Natural aliphatic lipids and sterols in sediments from Obhur Lagoon, Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia: Concentrations, spatial distributions, and sources

Natural aliphatic lipids and sterols in sediments from Obhur Lagoon, Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia: Concentrations, spatial distributions, and sources | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Natural aliphatic lipids and sterols in sediments from Obhur Lagoon, Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia: Concentrations, spatial distributions, and sources Ahmed I. Rushdi, Hattan A. Alharbi, Najeeb Rasul, Abdulqader Bazeyad, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4551335/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Samples from the upper surface sediments of Obhur Lagoon - north Jeddah were collected to determine the concentrations, spatial distribution, and sources of natural lipids. The lagoon was divided into three zones based on their immediate ecosystems: Z I (adjoining inland), Z II (the region between Z I and the adjacent coastal Z III), and Z III (coastal region). The major natural biogenic lipid compounds of the total extractable organic matter (TEOM) were n -alkanes (partial), fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and steroids. The n -alkanes of biogenic sources were mainly from terrestrial higher plant wax and decreased from about 38% to 12% from Z I to Z III. Their aquatic algal and diatom sources increased from ~ 1% to 8% for Z I to Z III and microbial inputs decreased from ~ 3% to 0.5% for Z I to Z III. Relative concentrations of fatty acid inputs from higher plants varied from ~ 6% in Z I, 4% in Z II, and 5% in Z III; from aquatic algae sources ~ 80% in all regions; and from microbes ~14-12% with a slight decrease from Z I to Z III. The terrestrial input of fatty n -alcohols decreased from ~ 32% to 11% for Z I to Z III, from ~ 62% to 45% in Z I to Z III from aquatic algae and diatom sources, whereas microbial inputs varied around 10%. Steroid inputs from terrestrial plants were in decreasing order from Z I (37%) to Z III (16%), whilst from the aquatic biota, they increased from Z I (58%) to Z III (76%). The microbial inputs of steroids were in the order of Z III (11.5%) > Z II (9.9%) > Z I (9.4%). The contributions of the total natural lipids from terrestrial sources decreased from Z I (42.8%) to Z III (19.2%), whereas the aquatic source component increased from Z I (53.0%) to Z III (77.4%). The results indicate that the lagoon biogeochemistry is influenced by the immediate ecosystems, hydrodynamic of the lagoon, and human and social activities in the area. Marine and Freshwater Ecology Obhur lagoon Saudi Arabia Red Sea Natural aliphatic lipids GC-MS Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Introduction Coastal lagoons are distinctive and valuable ecosystems to humanity and diverse species, including plants and animals (Barnes, 1980 ; Maynard et al., 1999 ; Newton et al., 2018 ). Lagoons play a major role as buffer zones between land and sea, reducing storm flows and preventing coastal areas from flooding (Fletcher and Spencer, 2005 ; Carrasco et al., 2016 ; Tognin et al., 2021 ; Silveira et al., 2021 ). They are natural water treatment systems to remove pollutants from runoff before entering the ocean (Brito-Espino et al., 2021 ; Yargeau et al., 2023 ). Lagoons are also important leisure attractions, appealing to local businesses and communities. Importantly, they play an important role as a carbon sink, reducing the effects of climate change by decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (Cotovicz et al., 2021 ; Erbas et al., 2021 ; Bertolini et al., 2021 ; Abril et al., 2022 ; Tait et al., 2023 ). They provide food and shelter for fish, birds, and other wildlife. The main sources of nutrients in coastal lagoons are organic matter (OM) from rivers, runoff, groundwater, and the decomposition of organisms (Palmer et al., 2011 ; Li et al., 2014 ; Rodellas et al., 2018 ; Andrisoa et al., 2019 ; Fang et al., 2021 ). The OM sources in coastal lagoons are primarily from terrestrial inputs, primary producer phytoplankton, grazer zooplankton, and decaying species (Müller and Mathesius, 1999 ; Yamamuro, 2000 ; Zink et al., 2004 ; Aké-Castillo et al., 2008; Vizzini and Mazzola, 2008 ; Ortega-Arbulú et al., 2019 ). Organic pollutants are also sources of OM in lagoons and depend on the location and the lagoon type (Parolini et al., 2010 ; Moreno-González et al., 2013 ; León et al., 2017 ; Rasiq et al., 2018 , 2019 ). Common sources of organic pollutants include agricultural, industrial, and human activities (El-Sayed, 2002 ; Al-Farawati, 2010 ; Ali et al., 2017 ). Natural OM from terrestrial and marine sources is a basic component of coastal lagoon sediments and has several important roles, including nutrient cycling, carbon storage, sediment stability, water quality, and support of biodiversity (Chen and Wang, 1999 ; Cloern, 2001 ; Reiss and Cahoon, 2002 ; Martinez-Carrasco et al., 2015 ; Hernandez-Mariné et al., 2018 ). The Red Sea coast, which is known for its rich marine biodiversity, hosts a range of lagoons that provide essential ecological, recreational, and economic advantages to the region (Hariri, 2008 ; Madkour and Ali, 2009 ; Madkour et al., 2015 ; Rasul, 2015 ; Aljahdali et al., 2021a , b ; Al-Obaibi et al., 2024). These lagoons are protected habitats for threatened species (e.g., dugon) and other species of fish, corals, mangroves, seagrass, and other organisms including, different endemic and migratory birds (Dar and Abd El-Wahab, 2005; Rasul et al., 2015 ). The Red Sea coastal lagoons are characterized by their shallow depths and clear warm waters (Rasul, 2015 ). One of the passages to the eastern coast of the Red Sea is Obhur Creek (known as Sharm Obhur) near Jeddah, connecting inland and marine aquatic ecosystems on the west coast of Saudi Arabia. It exemplifies a delicate balance between terrestrial and marine influences. The lagoon has recently attracted tourism and leisure industry where many resorts and docks have been established. Thus, these activities affect the natural habitats of the lagoon and the sedimentary OM content and distribution. The main recent studies have focused on organic contaminants (Alansari, 2019 ; Ibrahim and Al-Farawati, 2023 ; Rasiq et al., 2018 ; Rushdi et al., 2019 ; Turki and Mudarris 2008 ), but no study has investigated the types and sources of natural OM input in the lagoon. The main objectives of this work are to determine the concentrations, spatial distribution, and contribution of the major natural lipid compounds in sediments from Sharm Obhur on the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. Experimental Study area, sampling sites, and sample preparation The study area (Fig. 1 ) is Obhur Lagoon (locally known as Sharm Obhur), which is located about 35 km north of Jeddah City on the Red Sea. It is around 11 km long and 1.5 km wide, with a depth of 35 m near its mouth and about 6 m near the head (Rasul, 2015 ). It is an intriguing ecological and geological system influenced by both terrestrial and marine sources (Rasul, 2015 ; AlHarbi et al., 2024 ) and plays a significant role in the regional biodiversity and environmental dynamics (Mandurah, 2010 ; Bagazi et al., 2018 ; Albarakati and Ahmad 2019 ). Terrestrial contributions to the Obhur lagoon predominantly come from wadi systems (Rasul, 2015 ) during the rainy season, when transported sediments and nutrients from the terrestrial landscape inter the lagoon. The tidal exchange and currents play a crucial role in flushing the lagoon, contributing to its salinity and temperature, nutrients, and organism regulation (Madah, 2022 ). This marine influx helps to maintain the ecological balance, supporting diverse marine life. The water temperature and salinity range from 24.4 o C to 32.2 o C and from 39.10‰ to 40.2‰ between winter and summer, respectively (Basaham and El-Shater, 1994 ; Alsaafani et al., 2017 ). The inflow of surface water from the sea to the lagoon has a salinity of about 30‰, whereas the outflow of deep water to the sea from the lagoon is about 39‰ (Albarakati, 2009 ; Alsaafani et al., 2017 ; Albarakati and Ahmad, 2019 ; Abdulla and Al-Subhi, 2020 ). Phytoplankton and zooplankton communities in Obhur Lagoon are essential components of the lagoon’s ecosystem, contributing to its productivity and ecological balance (Bagazi et al., 2018 ; El-Sherbiny et al., 2021 ). Coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrass beds in and around the lagoon contribute organic matter and nutrients to the lagoon, fostering a dynamic interplay between marine and lagoonal environments. Surface sediment samples were collected from the lagoon in the summer of 2022 by Van Veen grab samplers, stored in ice boxes, and placed in a freezer in the laboratory within 4–5 hours after sampling. About 10 g of each sediment sample was removed by a clean spatula, thawed, and dried at room temperature, then crushed and sieved to acquire < 125 µm fine particles. Samples from thirty sites in the lagoon were divided into three zones based on their physicochemical and hydrological features and developmental activities (Fig. 1 ). They were zone I (Z I), zone II (Z II), and zone III (Z III). Extraction and Instrumental analysis The extraction method was described by Rushdi et al. ( 2014 ; 2018 ). In brief, 150 mL precleaned beakers were used for the sediment sample extraction. About 5 g of each sieved sediment sample was extracted with a mixture of dichloromethane (DCM = 30 ml) and methanol (MeOH = 10 ml) three times (15 minutes each) using ultrasonic agitation. The sediment particles were removed by using a filtration unit containing an annealed glass fiber filter. Initially, the filtrate was concentrated by a rotary evaporator, reduced to about 200 µL by a flow of dry nitrogen gas, and then, the volume of the total extract corrected to exactly 500 µL by adding DCM:MeOH (3:1, v:v) mixture. Before analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), about 50 − 10 µL aliquot of each total extract was derivatized with silylating reagent [BSTFA, N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide, Pierce Chemical Co ]. This derivatizing reagent replaces the H on hydroxyl groups with a trimethylsilyl [(CH 3 ) 3 Si, i.e. TMS] group for better GC resolution of polar compounds. The total extract analysis was performed by GC-MS with a Hewlett-Packard 6890 GC coupled to a 5975 Mass Selective Detector (Agilent). An Agilent DB-5MS fused silica capillary column (30 m long, 0.25 mm internal diameter, and 0.25 µm film thickness) and helium was the carrier gas. The setting of the GC oven temperature was 65 o C with an initial hold for 2 min, then increased to 310 o C at 6 o C/min and isothermal final hold for 20 min. The ion source energy for the MS was 70 eV in the electron impact mode. The mass spectrometric data were acquired using the ChemStation data system. Identification and quantification The lipid compound identifications were based on the similarity of the GC retention times of each compound with the external standard and the GC-MS data. The identifications of n -alkanes, n -alkanoic acids/fatty acid methyl esters, n -alkanols, stenols, stanols, stenones, and stanones are based primarily on the GC retention times and their key ion patterns and mass spectra (i.e., key ions m/z 85, 117 (TMS)/87,103 (TMS), 129 (TMS), 215 (TMS), 124, and 231, respectively). Quantification was performed from the GC profiles using the external standard method (Rushdi et al., 2005 , 2006 ). Average response factors were calculated for each compound. All quantifications were based on the peak areas of the compounds derived from the ion fragmentogram. The concentrations of compounds in ng g − 1 sample were determined from the peak areas in the total ion current traces. Quality control Emphasis, during the study, has been set on the technical accuracy of the research. This included sample collection, analytical procedures, data manipulation, biomarker approach and geochemical application. All solvents used in the analytical workup methods were checked for possible impurities. Procedural blank extracts were run in conjunction with each batch of three samples to examine and provide a qualitative and quantitative measurement of background contamination presented by laboratory processes. Results and Discussion The concentrations of total extractable organic matter (TEOM) in the dried sediments of Obhur lagoon varied over 199–3842 ng/g (average (x) = 1040 ng/g) in Z I, 249–6218 ng/g (x = 2145 ng/g) in Z II, and 382–3464 ng/g (x = 2241 ng/g) in Z III (Tables 1 and SM1). The TEOM levels indicated that lipid compounds were present in considerable amounts, as compared to petroliferous contaminants reported recently (Rushdi et al., 2019 ; Alharbi et al., 2024 ). They included n -alkanes, fatty acid methyl esters, n -alkanols, sterols, biomarkers (mainly hopanes and steranes), plasticizers, and an unresolved complex mixture (UCM) of highly branched and cyclic hydrocarbons. Only lipids from natural sources are discussed in this work. Table 1 The range, max carbon number (C max ), total average concentration ± standard deviation of n -alkanes, n -alkanoic acids, n -alkanols, and steroids in sediments samples from the three zones (Z I, Z II, and Z III) of Obhur lagoon of Saudi Arabia. Z I Z II Z III n -Alkanes Range 17–34 17–34 17–35 C max 22,31 31 31 Total (ng/g) 140.5 ± 291.1 95.5 ± 91.5 121.1 ± 99.0 % of Total TEOM 9.5 ± t5.2 4.6 ± 3.3 8.2 ± 6.7 n -Alkanoic acids Range 14–30 14–31 14–32 C max 16 16 16 Total (ng/g) 24.8 ± 36.0 70.0 ± 65.9 58.5 ± 53.3 % of Total TEOM 2.4 ± 2.0 5.2 ± 5.0 4.1 ± 3.7 n -Alkanols Range 14–32 14–33 14–34 C max 16,28,30 16 16 Total (ng/g) 76.7 ± 103.5 91.7 ± 50.2 56.5 ± 26.7 % of Total TEOM 12.1 ± 10.8 6.3 ± 4.1 3.9 ± 2.9 Steroids Range 27–30 27–31 27–32 C max 27 27 27 Total (ng/g) 111 ± 94 236 ± 125 208 ± 32 % of Total TEOM 13.3 ± 5.7 16.9 ± 11.3 19.8 ± 21.8 TEOM (ng/g) 1040 ± 1349 2145 ± 1844 2241 ± 1636 The presence and characteristics of homologous lipid series (e.g., n -alkanes, n -alkanoic acids, n -alkanols, and sterols) in the environment can be used to distinguish their main sources (Simoneit 1984 , 1985 ; Bouloubassi et al., 2001 ; Rushdi et al., 2006 , 2010 , 2014 , 2022 ). Therefore, comparisons are expected between the observed organic compound mixtures in the environment and their established sources. Here, only biogenic compounds in the TEOM are described and discussed. n-Alkanes The n -alkanes in the TEOM of the sediments of the lagoon varied from C 14 to C 34 (Table 1 ), with a maximum concentration at C 31 . Their total concentrations were 6.1–645.0 ng/g (x = 140.5 ± 219.1 ng/g), 4.5–297.5 ng/g (x = 95.5 ± 91.5 ng/g), and 59.4–235.3 (x = 121.1 ± 99.0 ng/g) in sediments of Z I, Z II, and Z III, respectively. (Tables 1 and SM1). The concentrations were in the order of Z I > Z III > ZII, as illustrated in Figs. 2 a and 3 a. The sources of n -alkanes in the environment are mainly biogenic and anthropogenic. The occurrence and detection of the n -alkanes in the environment are useful indicators to detail the sources, alteration, and preservation of OM in different ecosystems. The contributions of the different sources can be recognized based on the distribution pattern of their homologous series. The important parameter coupled with the n -alkane characteristics and sources is their carbon number maximum (C max ). Most of these sediment samples had a C max at C 31 (Table 1 ), indicating a contribution from terrestrial plant waxes of grassy flora (Eglinton and Hamilton, 1967 ; Simoneit, 1978 ; Cox et al., 1982 ; Hatcher et al., 1982 ; Ficken et al., 2000 ; Zhang et al., 2006 ). This C max of n -alkane was also observed in the Arabian Gulf sediments (Rushdi et al., 2010 , 2022 ), showing that plant waxes of tropical vegetation have a high C max (Simoneit, 