Physical Properties of Rocks and Their Relationships to the Thermal Conductivity Coefficient

Physical Properties of Rocks and Their Relationships to the Thermal Conductivity Coefficient | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Physical Properties of Rocks and Their Relationships to the Thermal Conductivity Coefficient Hakan ELÇİ, Müjgan Şalk, Coşkun Sarı This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4264026/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The thermal conductivity coefficient is an important physical feature of rocks that determines the rate at which heat is transported through a specific rock type. It is a measure of a rock's ability to conduct heat and is determined by a variety of physical characteristics. The relationship between a rock's physical qualities and its thermal conductivity coefficient is complex since it varies based on rock type, mineral composition, porosity, moisture content, and temperature Because ultrasonic techniques are nondestructive and simple to use, VP-wave velocity measurements are utilized both in situ and in the laboratory to explain the dynamic characteristics of rocks. Several factors influence the seismic properties of rock types, including density, grain size and shape, porosity, direction dependency, pore water, clay concentration, compression pressure, and temperature. A rock's acoustic V P -wave velocity is closely related to its velocity in its natural environment, which represents the intact rock's characteristics, structure, and texture. Research has demonstrated that the thermal conductivity of porous rock is primarily determined by its porosity, mineral composition, the presence of fluids filling the pores, and the temperature and pressure of the surrounding environment. Porosity and thermal conductivity impact fluid-rock interactions and define building materials. Physical qualities such as porosity and thermal conductivity coefficient are essential factors in determining the quality of building blocks. In this work, the thermal conductivity coefficient, VP wave velocity, porosity, density, pressure resistance, and other properties of rocks were assessed using laboratory measurements of the thermal conductivity coefficient and acoustic VP wave velocity. The correlations among physical properties were investigated. Thermal conductivity coefficient Sonic VP-wave velocity porosity density Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Introduction Thermal conductivity is a critical parameter in determining subsurface temperature and in calculating heat flux. Many factors influence internal and external factors such as rock thermal conductivity, mineralogical composition, texture, grain size, degree of crystallization, porosity, density, pressure, cracks, fluid nature, and fluid saturation (Harmathy 1970 ; Fayette et al. 2000 ; Sevostianov 2006 ; Goutorbe et al. 2006 ; Singh et al. 2007 ; Vaferi et al. 2014 ; Gitifar et al. 2014 ). Many scholars have investigated the thermal conductivity, porosity, and velocity of P- and S-waves in various rocks. investigated the correlations among factors (El Sayed 2011 , Haffen et al. 2013 ). In this study, the relationships between thermal conductivity, bulk density, porosity and V P wave velocity were examined. Porosity controls the thermal conductivity of a rock due to its dependence on grain size. As the grain size increases, the thermal conductivity decreases. On the other hand, as the porosity increases, the thermal conductivity decreases. Another determining parameter of thermal conductivity is bulk density. As the density increases, the thermal conductivity increases. Materials and Methods The rocks measured/examined within the scope of this study are of different types and were taken and examined from different parts of Turkey. The lithology of the rocks used in the study and the locations of the rock/concrete samples are given in Table 1 and Fig. 1 . To determine their physical properties, these rock samples were arranged in three pieces with dimensions of 3x5x7 cm according to TS EN 1936. For each measurement, the samples were first dried in a natural state, then saturated with water by soaking in water for 48 hours, and finally dried in an oven at 105°C for 24 hours to remove moisture. Thermal conductivity, porosity and sonic V P wave velocity measurements were carried out on 23 samples, 3 from each sample, as shown in Fig. 2 . Table 1 Lithology and locations of the natural stones (rocks) and concrete used in the study ​Sample No Location Origin Lithology/Rock Type 1 İzmir-Alaçatı Magmatic Extrusive Rocks Tuff 2 İzmir- Foça Tuff 3 İzmir- Foça Tuff 3 Kayseri Andesite 5 Manisa-Muradiye Andesite 6 Manisa-Muradiye Andesite 7 Diyarbakır-Yenişehir Basalt 8 Antalya-Alanya Intrusive Rocks Diabase 9 İzmir-Bergama Granite 10 Burdur-Bucak Sedimentary Travertine 11 Denizli Kaklık Travertine 12 Van-Gülpınar Travertine 13 Burdur-Yeşilova Limestone 14 Antalya-Finike Limestone 15 Kastamonu-Devrakani Limestone 16 Manisa-Saruhanlı Limestone 17 Düzce- Yığılca Limestone 18 Muğla-Milas Metamorphic Marble 19 Muğla-Kavaklıdere Marble 20 İzmir-Aliağa Concrete Concrete/Basalt aggregate 21 İzmir-Karaburun Concrete/Limestone aggregate 22 İzmir-Torbalı Concrete/Floor tile aggregate 23 İzmir-Torbalı Concrete/Wall tile aggregate Bulk (volume) density determination was carried out according to the ISRM method rules. The grain density is taken as the density of the solid component of the sample to be examined. The buoyancy method is used to determine the bulk volume using the Archimedes principle from the difference between the saturated surface dry and saturated-submerged sample weights. The grain mass or the mass of a solid portion