 1% Ink 5% Ink 1. 1 92.743 96.311 92.692 2. 20 95.55 97.288 94.535 3. 40 96.604 97.586 94.585 4. 60 97.362 98.866 95.457 5. 80 97.601 99.404 96.128 6. 100 98.033 99.911 96.200 The following equation was used to determine how well NH 3 gas affected the sensing response of PEDOT:PSS/G sensors: $$\:Response\:percentage=\left({R}_{a}-{R}_{g}\right)÷{R}_{a}\times\:100\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\left(2\right)\:\:\:\:\:\:\:$$ Where R a represents the resistance of the PEDOT:PSS/G sensor in air and R g the resistance of the sensor in the existence of the target gas. 6.3 Sensing Mechanism The PEDOT:PSS typically has a core-shell grain-like structure, with the insulating and negatively charged PSS serving as the shell and the positively charged and conductive PEDOT serving as the core. When PEDOT:PSS is modified with graphene, the positively charged PEDOT chain adheres to the surface and causes the PEDOT and PSS chains to phase separate, increasing the number of active sites available to the analyte for effective interaction. The PEDOT:PSS/G responds to NH 3 very effectively. The following is the potential sensing reaction mechanism, which is illustrated in Fig. 8 . The PEDOT:PSS/G is a p-type semiconductor that can receive electrons and has a majority of charge carriers in the form of holes (h + ). The primary way that NH 3 affects the sensing film's resistance is through the competing interactions between ammonia and water molecules. In actuality, hydrogen bonds allow ammonia water to exist in clusters [ 48 ]. The weak Van der Waals contacts and negligible charge transfer in the H 2 O-PEDOT:PSS/G system and NH 3 -PEDOT:PSS/G system results in little Fermi level shifts between molecules and PEDOT:PSS/G alone. An efficient method of molecularly doping graphene is by the reaction with NH 4 . The Fermi level of the NH 4 − loaded system shifts to reside within the conduction band when one NH 4 group is attached for every 18 carbon atoms. Or to put it another way, NH 4 physisorbed impurities serve as potent donors for the graphene basal plane [ 49 ]. The interaction of the NH 3 •H 2 O and NH 3 •2H 2 O groups with PEDOT:PSS/G sheets shows that the clusters desorb more easily from graphene films than the NH 4 group does. The ammonia molecules produced by an ammonia water bubble system were firmly adsorbed onto the PEDOT:PSS/G sheets, but they were only partially adsorbed onto intrinsic graphene due to their low binding energy and large distance between them. A significant quantity of shallow donor states are introduced into the system via a strong link formed by ammonium (NH 4 ) and graphene. The ammonia-water cluster was produced by ammonium and water molecules and it exhibits poor adhesion to graphene sheets. The NH 3 and NH 4 chemical groups and the NH 4 molecules are excellent candidates for doping graphene with molecules. The NH 3 molecules do, however, just barely interact with graphene [ 49 ]. The nature of NH 3 molecules alters when water molecules are present. Water molecule’s movement is frequently restricted by the ammonia molecule’s higher reactivity, which reduces their ionization. However, in a more water-rich environment, after the first layer of surface adsorption, the adsorbed water and ammonia molecules on the composite surface breakdown and ionize, releasing ions that facilitate electron conduction and decrease resistance [ 50 – 52 ]. The potential dissociates ionization process that took place at the sensor surface is shown by Eq. (3–5). Water molecules adsorb on the sensitive film, causing the autoionization process of H 2 O to produce H + ions and OH - ions to protonate with additional H 2 O molecules to produce H 3 O + ions, which enhances the protonic conditions and lower resistance [ 49 ]. When NH 3 is introduced, condensation forms on the sensing film, and the lone pair on the adsorption interaction between PEDOT:PSS/G and NH 3 is activated. The sensitive film's ability to absorb H 2 O allows it to break down NH 3 and form less conducting, bulky NH 4 + and R-O - ions, which have a lower resistance than water molecules in the proton transfer reaction. As a result, the three aforementioned factors are to blame for the reduction in sensor resistance [52–54]. 7. CONCLUSION As a conclusion of this study, we can state that the response of ammonia sensors fabricated by using an ink-based sensing film of PEDOT:PSS and graphene on glossy paper effect exhibits high ammonia sensing properties. We synthesized PEDOT:PSS/Graphene ink, where PEDOT:PSS is a core-shell grain-like semiconductor with a negatively charged PSS as the shell and a positively charged PEDOT as the core. When modified with graphene, the positively charged PEDOT chain adheres to the surface, increasing the number of active sites for effective interaction. The PEDOT:PSS/G responds effectively to NH 3 through competing interactions between ammonia and water molecules, as compared to acetonitrile, benzene, butanol, methanol, ammonia, and propanol. The presence of water molecules lowers the composite resistance, as they adsorb on the sensitive film, produce H + ions, and activate the lone pair on the adsorption interaction. The manufactured gas sensor's sensitivity, selectivity, and repeatability were further demonstrated by the sensing findings. As a result, the PEDOT:PSS/G platform is regarded as a reliable, long-term solution for NH 3 detection. A temperature-sensitive gas-detecting chamber will make it feasible to do further research on the impacts of temperature. Abbreviations PEDOT:PSS poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) CP Conducting Polymers G Graphene PEDOT poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) GP glossy paper L Liter UV-Vis Ultra Violet Visible range FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared XRD X-ray diffraction measurements SVNIT Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology DOD Drop on Demand AFM Atomic Force Microscope SEM Scanning Electron Microscope MΩ Mega Ohm Declarations CONFLICT OF INTEREST There are no conflicts of interest FUNDING DECLARING Author Contribution P.Chhapia has conducted the research work and wrote the main article and H.Patel has given the idea of research and prepared charts. All authors reviewed the manuscript. 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Thermoelectric properties of nanocomposite thin films prepared with poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly (styrenesulfonate) and graphene. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 14 (10), pp.3530–3536. Alexandre, M. and Dubois, P., 2000. Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: preparation, properties and uses of a new class of materials. Materials science and engineering: R: Reports, 28 (1–2), pp.1–63. Cui, Z., 2016. Printed electronics: materials, technologies and applications . John Wiley & Sons. Dimitriou, E. and Michailidis, N., 2021. Printable conductive inks used for the fabrication of electronics: an overview. Nanotechnology , 32 (50), p.502009. Wiklund, J., Karakoç, A., Palko, T., Yiğitler, H., Ruttik, K., Jäntti, R. and Paltakari, J., 2021. A review on printed electronics: fabrication methods, inks, substrates, applications and environmental impacts. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing , 5 (3), p.89. Bernasconi, R., Brovelli, S., Viviani, P., Soldo, M., Giusti, D. and Magagnin, L., 2022. Piezoelectric drop-on‐demand inkjet printing of high‐viscosity inks. Advanced Engineering Materials , 24 (1), p.2100733. Ng, L., Hu, G., Howe, R., Zhu, X., Yang, Z., Jones, C.G. and Hasan, T., 2018. Printing of graphene and related 2D materials (pp. 103–134). Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany: Springer. Travan, C. and Bergmann, A., 2019. NO2 and NH3 sensing characteristics of inkjet printing graphene gas sensors. Sensors , 19 (15), p.3379. Magdassi, S. ed., 2009. The chemistry of inkjet inks . World scientific. Kwon, O.S., Kim, H., Ko, H., Lee, J., Lee, B., Jung, C.H., Choi, J.H. and Shin, K., 2013. Fabrication and characterization of inkjet-printed carbon nanotube electrode patterns on paper. Carbon, 58 , pp.116–127. Zhang, Y., Ren, T. and He, J., 2018. Inkjet printing enabled controllable paper superhydrophobization and its applications. ACS applied materials & interfaces, 10 (13), pp.11343–11349. Hilal, N., Pottage, S. and Atkin, B.P., 2006. Characterisation and nanomechanical properties of ink-jet media using atomic force microscopy. International journal of green energy, 3 (4), pp.423–439. Kang, J.S., Kim, H.S., Ryu, J., Thomas Hahn, H., Jang, S. and Joung, J.W., 2010. Inkjet printed electronics using copper nanoparticle ink. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 21 , pp.1213–1220. Schedin, F., Geim, A.K., Morozov, S.V., Hill, E.W., Blake, P., Katsnelson, M.I. and Novoselov, K.S., 2007. Detection of individual gas molecules adsorbed on graphene. Nature materials, 6 (9), pp.652–655. Tang, X., Debliquy, M., Lahem, D., Yan, Y. and Raskin, J.P., 2021. A review on functionalized graphene sensors for detection of ammonia. Sensors , 21 (4), p.1443. Zhang, Y., Wu, Y., Duan, Z., Liu, B., Zhao, Q., Yuan, Z., Li, S., Liang, J., Jiang, Y. and Tai, H., 2022. High performance humidity sensor based on 3D mesoporous Co3O4 hollow polyhedron for multifunctional applications. Applied Surface Science , 585 , p.152698. Singh, P., Kushwaha, C.S., Shukla, S.K. and Dubey, G.C., 2019. Synthesis and humidity sensing properties of NiO intercalated polyaniline nanocomposite. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Materials, 58 (2), pp.139–147. Soni, M., Bhattacharjee, M., Ntagios, M. and Dahiya, R., 2020. Printed temperature sensor based on PEDOT: PSS-graphene oxide composite. IEEE Sensors Journal, 20 (14), pp.7525–7531. Agmon, N., 1995. The grotthuss mechanism. Chemical Physics Letters, 244 (5–6), pp.456–462. Lechner, B.A., Kim, Y., Feibelman, P.J., Henkelman, G., Kang, H. and Salmeron, M., 2015. Solvation and reaction of ammonia in molecularly thin water films. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 119 (40), pp.23052–23058. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files supportivefigureafm.tif Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 17 Oct, 2024 Read the published version in Journal of Nanoparticle Research → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 20 Aug, 2024 Reviews received at journal 19 Aug, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Aug, 2024 Reviews received at journal 18 Aug, 2024 Reviews received at journal 17 Aug, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Aug, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Aug, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Aug, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Aug, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 07 Aug, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 29 Jul, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 28 Jul, 2024 First submitted to journal 23 Jul, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4787807","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":342805024,"identity":"ade8358c-a04a-4ad8-b1ca-6542c1ca2b4e","order_by":0,"name":"Pratik Chhapia","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCR4gYQBhH2yoAJLMzA3EamEGajkDohmJ0cIA0cLY2AZiENDCP7v34OeCArs88/bzBw/OnFcbzd8O1PKjYhtuS+6cS5aeYZBcLHMmmeHgxm3Hc2ccZmxg7DlzG6cWA4kcA2keA+bEGQxALQ+3HcttAGphZmzDq8X4N49BfeIM/sdALXOO5c4nQosZ0JbDiTMkQA5rqMndQEiLxI0cM+sZBseLJSQeGxyccexA7kagloP4/MI/I8f4dsGf6jwJ/sTHH3tq6nLnnT988MGPCtxaQIAZiBOg7MNg8gBe9Wha6ggpHgWjYBSMghEIAKJVXb25VkK2AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"National Forensic Science University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pratik","middleName":"","lastName":"Chhapia","suffix":""},{"id":342805025,"identity":"22576bd8-ab4e-4ff4-baf3-7a3df800004c","order_by":1,"name":"Harshad Patel","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Forensic Science University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Harshad","middleName":"","lastName":"Patel","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-23 10:18:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4787807/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4787807/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-024-06152-7","type":"published","date":"2024-10-17T15:56:57+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":63069029,"identity":"9d81d20b-335b-4f84-b5b3-b92e4a6ceaf7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-22 18:48:03","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":82985,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSchematic diagram representation of gas sensing setup\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4787807/v1/f3a33c36ff1abb3ba0b633a5.png"},{"id":63069031,"identity":"c48938c8-af60-49c2-8794-f0238e263aa8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-22 18:48:03","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2658753,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCharacterization of PEDOT:PSS/G ink: (a) UV-spectroscopy of the prepared ink shows peak at around 204 nm, (b) Tauc plot of ink showing band gap between ~3.45 eV to 4.59 eV, (c) FTIR spectroscopy of prepared ink shows presence of various carbonyl group, ketone group, etc., and (d) XRD data of prepared ink shows sharp peak of graphene and peaks of PSS and PEDOT.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4787807/v1/5f587aedd1a78651c6c45a96.png"},{"id":63069421,"identity":"7053737a-92ac-4d4c-90f5-d9874cd6a154","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-22 18:56:03","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1050515,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAFM images for PEDOT:PSS/G ink printed on glossy paper for several printing numbers 1 to 5, (a) Plain glossy paper without ink printing, (b) 1 layer, (b) 2 layers, (c) 3 layers (d) 4 layers, and (e) 5 layers of ink on paper\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe dimensions of all images are 5 µm×5 µm.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4787807/v1/f6038ddaff92ce66143bbdbe.png"},{"id":63069035,"identity":"2c9d39e1-c6e3-4382-8a35-a7b4d566c0a5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-22 18:48:03","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1474320,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSEM images of glossy paper printed with ink samples, (a) Plain glossy paper without ink printing, (b) 1 layer, (b) 2 layers, (c) 3 layers (d) 4 layers, and (e) 5 layers of ink on paper.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4787807/v1/3ccdfd701b622c741ee754a4.png"},{"id":63069714,"identity":"2df25bed-93c2-4506-86fc-139b4effa3ad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-22 19:04:03","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":24851,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFlexible printed PEDOT:PSS/G gas reactions to different gases at ambient temperature.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4787807/v1/8046b83d805665690e3cff72.png"},{"id":63069419,"identity":"893b08c5-32dc-442e-9c54-8d75af18a7d5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-22 18:56:03","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":77829,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDifferences in resistance for a flexible sensor based on the number of layers.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4787807/v1/420997317b3ae02a4353a51d.png"},{"id":63069033,"identity":"72a99b64-a8fa-46f4-8034-2f1693c8196f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-22 18:48:03","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":87285,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe percentage static response of a printed PEDOT:PSS/G gas sensor with concentrations of (a) 0.2%, (b) 1%, and (c) 5% for NH\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e concentrations ranging from 100 ppm to 1 ppm at ambient temperature.