1978 ). The odd-numbered n -alkanes were dominant in most of these samples (Table SM1), indicating that their main inputs were natural sources (Simoneit, 1978 , 2002; Mazurek and Simoneit, 1984 ). The carbon preference index of n -alkane values (CPI (o/e) = total Ci (odd) / total Ci (even) , Mazurek and Simoneit, 1984 ) for the entire varied from 0.8 to 2.7 (x = 2.0), 1.0 to 7.0 (x = 2.5), and 1.1 to (2.3 (x = 1.5) in sediments from Z I, Z II, and Z III, respectively (Table SM1). These values indicated a mixture of input from natural (e.g., terrestrial plants, marine algae, bacteria) sources and petroleum residues (Rushdi et al., 2022 ). The concentrations of n -alkanes from higher plant wax (i.e., C 27 , C 29 , C 31 , C 33 ) were estimated following the method developed by Simoneit et al. ( 1991 ). They ranged from 0.3 ng/g to 132.3 ng/g (x = 26.5 ng/g) in sediments from Z I, 0.7 ng/g to 115.0 ng/g (x = 30.9 ng/g) in Z II, and from 0.0 ng/g to 67.4 ng/g (x = 24.4 ng/g) in Z III (Table SM1). The relative high concentration of terrestrial n -alkanes in Z II might be attributed to the tree planting in the public parks surrounding the local resorts. The same approach was applied to compute the biogenic n -alkanes from marine algae (i.e., C 15 , C 17 , and C 19 ) and bacteria (C 16 , C 18 , and C 20 ) as described by Rushdi et al., ( 2022 ). The algal concentrations of n -alkanes were 0.01–18.13 ng/g (x = 3.29 ng/g) in Z I, 0.0–38.45 ng/g (x = 4.80 ng/g) in Z II, and 0.98–25.86 (x = 11.37 ng/g) in Z III (Table SM1), and from microbial sources 0.24–1.28 ng/g (x = 0.56 ng/g) in Z I, 0.12–1.01 ng/g (x = 0.44 ng/g) in Z II, and 0.15–0.61 (x = 0.35 ng/g) in Z III (Table SM1). The percentages of the different of n -alkane sources in the TEOM relative to total n -alkane concentrations varied among the three zones. The higher plant wax n -alkanes ranged from 0.1–51.0% (x = 38.4%) in Z I, 2.6–60.8% (x = 29.9%) in Z II, and 0.0–28.7% (12.4%) in Z III (Fig. 4 a). The inputs from algal sources varied from 0.1–3.0% (x = 0.9%), 0.0–13.7% (4.8%), and from 1.4–12.2% (x = 8.2%) in Z I, ZII, and Z III, respectively (Fig. 4 b) The microbial n -alkane inputs were 0.1% − 14.8% (x = 2.8%) in Z I, 0.1% − 14.1% (1.9%) in Z II, and 0.1% − 0.9% (x = 0.5%) in Z III (Fig. 4 c). As shown in Fig. 4 the proportions of n -alkanes from higher plant wax were in the order of Z I > Z II > Z III, whereas those from algal inputs were in the opposite order (i.e., Z III > Z II = Z I). These results confirmed that the major source of wax n -alkanes from terrestrial plant inputs was higher inland and decreased towards the coastal zone. The percentages of microbial n -alkanes were in the order of Z I > Z II > Z III (Fig. 4 c), suggesting that microbial activities were higher due to inputs of wastes from land and urban activities to the lagoon. Figure 5 a illustrates these general trends and the zonal distribution of various sources, confirming the impacts of the contiguous ecosystems on source inputs. The ratios of terrestrial-to-aquatic concentrations also confirmed that Z I had the highest terrestrial inputs, followed by Z II, and Z III, as shown in Fig. 4 d. n-Alkanoic acids Methyl n -alkanoates or fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) are generally of a biological origin or can be produced by transesterification of fatty acids in the extraction solvent. Here we report all n -alkanoic acids (FA) as free compounds. They range from C 14 to C 30 with C max at 16 as acid. Their concentrations in the sediment samples of the lagoon ranged from 1.3 to 115.7 ng/g (x = 24.8 ng/g) in Z I, 0.8 ng/g to 310.9 ng/g (x = 70.0 ng/g) in Z II, and from 24.6 ng/g to 120 ng/g (x = 58.5 ng/g) in Z III (Tables 1 , SM1; Figs. 2 b, 3 b). The highest concentrations were measured in Z II, and the lowest was Z I. They were 0.62% – 5.41% (x = 2.37%) of the TEOM of the sediments in Z I, 0.33% − 17.89% (x = 5.19%) in Z II, and 0.86% − 8.11% (x = 4.14 ng/g) in Z III (Fig, 5b, Table SM1). The high concentrations of FA in Zone II can be attributed to the lagoon's hydrodynamics, specifically coastal tidal flushing, and freshwater influx from land as well as the adjoining ecosystem. The sources of FA are inferred to include terrestrial plants, plankton, diatoms, algae, microbial mats, and bacteria. The n -alkanoic acids from terrestrial plants are prominently even carbon numbered homologues > C 20 , while those from plankton, diatoms, and algae are distinguished by homologues < C 20 (Ackman et al., 1968 ; Simoneit, 1978 ; Perry et al., 1979 ; Volkman et al., 1980 , 1989 ; Hofmann and Eichenberger, 1997 ; Budge and Parish, 1998 ; Khotimchenko et al., 2002 ). n -Alkanoic acids from microbes are characterized by odd carbon-numbered and branched homologues C 20 as contributions from terrestrial sources, and those < C 20 from aquatic algal and planktonic sources. The inputs from terrestrial plants ranged from 0.00 ng/ng to 7.72 ng/g (x = 1.89 ng/g) in Z I, 0.06 ng/g to 18.18 ng/g (x = 4.20 ng/g) in Z II, and from 2.06 ng/g to 6.67 ng/g (x = 3.70 ng/g) in Z III (Table SM1). The n -alkanoic acids from algal, planktonic, and diatom sources varied from 1.33 ng/g to 92.50 ng/g (x = 19.12 ng/g) in Z I, 0.64 ng to 244.58 ng/g (x = 55.75 ng/g) in Z II, and 18.52 ng/g to 98.70 (x = 47.49 ng/g) in Z III (Table SM1; Fig. 5 b). The microbial sources of n -alkanoic acids ranged from 0.00 ng/g to 14.63 ng/g (x = 3.49 ng/g) in Z I, 0.12 ng/g to 44.71 ng/g (x = 9.27 ng/g) in Z II, and 3.22 ng/g to 13.72 ng/g (x = 6.79 ng/g) in Z III. The high concentration of aquatic fatty acids as shown in Fig. 5 b signified that their predominant sources in the sediments of the lagoon were from aquatic biota. This was confirmed by the high ratios of aquatic (i.e., algae, diatoms, planktons)/terrestrial fatty acids (Table SM1). The fractions of n -alkanoic acids from higher plants had averages ranging from 6.1% in Z I, 4.4% in Z II, and 5.1% in Z III (Tables SM1). The average proportions from algae, diatoms, and plankton were 77%, 78%, and 80% in Z I, Z II, and Z III, respectively. The mean percentages of microbial contributions were 14% in Z I, 13% in Z II, and 12% in Z III (Table SM1). Thus, marine phytoplankton and diatoms were the major input sources of n-alkanoic acids to the sediments of the lagoon ranging between 76.9–79.7% of the total fatty acids (Fig. 5 b). n-Alkanols The n -alkanols were significant compounds in the TEOM of the sediments ranging from C 14 to C 32 with maxima at C 30 , C 28 , and C 16 . Their total concentrations varied from 12.6 ng/g to 345.9 ng/g (x = 76.7 ng/g) in Z I, 18.6 ng/g to 197.8 ng/g (x = 91.7 ng/g) in Z II, and 27.5 ng/g to 80.1 ng/g (x = 56.5 ng/g) in Z III (Table 1 and Figs. 2 , 3 ). Their average relative concentrations ranged from x = 12.1% in Z I, 6.3% in Z II, to 3.9% in Z III. The high concentration of n -alkanols in Zone II was related to the lagoon's hydrodynamics. The occurrence of n -alkanols in the environment with C max at 28, 30, or 32 and a strong even carbon-numbered predominance indicates semitropical to tropical vascular plant wax input to the TEOM (Simoneit, 1978 , 1989 ; Mudge, 2005 ; Rushdi et al., 2006 ; Treignier et al., 2006 ). The high concentration levels of n -alkanols with C max at 28 or 30 suggest that the primary source of these compounds is terrestrial plant wax. The occurrence of short-chain (< C 20 ) n -alkanols with odd carbon numbers indicate microbial sources, and those with even carbon numbers suggest algal sources (Robinson et al., 1984 ; Mudge and Norris, 1997 ; Mudge, 2005 ; Bianchi, 2007 ; Mudge et al., 2018 ). The inputs from terrestrial plants ranged from 2.0 ng/g to 176.1 ng/g (x = 31.8 ng/g) in Zone I, 0.0 ng/g to 31.2 ng/g (x = 11.0 ng/g) in Zone II, and 1.2 ng/g to 12.4 ng/g (x = 7.4 ng/g) in Zone III (Table SM1). The n -alkanols from algal, planktonic, and diatom sources varied from 7.3 ng/g to 105.1 ng/g (x = 29.0 ng/g) in Zone I, 11.1 ng/g to 121.6 ng/g (x = 55.5 ng/g) in Zone II, and 20.4 ng/g to 46.3 ng/g (x = 33.6 ng/g) in Zone III (Table SM1). The microbial sources of n -alkanols ranged from 1.7 ng/g to 10.8 ng/g (x = 4.2 ng/g) in Zone I, 1.2 ng/g to 33.1 ng/g (x = 12.7 ng/g) in Zone II, and 2.0 ng/g to 7.1 ng/g (x = 4.9 ng/g) in Zone III (Table SM1). The average fractions of terrestrial n -alkanols were 32.0% in Z I, 12.1% in Z II, and 11.2% in Z III (Table SM1). The average fractions of microbial n -alkanols were 8.1% in Z I, 13.5% in Z II, and 8.5% in Z III and those from algae, diatoms, and plankton varied from 44.8%, 60.2%, and 62.4% in Z I, Z II, and Z III, respectively (Table SM1). The average ratios of terrestrial/aquatic n -alkanols in the sediments were 0.72 in Z I, 0.18 in Z II, and 0.17 in Z II (Table SM1), suggesting that n -alkanols from aquatic (algae, diatoms, and plankton) sources were prevalent, and that terrestrial input was more significant in the inland zone (Fig. 5 c). Steroids The steroids were prominent components of the TEOM in these sediments (Table 1 , Fig. 2 d, 3 d). They ranged from C 27 to C 30 (cholesterol to dinosterol) with a C max at 27. Their average concentrations for Z I, Z II, and Z III varied from 111.1 ng/g, 235.6ng/g, and 208.9ng/g, respectively (Table 1 , Fig. 3 d) and their average percentages in the TEOM were 13.3% in Z I, 16.9% in Z II, and 19.8% in Z III (Table SM1). Steroids that occur in the environment are derived from both faunal and floral tissues (Akihisa et al., 1991 ). They have been applied to categorize the sources and understand the fate of OM in the environment (Volkman et al., 1981 ; Mudge and Norris, 1997 ; Duan, 2000 ; Rushdi et al., 2006 ; Tolosa et al., 2014 ; Wisnieski et al., 2014 ). Campesterol, stigmasterol, and sitosterol are the main phytosterols of terrestrial plants (Moreau et al., 2002 ; Volkman et al., 2008 ), whereas cholesterol and cholestadienols are high in animal lipids, aquatic microbes, sponges, and some phytoplankton (Teshima et al., 1983 ; Volkman, 1986 ; Bouloubassi et al., 1997 ; Voet and Voet, 2010 ; Rampen et al., 2010 ). Sterols of marine algae, diatoms, and dinoflagellates contain brassicasterol, dinosterol, fucosterol, and minor cholesterol (Volkman and Smittenberg, 2017 , and references therein). The presence of coprostanol and epi-coprostanol in waters and sediments suggests fecal matter sources from sewage outfalls into the aquatic ecosystems (Good-fellow et al., 1977; McCalley et al., 1980 ; Yde et al., 1982 ; Grimalt et al., 1990 ; Jeng and Han, 1994 ; Jeng et al., 1996 ; Frena et al., 2019 ; Oliveira et al., 2022 ). Therefore, the presence of steroids in the sediment samples is from both terrestrial vascular plants and aquatic biota. Here we treated the occurrence of campesterol, stigmasterol, and sitosterol as originating from terrestrial vascular plant sources (Barbier et al., 1981 ; Simoneit et al., 1983 ; Volkman, 1986 ; Moreau et al., 2002 ; Volkman et al., 2008 ), and cholesterol, cholestadienol, brassicasterol, and dinosterol from aquatic (mainly marine) biota (Volkman, 1986 ; Bouloubassi et al., 1997 ; Rampen et al., 2010 ). In addition, a proportion of cholesterol, 5α-cholestan-3-ol, coprostanol, and epi-coprostanol was attributed to urban sewage and husbandry inputs. The terrestrial phytosterols had average concentrations of 8.9 ng/g to 122.1 ng/g (x = 42.1 ng/g (37.6% of total steroids)) in Z I, 15.5 ng/g to 114.9 ng/g (x = 59.3 ng/g (26.0%)) in Z II, and 22.5 ng/g to 46.6 ng/g (x = 34.8 ng/g (16.3%)) in Z III (Table SM1, Fig. 5 d). The contributions from aquatic biota varied from 13.7 ng/g to 167.8 ng/g (x = 64.6 ng/g (57.8% of total steroids)), 43.4 ng/g to 384.1 ng/g (x = 161.5 ng/g (67.4%)), and 136.7 ng/g to 169.1 ng/g (x = 157.1 ng/g (75.5%)) in Z I, Z II, and Z III, respectively (Table SM1, Fig. 5 d). Steroids from urban sewage (microbial) sources were 1.17 ng/g to 9.67 ng/g (x = 4.43 ng/g (4.6%)) in Z I, 4.16 ng/g to 28.55 ng/g (x = 14.82 (6.6%)) in Z II, and 7.60 ng/g to 12.79 ng/g (x = 17.08 (8.1%)) in Z III (Table SM1, Fig. 5 d). The aquatic algal, diatom, and plankton varieties were the major sources of sterols in these sediments as shown in Fig. 5 c and indicated by the small ratios of terrestrial/aquatic sterols which were on average 0.68 in Z I, 0.39 in Z II, and 0. 0.22, respectively in the zones (Table SM1). Allochthonous vs autochthonous sources Allochthonous sources are defined here as wind fallout derived from land (natural and urban) by washout, and autochthonous sources are marine biosynthesis by microbiota input OM. The donut plots of the lipid groups show that input of OM from both aquatic and terrestrial sources dominate sediments with minor inputs urban sewage and marine from microbiota (Fig. 6 ). The average aquatic sources (algae, plankton diatoms) were 53.0%, 68.6%, and 77.4% in Z I, Z II, and Z III, respectively. This showed that the aquatic lipids were relatively lower inland and dominant towards the coastline. The terrestrial sources (higher plants) averaged 42.8% in Z I, 25.7%) in Z II, and 19.2% in Z III, indicating that this input was major inland compared to the coastal zone (Fig. 6 ). The bacterial inputs were minor ranging from 4.2% in Z I, 5.7% in Z II, and 3.4% in Z III. The total allochthonous (terrestrial) input of lipids were in the order of Z II ∼ Z I > Z III, ranging on average from 101.8 ng/g) in Z I, 104.2 ng/g in Z II, and 69.0 ng/g in Z III (Table SM1). This indicates that the inland zone is influenced more by terrestrial plants, whereas the coastal region is affected mainly by aquatic OM input. The total autochthonous sources from aquatic OM input were estimated on average to range from 116.0 ng/g in Z I, 277.6 ng/g, and 249.1ng/g in Z III (Table SM1). This also confirmed that the lagoon areas near the shoreline (i.e., Zone III) were influenced more by coastal marine ecosystem than by terrestrial influx of OM. The relative concentrations of allochthonous OM were lower than autochthonous OM, and averaged 42.8% in Z I, 25.7% in Z II, and 19.2% in Z III, whereas for autochthonous OM ranged on average from 53.0% in Z I, 68.6 in Z II, and 77.4% in Z III (Fig. 7 ). The allochthonous and the autochthonous inputs showed opposite trends where the former decreased and the latter increased towards the outer shoreline (Fig. 7 ). Conclusion The concentrations of natural compounds in the extractable OM in the sediments of the three zones of Obhur lagoon were mainly steroids (111–236 ng/g), n -alkanols (57–92 ng/g), n -alkanoic acids (25–70 ng/g), and n -alkanes (30–36 ng/g). They were mainly from aquatic phytoplankton (53.0% − 77.4%) and terrestrial higher plants (19.2% − 42.8%) with minor input from marine microbes (3.4% − 5.7%). The relative concentrations of OM from terrestrial sources were higher in the inland zone and lower in the coastal zone, whereas the aquatic OM sources were higher in the coastal zone than in the inland zone. The relative concentrations of n -alkanoic acids were similar along the three zones. This study demonstrated that the distributions of these natural lipid compounds were affected by the major allochthonous input sources and autochthonous marine production. Further studies are necessary to determine the relative contributions of marine and terrestrial OM in the regional coastal lagoon sediments along with their physicochemical properties, depositional fate, and seasonal variations. Such studies will improve and enhance coastal management and conservation efforts to protect the associated critical habitats. Declarations Acknowledgement: This research was funded by the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2024R128), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 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As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4551335","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":312131979,"identity":"ede34b10-3728-4560-940f-12bd9ea5ae79","order_by":0,"name":"Ahmed I. 