of the sample is obtained by oven drying at 105°C. The porosity was calculated from the bulk volume and grain volume using the pollination method. This gives the total porosity. Therefore, the resulting pore volume includes both closed and open pores. The thermal conductivity coefficient “ λ ” is defined as the ratio of the heat flux passing through a unit area in unit time to the gradient in temperature perpendicular to the surface. λ is a vector quantity and is an anisotropy. Its unit is W/m°C in the SI and kcal/cm⋅s °C in the cgs. It is possible to determine the λ values of rocks using different measurement techniques. In this study, a QTM-500 rapid thermal conductivity coefficient measuring instrument, which is based on a fast and highly accurate transient measurement technique, was used. Figure 3 shows the QTM device and sensor. Using the QTM technique, the thermal conductivity coefficient values of the samples were first measured in their natural state, saturated with water and then dried. All samples were measured repeatedly 3 times for the specified conditions, and the average value was taken. The measurements were carried out at room temperature, with an average of 21°C. A Puntid Plus ultrasonic velocity measuring device was used for ultrasonic velocity measurements. To determine the longitudinal wave velocities, 54 kHz piezoelectric transceiver probes were used (Fig. 4 ). The V p -wave velocity of the rock was determined from the propagation time of the signal within the rock sample. The velocities of rocks can be determined by three different methods: direct, semi-indirect and indirect methods. In this study, the impulse conduction technique, an ultrasonic measurement technique, was used. The sonic Vp velocities of the samples were measured under three conditions—natural, water-saturated and water-dried—as in other measurements. In other words, the sonic V p velocities of the samples dried in the oven were measured such that the masses of the samples did not change and were completely free of moisture. If the samples are left at room temperature for a certain period of time (one or 2 days) after incubation, the samples will absorb some moisture from the environment. This causes a small mass difference in the samples due to moisture, such as 0.01%. This is only possible in rocks with very high open porosity. However, this amount of moisture does not cause any change in the sonic V p velocity. Therefore, the sonic V p velocities of the water-saturated and oven-dried samples will be very close to each other or the same. The measured thermal conductivity, sonic V p velocity, density and calculated porosity values are given in Table 2 . Conclusion and Discussion The Vp velocity, thermal conductivity, density and porosity of the rocks were analysed via least squares regression. For each regression, the correlation of the best fit line and the correlation coefficient ( R 2 ) were determined. The relationships between the obtained values were compared and interpreted. The thermal conductivity and Vp velocity are low in rocks with high total porosity; conversely, the thermal conductivity and Vp velocity are high in rocks with low total porosity (Fig. 5 ). The V p velocities in water-saturated tuff rocks (samples no. 1–3) are lower than those in dry tuff rocks, whereas the Vp velocities in andesite, basalt, diabase, granodiorite and travertine (samples no. 4–12) are greater in the water-saturated state. The V p velocities did not change in the dry and water-saturated states in the limestone and concrete samples (samples no. 13–19) (Fig. 6 ). Table 2 Thermal conductivity coefficient and ultrasonic V P wave velocity measured with the QTM-500 and Puntid Plus devices Sample No Measured Water Saturated Vp (km/s) Measured Water Saturated Thermal Conductivity (W/m°C) Measured Dried Vp (km/s) Measured Dried Thermal Conductivity (W/m°C) Density (g/cm 3 ) Total Porosity (%) 1 1,91 0,97 2,18 0,53 2,29 38,88 2 2,16 1,35 2,36 0,97 2,32 28,46 3 1,99 1,77 2,05 0,94 2,49 36,09 4 2,32 1,52 2,24 0,74 2,63 25,06 5 2,86 1,64 2,78 1,36 2,64 16,00 6 3,21 1,67 3,94 1,63 2,61 6,17 7 3,30 1,79 3,13 1,58 2,86 5,79 8 3,18 2,27 2,94 1,87 2,74 3,35 9 3,37 2,78 3,06 2,21 2,71 1,43 10 3,38 2,06 2,87 1,86 2,54 4,85 11 3,37 2,09 3,01 2,01 2,57 3,38 12 3,19 2,07 2,40 1,76 2,58 4,23 13 3,55 2,75 3,55 2,88 2,70 1,88 14 3,20 2,60 3,20 2,57 2,67 7,16 15 3,59 2,43 3,59 2,67 2,70 0,28 16 3,80 2,33 3,80 2,50 2,86 2,61 17 3,55 2,68 3,61 2,57 2,71 4,00 18 3,56 2,84 3,21 2,57 2,78 1,52 19 3,71 2,89 3,34 3,09 2,72 0,27 20 3,42 1,31 3,34 1,13 2,70 13,71 21 3,30 1,92 3,19 1,69 2,68 15,98 22 2,70 1,34 2,70 0,88 2,61 28,65 23 2,25 1,40 2,70 0,65 2,61 36,17 The dry thermal conductivity was greater than the water-saturated thermal conductivity in rock samples such as the No. 13, 15, 16 and 19 limestone and marble (Fig. 7 ). The correlations between the thermal conductivity, sonic velocity, density and porosity measured under dry and water-saturated conditions are shown in Figs. 8 – 17 . The correlation coefficient between the measured water-saturated thermal conductivity and the V p velocity is R 2 = 0.5574, and a positive relationship was found (Fig. 8 ). The correlation coefficient between the measured dry-state thermal conductivity and the V p velocity was R 2 = 0.5171, and a positive relationship was found (Fig. 9 ). The correlation coefficient between the Vp velocity measured in the water-saturated state and the density is R 2 = 0.5764, and a positive relationship was found (Fig. 10 ). The correlation coefficient between the Vp velocity measured in the dry state and the density was R 2 = 0.485, and a weak positive relationship was found (Fig. 11 ). The correlation coefficient between