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4787807/v1/749c9314dfc956b2ec20a256.png"},{"id":63069422,"identity":"20ce546c-b58a-4764-9652-5cfdc997913f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-22 18:56:03","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":500799,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSchematic representation of gas sensing mechanism.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4787807/v1/9c585d51d760db4b9dd8ccca.png"},{"id":67149251,"identity":"1fa5fd94-d899-41c8-98c4-8cef983dde24","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-21 16:12:52","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":6019523,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4787807/v1/204d9a99-d9b6-47e8-be7b-c9bb49fe67ac.pdf"},{"id":63069037,"identity":"e95a0672-1565-49b8-905c-b3d080e69fa9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-22 18:48:03","extension":"tif","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":663616,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"supportivefigureafm.tif","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4787807/v1/b89bb74356a09db43551b8ce.tif"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Chemi-resistive sensor for ammonia using inkjet printing of G/PEDOT:PSS composite at room temperature","fulltext":[{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eUtilizing printed electronics, which have a great potential to offer recyclable and biodegradable solutions, may help minimize the amount of electronic trash (e-waste) that is produced as a result of the increased use of disposable electronic gadgets [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. The environmental effect of producing electronics has significantly expanded in recent years due to the need for adding intelligence to everyday products. A wide range of applications for chemical sensing technologies are now possible, from electrochemical analysis to biological measures to environmental monitoring and industrial management. Chemical sensing of contaminants is becoming a more relevant area of research due to the pressure of environmental regulations and public knowledge of the challenges. For detecting tiny amounts of airborne pollutants, there is currently a demand for equipment with\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003einexpensive arrangements. Additionally, single-use sensors are required for usage in cross-contamination-prone environments and medical analysis. Polymer-based semiconductor sensors, or chemiresistors, are the subject of great study because of their benefits in simple processing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOwing to a variety of residential and commercial applications, including the food industry, medical diagnosis, public safety, environmental pollution monitoring, and agriculture, gas sensors are of great interest. High sensitivity for low gas concentrations, superior gas selectivity, quick reaction times, and low cost are required of a gas sensor. Additionally, the capacity to operate at ambient temperature, use minimal electricity, and be portable are all very desirable [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConducting polymers (CP\u0026rsquo;s) have emerged as attractive possibilities for chemiresistive sensors in sensor technology. By employing the right mix of nanoparticles during the nano-structuring process, the act of CP\u0026rsquo;s as chemiresistive sensors may be significantly customized. The CP\u0026rsquo;s outstanding sensing capabilities at ambient temperature make them ideal for gas-sensing applications. Therefore, it may be easy to maintain a balance between operating temperature and gas detection capabilities by developing energy-efficient sensors based on conducting polymer nanocomposites [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne of the better-conducting polymers frequently employed in sensor development is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate), or (PEDOT:PSS). Its poor structural and chemical characteristics, however, continue to pose significant challenges and limit its effectiveness in real-world settings [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Because of its excellent electrical conductivity, low redox potential, high transparency, and good processability, PEDOT:PSS is a conjugated polymer (a combination of two ionomers) that is frequently used as the dynamic material in bendable and printed electronics. Its poor structural and chemical qualities continue to be the principal barriers preventing its implementation in several practical applications [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn comparison to rigid metallic oxides, flexible electrode materials made of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and its complex with poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT-PSS) are the most promising among the many CP\u0026rsquo;s. Due to its adjustable electrical conductivity, optical transparency in visible series, ability to create vast area devices, high flexibility, stretchability, etc., has been widely employed in research labs. Among the attractive applications for PEDOT-PSS are antistatic coatings, transistors, LEDs, photovoltaic (PV), batteries, displays, supercapacitors, sensors, and thermoelectric generators [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. The resistance and temperature sensitivity of the PEDOT:PSS ink both appeared to be significantly influenced by the substrate. The photo paper coating's NaCl content, which interacts with the PEDOT:PSS to produce this effect, is most likely to blame. PP substrate coatings frequently contain salt and NaCl. Cl has been demonstrated to have several impacts on PEDOT:PSS in the past. It is specifically claimed that Cl promotes a quicker agglomeration. It is rational to assume that the PEDOT particles on PP will likely become closely packed and compacted in the Z-direction, increasing the quantity of PSS grain boundaries, if salt in the PP coating leads to a quicker agglomeration of PEDOT particles and at a similar period solvent absorption is greater than on glass or bond paper. The resistivity and temperature sensitivity will eventually rise as a result [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDue to graphene\u0026rsquo;s distinctive characteristics, including a large surface area, high electrical conductivity, high mechanical strength, and admirable electron transfer rate [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Recently, graphene (G), a unique carbon nanostructure with a two-dimensional lattice structure arranged in a thick honeycomb, has gained great potential for use in a variety of fields, such as flexible electronics, batteries, solar cells, supercapacitors, gas, nanoelectronics, and chemical sensors. [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10 CR11 CR12\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. As a result, graphene has recently been characterized for use in a diversity of electrical applications and recently integrated by various means into PEDOT:PSS. For instance, Wisitsoraat A \u003cem\u003eet. al.