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Al-Mutlaq","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Khalid","middleName":"F.","lastName":"Al-Mutlaq","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-08 16:41:52","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":true,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4551335/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4551335/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":58100280,"identity":"68307635-1f60-4fc4-a664-61624ed7d974","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 06:29:53","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":234421,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLocation map showing the sampling sites of zone I (Z I), zone II (Z II), and zone III (Z III) in the Obhur lagoon, Saudi Arabia.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig1RSq.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4551335/v1/2e9e92ed78fa1d7ef9e182e9.jpg"},{"id":58100275,"identity":"1fefee51-dfc3-4f0f-b464-07e052416ea0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 06:29:52","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":82168,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSpatial concentration distributions of total (a) \u003cu\u003en\u003c/u\u003e-alkanes, (b) \u003cu\u003en\u003c/u\u003e-alkanoic acids, (c) \u003cu\u003en\u003c/u\u003e-alkanols, and (d) steroids in sediments from the Obhur lagoon.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig2RSq.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4551335/v1/bb5dea497be38f9240d708d6.jpg"},{"id":58101089,"identity":"21a5c88b-1f6c-48d6-9d90-b3747fbeee6a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 06:37:53","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":71653,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBox plots of the total concentrations of (a) \u003cu\u003en\u003c/u\u003e-alkanes, (b) \u003cu\u003en\u003c/u\u003e-alkanoic acids, (c) \u003cu\u003en\u003c/u\u003e-alkanols, and (d) steroids in sediments from the inner zone (IZ), middle zone (MZ), and outer zone (OZ) of Obhur lagoon.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig3RSq.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4551335/v1/863f3c04e48fd1662d9849a0.jpg"},{"id":58098722,"identity":"6e7389c5-c4e7-4e6e-8ecc-d0a8b233f7fb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 06:21:52","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":81824,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBox plots of the relative concentrations of (a) wax-alkanes, (b) algal-alkanoic acids, (c) microbial-alkanols, and (d) the ratios of terrestrial-to-aquatic in sediments from the inner zone (Z I), middle zone (Z II), and outer zone (Z III) of Obhur lagoon.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig4RSq.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4551335/v1/f7ba71937cce445d84372262.jpg"},{"id":58098728,"identity":"d331191d-edd6-415f-8db3-d36b0c9cacb2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 06:21:53","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":84093,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTernary diagrams showing the distributions of the terrestrial, aquatic and microbial sources of (a) n-alkanes (b) fatty acids (FAs), (c) n-alkanols, and (d) steroids in the sediments from the Obhur Lagoon of Saudi Arabia\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig5RSq.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4551335/v1/1aafa8a663bdd8270f28f129.jpg"},{"id":58098726,"identity":"8d51a30e-3822-414d-9a26-67aefd5b2c61","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 06:21:53","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":52221,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDonut plots showing the average distributions of the terrestrial, aquatic, and microbial inputs of natural \u003cu\u003en\u003c/u\u003e-alkanes, \u003cu\u003en\u003c/u\u003e-alkanoic acids, \u003cu\u003en\u003c/u\u003e-alcohols, and steroids in the sediments of three zones (Z I, Z II, and Z III) of Obhur lagoon, Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig6RSq.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4551335/v1/f90cfa6bcc8dc74b3af10622.jpg"},{"id":58098727,"identity":"475f5085-4330-4e3a-bd44-e32080b34c15","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 06:21:53","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":44640,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBox plots of the total relative concentrations (%) of (a) allochthonous, and (b) autochthonous sources of the \u003cu\u003en\u003c/u\u003e-alkanes, \u003cu\u003en\u003c/u\u003e-alkanols, and steroids in sediments from the inner zone (Z I), middle zone (Z II), and outer zone (Z III) of Obhur lagoon (x represents the mean value).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig7RSq.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4551335/v1/52cd9448cbf9b9f68dc09691.jpg"},{"id":58101811,"identity":"a201b090-1944-4768-b751-ed90a445d266","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 06:45:53","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1273391,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4551335/v1/ad67a3c9-f01a-41b9-90fc-4604e7844496.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNatural aliphatic lipids and sterols in sediments from Obhur Lagoon, Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia: Concentrations, spatial distributions, and sources\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eCoastal lagoons are distinctive and valuable ecosystems to humanity and diverse species, including plants and animals (Barnes, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e; Maynard et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e; Newton et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Lagoons play a major role as buffer zones between land and sea, reducing storm flows and preventing coastal areas from flooding (Fletcher and Spencer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Carrasco et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Tognin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Silveira et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). They are natural water treatment systems to remove pollutants from runoff before entering the ocean (Brito-Espino et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Yargeau et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR118\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Lagoons are also important leisure attractions, appealing to local businesses and communities. Importantly, they play an important role as a carbon sink, reducing the effects of climate change by decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (Cotovicz et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Erbas et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Bertolini et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Abril et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Tait et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR101\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). They provide food and shelter for fish, birds, and other wildlife. The main sources of nutrients in coastal lagoons are organic matter (OM) from rivers, runoff, groundwater, and the decomposition of organisms (Palmer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Li et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Rodellas et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Andrisoa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Fang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe OM sources in coastal lagoons are primarily from terrestrial inputs, primary producer phytoplankton, grazer zooplankton, and decaying species (M\u0026uuml;ller and Mathesius, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e; Yamamuro, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR116\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Zink et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR121\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Ak\u0026eacute;-Castillo et al., 2008; Vizzini and Mazzola, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR107\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Ortega-Arbul\u0026uacute; et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Organic pollutants are also sources of OM in lagoons and depend on the location and the lagoon type (Parolini et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Moreno-Gonz\u0026aacute;lez et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Le\u0026oacute;n et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Rasiq et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Common sources of organic pollutants include agricultural, industrial, and human activities (El-Sayed, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Al-Farawati, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Ali et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Natural OM from terrestrial and marine sources is a basic component of coastal lagoon sediments and has several important roles, including nutrient cycling, carbon storage, sediment stability, water quality, and support of biodiversity (Chen and Wang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e; Cloern, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Reiss and Cahoon, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Martinez-Carrasco et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Hernandez-Marin\u0026eacute; et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Red Sea coast, which is known for its rich marine biodiversity, hosts a range of lagoons that provide essential ecological, recreational, and economic advantages to the region (Hariri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Madkour and Ali, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Madkour et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Rasul, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Aljahdali et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021a\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e; Al-Obaibi et al., 2024). These lagoons are protected habitats for threatened species (e.g., dugon) and other species of fish, corals, mangroves, seagrass, and other organisms including, different endemic and migratory birds (Dar and Abd El-Wahab, 2005; Rasul et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). The Red Sea coastal lagoons are characterized by their shallow depths and clear warm waters (Rasul, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne of the passages to the eastern coast of the Red Sea is Obhur Creek (known as Sharm Obhur) near Jeddah, connecting inland and marine aquatic ecosystems on the west coast of Saudi Arabia. It exemplifies a delicate balance between terrestrial and marine influences. The lagoon has recently attracted tourism and leisure industry where many resorts and docks have been established. Thus, these activities affect the natural habitats of the lagoon and the sedimentary OM content and distribution. The main recent studies have focused on organic contaminants (Alansari, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Ibrahim and Al-Farawati, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Rasiq et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Rushdi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Turki and Mudarris \u003cspan citationid=\"CR106\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e), but no study has investigated the types and sources of natural OM input in the lagoon.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe main objectives of this work are to determine the concentrations, spatial distribution, and contribution of the major natural lipid compounds in sediments from Sharm Obhur on the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Experimental","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy area, sampling sites, and sample preparation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study area (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) is Obhur Lagoon (locally known as Sharm Obhur), which is located about 35 km north of Jeddah City on the Red Sea. It is around 11 km long and 1.5 km wide, with a depth of 35 m near its mouth and about 6 m near the head (Rasul, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). It is an intriguing ecological and geological system influenced by both terrestrial and marine sources (Rasul, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; AlHarbi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) and plays a significant role in the regional biodiversity and environmental dynamics (Mandurah, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Bagazi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Albarakati and Ahmad \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Terrestrial contributions to the Obhur lagoon predominantly come from wadi systems (Rasul, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) during the rainy season, when transported sediments and nutrients from the terrestrial landscape inter the lagoon. The tidal exchange and currents play a crucial role in flushing the lagoon, contributing to its salinity and temperature, nutrients, and organism regulation (Madah, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This marine influx helps to maintain the ecological balance, supporting diverse marine life. The water temperature and salinity range from 24.4\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC to 32.2\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC and from 39.10\u0026permil; to 40.2\u0026permil; between winter and summer, respectively (Basaham and El-Shater, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e; Alsaafani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The inflow of surface water from the sea to the lagoon has a salinity of about 30\u0026permil;, whereas the outflow of deep water to the sea from the lagoon is about 39\u0026permil; (Albarakati, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Alsaafani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Albarakati and Ahmad, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Abdulla and Al-Subhi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Phytoplankton and zooplankton communities in Obhur Lagoon are essential components of the lagoon\u0026rsquo;s ecosystem, contributing to its productivity and ecological balance (Bagazi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; El-Sherbiny et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrass beds in and around the lagoon contribute organic matter and nutrients to the lagoon, fostering a dynamic interplay between marine and lagoonal environments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurface sediment samples were collected from the lagoon in the summer of 2022 by Van Veen grab samplers, stored in ice boxes, and placed in a freezer in the laboratory within 4\u0026ndash;5 hours after sampling. About 10 g of each sediment sample was removed by a clean spatula, thawed, and dried at room temperature, then crushed and sieved to acquire\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;125 \u0026micro;m fine particles. Samples from thirty sites in the lagoon were divided into three zones based on their physicochemical and hydrological features and developmental activities (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). They were zone I (Z I), zone II (Z II), and zone III (Z III).