the measured water-saturated thermal conductivity and the actual density is R 2 = 0.3516, and a very weak positive relationship was found (Fig. 12 ). The correlation coefficient between the measured water-saturated thermal conductivity and the actual density is R 2 = 0.3576, and a very weak positive relationship was found (Fig. 13 ). The correlation coefficient between the measured water-saturated V p velocity and total porosity is R 2 = 0.881, and a strong negative relationship was found (Fig. 14 ). The correlation coefficient between the measured dried V p velocity and total porosity is R 2 = 0.5346, and a negative relationship was found (Fig. 15 ). The correlation coefficient between the measured water-saturated state thermal conductivity and total porosity was R 2 = 0.6401, and a negative relationship was found (Fig. 16 ). The correlation coefficient between the measured dry-state thermal conductivity and total porosity was R 2 = 0.7635, and a strong negative relationship was found (Fig. 17 ). The results obtained in the study showed that, as in Clauser and Huenges ( 1995 ), the thermal conductivity of a porous rock depends mainly on the mineralogical composition, the porosity of the rock, the presence of liquids filling the pores, and the ambient temperature and pressure. Porosity and thermal conductivity play important roles in determining the transport properties of fluid‒rock interactions and in characterizing building materials. The figures show that the V p and mass density are directly proportional to the thermal conductivity and porosity. The dry and saturated thermal conductivities of the total rock samples were measured. The saturated thermal conductivities of the samples vary between 0.97 and 2.89 W/m °C. The thermal conductivities of the dry samples vary between 0.53 and 3.09 W/m °C. The results obtained for the measurement of the Vp -wave velocities of dry samples vary between 2.05 and 3.8 km/s, and the V p -wave velocities of water-saturated samples vary between 1.91 and 3.80 km/s. These results were found to be compatible with the literature (Boulanouar et al. 2012 ; Clauser & Huenges 1995 ). Declarations Conflict of interest: The authors co-contributed to the preparation of the article. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest between each other. Author Contribution H. E. tested the material features of the rocks and measured the Vp wave velocity. M. Ş. and C.S. calculated the thermal conductivity coefficients of the studied rocks and helped write the report.All authors reviewed the manuscript. References Boulanouar A Rahmouni A Boukalouch M Géraud Y El Amrani I El Hassani I Harnafi M Sebbani MJE (2012) Corrélation entre la Vitesse d’Onde P et la Conductivité Thermique des Matériaux Hétérogènes et Poreux, MA- TEC Web of Conferences, 2(05004):1-7. Clauser C Huenges E (1995) Thermal Conductivity of Rocks and Minerals, In: T. J. Ahrens, Ed. Rock Physics & Phase Relations: A Handbook of Physical Constants, AGU Ref. Shelf, 3:105-126. El Sayed AMA (2011) Thermophysical study of sandstone reservoir rocks, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 76:38–147. Fayette S Smith DSA Martin C (2000) Influence of grain size on the thermal conductivity of tin oxide ceramics, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 20(3):297-302. Gitifar V Abbasi A Setoodeh P Poursadegh M Sahebnazar Z Alamdari A (2014) Modelling and analysis of the thermal conductivities of air saturated sandstone, quartz and limestone using computational intelligence, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 83:45-55. Goutorbe B Lucazeau FA Bonneville A (2006) Using neural networks to predict thermal conductivity from geophysical well logs, Geophys. J. Int 166(1):115-125. Haffen S Géraud Y Diraison M Dezayes C (2013) Determination of fluid-flow zones in a geothermal sandstone reservoir using thermal conductivity and temperature logs, Geothermics, 46:32-41. Harmathy TZ (1970) Thermal properties of concrete at elevated temperatures, Journal of Materials, 5(1):47-74. ISRM. Committee on Laboratory Tests (1972) Suggested methods for determining water content, porosity, density, absorption and related properties, Int J Rock Mech Min Sci & Geomech. Abstr p.12. TS EN 1936, 2007. Natural Stone Test Methods-Determination of Real Density and Apparent Density, and of Total and Open Porosity. Turkish Standards Institution, Ankara, Türkiye. Sevostianov I (2006) Thermal conductivity of a material containing cracks of arbitrary shape, International Journal of Engineering Science, 44:513–528. Singh TN Sinha S Singh VK (2007) Prediction of Thermal Conductivity of Rock Through Physico-Mechanical Properties, Building and Environment, 42(1):146-155. Vaferi B Gitifar V Darvishi P Mowla D (2014) Modeling and analysis of effective thermal conductivity of sandstone at high pressure and temperature using optimal artificial neural networks, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering , 119:69-78. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4264026","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":291845967,"identity":"60eac233-2c17-4075-b14a-c967e2542d1a","order_by":0,"name":"Hakan 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07:18:37","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":32075,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparative representation of \u003cem\u003ethe\u003c/em\u003e velocity and density of the rock samplesmeasured in the water-saturated state \u003cem\u003eVp\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4264026/v1/b706d5583f5a584ad3163c46.png"},{"id":54889427,"identity":"9a6cab50-9a15-4a2d-aa00-a7e3312c27ea","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-18 07:18:37","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":33168,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparative representation of the \u003cem\u003eVp\u003c/em\u003e velocity and density of the rock samples measured in the dry state.