\u003c/em\u003e used a high-quality graphene-PEDOT nanocomposite film for biosensing applications by electrochemically reducing graphene oxide while simultaneously electrodepositing PEDOT on a glassy carbon electrode [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGraphene-based gas or vapor sensors have received a lot of interest recently because of their distinct detecting capabilities, room-temperature operating conditions, range of practicable designs, and limitless potential applications. For many different applications, graphene-based sensors have developed quickly during the last few decades. One of the utmost vital challenges in the areas of environmental protection, medical diagnostics, agriculture, and industrial manufacturing, etc. is humidity measuring [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen it comes to gas/vapor adsorption, intrinsic graphene is problematic since it lacks dangling bonds, which would improve target molecule chemisorption on the graphene surface. Polymers, metals, or other appropriate modifiers must thus be used to functionalize graphene [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Target species adsorption is facilitated by the functionalizing material\u0026rsquo;s thin coating, which results in a localized shift in electrical resistance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. The conductivity of graphene changes as it comes into contact with the target species (gas or vapor), much like the sensing principle of common semiconducting metal oxides. The detecting species function as transient dopants in the graphene layer, altering its localized electronic concentration and so adding holes (as with H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO and NO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) or electrons (as with NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and CO).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis presented work is a novel, previously unexplored ink composition preparation, wherein the ink application technique is straightforward and generic. Additionally, building the sensing chamber is a simple process, and all experiments on gas sensing are conducted frequently and reveal no significant changes at room temperature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study reports the detection of ammonia in a chemiresistive based composite of PEDOT:PSS/G film created using an inkjet printer on glossy paper. A multimeter was utilized to quantify the change in resistance during the sensing research, which was conducted in an acrylic chamber.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study presents a comparative analysis using different PEDOT:PSS/G concentrations in the ink, such as 0.2%, 1%, and 5%, throughout the ink manufacturing process. Several gases, including acetonitrile, propanol, butanol, benzene, methanol, and ammonia, were investigated to examine selectivity. This paper demonstrates that NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e are the main ammonium groups in the ammonia gas produced by an ammonia water bubble system and that while there is weak contact between graphene with NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e molecules, NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e molecules are the best candidates for molecular doping of graphene. Ammonia gas sensitivity was investigated at different concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 parts per million.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. MATERIALS AND METHOD","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Materials\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe PEDOT:PSS (1% Poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)- poly(styrenesulfonate), high-conductive grade) was bought from Aldrich Chemicals. Graphene powder (GPN type 1), Diethylene Glycol (extrapure AR, 99%), and Dimethyl Sulphoxide (DMSO, extrapure AR) were acquired from SRL Chemicals, along with graphene powder (GPN type 1). From KUC Ltd, ethanol (absolute alcohol) was bought. Neelam Enterprise sold Nylon membrane Whattman filters (0.45 m, 47 mm) for filtering. All experiments utilized milli-Q grade water.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Preparation of ink\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe PEDOT:PSS (8 ml) was dissolved in DMSO (2 ml) to create the graphene-based PEDOT:PSS ink. In this solution, 0.5% graphene powder [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] was mixed and put into a bath sonicator at room temperature for two hours. Different ink concentrations (0.2%, 1%, and 5% of PEDOT:PSS and Graphene) are obtained from this solution. The mixture contains 24 wt% of distilled water, 8 wt% ethanol, 30 wt% glycerol, and 38 wt% diethylene glycol. The final solution kept at room temperature for 24 hours with continues stirred. Later the produced solution was subjected to ultrasonication for an hour at room temperature to prevent agglomeration. To get rid of bigger particles after sonication, the solution was vacuum-filtered with Whatman filter paper. The ink mixture was kept in the refrigerator in a sealed vial.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA shear-thinning behavior of the ink is advantageous because it is necessary for the ink to readily run over the printing nozzles under the applied pressure to have a good flow ability at the printing shear rate. When extruded from moving nozzles, our viscosity of ~\u0026thinsp;11.42 cP at a surface tension of ~\u0026thinsp;37.74 mN/m is high enough for extrusion printing to produce fine lines on printing surfaces.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Fabrication of Graphene in PEDOT: PSS ink sensor\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe glossy paper (GP) was printed with polymeric inks of G and PEDOT:PSS using an HP commercial inkjet printer, model DeskJet2332. The ink, sponge, and internal filter were taken from the original cartridge after opening it. A thorough cleaning using methanol and deionized water was done to get rid of any traces of commercial ink [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. After printing the 2 x 2 cm square, it was used for sensing after a brief period of drying. The thickness of the inkjet-printed film is adjusted by changing the quantity of printed layers. Each sensor costs less than one euro cent, and the printing system is around \u0026euro;50 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. GAS SENSING CHAMBER","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe schematic diagram of the gas-detecting test system is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. A 13.5 L acrylic chamber with a sensor inside of it was used. In the chamber, there are three ports: one for vacuum generation, one for gas entry, and one for gas outflow. A simple multimeter (Fluke) was used to measure the sensor resistance. The chamber measurements are 30 cm, 30 cm, and 15 cm in length, breadth, and height, respectively. The response and selectivity of the sensors were evaluated using the conventional flow-through method for methanol, ammonia, benzene, butanol, propanol, and acetonitrile. All tests were carried out at room temperature (26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2 \u0026ordm;C).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Characterization","content":"\u003cp\u003eUV-Vis spectroscopic observations were carried out using the JASCO V-670 spectrophotometer. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) measurements were performed in the JASCO 4600. A Bruker AXS D8 was utilized by the Central University of Gujarat to perform X-ray diffraction measurements. Tensiometer measurements were performed at SVNIT in Surat using a Kruss scientific K9. The Fluke 117 TRUE RMS multimeter was used to monitor resistance variations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eUV\u0026ndash;visible spectrometry shows the \u0026pi;-\u0026pi;* transitions in graphene and PEDOT: PSS as illustrated in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e(a). It is evident from the Figures that there are two peaks present at 205 and 278 nm due to PSS containing an aromatic ring [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. The peak at 205 nm is caused by the bonding to antibonding, or \u0026pi;-\u0026pi;*, transition of the aromatic rings, whereas the peak at ~\u0026thinsp;278 nm is caused by the bonding to nonbonding, or \u0026pi;\u0026ndash;n, transition [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Graphene\u0026apos;s wide absorption band at ~\u0026thinsp;268 nm is ascribed to the aromatic C-C bond or \u0026pi;-\u0026pi;* transitions [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. Two peaks at 254 nm and 260 nm in the UV\u0026ndash;visible absorption spectra of PEDOT: PSS are seen, which correspond to the aromatic ring\u0026rsquo;s distinctive absorption bands in PSS [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. In the G-PEDOT:PSS composite, the aromatic ring absorption peaks of PSS are red-shifted and superimposed over the broad graphene absorption band. These findings point to a \u0026pi;-\u0026pi; electron donor\u0026ndash;acceptor interaction between graphene and PEDOT:PSS as well as graphene blending in the PEDOT:PSS composite [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. General relations are used to determine the band gap (E\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e) where, E\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e from UV-visible absorbance spectra of the synthetic ink solution, an absorption peak as illustrated in equation no. 1 is revealed. Where the band-band transition is responsible for the dramatic increase in absorption.