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExtraction and Instrumental analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe extraction method was described by Rushdi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). In brief, 150 mL precleaned beakers were used for the sediment sample extraction. About 5 g of each sieved sediment sample was extracted with a mixture of dichloromethane (DCM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30 ml) and methanol (MeOH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10 ml) three times (15 minutes each) using ultrasonic agitation. The sediment particles were removed by using a filtration unit containing an annealed glass fiber filter. Initially, the filtrate was concentrated by a rotary evaporator, reduced to about 200 \u0026micro;L by a flow of dry nitrogen gas, and then, the volume of the total extract corrected to exactly 500 \u0026micro;L by adding DCM:MeOH (3:1, v:v) mixture. Before analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), about 50\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;10 \u0026micro;L aliquot of each total extract was derivatized with silylating reagent [BSTFA, N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide, \u003cem\u003ePierce Chemical Co\u003c/em\u003e]. This derivatizing reagent replaces the H on hydroxyl groups with a trimethylsilyl [(CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eSi, i.e. TMS] group for better GC resolution of polar compounds.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total extract analysis was performed by GC-MS with a Hewlett-Packard 6890 GC coupled to a 5975 Mass Selective Detector (Agilent). An Agilent DB-5MS fused silica capillary column (30 m long, 0.25 mm internal diameter, and 0.25 \u0026micro;m film thickness) and helium was the carrier gas. The setting of the GC oven temperature was 65\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC with an initial hold for 2 min, then increased to 310\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC at 6\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC/min and isothermal final hold for 20 min. The ion source energy for the MS was 70 eV in the electron impact mode. The mass spectrometric data were acquired using the ChemStation data system.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eIdentification and quantification\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe lipid compound identifications were based on the similarity of the GC retention times of each compound with the external standard and the GC-MS data. The identifications of \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanes, \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanoic acids/fatty acid methyl esters, \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanols, stenols, stanols, stenones, and stanones are based primarily on the GC retention times and their key ion patterns and mass spectra (i.e., key ions \u003cem\u003em/z\u003c/em\u003e 85, 117 (TMS)/87,103 (TMS), 129 (TMS), 215 (TMS), 124, and 231, respectively). Quantification was performed from the GC profiles using the external standard method (Rushdi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Average response factors were calculated for each compound. All quantifications were based on the peak areas of the compounds derived from the ion fragmentogram. The concentrations of compounds in ng g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e sample were determined from the peak areas in the total ion current traces.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eQuality control\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmphasis, during the study, has been set on the technical accuracy of the research. This included sample collection, analytical procedures, data manipulation, biomarker approach and geochemical application. All solvents used in the analytical workup methods were checked for possible impurities. Procedural blank extracts were run in conjunction with each batch of three samples to examine and provide a qualitative and quantitative measurement of background contamination presented by laboratory processes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe concentrations of total extractable organic matter (TEOM) in the dried sediments of Obhur lagoon varied over 199\u0026ndash;3842 ng/g (average (x)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1040 ng/g) in Z I, 249\u0026ndash;6218 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2145 ng/g) in Z II, and 382\u0026ndash;3464 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2241 ng/g) in Z III (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and SM1). The TEOM levels indicated that lipid compounds were present in considerable amounts, as compared to petroliferous contaminants reported recently (Rushdi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Alharbi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). They included \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanes, fatty acid methyl esters, \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanols, sterols, biomarkers (mainly hopanes and steranes), plasticizers, and an unresolved complex mixture (UCM) of highly branched and cyclic hydrocarbons. Only lipids from natural sources are discussed in this work.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe range, max carbon number (C\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e), total average concentration\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation of \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanes, \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanoic acids, \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanols, and steroids in sediments samples from the three zones (Z I, Z II, and Z III) of Obhur lagoon of Saudi Arabia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ I\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ II\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ III\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-Alkanes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u0026ndash;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22,31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal (ng/g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;291.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;91.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;99.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% of Total TEOM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;t5.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e-Alkanoic acids\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u0026ndash;31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u0026ndash;32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal (ng/g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;36.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;65.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;53.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% of Total TEOM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e-Alkanols\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u0026ndash;32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u0026ndash;33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16,28,30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal (ng/g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;103.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;26.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% of Total TEOM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSteroids\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u0026ndash;31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u0026ndash;32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal (ng/g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e208\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% of Total TEOM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTEOM (ng/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1040\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1349\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2145\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1844\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2241\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1636\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe presence and characteristics of homologous lipid series (e.g., \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanes, \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanoic acids, \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanols, and sterols) in the environment can be used to distinguish their main sources (Simoneit \u003cspan citationid=\"CR96\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR97\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e; Bouloubassi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Rushdi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, comparisons are expected between the observed organic compound mixtures in the environment and their established sources. Here, only biogenic compounds in the TEOM are described and discussed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003en-Alkanes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanes in the TEOM of the sediments of the lagoon varied from C\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003e to C\u003csub\u003e34\u003c/sub\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), with a maximum concentration at C\u003csub\u003e31\u003c/sub\u003e. Their total concentrations were 6.1\u0026ndash;645.0 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;140.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;219.1 ng/g), 4.5\u0026ndash;297.5 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;95.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;91.5 ng/g), and 59.4\u0026ndash;235.3 (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;121.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;99.0 ng/g) in sediments of Z I, Z II, and Z III, respectively. (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and SM1). The concentrations were in the order of Z I\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Z III\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;ZII, as illustrated in Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ea and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sources of \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanes in the environment are mainly biogenic and anthropogenic. The occurrence and detection of the \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanes in the environment are useful indicators to detail the sources, alteration, and preservation of OM in different ecosystems. The contributions of the different sources can be recognized based on the distribution pattern of their homologous series. The important parameter coupled with the \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkane characteristics and sources is their carbon number maximum (C\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e). Most of these sediment samples had a C\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e at C\u003csub\u003e31\u003c/sub\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), indicating a contribution from terrestrial plant waxes of grassy flora (Eglinton and Hamilton, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1967\u003c/span\u003e; Simoneit, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1978\u003c/span\u003e; Cox et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e; Hatcher et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e; Ficken et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR120\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). This C\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e of \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkane was also observed in the Arabian Gulf sediments (Rushdi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), showing that plant waxes of tropical vegetation have a high C\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e (Simoneit, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1978\u003c/span\u003e). The odd-numbered \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanes were dominant in most of these samples (Table SM1), indicating that their main inputs were natural sources (Simoneit, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1978\u003c/span\u003e, 2002; Mazurek and Simoneit, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR96\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e). The carbon preference index of \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkane values (CPI\u003csub\u003e(o/e)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;total Ci\u003csub\u003e(odd)\u003c/sub\u003e/ total Ci\u003csub\u003e(even)\u003c/sub\u003e, Mazurek and Simoneit, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR96\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e) for the entire varied from 0.8 to 2.7 (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.0), 1.0 to 7.0 (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.5), and 1.1 to (2.3 (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.5) in sediments from Z I, Z II, and Z III, respectively (Table SM1). These values indicated a mixture of input from natural (e.g., terrestrial plants, marine algae, bacteria) sources and petroleum residues (Rushdi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe concentrations of \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanes from higher plant wax (i.e., C\u003csub\u003e27\u003c/sub\u003e, C\u003csub\u003e29\u003c/sub\u003e, C\u003csub\u003e31\u003c/sub\u003e, C\u003csub\u003e33\u003c/sub\u003e) were estimated following the method developed by Simoneit et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR100\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e). They ranged from 0.3 ng/g to 132.3 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;26.5 ng/g) in sediments from Z I, 0.7 ng/g to 115.0 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30.9 ng/g) in Z II, and from 0.0 ng/g to 67.4 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;24.4 ng/g) in Z III (Table SM1). The relative high concentration of terrestrial \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanes in Z II might be attributed to the tree planting in the public parks surrounding the local resorts. The same approach was applied to compute the biogenic \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanes from marine algae (i.e., C\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003e, C\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003e, and C\u003csub\u003e19\u003c/sub\u003e) and bacteria (C\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e, C\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003e, and C\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e) as described by Rushdi et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The algal concentrations of \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanes were 0.01\u0026ndash;18.13 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.29 ng/g) in Z I, 0.0\u0026ndash;38.45 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.80 ng/g) in Z II, and 0.98\u0026ndash;25.86 (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11.37 ng/g) in Z III (Table SM1), and from microbial sources 0.24\u0026ndash;1.28 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.56 ng/g) in Z I, 0.12\u0026ndash;1.01 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.44 ng/g) in Z II, and 0.15\u0026ndash;0.61 (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.35 ng/g) in Z III (Table SM1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe percentages of the different of \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkane sources in the TEOM relative to total \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkane concentrations varied among the three zones. The higher plant wax \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanes ranged from 0.1\u0026ndash;51.0% (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;38.4%) in Z I, 2.6\u0026ndash;60.8% (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;29.9%) in Z II, and 0.0\u0026ndash;28.7% (12.4%) in Z III (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ea). The inputs from algal sources varied from 0.1\u0026ndash;3.0% (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.9%), 0.0\u0026ndash;13.7% (4.8%), and from 1.4\u0026ndash;12.2% (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.2%) in Z I, ZII, and Z III, respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eb) The microbial \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkane inputs were 0.1% \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;14.8% (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.8%) in Z I, 0.1% \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;14.1% (1.9%) in Z II, and 0.1% \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.9% (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.5%) in Z III (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ec). As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e the proportions of \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanes from higher plant wax were in the order of Z I\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Z II\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Z III, whereas those from algal inputs were in the opposite order (i.e., Z III\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Z II\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Z I). These results confirmed that the major source of wax \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanes from terrestrial plant inputs was higher inland and decreased towards the coastal zone. The percentages of microbial \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanes were in the order of Z I\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Z II\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Z III (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ec), suggesting that microbial activities were higher due to inputs of wastes from land and urban activities to the lagoon. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ea illustrates these general trends and the zonal distribution of various sources, confirming the impacts of the contiguous ecosystems on source inputs. The ratios of terrestrial-to-aquatic concentrations also confirmed that Z I had the highest terrestrial inputs, followed by Z II, and Z III, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003en-Alkanoic acids\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMethyl \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanoates or fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) are generally of a biological origin or can be produced by transesterification of fatty acids in the extraction solvent. Here we report all \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanoic acids (FA) as free compounds. They range from C\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003e to C\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e with C\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e at 16 as acid. Their concentrations in the sediment samples of the lagoon ranged from 1.3 to 115.7 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;24.8 ng/g) in Z I, 0.8 ng/g to 310.9 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;70.0 ng/g) in Z II, and from 24.6 ng/g to 120 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;58.5 ng/g) in Z III (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, SM1; Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eb, \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eb). The highest concentrations were measured in Z II, and the lowest was Z I. They were 0.62% \u0026ndash; 5.41% (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.37%) of the TEOM of the sediments in Z I, 0.33% \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;17.89% (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.19%) in Z II, and 0.86% \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;8.11% (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.14 ng/g) in Z III (Fig, 5b, Table SM1). The high concentrations of FA in Zone II can be attributed to the lagoon's hydrodynamics, specifically coastal tidal flushing, and freshwater influx from land as well as the adjoining ecosystem.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sources of FA are inferred to include terrestrial plants, plankton, diatoms, algae, microbial mats, and bacteria. The \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanoic acids from terrestrial plants are prominently even carbon numbered homologues\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;C\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e, while those from plankton, diatoms, and algae are distinguished by homologues\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;C\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e (Ackman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1968\u003c/span\u003e; Simoneit, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1978\u003c/span\u003e; Perry et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e; Volkman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR111\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR110\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e; Hofmann and Eichenberger, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; Budge and Parish, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Khotimchenko et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-Alkanoic acids from microbes are characterized by odd carbon-numbered and branched homologues\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;C\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e (Volkman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR111\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e; Rajendran et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e; Harvey and Macko, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; Parrish et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Oyo-Ita and Oyo-Ita, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Yang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR117\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Here, we treated the detected \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanoic acids\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;C\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e as contributions from terrestrial sources, and those\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;C\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e from aquatic algal and planktonic sources. The inputs from terrestrial plants ranged from 0.00 ng/ng to 7.72 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.89 ng/g) in Z I, 0.06 ng/g to 18.18 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.20 ng/g) in Z II, and from 2.06 ng/g to 6.67 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.70 ng/g) in Z III (Table SM1). The \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanoic acids from algal, planktonic, and diatom sources varied from 1.33 ng/g to 92.50 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19.12 ng/g) in Z I, 0.64 ng to 244.58 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;55.75 ng/g) in Z II, and 18.52 ng/g to 98.70 (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;47.49 ng/g) in Z III (Table SM1; Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eb). The microbial sources of \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanoic acids ranged from 0.00 ng/g to 14.63 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.49 ng/g) in Z I, 0.12 ng/g to 44.71 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9.27 ng/g) in Z II, and 3.22 ng/g to 13.72 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.79 ng/g) in Z III. The high concentration of aquatic fatty acids as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eb signified that their predominant sources in the sediments of the lagoon were from aquatic biota. This was confirmed by the high ratios of aquatic (i.e., algae, diatoms, planktons)/terrestrial fatty acids (Table SM1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe fractions of \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanoic acids from higher plants had averages ranging from 6.1% in Z I, 4.4% in Z II, and 5.1% in Z III (Tables SM1). The average proportions from algae, diatoms, and plankton were 77%, 78%, and 80% in Z I, Z II, and Z III, respectively. The mean percentages of microbial contributions were 14% in Z I, 13% in Z II, and 12% in Z III (Table SM1). Thus, marine phytoplankton and diatoms were the major input sources of n-alkanoic acids to the sediments of the lagoon ranging between 76.9\u0026ndash;79.7% of the total fatty acids (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eb).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003en-Alkanols\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanols were significant compounds in the TEOM of the sediments ranging from C\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003e to C\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003e with maxima at C\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e, C\u003csub\u003e28\u003c/sub\u003e, and C\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e. Their total concentrations varied from 12.6 ng/g to 345.9 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;76.7 ng/g) in Z I, 18.6 ng/g to 197.8 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;91.7 ng/g) in Z II, and 27.5 ng/g to 80.1 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;56.5 ng/g) in Z III (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Their average relative concentrations ranged from x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12.1% in Z I, 6.3% in Z II, to 3.9% in Z III. The high concentration of \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanols in Zone II was related to the lagoon's hydrodynamics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe occurrence of \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanols in the environment with C\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e at 28, 30, or 32 and a strong even carbon-numbered predominance indicates semitropical to tropical vascular plant wax input to the TEOM (Simoneit, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1978\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e; Mudge, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Rushdi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Treignier et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR105\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). The high concentration levels of \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanols with C\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e at 28 or 30 suggest that the primary source of these compounds is terrestrial plant wax. The occurrence of short-chain (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;C\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e) \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanols with odd carbon numbers indicate microbial sources, and those with even carbon numbers suggest algal sources (Robinson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e; Mudge and Norris, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; Mudge, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Bianchi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Mudge et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The inputs from terrestrial plants ranged from 2.0 ng/g to 176.1 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31.8 ng/g) in Zone I, 0.0 ng/g to 31.2 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11.0 ng/g) in Zone II, and 1.2 ng/g to 12.4 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.4 ng/g) in Zone III (Table SM1). The \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanols from algal, planktonic, and diatom sources varied from 7.3 ng/g to 105.1 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;29.0 ng/g) in Zone I, 11.1 ng/g to 121.6 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;55.5 ng/g) in Zone II, and 20.4 ng/g to 46.3 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;33.6 ng/g) in Zone III (Table SM1). The microbial sources of \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanols ranged from 1.7 ng/g to 10.8 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.2 ng/g) in Zone I, 1.2 ng/g to 33.1 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12.7 ng/g) in Zone II, and 2.0 ng/g to 7.1 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.9 ng/g) in Zone III (Table SM1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe average fractions of terrestrial \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanols were 32.0% in Z I, 12.1% in Z II, and 11.2% in Z III (Table SM1). The average fractions of microbial \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanols were 8.1% in Z I, 13.5% in Z II, and 8.5% in Z III and those from algae, diatoms, and plankton varied from 44.8%, 60.2%, and 62.4% in Z I, Z II, and Z III, respectively (Table SM1). The average ratios of terrestrial/aquatic \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanols in the sediments were 0.72 in Z I, 0.18 in Z II, and 0.17 in Z II (Table SM1), suggesting that \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanols from aquatic (algae, diatoms, and plankton) sources were prevalent, and that terrestrial input was more significant in the inland zone (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ec).