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4264026/v1/2c1c11cc833485efd9c10130.png"},{"id":54889416,"identity":"4e71fa4a-79d7-45ac-8d56-150670395cdf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-18 07:18:37","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":37569,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparative representation of thethermal conductivity and density values of rock samples measured in a water-saturated state.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4264026/v1/05eb8f8b947ff70c90a831e8.png"},{"id":54889420,"identity":"381f47e9-d1ca-4634-a7ad-ee0c01a9a39d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-18 07:18:37","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":34112,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparative representation of thethermal conductivity and density values of the rock samples measured in the dry state.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4264026/v1/d000e151030cb0da0b880574.png"},{"id":54889413,"identity":"1a14a6bd-91bd-474f-8619-c9529c5511b5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-18 07:18:37","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":34204,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparative representation of the measured water saturated \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e velocity and total porosity of the rock samples.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4264026/v1/b982a35ad0fefbe1ae93697d.png"},{"id":54889422,"identity":"87fbcfd2-2322-4903-91d3-4e0ed175efbb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-18 07:18:37","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"Figure 15","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":37274,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparative representation of the measured dry-state \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e velocity and total porosity of the rock samples.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4264026/v1/4b268f4d0a0cc6510b59f931.png"},{"id":54889433,"identity":"a789118a-599f-4675-9aeb-3c7e17603666","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-18 07:18:38","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"Figure 16","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":36959,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparative representation of thethermal conductivity and total porosity of the rock samples measured in the water-saturated state.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4264026/v1/6696947190ec8876e2a09f94.png"},{"id":54889437,"identity":"1dea8358-1ba5-40c9-bf97-5362d1c4be2f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-18 07:18:38","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"Figure 17","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":34382,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparative representation of the dry-state thermal conductivity and total porosity of the rock samples.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4264026/v1/de59bd2e1255e6cdcfe59c96.png"},{"id":72742070,"identity":"4f65a2b4-bf54-4972-be09-6fe49ba62f95","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-01 10:08:29","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4454376,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4264026/v1/a3f08a6b-6981-4b09-bace-cedb63ed4f6d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Physical Properties of Rocks and Their Relationships to the Thermal Conductivity Coefficient","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThermal conductivity is a critical parameter in determining subsurface temperature and in calculating heat flux. Many factors influence internal and external factors such as rock thermal conductivity, mineralogical composition, texture, grain size, degree of crystallization, porosity, density, pressure, cracks, fluid nature, and fluid saturation (Harmathy \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e; Fayette et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Sevostianov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Goutorbe et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Singh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Vaferi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Gitifar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMany scholars have investigated the thermal conductivity, porosity, and velocity of P- and S-waves in various rocks. investigated the correlations among factors (El Sayed \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e, Haffen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, the relationships between thermal conductivity, bulk density, porosity and \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e wave velocity were examined. Porosity controls the thermal conductivity of a rock due to its dependence on grain size. As the grain size increases, the thermal conductivity decreases. On the other hand, as the porosity increases, the thermal conductivity decreases. Another determining parameter of thermal conductivity is bulk density. As the density increases, the thermal conductivity increases.