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere B is a constant linked to the real masses of charge carriers related to the valence and conduction bands, h is Planck\u0026rsquo;s constant, v is frequency of vibration, \u0026alpha; is a absorbance coefficient, and n is equal to either 1/2 or 2, depending on whether the shift is direct or indirect. The G-based Ink taut plot is shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e(b). The plot\u0026apos;s nature makes two intercepts for =\u0026thinsp;0 at ~\u0026thinsp;3.45 and 4.59 eV, which correspond to the bandgap range of G-based PEDOT:PSS ink [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eXRD results show a downshift in (002) diffraction of the G from 2\u0026theta; of ~\u0026thinsp;28.9 is shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e(d) [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. For PEDOT:PSS, two separate peaks were seen at 2\u0026theta; equal to ~\u0026thinsp;17.0\u0026deg; and ~\u0026thinsp;24.1\u0026deg;, which corresponds to the distances needed for the inter-chain packing of the pseudo-orthorhombic crystal structure and face-to-face interchain stacking of thiophene rings, respectively [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. The characteristic properties of the PEDOT:PSS, indicate revealed the graphene sheets coated with PSS were very dispersible in PEDOT:PSS [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn inkjet-printed G/PEDOT:PSS composites, the three layers were examined using FTIR spectroscopy, whose results are shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e(c). The carboxyl stretching vibration modes of C-O, C-OH, C-C stretching, O-H deformation, and C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O are responsible for the peaks located at 1095, 1224, 1338, 1412, and 1713 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in the graphene FTIR spectrum [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. From the PEDOT:PSS, the S-phenyl bonds in sulfonic acid are detected at 1010, 1039, and 1060 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, C-O-C stretching vibration peaks are found at 1263 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, and C-S bonds in the thiophene ring are found.021 at 705, 858, and 946 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, the thiophene ring\u0026apos;s C-C stretching vibration peak at 1521 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and the C-O bonding peak at 1126 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for PEDOT:PSS is marginally moved to 1519 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 1120 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for G\u0026ndash;PEDOT: PSS.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe FTIR spectra of a G-PEDOT:PSS sensing film show a small red shift due to electron delocalization from aromatic rings of PSS and C-O bonds to the \u0026pi;-clouds of graphene, indicating \u0026pi;-\u0026pi; interactions between the two materials. When fixed in a PEDOT:PSS matrix, PEDOT:PSS polymer chains adsorb to the graphene surface, allowing for intercalation between layers. An extra C-O carbonyl stretching peak indicates successful hybridization. Graphene\u0026apos;s wide absorption band at 268 nm, is ascribed to the aromatic C-C bond \u0026pi;-\u0026pi; transitions [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. Two peaks at 254 nm and 260 nm in the UV\u0026ndash;visible absorption spectra of PEDOT:PSS are seen, which match the characteristic absorption bands of the aromatic rings in PSS [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. In the G-PEDOT:PSS composite, the aromatic ring absorption peaks of PSS are red-shifted and superimposed over the broad graphene absorption band. These findings point to a \u0026pi;-\u0026pi; electron donor\u0026ndash;acceptor interaction between graphene and PEDOT:PSS as well as graphene blending in the PEDOT:PSS composite [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProperties of ink like viscosity, surface tension, and particle size have a big impact on printed electronics. Viscosity is a vital element that regulates the flow through the printer nozzle. Because of high rates of flow and tiny nozzle sizes, the fluids operate in a zone of high shear rates. Viscosity has an impact on how ink is injected into the print head\u0026apos;s ink chamber as well. It affects drop development, substrate contact, and drop as well as satellite formation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe resistance to flow at a specific shear rate is shown by the viscosity of the ink. Even if an ink\u0026apos;s viscosity may be altered, it may be challenging to preserve similar electrical properties [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. As the solvent evaporates, the ink\u0026apos;s viscosity increases, whereas it decreases as the temperature rises [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. The solvent from the ink can be used to change the liquid\u0026apos;s viscosity. Additionally, the ink\u0026apos;s viscosity decreases when the dispersant concentration is raised [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe surface tension and viscosity of the produced ink are displayed in Table No. 1 as results. The ink had a viscosity between ~\u0026thinsp;9 and 15 cP and a total surface tension between 36 and 40 mN/m, permitting the dimensionless figure of merit, which is used to characterize the drop behavior in the DOD (drop on demand) printing technology; it thus displayed well-suited rheological features for optimal jetting performance and printing effects [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe surface tension of the ink, which also affects how the ink interacts with the substrate, is what causes droplet formation [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. Compared to polar liquids, nonpolar liquids frequently exhibit lower surface tension. Raising the temperature or adding more solids to an ink can lower its surface tension [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eViscosity and surface tension of ink.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS. No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eViscosity (cP)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSurface tension (mN/m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2% ink\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1% ink\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5% ink\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are remarkable structural and topographical parallels between the AFM and SEM pictures displayed in Figs. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The ink\u0026apos;s solvent, such as ethanol, volatilizes during the ink droplet\u0026apos;s deposition process on the paper substrate, causing the ink to condense and producing nanoscale roughness. Prepared inks completely cover glossy paper, as seen in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe dimensions of all images are 5 \u0026micro;m\u0026times;5 \u0026micro;m.