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSteroids\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe steroids were prominent components of the TEOM in these sediments (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ed, \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ed). They ranged from C\u003csub\u003e27\u003c/sub\u003e to C\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e (cholesterol to dinosterol) with a C\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e at 27. Their average concentrations for Z I, Z II, and Z III varied from 111.1 ng/g, 235.6ng/g, and 208.9ng/g, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ed) and their average percentages in the TEOM were 13.3% in Z I, 16.9% in Z II, and 19.8% in Z III (Table SM1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSteroids that occur in the environment are derived from both faunal and floral tissues (Akihisa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e). They have been applied to categorize the sources and understand the fate of OM in the environment (Volkman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR112\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1981\u003c/span\u003e; Mudge and Norris, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; Duan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Rushdi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Tolosa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR104\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Wisnieski et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR115\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Campesterol, stigmasterol, and sitosterol are the main phytosterols of terrestrial plants (Moreau et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Volkman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR113\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e), whereas cholesterol and cholestadienols are high in animal lipids, aquatic microbes, sponges, and some phytoplankton (Teshima et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR102\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e; Volkman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR114\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e; Bouloubassi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; Voet and Voet, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR108\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Rampen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Sterols of marine algae, diatoms, and dinoflagellates contain brassicasterol, dinosterol, fucosterol, and minor cholesterol (Volkman and Smittenberg, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR109\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e, and references therein). The presence of coprostanol and epi-coprostanol in waters and sediments suggests fecal matter sources from sewage outfalls into the aquatic ecosystems (Good-fellow et al., 1977; McCalley et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e; Yde et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR119\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e; Grimalt et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e; Jeng and Han, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e; Jeng et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e; Frena et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Oliveira et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, the presence of steroids in the sediment samples is from both terrestrial vascular plants and aquatic biota. Here we treated the occurrence of campesterol, stigmasterol, and sitosterol as originating from terrestrial vascular plant sources (Barbier et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1981\u003c/span\u003e; Simoneit et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR99\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e; Volkman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR114\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e; Moreau et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Volkman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR113\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e), and cholesterol, cholestadienol, brassicasterol, and dinosterol from aquatic (mainly marine) biota (Volkman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR114\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e; Bouloubassi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; Rampen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, a proportion of cholesterol, 5α-cholestan-3-ol, coprostanol, and epi-coprostanol was attributed to urban sewage and husbandry inputs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe terrestrial phytosterols had average concentrations of 8.9 ng/g to 122.1 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;42.1 ng/g (37.6% of total steroids)) in Z I, 15.5 ng/g to 114.9 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;59.3 ng/g (26.0%)) in Z II, and 22.5 ng/g to 46.6 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;34.8 ng/g (16.3%)) in Z III (Table SM1, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ed). The contributions from aquatic biota varied from 13.7 ng/g to 167.8 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;64.6 ng/g (57.8% of total steroids)), 43.4 ng/g to 384.1 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;161.5 ng/g (67.4%)), and 136.7 ng/g to 169.1 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;157.1 ng/g (75.5%)) in Z I, Z II, and Z III, respectively (Table SM1, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ed). Steroids from urban sewage (microbial) sources were 1.17 ng/g to 9.67 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.43 ng/g (4.6%)) in Z I, 4.16 ng/g to 28.55 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14.82 (6.6%)) in Z II, and 7.60 ng/g to 12.79 ng/g (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;17.08 (8.1%)) in Z III (Table SM1, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ed). The aquatic algal, diatom, and plankton varieties were the major sources of sterols in these sediments as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ec and indicated by the small ratios of terrestrial/aquatic sterols which were on average 0.68 in Z I, 0.39 in Z II, and 0. 0.22, respectively in the zones (Table SM1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAllochthonous vs autochthonous sources\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAllochthonous sources are defined here as wind fallout derived from land (natural and urban) by washout, and autochthonous sources are marine biosynthesis by microbiota input OM. The donut plots of the lipid groups show that input of OM from both aquatic and terrestrial sources dominate sediments with minor inputs urban sewage and marine from microbiota (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The average aquatic sources (algae, plankton diatoms) were 53.0%, 68.6%, and 77.4% in Z I, Z II, and Z III, respectively. This showed that the aquatic lipids were relatively lower inland and dominant towards the coastline. The terrestrial sources (higher plants) averaged 42.8% in Z I, 25.7%) in Z II, and 19.2% in Z III, indicating that this input was major inland compared to the coastal zone (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The bacterial inputs were minor ranging from 4.2% in Z I, 5.7% in Z II, and 3.4% in Z III.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total allochthonous (terrestrial) input of lipids were in the order of Z II \u0026sim; Z I\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Z III, ranging on average from 101.8 ng/g) in Z I, 104.2 ng/g in Z II, and 69.0 ng/g in Z III (Table SM1). This indicates that the inland zone is influenced more by terrestrial plants, whereas the coastal region is affected mainly by aquatic OM input. The total autochthonous sources from aquatic OM input were estimated on average to range from 116.0 ng/g in Z I, 277.6 ng/g, and 249.1ng/g in Z III (Table SM1). This also confirmed that the lagoon areas near the shoreline (i.e., Zone III) were influenced more by coastal marine ecosystem than by terrestrial influx of OM. The relative concentrations of allochthonous OM were lower than autochthonous OM, and averaged 42.8% in Z I, 25.7% in Z II, and 19.2% in Z III, whereas for autochthonous OM ranged on average from 53.0% in Z I, 68.6 in Z II, and 77.4% in Z III (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). The allochthonous and the autochthonous inputs showed opposite trends where the former decreased and the latter increased towards the outer shoreline (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe concentrations of natural compounds in the extractable OM in the sediments of the three zones of Obhur lagoon were mainly steroids (111\u0026ndash;236 ng/g), \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanols (57\u0026ndash;92 ng/g), \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanoic acids (25\u0026ndash;70 ng/g), and \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanes (30\u0026ndash;36 ng/g). They were mainly from aquatic phytoplankton (53.0% \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;77.4%) and terrestrial higher plants (19.2% \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;42.8%) with minor input from marine microbes (3.4% \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5.7%). The relative concentrations of OM from terrestrial sources were higher in the inland zone and lower in the coastal zone, whereas the aquatic OM sources were higher in the coastal zone than in the inland zone. The relative concentrations of \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e-alkanoic acids were similar along the three zones. This study demonstrated that the distributions of these natural lipid compounds were affected by the major allochthonous input sources and autochthonous marine production.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther studies are necessary to determine the relative contributions of marine and terrestrial OM in the regional coastal lagoon sediments along with their physicochemical properties, depositional fate, and seasonal variations. Such studies will improve and enhance coastal management and conservation efforts to protect the associated critical habitats.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research was funded by the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2024R128), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e \u003co:OfficeDocumentSettings\u003e \u003co:RelyOnVML/\u003e \u003co:AllowPNG/\u003e \u003c/o:OfficeDocumentSettings\u003e\u003c/xml\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e\n\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e \u003cw:WordDocument\u003e \u003cw:View\u003eNormal\u003c/w:View\u003e \u003cw:Zoom\u003e0\u003c/w:Zoom\u003e \u003cw:TrackMoves/\u003e \u003cw:TrackFormatting/\u003e \u003cw:PunctuationKerning/\u003e \u003cw:ValidateAgainstSchemas/\u003e \u003cw:SaveIfXMLInvalid\u003efalse\u003c/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid\u003e 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Name=\"Closing\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Signature\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"1\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Default Paragraph Font\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Body Text\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"0\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Body Text Indent\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"List Continue\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"List Continue 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"List Continue 3\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"List Continue 4\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"List Continue 5\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Message Header\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"11\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Subtitle\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Salutation\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Date\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Body Text First Indent\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Body Text First Indent 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Note Heading\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Body Text 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Body Text 3\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Body Text Indent 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"0\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Body Text Indent 3\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Block Text\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Hyperlink\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"FollowedHyperlink\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"22\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Strong\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"0\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Emphasis\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Document Map\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Plain Text\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"E-mail Signature\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"HTML Top of Form\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"HTML Bottom of Form\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Normal (Web)\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"HTML Acronym\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"HTML Address\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"HTML Cite\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"HTML Code\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"HTML Definition\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"HTML Keyboard\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"HTML Preformatted\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"HTML Sample\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"HTML Typewriter\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"HTML Variable\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Normal Table\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"annotation subject\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"No List\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Outline List 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Outline List 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Outline List 3\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"0\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Simple 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Simple 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Simple 3\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Classic 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Classic 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Classic 3\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"0\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Classic 4\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Colorful 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Colorful 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Colorful 3\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Columns 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Columns 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Columns 3\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Columns 4\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Columns 5\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Grid 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Grid 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Grid 3\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Grid 4\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Grid 5\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"0\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Grid 6\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Grid 7\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Grid 8\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table List 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table List 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table List 3\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table List 4\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table List 5\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table List 6\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table List 7\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table List 8\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table 3D effects 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table 3D effects 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table 3D effects 3\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Contemporary\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Elegant\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Professional\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Subtle 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Subtle 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Web 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Web 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Web 3\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"0\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Balloon Text\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"39\" Name=\"Table Grid\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Table Theme\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" Name=\"Placeholder Text\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"1\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"No Spacing\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"60\" Name=\"Light Shading\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"61\" Name=\"Light List\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"62\" Name=\"Light