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe rocks measured/examined within the scope of this study are of different types and were taken and examined from different parts of Turkey. The lithology of the rocks used in the study and the locations of the rock/concrete samples are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo determine their physical properties, these rock samples were arranged in three pieces with dimensions of 3x5x7 cm according to TS EN 1936. For each measurement, the samples were first dried in a natural state, then saturated with water by soaking in water for 48 hours, and finally dried in an oven at 105\u0026deg;C for 24 hours to remove moisture. Thermal conductivity, porosity and sonic \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e wave velocity measurements were carried out on 23 samples, 3 from each sample, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLithology and locations of the natural stones (rocks) and concrete used in the study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e​Sample No\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrigin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLithology/Rock Type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eİzmir-Ala\u0026ccedil;atı\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagmatic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtrusive Rocks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTuff\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eİzmir- Fo\u0026ccedil;a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTuff\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eİzmir- Fo\u0026ccedil;a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTuff\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKayseri\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAndesite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManisa-Muradiye\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAndesite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManisa-Muradiye\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAndesite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiyarbakır-Yenişehir\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasalt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntalya-Alanya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntrusive Rocks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiabase\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eİzmir-Bergama\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGranite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurdur-Bucak\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"7\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSedimentary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTravertine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDenizli Kaklık\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTravertine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVan-G\u0026uuml;lpınar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTravertine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurdur-Yeşilova\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimestone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntalya-Finike\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimestone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKastamonu-Devrakani\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimestone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManisa-Saruhanlı\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimestone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u0026uuml;zce- Yığılca\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimestone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuğla-Milas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetamorphic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarble\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuğla-Kavaklıdere\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarble\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eİzmir-Aliağa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcrete\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcrete/Basalt aggregate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eİzmir-Karaburun\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcrete/Limestone aggregate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eİzmir-Torbalı\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcrete/Floor tile aggregate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eİzmir-Torbalı\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcrete/Wall tile aggregate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBulk (volume) density determination was carried out according to the ISRM method rules. The grain density is taken as the density of the solid component of the sample to be examined. The buoyancy method is used to determine the bulk volume using the Archimedes principle from the difference between the saturated surface dry and saturated-submerged sample weights. The grain mass or the mass of a solid portion of the sample is obtained by oven drying at 105\u0026deg;C. The porosity was calculated from the bulk volume and grain volume using the pollination method. This gives the total porosity. Therefore, the resulting pore volume includes both closed and open pores.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe thermal conductivity coefficient \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eλ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; is defined as the ratio of the heat flux passing through a unit area in unit time to the gradient in temperature perpendicular to the surface. \u003cem\u003eλ\u003c/em\u003e is a vector quantity and is an anisotropy. Its unit is W/m\u0026deg;C in the SI and kcal/cm\u0026sdot;s \u0026deg;C in the cgs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is possible to determine the \u003cem\u003eλ\u003c/em\u003e values of rocks using different measurement techniques. In this study, a QTM-500 rapid thermal conductivity coefficient measuring instrument, which is based on a fast and highly accurate transient measurement technique, was used. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the QTM device and sensor.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing the QTM technique, the thermal conductivity coefficient values of the samples were first measured in their natural state, saturated with water and then dried. All samples were measured repeatedly 3 times for the specified conditions, and the average value was taken. The measurements were carried out at room temperature, with an average of 21\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Puntid Plus ultrasonic velocity measuring device was used for ultrasonic velocity measurements. To determine the longitudinal wave velocities, 54 kHz piezoelectric transceiver probes were used (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e-wave velocity of the rock was determined from the propagation time of the signal within the rock sample. The velocities of rocks can be determined by three different methods: direct, semi-indirect and indirect methods. In this study, the impulse conduction technique, an ultrasonic measurement technique, was used.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sonic \u003cem\u003eVp\u003c/em\u003e velocities of the samples were measured under three conditions\u0026mdash;natural, water-saturated and water-dried\u0026mdash;as in other measurements. In other words, the sonic \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e velocities of the samples dried in the oven were measured such that the masses of the samples did not change and were completely free of moisture. If the samples are left at room temperature for a certain period of time (one or 2 days) after incubation, the samples will absorb some moisture from the environment. This causes a small mass difference in the samples due to moisture, such as 0.01%. This is only possible in rocks with very high open porosity. However, this amount of moisture does not cause any change in the sonic \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e velocity. Therefore, the sonic \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e velocities of the water-saturated and oven-dried samples will be very close to each other or the same. The measured thermal conductivity, sonic \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e velocity, density and calculated porosity values are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Conclusion and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eVp\u003c/em\u003e velocity, thermal conductivity, density and porosity of the rocks were analysed via least squares regression. For each regression, the correlation of the best fit line and the correlation coefficient (\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e) were determined.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe relationships between the obtained values were compared and interpreted. The thermal conductivity and \u003cem\u003eVp\u003c/em\u003e velocity are low in rocks with high total porosity; conversely, the thermal conductivity and \u003cem\u003eVp\u003c/em\u003e velocity are high in rocks with low total porosity (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e velocities in water-saturated tuff rocks (samples no. 1\u0026ndash;3) are lower than those in dry tuff rocks, whereas the \u003cem\u003eVp\u003c/em\u003e velocities in andesite, basalt, diabase, granodiorite and travertine (samples no. 4\u0026ndash;12) are greater in the water-saturated state. The \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e velocities did not change in the dry and water-saturated states in the limestone and concrete samples (samples no. 13\u0026ndash;19) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermal conductivity coefficient and ultrasonic \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e wave velocity measured with the QTM-500 and Puntid Plus devices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample No\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasured Water Saturated \u003cem\u003eVp\u003c/em\u003e (km/s)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasured Water Saturated Thermal Conductivity (W/m\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasured Dried \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVp (km/s)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasured Dried \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Thermal Conductivity (W/m\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDensity \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(g/cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Porosity \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38,88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28,46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36,09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25,06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13,71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28,65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36,17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dry thermal conductivity was greater than the water-saturated thermal conductivity in rock samples such as the No. 13, 15, 16 and 19 limestone and marble (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe correlations between the thermal conductivity, sonic velocity, density and porosity measured under dry and water-saturated conditions are shown in Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig17\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe correlation coefficient between the measured water-saturated thermal conductivity and the \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e velocity is R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.5574, and a positive relationship was found (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe correlation coefficient between the measured dry-state thermal conductivity and the \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e velocity was \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.5171, and a positive relationship was found (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe correlation coefficient between the \u003cem\u003eVp\u003c/em\u003e velocity measured in the water-saturated state and the density is \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.5764, and a positive relationship was found (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe correlation coefficient between the \u003cem\u003eVp\u003c/em\u003e velocity measured in the dry state and the density was \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.485, and a weak positive relationship was found (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe correlation coefficient between the measured water-saturated thermal conductivity and the actual density is R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.3516, and a very weak positive relationship was found (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe correlation coefficient between the measured water-saturated thermal conductivity and the actual density is \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.3576, and a very weak positive relationship was found (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe correlation coefficient between the measured water-saturated \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e velocity and total porosity is \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.881, and a strong negative relationship was found (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig14\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe correlation coefficient between the measured dried \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e velocity and total porosity is \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.5346, and a negative relationship was found (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig15\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe correlation coefficient between the measured water-saturated state thermal conductivity and total porosity was \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.6401, and a negative relationship was found (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig16\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe correlation coefficient between the measured dry-state thermal conductivity and total porosity was \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.7635, and a strong negative relationship was found (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig17\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results obtained in the study showed that, as in Clauser and Huenges (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e), the thermal conductivity of a porous rock depends mainly on the mineralogical composition, the porosity of the rock, the presence of liquids filling the pores, and the ambient temperature and pressure. Porosity and thermal conductivity play important roles in determining the transport properties of fluid‒rock interactions and in characterizing building materials.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe figures show that the \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and mass density are directly proportional to the thermal conductivity and porosity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dry and saturated thermal conductivities of the total rock samples were measured. The saturated thermal conductivities of the samples vary between 0.97 and 2.89 W/m \u0026deg;C. The thermal conductivities of the dry samples vary between 0.53 and 3.09 W/m \u0026deg;C. The results obtained for the measurement of the \u003cem\u003eVp\u003c/em\u003e-wave velocities of dry samples vary between 2.05 and 3.8 km/s, and the \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e-wave velocities of water-saturated samples vary between 1.91 and 3.80 km/s. These results were found to be compatible with the literature (Boulanouar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Clauser \u0026amp; Huenges \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eConflict of interest:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors co-contributed to the preparation of the article. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest between each other.\u003c/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eH. E. tested the material features of the rocks and measured the Vp wave velocity. M. Ş. and C.S. calculated the thermal conductivity coefficients of the studied rocks and helped write the report.All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBoulanouar A Rahmouni A Boukalouch M G\u0026eacute;raud Y El Amrani I El Hassani I Harnafi M Sebbani MJE (2012) Corr\u0026eacute;lation entre la Vitesse d\u0026rsquo;Onde P et la Conductivit\u0026eacute; Thermique des Mat\u0026eacute;riaux H\u0026eacute;t\u0026eacute;rog\u0026egrave;nes et Poreux, MA- TEC Web of Conferences, 2(05004):1-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eClauser C Huenges E (1995) Thermal Conductivity of Rocks and Minerals, In: T. J. Ahrens, Ed. Rock Physics \u0026amp; Phase Relations: A Handbook of Physical Constants, AGU Ref. Shelf, 3:105-126.