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigures \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e demonstrate how the ink substantially screened the nanopores on the top surface and how, for number (n)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1\u0026ndash;5, the ink composition homogenized with increasing printing numbers, resulting in an excellent conductive coating. For PEDOT:PSS/G based ink, the average area roughnesses ranged from 56 to 288 nm [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSEM pictures of both unprinted and inkjet-printed materials were acquired to see if inkjet printing has affected the morphology of the papers. Shiny papers have inherent microscale porosity and structure, as seen in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The roughness of inkjet printed materials was much higher than that of virgin paper. Interestingly, filter sheets with nanostructured roughness are produced by inkjet printing a hydrophilic precursor. AFM investigations also revealed that increasing the printing pass of the hydrophilic precursor causes more fractures to form [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. GAS SENSING","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe selectivity of the sensor was studied by exposing PEDOT:PSS/G to several analytes at 1000 ppm, such as acetonitrile (C\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eN), benzene (C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e), butanol (C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eO), methanol (CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH), ammonia (NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), and propanol (C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eO), as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA detailed breakdown of the gas response of the 0.2%, 1%, and 5% PEDOT:PSS/G inks for 1000 ppm concentrations of NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH, C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eO, C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eO, C\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eN, and C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e is shown in Table no. 2. It was found that the sensor was specifically selective to NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e gas.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGas responses in the percentage of flexible printed PEDOT:PSS/G to various gases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. No.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGases\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.2% Ink\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1% Ink\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e5% Ink\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePropanol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.513\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.666\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.790\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eButanol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.955\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.895\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBenzene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.985\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.566\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e4.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.328\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.377\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.495\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e5.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethanol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.268\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.555\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.484\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e6.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmmonia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.776\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.177\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.708\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e6.1 The impact on the number of printing layers\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe initial resistance and response to NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e of the sensor were significantly influenced by the thickness of the PEDOT: PSS film. It is simple to manage the film thickness by adjusting the number of printing cycles. Increasing the amount of printing ink utilized, as seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. Cycles considerably reduced the PEDOT:PSS/G film resistance. From one to five printing cycles, the resistivity of the pure PEDOT: PSS/G ink significantly dropped from 20 MΩ to 9 MΩ for 0.2%ink, 30 MΩ to 14 MΩ for 1%ink, and 29 MΩ to 11 MΩ for 5% ink..\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe influence on the resistance of the printed films was reduced as the number of printing cycles rose, preventing a rise in film resistance. The number of printing cycles, as opposed to film resistances, reveals a distinct shifting pattern in how PEDOT: PSS/G films respond. The reactivity of the PEDOT: PSS/G film reduced with increasing printing cycles. After three printing cycles, the PEDOT: PSS film responded favorably to NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e at 20\u0026deg;C [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e6.2 Ammonia gas sensing\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe static gas sensing response of PEDOT:PSS/G for various concentrations of 0.2%, 1%, and 5% for NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e gas at 1, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 ppm is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e (a), (b), and (c), respectively. When sensors are exposed to NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, their resistance diminishes, but when the NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e is removed from the environment, it returns to its initial value. The NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e molecule adsorption and desorption on the sensing films may be the source of the resistance-changing behaviours. In the next part, we'll go over the details of the graphene-PEDOT:PSS gas sensor's detecting system.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe flexible printed G-PEDOT:PSS gas sensors estimated average response times at various concentrations are 11.3, 14.3, and 10.3 minutes, respectively. The total time required to achieve the largest potential total resistance change is known as the response time. Additionally, the resistance of the G-PEDOT:PSS gas sensor nearly return to its previous value during the first minute of exposure to the open atmosphere. The PEDOT:PSS/G gas sensor's delayed reaction and recovery may be caused by the gas molecule\u0026rsquo;s poor diffusion across the surface of the sensing films and shallow penetration into those surfaces. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e displays the ink response percentage for ammonia gas concentrations\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResponse in the percentage of various inks for ammonia gas concentration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. No.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eConcentration\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(ppm)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eResponse (%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.2% Ink\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1% Ink\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e5% Ink\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.743\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.311\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.692\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.288\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.535\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.604\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.586\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.585\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e4.