Grid\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"63\" Name=\"Medium Shading 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"64\" Name=\"Medium Shading 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"65\" Name=\"Medium List 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"66\" Name=\"Medium List 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"67\" Name=\"Medium Grid 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"68\" Name=\"Medium Grid 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"69\" Name=\"Medium Grid 3\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"70\" Name=\"Dark List\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"71\" Name=\"Colorful Shading\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"72\" Name=\"Colorful List\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"73\" Name=\"Colorful Grid\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"60\" Name=\"Light Shading Accent 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"61\" Name=\"Light List Accent 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"62\" Name=\"Light Grid Accent 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"63\" Name=\"Medium Shading 1 Accent 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"64\" Name=\"Medium Shading 2 Accent 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"65\" Name=\"Medium List 1 Accent 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" Name=\"Revision\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"34\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"List Paragraph\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"29\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Quote\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"30\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Intense Quote\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"66\" Name=\"Medium List 2 Accent 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"67\" Name=\"Medium Grid 1 Accent 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"68\" Name=\"Medium Grid 2 Accent 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"69\" Name=\"Medium Grid 3 Accent 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"70\" Name=\"Dark List Accent 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"71\" Name=\"Colorful Shading Accent 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"72\" Name=\"Colorful List Accent 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"73\" Name=\"Colorful Grid Accent 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"60\" Name=\"Light Shading Accent 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"61\" Name=\"Light List Accent 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"62\" Name=\"Light Grid Accent 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"63\" Name=\"Medium Shading 1 Accent 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"64\" Name=\"Medium Shading 2 Accent 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"65\" Name=\"Medium List 1 Accent 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"66\" Name=\"Medium List 2 Accent 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"67\" Name=\"Medium Grid 1 Accent 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"68\" Name=\"Medium Grid 2 Accent 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"69\" Name=\"Medium Grid 3 Accent 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"70\" Name=\"Dark List Accent 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"71\" Name=\"Colorful Shading Accent 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"72\" Name=\"Colorful List Accent 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"73\" Name=\"Colorful Grid Accent 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"60\" Name=\"Light Shading Accent 3\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"61\" Name=\"Light List Accent 3\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"62\" Name=\"Light Grid Accent 3\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"63\" Name=\"Medium Shading 1 Accent 3\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"64\" Name=\"Medium Shading 2 Accent 3\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"65\" Name=\"Medium List 1 Accent 3\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"66\" Name=\"Medium List 2 Accent 3\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"67\" Name=\"Medium Grid 1 Accent 3\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"68\" Name=\"Medium Grid 2 Accent 3\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"69\" Name=\"Medium Grid 3 Accent 3\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"70\" Name=\"Dark List Accent 3\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"71\" Name=\"Colorful Shading Accent 3\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"72\" Name=\"Colorful List Accent 3\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"73\" Name=\"Colorful Grid Accent 3\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"60\" Name=\"Light Shading Accent 4\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"61\" Name=\"Light List Accent 4\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"62\" Name=\"Light Grid Accent 4\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"63\" Name=\"Medium Shading 1 Accent 4\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"64\" Name=\"Medium Shading 2 Accent 4\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"65\" Name=\"Medium List 1 Accent 4\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"66\" Name=\"Medium List 2 Accent 4\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"67\" Name=\"Medium Grid 1 Accent 4\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"68\" Name=\"Medium Grid 2 Accent 4\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"69\" Name=\"Medium Grid 3 Accent 4\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"70\" Name=\"Dark List Accent 4\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"71\" Name=\"Colorful Shading Accent 4\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"72\" Name=\"Colorful List Accent 4\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"73\" Name=\"Colorful Grid Accent 4\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"60\" Name=\"Light Shading Accent 5\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"61\" Name=\"Light List Accent 5\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"62\" Name=\"Light Grid Accent 5\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"63\" Name=\"Medium Shading 1 Accent 5\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"64\" Name=\"Medium Shading 2 Accent 5\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"65\" Name=\"Medium List 1 Accent 5\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"66\" Name=\"Medium List 2 Accent 5\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"67\" Name=\"Medium Grid 1 Accent 5\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"68\" Name=\"Medium Grid 2 Accent 5\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"69\" Name=\"Medium Grid 3 Accent 5\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"70\" Name=\"Dark List Accent 5\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"71\" Name=\"Colorful Shading Accent 5\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"72\" Name=\"Colorful List Accent 5\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"73\" Name=\"Colorful Grid Accent 5\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"60\" Name=\"Light Shading Accent 6\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"61\" Name=\"Light List Accent 6\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"62\" Name=\"Light Grid Accent 6\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"63\" Name=\"Medium Shading 1 Accent 6\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"64\" Name=\"Medium Shading 2 Accent 6\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"65\" Name=\"Medium List 1 Accent 6\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"66\" Name=\"Medium List 2 Accent 6\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"67\" Name=\"Medium Grid 1 Accent 6\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"68\" Name=\"Medium Grid 2 Accent 6\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"69\" Name=\"Medium Grid 3 Accent 6\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"70\" Name=\"Dark List Accent 6\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"71\" Name=\"Colorful Shading Accent 6\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"72\" Name=\"Colorful List Accent 6\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"73\" Name=\"Colorful Grid Accent 6\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"19\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Subtle Emphasis\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"21\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Intense Emphasis\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"31\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Subtle Reference\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"32\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Intense Reference\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"33\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Book Title\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"37\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Bibliography\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"39\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"TOC Heading\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"41\" Name=\"Plain Table 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"42\" Name=\"Plain Table 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"43\" Name=\"Plain Table 3\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"44\" Name=\"Plain Table 4\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"45\" Name=\"Plain Table 5\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"40\" Name=\"Grid Table Light\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"46\" Name=\"Grid Table 1 Light\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"47\" Name=\"Grid Table 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"48\" Name=\"Grid Table 3\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"49\" Name=\"Grid Table 4\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"50\" Name=\"Grid Table 5 Dark\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"51\" Name=\"Grid Table 6 Colorful\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"52\" Name=\"Grid Table 7 Colorful\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"46\" Name=\"Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"47\" Name=\"Grid Table 2 Accent 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"48\" Name=\"Grid Table 3 Accent 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"49\" Name=\"Grid Table 4 Accent 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"50\" Name=\"Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"51\" Name=\"Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"52\" Name=\"Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"46\" Name=\"Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"47\" Name=\"Grid Table 2 Accent 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"48\" Name=\"Grid Table 3 Accent 2\"/\u003e \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"false\" 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\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:10.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif; \tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";} p.xl98, li.xl98, div.xl98 \t{mso-style-name:xl98; \tmso-style-unhide:no; \tmso-margin-top-alt:auto; \tmargin-right:0in; \tmso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; \tmargin-left:0in; \ttext-align:center; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:10.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif; \tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";} p.xl99, li.xl99, div.xl99 \t{mso-style-name:xl99; \tmso-style-unhide:no; \tmso-margin-top-alt:auto; \tmargin-right:0in; \tmso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; \tmargin-left:0in; \ttext-align:center; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:10.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif; \tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"; \tfont-weight:bold;} p.xl100, li.xl100, div.xl100 \t{mso-style-name:xl100; \tmso-style-unhide:no; \tmso-margin-top-alt:auto; \tmargin-right:0in; \tmso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; \tmargin-left:0in; \ttext-align:center; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:10.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif; \tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"; \tfont-weight:bold;} p.xl101, li.xl101, div.xl101 \t{mso-style-name:xl101; \tmso-style-unhide:no; \tmso-margin-top-alt:auto; \tmargin-right:0in; \tmso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; \tmargin-left:0in; \ttext-align:center; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:10.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif; \tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"; \tfont-weight:bold;} p.xl102, li.xl102, div.xl102 \t{mso-style-name:xl102; \tmso-style-unhide:no; \tmso-margin-top-alt:auto; \tmargin-right:0in; \tmso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; \tmargin-left:0in; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:10.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif; \tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"; \tfont-weight:bold;} p.xl103, li.xl103, div.xl103 \t{mso-style-name:xl103; \tmso-style-unhide:no; \tmso-margin-top-alt:auto; \tmargin-right:0in; \tmso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; \tmargin-left:0in; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tborder:none; \tmso-border-bottom-alt:solid green 1.5pt; \tpadding:0in; \tmso-padding-alt:0in 0in 0in 0in; \tfont-size:10.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif; \tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"; \tcolor:black;} p.xl104, li.xl104, div.xl104 \t{mso-style-name:xl104; \tmso-style-unhide:no; \tmso-margin-top-alt:auto; \tmargin-right:0in; \tmso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; \tmargin-left:0in; \ttext-align:center; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tborder:none; \tmso-border-bottom-alt:solid green 1.5pt; \tpadding:0in; \tmso-padding-alt:0in 0in 0in 0in; \tfont-size:10.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif; \tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"; \tcolor:black;} p.xl105, li.xl105, div.xl105 \t{mso-style-name:xl105; \tmso-style-unhide:no; \tmso-margin-top-alt:auto; \tmargin-right:0in; \tmso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; \tmargin-left:0in; \ttext-align:center; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:10.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif; \tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"; \tcolor:black; \tfont-weight:bold;} p.xl106, li.xl106, div.xl106 \t{mso-style-name:xl106; \tmso-style-unhide:no; \tmso-margin-top-alt:auto; \tmargin-right:0in; \tmso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; \tmargin-left:0in; \ttext-align:center; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:10.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif; \tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"; \tfont-weight:bold;} p.xl107, li.xl107, div.xl107 \t{mso-style-name:xl107; \tmso-style-unhide:no; \tmso-margin-top-alt:auto; \tmargin-right:0in; \tmso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; \tmargin-left:0in; \ttext-align:center; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:10.