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEl Sayed AMA (2011) Thermophysical study of sandstone reservoir rocks, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 76:38\u0026ndash;147.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFayette S Smith DSA Martin C (2000) Influence of grain size on the thermal conductivity of tin oxide ceramics, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 20(3):297-302.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGitifar V Abbasi A Setoodeh P Poursadegh M Sahebnazar Z Alamdari A (2014) Modelling and analysis of the thermal conductivities of air saturated sandstone, quartz and limestone using computational intelligence, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 83:45-55.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGoutorbe B Lucazeau FA Bonneville A (2006) Using neural networks to predict thermal conductivity from geophysical well logs, Geophys. J. Int 166(1):115-125.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHaffen S G\u0026eacute;raud Y Diraison M Dezayes C (2013) Determination of fluid-flow zones in a geothermal sandstone reservoir using thermal conductivity and temperature logs, Geothermics, 46:32-41.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHarmathy TZ (1970) Thermal properties of concrete at elevated temperatures, Journal of Materials, 5(1):47-74.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eISRM. Committee on Laboratory Tests (1972) Suggested methods for determining water content, porosity, density, absorption and related properties, Int J Rock Mech Min Sci \u0026amp; Geomech. Abstr p.12.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTS EN 1936, 2007. Natural Stone Test Methods-Determination of Real Density and Apparent Density, and of Total and Open Porosity. Turkish Standards Institution, Ankara, T\u0026uuml;rkiye.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSevostianov I (2006) Thermal conductivity of a material containing cracks of arbitrary shape, International Journal of Engineering Science, 44:513\u0026ndash;528.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSingh TN Sinha S Singh VK (2007) Prediction of Thermal Conductivity of Rock Through Physico-Mechanical Properties, Building and Environment, 42(1):146-155.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVaferi B Gitifar V Darvishi P Mowla D (2014) Modeling and analysis of effective thermal conductivity of sandstone at high pressure and temperature using optimal artificial neural networks, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering\u003cem\u003e, \u003c/em\u003e119:69-78.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Thermal conductivity coefficient, Sonic VP-wave velocity, porosity, density","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4264026/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4264026/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe thermal conductivity coefficient is an important physical feature of rocks that determines the rate at which heat is transported through a specific rock type. It is a measure of a rock's ability to conduct heat and is determined by a variety of physical characteristics. The relationship between a rock's physical qualities and its thermal conductivity coefficient is complex since it varies based on rock type, mineral composition, porosity, moisture content, and temperature\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBecause ultrasonic techniques are nondestructive and simple to use, VP-wave velocity measurements are utilized both in situ and in the laboratory to explain the dynamic characteristics of rocks. Several factors influence the seismic properties of rock types, including density, grain size and shape, porosity, direction dependency, pore water, clay concentration, compression pressure, and temperature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA rock's acoustic V\u003csub\u003eP\u003c/sub\u003e-wave velocity is closely related to its velocity in its natural environment, which represents the intact rock's characteristics, structure, and texture. Research has demonstrated that the thermal conductivity of porous rock is primarily determined by its porosity, mineral composition, the presence of fluids filling the pores, and the temperature and pressure of the surrounding environment. Porosity and thermal conductivity impact fluid-rock interactions and define building materials. Physical qualities such as porosity and thermal conductivity coefficient are essential factors in determining the quality of building blocks.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this work, the thermal conductivity coefficient, VP wave velocity, porosity, density, pressure resistance, and other properties of rocks were assessed using laboratory measurements of the thermal conductivity coefficient and acoustic VP wave velocity. The correlations among physical properties were investigated.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Physical Properties of Rocks and Their Relationships to the Thermal Conductivity Coefficient","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-18 07:18:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4264026/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6efed931-1f7b-434a-89e5-bc8dada00483","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 18th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-01-01T10:08:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-18 07:18:28","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4264026","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4264026","identity":"rs-4264026","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}