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.362\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.866\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.457\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e5.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.601\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.404\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e6.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.911\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe following equation was used to determine how well NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e gas affected the sensing response of PEDOT:PSS/G sensors:\u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:Response\\:percentage=\\left({R}_{a}-{R}_{g}\\right)\u0026divide;{R}_{a}\\times\\:100\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\left(2\\right)\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere R\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e represents the resistance of the PEDOT:PSS/G sensor in air and R\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e the resistance of the sensor in the existence of the target gas.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e6.3 Sensing Mechanism\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe PEDOT:PSS typically has a core-shell grain-like structure, with the insulating and negatively charged PSS serving as the shell and the positively charged and conductive PEDOT serving as the core. When PEDOT:PSS is modified with graphene, the positively charged PEDOT chain adheres to the surface and causes the PEDOT and PSS chains to phase separate, increasing the number of active sites available to the analyte for effective interaction. The PEDOT:PSS/G responds to NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e very effectively. The following is the potential sensing reaction mechanism, which is illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e. The PEDOT:PSS/G is a p-type semiconductor that can receive electrons and has a majority of charge carriers in the form of holes (h\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e). The primary way that NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e affects the sensing film's resistance is through the competing interactions between ammonia and water molecules.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn actuality, hydrogen bonds allow ammonia water to exist in clusters [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e]. The weak Van der Waals contacts and negligible charge transfer in the H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO-PEDOT:PSS/G system and NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e-PEDOT:PSS/G system results in little Fermi level shifts between molecules and PEDOT:PSS/G alone. An efficient method of molecularly doping graphene is by the reaction with NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e. The Fermi level of the NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e loaded system shifts to reside within the conduction band when one NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e group is attached for every 18 carbon atoms. Or to put it another way, NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e physisorbed impurities serve as potent donors for the graphene basal plane [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe interaction of the NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026bull;H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO and NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026bull;2H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO groups with PEDOT:PSS/G sheets shows that the clusters desorb more easily from graphene films than the NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e group does. The ammonia molecules produced by an ammonia water bubble system were firmly adsorbed onto the PEDOT:PSS/G sheets, but they were only partially adsorbed onto intrinsic graphene due to their low binding energy and large distance between them. A significant quantity of shallow donor states are introduced into the system via a strong link formed by ammonium (NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) and graphene. The ammonia-water cluster was produced by ammonium and water molecules and it exhibits poor adhesion to graphene sheets. The NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e chemical groups and the NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e molecules are excellent candidates for doping graphene with molecules. The NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e molecules do, however, just barely interact with graphene [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe nature of NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e molecules alters when water molecules are present. Water molecule\u0026rsquo;s movement is frequently restricted by the ammonia molecule\u0026rsquo;s higher reactivity, which reduces their ionization. However, in a more water-rich environment, after the first layer of surface adsorption, the adsorbed water and ammonia molecules on the composite surface breakdown and ionize, releasing ions that facilitate electron conduction and decrease resistance [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR51\" citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e]. The potential dissociates ionization process that took place at the sensor surface is shown by Eq.\u0026nbsp;(3\u0026ndash;5).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater molecules adsorb on the sensitive film, causing the autoionization process of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO to produce H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions and OH\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e ions to protonate with additional H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO molecules to produce H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions, which enhances the protonic conditions and lower resistance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e is introduced, condensation forms on the sensing film, and the lone pair on the adsorption interaction between PEDOT:PSS/G and NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e is activated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sensitive film's ability to absorb H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO allows it to break down NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and form less conducting, bulky NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e and R-O\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e ions, which have a lower resistance than water molecules in the proton transfer reaction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a result, the three aforementioned factors are to blame for the reduction in sensor resistance [52\u0026ndash;54].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"7. CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eAs a conclusion of this study, we can state that the response of ammonia sensors fabricated by using an ink-based sensing film of PEDOT:PSS and graphene on glossy paper effect exhibits high ammonia sensing properties. We synthesized PEDOT:PSS/Graphene ink, where PEDOT:PSS is a core-shell grain-like semiconductor with a negatively charged PSS as the shell and a positively charged PEDOT as the core. When modified with graphene, the positively charged PEDOT chain adheres to the surface, increasing the number of active sites for effective interaction. The PEDOT:PSS/G responds effectively to NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e through competing interactions between ammonia and water molecules, as compared to acetonitrile, benzene, butanol, methanol, ammonia, and propanol. The presence of water molecules lowers the composite resistance, as they adsorb on the sensitive film, produce H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions, and activate the lone pair on the adsorption interaction. The manufactured gas sensor's sensitivity, selectivity, and repeatability were further demonstrated by the sensing findings. As a result, the PEDOT:PSS/G platform is regarded as a reliable, long-term solution for NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e detection. A temperature-sensitive gas-detecting chamber will make it feasible to do further research on the impacts of temperature.