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif; \tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"; \tfont-weight:bold;} p.xl108, li.xl108, div.xl108 \t{mso-style-name:xl108; \tmso-style-unhide:no; \tmso-margin-top-alt:auto; \tmargin-right:0in; \tmso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; \tmargin-left:0in; \ttext-align:center; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:10.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif; \tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"; \tfont-weight:bold;} p.xl109, li.xl109, div.xl109 \t{mso-style-name:xl109; \tmso-style-unhide:no; \tmso-margin-top-alt:auto; \tmargin-right:0in; \tmso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; \tmargin-left:0in; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:12.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif; \tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"; \tfont-weight:bold;} p.xl110, li.xl110, div.xl110 \t{mso-style-name:xl110; \tmso-style-unhide:no; \tmso-margin-top-alt:auto; \tmargin-right:0in; \tmso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; \tmargin-left:0in; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:12.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif; \tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"; \tfont-weight:bold;} p.xl111, li.xl111, div.xl111 \t{mso-style-name:xl111; \tmso-style-unhide:no; \tmso-margin-top-alt:auto; \tmargin-right:0in; \tmso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; \tmargin-left:0in; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:10.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif; \tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"; \tfont-weight:bold;} p.xl112, li.xl112, div.xl112 \t{mso-style-name:xl112; \tmso-style-unhide:no; \tmso-margin-top-alt:auto; \tmargin-right:0in; \tmso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; \tmargin-left:0in; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:12.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif; \tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"; \tfont-weight:bold;} p.xl113, li.xl113, div.xl113 \t{mso-style-name:xl113; \tmso-style-unhide:no; \tmso-margin-top-alt:auto; \tmargin-right:0in; \tmso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; \tmargin-left:0in; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:10.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif; \tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"; \tfont-weight:bold;} span.HeaderChar \t{mso-style-name:\"Header Char\"; \tmso-style-noshow:yes; \tmso-style-priority:99; \tmso-style-unhide:no; \tmso-style-locked:yes; \tmso-style-link:Header; \tmso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt; \tmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; \tmso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;} p.xl63, li.xl63, div.xl63 \t{mso-style-name:xl63; \tmso-style-unhide:no; \tmso-margin-top-alt:auto; \tmargin-right:0in; \tmso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; \tmargin-left:0in; \ttext-align:center; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:8.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif; \tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"; \tfont-weight:bold;} p.xl64, li.xl64, div.xl64 \t{mso-style-name:xl64; \tmso-style-unhide:no; \tmso-margin-top-alt:auto; \tmargin-right:0in; \tmso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; \tmargin-left:0in; \tmso-pagination:widow-orphan; \tfont-size:8.0pt; \tfont-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif; \tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";} .MsoChpDefault \t{mso-style-type:export-only; \tmso-default-props:yes; \tfont-size:10.0pt; \tmso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; \tmso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; \tmso-fareast-font-family:SimSun; \tmso-font-kerning:0pt; \tmso-ligatures:none;} @page WordSection1 \t{size:8.5in 11.0in; \tmargin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in; \tmso-header-margin:.5in; \tmso-footer-margin:.5in; \tmso-paper-source:0;} div.WordSection1 \t{page:WordSection1;} /* List Definitions */ @list l0 \t{mso-list-id:597909406; \tmso-list-type:hybrid; \tmso-list-template-ids:-648805436 -1563536224 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;} @list l0:level1 \t{mso-level-start-at:0; \tmso-level-number-format:bullet; \tmso-level-text:; \tmso-level-tab-stop:none; \tmso-level-number-position:left; \ttext-indent:-.25in; \tfont-family:Symbol; \tmso-fareast-font-family:SimSun; \tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";} @list l0:level2 \t{mso-level-number-format:bullet; \tmso-level-text:o; \tmso-level-tab-stop:none; \tmso-level-number-position:left; \ttext-indent:-.25in; \tfont-family:\"Courier New\";} @list l0:level3 \t{mso-level-number-format:bullet; \tmso-level-text:; \tmso-level-tab-stop:none; \tmso-level-number-position:left; \ttext-indent:-.25in; \tfont-family:Wingdings;} @list l0:level4 \t{mso-level-number-format:bullet; \tmso-level-text:; \tmso-level-tab-stop:none; \tmso-level-number-position:left; \ttext-indent:-.25in; \tfont-family:Symbol;} @list l0:level5 \t{mso-level-number-format:bullet; \tmso-level-text:o; \tmso-level-tab-stop:none; \tmso-level-number-position:left; \ttext-indent:-.25in; \tfont-family:\"Courier New\";} @list l0:level6 \t{mso-level-number-format:bullet; \tmso-level-text:; \tmso-level-tab-stop:none; \tmso-level-number-position:left; \ttext-indent:-.25in; \tfont-family:Wingdings;} @list l0:level7 \t{mso-level-number-format:bullet; \tmso-level-text:; \tmso-level-tab-stop:none; \tmso-level-number-position:left; \ttext-indent:-.25in; \tfont-family:Symbol;} @list l0:level8 \t{mso-level-number-format:bullet; \tmso-level-text:o; \tmso-level-tab-stop:none; \tmso-level-number-position:left; \ttext-indent:-.25in; \tfont-family:\"Courier New\";} @list l0:level9 \t{mso-level-number-format:bullet; \tmso-level-text:; \tmso-level-tab-stop:none; \tmso-level-number-position:left; \ttext-indent:-.25in; \tfont-family:Wingdings;} @list l1 \t{mso-list-id:1395930931; \tmso-list-type:hybrid; \tmso-list-template-ids:-996483438 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;} @list l1:level2 \t{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; \tmso-level-tab-stop:1.0in; \tmso-level-number-position:left; \ttext-indent:-.25in;} @list l1:level3 \t{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; \tmso-level-tab-stop:1.5in; \tmso-level-number-position:right; \ttext-indent:-9.0pt;} @list l1:level5 \t{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; \tmso-level-tab-stop:2.5in; \tmso-level-number-position:left; \ttext-indent:-.25in;} @list l1:level6 \t{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; \tmso-level-tab-stop:3.0in; \tmso-level-number-position:right; \ttext-indent:-9.0pt;} @list l1:level8 \t{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; \tmso-level-tab-stop:4.0in; \tmso-level-number-position:left; \ttext-indent:-.25in;} @list l1:level9 \t{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; \tmso-level-tab-stop:4.5in; \tmso-level-number-position:right; \ttext-indent:-9.0pt;} @list l2 \t{mso-list-id:1705254241; \tmso-list-template-ids:865883148;} @list l2:level1 \t{mso-level-tab-stop:none; \tmso-level-number-position:left; \ttext-indent:-.25in;} @list l2:level2 \t{mso-level-legal-format:yes; \tmso-level-text:\"%1\\.%2\\.\"; \tmso-level-tab-stop:none; \tmso-level-number-position:left; \tmargin-left:.5in; \ttext-indent:-.25in;} @list l2:level3 \t{mso-level-legal-format:yes; \tmso-level-text:\"%1\\.%2\\.%3\\.\"; \tmso-level-tab-stop:none; \tmso-level-number-position:left; \tmargin-left:.75in; \ttext-indent:-.5in;} @list l2:level4 \t{mso-level-legal-format:yes; \tmso-level-text:\"%1\\.%2\\.%3\\.%4\\.\"; \tmso-level-tab-stop:none; \tmso-level-number-position:left; \tmargin-left:.75in; \ttext-indent:-.5in;} @list l2:level5 \t{mso-level-legal-format:yes; \tmso-level-text:\"%1\\.%2\\.%3\\.%4\\.%5\\.\"; \tmso-level-tab-stop:none; \tmso-level-number-position:left; \tmargin-left:1.0in; \ttext-indent:-.75in;} @list l2:level6 \t{mso-level-legal-format:yes; \tmso-level-text:\"%1\\.%2\\.%3\\.%4\\.%5\\.%6\\.\"; \tmso-level-tab-stop:none; \tmso-level-number-position:left; \tmargin-left:1.0in; \ttext-indent:-.75in;} @list l2:level7 \t{mso-level-legal-format:yes; \tmso-level-text:\"%1\\.%2\\.%3\\.%4\\.%5\\.%6\\.%7\\.\"; \tmso-level-tab-stop:none; \tmso-level-number-position:left; \tmargin-left:1.25in; \ttext-indent:-1.0in;} @list l2:level8 \t{mso-level-legal-format:yes; \tmso-level-text:\"%1\\.%2\\.%3\\.%4\\.%5\\.%6\\.%7\\.%8\\.\"; \tmso-level-tab-stop:none; \tmso-level-number-position:left; \tmargin-left:1.25in; \ttext-indent:-1.0in;} @list l2:level9 \t{mso-level-legal-format:yes; \tmso-level-text:\"%1\\.%2\\.%3\\.%4\\.%5\\.%6\\.%7\\.%8\\.%9\\.\"; \tmso-level-tab-stop:none; \tmso-level-number-position:left; \tmargin-left:1.5in; \ttext-indent:-1.25in;} @list l3 \t{mso-list-id:1735010305; \tmso-list-template-ids:-1398113358;} @list l4 \t{mso-list-id:1816144740; \tmso-list-type:hybrid; \tmso-list-template-ids:750799048 -1198904402 67698713 67698715 -1132700610 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;} @list l4:level1 \t{mso-level-start-at:36; \tmso-level-tab-stop:.5in; \tmso-level-number-position:left; \ttext-indent:-.25in; \tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"; \tmso-ansi-font-weight:bold; \tmso-bidi-font-weight:bold;} @list l4:level2 \t{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; \tmso-level-tab-stop:1.0in; \tmso-level-number-position:left; \ttext-indent:-.25in; \tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";} @list l4:level3 \t{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; \tmso-level-tab-stop:1.5in; \tmso-level-number-position:right; \ttext-indent:-9.0pt; \tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";} @list l4:level4 \t{mso-level-tab-stop:2.0in; \tmso-level-number-position:left; \ttext-indent:-.25in; \tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"; \tmso-ansi-font-weight:bold; \tmso-bidi-font-weight:bold;} @list l4:level5 \t{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; \tmso-level-tab-stop:2.5in; \tmso-level-number-position:left; \ttext-indent:-.25in; \tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";} @list l4:level6 \t{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; \tmso-level-tab-stop:3.0in; \tmso-level-number-position:right; \ttext-indent:-9.0pt; \tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";} @list l4:level7 \t{mso-level-tab-stop:3.5in; \tmso-level-number-position:left; \ttext-indent:-.25in; \tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";} @list l4:level8 \t{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; \tmso-level-tab-stop:4.0in; \tmso-level-number-position:left; \ttext-indent:-.25in; \tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";} @list l4:level9 \t{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower; \tmso-level-tab-stop:4.5in; \tmso-level-number-position:right; \ttext-indent:-9.0pt; \tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";} ol \t{margin-bottom:0in;} ul \t{margin-bottom:0in;} \n --\u003e\n\u003c/style\u003e\n\u003c!--[if gte mso 10]\u003e\u003cstyle\u003e /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable\t{mso-style-name:\"Table Normal\";\tmso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;\tmso-tstyle-colband-size:0;\tmso-style-noshow:yes;\tmso-style-priority:99;\tmso-style-parent:\"\";\tmso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\tmso-para-margin:0in;\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\tfont-size:10.0pt;\tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;}table.MsoTableSimple1\t{mso-style-name:\"Table Simple 1\";\tmso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;\tmso-tstyle-colband-size:0;\tmso-style-unhide:no;\tborder-top:solid green 1.5pt;\tborder-left:none;\tborder-bottom:solid green 1.5pt;\tborder-right:none;\tmso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\tmso-para-margin:0in;\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\tfont-size:10.0pt;\tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;\tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}table.MsoTableSimple1FirstRow\t{mso-style-name:\"Table Simple 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Organic matter composition in the sediment of three Brazilian coastal lagoons: district of Maca\u0026eacute;, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). \u003cem\u003eAnais da Academia Brasileira de Ci\u0026ecirc;ncias\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e76\u003c/em\u003e, 29-47.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"King Saud University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Obhur lagoon, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea, Natural aliphatic lipids, GC-MS","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4551335/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4551335/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eSamples from the upper surface sediments of Obhur Lagoon - north Jeddah were collected to determine the concentrations, spatial distribution, and sources of natural lipids. The lagoon was divided into three zones based on their immediate ecosystems: Z I (adjoining inland), Z II (the region between Z I and the adjacent coastal Z III), and Z III (coastal region). The major natural biogenic lipid compounds of the total extractable organic matter (TEOM) were \u003cu\u003en\u003c/u\u003e-alkanes (partial), fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and steroids.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cu\u003en\u003c/u\u003e-alkanes of biogenic sources were mainly from terrestrial higher plant wax and decreased from about 38% to 12% from Z I to Z III. Their aquatic algal and diatom sources increased from ~ 1% to 8% for Z I to Z III and microbial inputs decreased from ~ 3% to 0.5% for Z I to Z III. Relative concentrations of fatty acid inputs from higher plants varied from ~ 6% in Z I, 4% in Z II, and 5% in Z III; from aquatic algae sources ~ 80% in all regions; and from microbes ~14-12% with a slight decrease from Z I to Z III. The terrestrial input of fatty \u003cu\u003en\u003c/u\u003e-alcohols decreased from ~ 32% to 11% for Z I to Z III, from ~ 62% to 45% in Z I to Z III from aquatic algae and diatom sources, whereas microbial inputs varied around 10%. \u0026nbsp;Steroid inputs from terrestrial plants were in decreasing order from Z I (37%) to Z III (16%), whilst from the aquatic biota, they increased from Z I (58%) to Z III (76%). The microbial inputs of steroids were in the order of Z III (11.5%) \u0026gt; Z II (9.9%) \u0026gt; Z I (9.4%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe contributions of the total natural lipids from terrestrial sources decreased from Z I (42.8%) to Z III (19.2%), whereas the aquatic source component increased from Z I (53.0%) to Z III (77.4%). The results indicate that the lagoon biogeochemistry is influenced by the immediate ecosystems, hydrodynamic of the lagoon, and human and social activities in the area.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Natural aliphatic lipids and sterols in sediments from Obhur Lagoon, Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia: Concentrations, spatial distributions, and sources","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-11 06:21:48","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4551335/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c1761467-a43b-42c8-ab00-789f1e21b41b","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 11th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":32993278,"name":"Marine and Freshwater Ecology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-06-11T06:21:48+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-11 06:21:48","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4551335","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4551335","identity":"rs-4551335","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}