Identification of Dehydrogenase, Hydratase, and Aldolase Required for C17 Propionyl Residue Removal in Steroid Degradation by Comamonas testosteroni TA441: Structural and Functional Insights into the (ChsE1-ChsE2)2and (ChsH1-ChsH2MaoC)2-(Ltp2-ChsH2DUF35)2Complexes

ABSTRACT Bacterial steroid degradation is gaining attention for its diverse roles, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis’s reliance on the degradation of the C17 side chain of cholesterol for survival in host environments. ORF40 to ORF44 of Comamonas testosteroni TA441, previously characterized for its A-, B-, C-, and D-ring cleavage pathways, were hypothesized to correspond to the igr operon of M. tuberculosis, encoding the dehydrogenase ChsE1E2, hydratase ChsH1H2 maoC, and aldolase Ltp2 ChsH2DUF35, responsible for propionyl residue removal in C17 side-chain degradation. However, low amino acid identity between the corresponding enzymes precluded functional assignment without experimental evidence. In this study, we generated gene-disrupted mutants of ORF40–44 and demonstrated that ORF41/44, ORF40/42, and ORF43 encode the dehydrogenase, hydratase, and aldolase, respectively. ORF40 encodes a bifunctional protein comprising MaoC and DUF35 domains. The MaoC domain of ORF40 and the ORF42-encoded protein form the hydratase, while the DUF35 domain is essential for aldolase activity. A mutant expressing ORF40MaoC and ORF40DUF35 separately exhibited both hydratase and aldolase activities, suggesting these activities do not require a strictly formed complex of hydratase and aldolase. However, efficient propionyl residue removal appears to depend on the proper formation of each enzymatic complex, including ChsE1E2, ChsH1H2MaoC, and Ltp2ChsH2DUF35; although (ChsE1-ChsE2)2 does not form a stable complex with (ChsH1-ChsH2MaoC)2-(Ltp2-ChsH2DUF35)2, some degree of interaction was suggested. AlphaFold-predicted 3D structures of the TA441 enzymes and their complexes revealed striking similarities to those of M. tuberculosis, despite low amino acid identities. These findings shed light on the structural and functional conservation of bacterial steroid-degrading enzymes. IMPORTANCE Research on bacterial steroid degradation began over 50 years ago, primarily to produce substrates for steroid drugs. Recently, the role of steroid-degrading bacteria in human health has garnered increasing attention. Comamonas testosteroni TA441 is a prominent model organism for studying aerobic steroid degradation, with its overall pathways for A-, B-, C-, and D-ring cleavage already elucidated. In this study, we identified the mechanism for removing the propionyl residue at C17, a crucial step in degrading steroids with a C17 side chain, such as cholic acid, cholesterol, and other biologically significant compounds in animals and plants. The functions and structures of the identified enzymes show remarkable similarity to those in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These findings suggest that insights gained from TA441 could provide valuable clues for understanding M. tuberculosis steroid metabolism and the broader ecological and health-related implications of bacterial steroid degradation. Data Availability The authors affirm that materials and data reasonably requested by others will be made available from a publicly accessible collection or provided in a timely manner at reasonable cost and in limited quantities to members of the scientific community for noncommercial purposes. Abbreviations - UPLC/MS - ultra-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry - RT - retention time - MW - molecular weight - CoA - coenzyme A - 3HPP - 3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid - PCR - polymerase chain reaction