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":" \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePEDOT:PSS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epoly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConducting Polymers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGraphene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePEDOT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epoly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eglossy paper\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUV-Vis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUltra Violet Visible range\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFTIR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFourier Transform Infrared\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eXRD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eX-ray diffraction measurements\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSVNIT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDOD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrop on Demand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAFM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtomic Force Microscope\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScanning Electron Microscope\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMΩ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMega Ohm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCONFLICT OF INTEREST\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are no conflicts of interest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFUNDING\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDECLARING\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eP.Chhapia has conducted the research work and wrote the main article and H.Patel has given the idea of research and prepared charts. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors are grateful to Mr. Himanshu Rawat at Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar for assistance in X-ray diffraction measurement and Dr. Ketan Kuperkar at Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat for assistance in surface tension measurement.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTan, M.J., Owh, C., Chee, P.L., Kyaw, A.K.K., Kai, D. and Loh, X.J., 2016. Biodegradable electronics: cornerstone for sustainable electronics and transient applications. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, \u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e(24), pp.5531\u0026ndash;5558.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZeng, X., Yang, C., Chiang, J.F. and Li, J., 2017. Innovating e-waste management: From macroscopic to microscopic scales. 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The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, \u003cem\u003e119\u003c/em\u003e(40), pp.23052\u0026ndash;23058.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-nanoparticle-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nano","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Nanoparticle Research](http://link.springer.com/journal/11051)","snPcode":"11051","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11051/3","title":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Graphene, Ink, Printing Technique, Resistance, Multimeter, Gas Sensor","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4787807/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4787807/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study reveals the fabrication of a gas sensor with a PEDOT:PSS/Graphene ink composite as an active layer on glossy paper. The glossy paper was chosen as the substrate material due to its low cost and easy availability. PEDOT:PSS/Graphene ink was synthesized by simple mixing of PEDOT:PSS and Graphene solution in the presences of distilled water, ethanol, glycerol, and diethylene glycol and was then sonicated and stirred at room temperatures, and characterized by FTIR, UV, XRD, AFM, and SEM. The sensitivities of the gas sensors concerning acetonitrile, propanol, butanol, benzene, methanol, and ammonia analytes were investigated by measuring the change in resistance using conventional multi-meter at room temperature. The results exhibited that the composite\u0026rsquo;s response to ammonia change is stable and can well measure concentration. The results showed that the sensors show promising responses with \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1% reading error with a high response percentage.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Chemi-resistive sensor for ammonia using inkjet printing of G/PEDOT:PSS composite at room temperature","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-22 18:47:58","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4787807/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-08-20T17:01:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-08-19T07:26:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"333248968399569458464162720542534666668","date":"2024-08-19T03:39:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-08-18T15:23:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-08-17T04:01:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"243171748427572221794008494482635735130","date":"2024-08-09T15:59:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"69174723757363675424651529725004075633","date":"2024-08-09T10:45:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"277571279369393221505234991205604518040","date":"2024-08-08T06:33:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"204219370163490331790541611625416061038","date":"2024-08-07T10:36:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-08-07T10:23:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-07-29T20:17:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-07-29T01:28:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","date":"2024-07-23T10:16:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-nanoparticle-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nano","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Nanoparticle Research](http://link.springer.com/journal/11051)","snPcode":"11051","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11051/3","title":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2f9982e0-979f-4875-ad77-2b1c42433f43","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 22nd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-10-21T16:07:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4787807","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-024-06152-7","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-nanoparticle-research","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research"},"publishedOn":"2024-10-17 15:56:57","publishedOnDateReadable":"October 17th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-22 18:47:58","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11051-024-06152-7","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-024-06152-7","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4787807","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4787807","identity":"rs-4787807","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}