Identification and verification of immune-related genes for diagnosing the progression of atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome

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In this study, we focused on identifying genes associated with diagnostic biomarkers and effective therapeutic targets associated with these two diseases. Methods Transcriptional data sets of atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome were obtained from GEO database. The differentially expressed genes were analyzed by RSTUDIO software, and the function-rich and protein-protein interactions of the common differentially expressed genes were analyzed. Results A total of 1242 differential genes (778 up-regulated genes and 464 down-regulated genes) were screened from GSE28829 data set. A total of 1021 differential genes (492 up-regulated genes and 529 down-regulated genes) were screened from the data set GSE98895.Then 23 up-regulated genes and 11 down-regulated genes were screened by VENN diagram.Functional enrichment analysis showed that cytokines and immune activation were involved in the occurrence and development of these two diseases.Through the construction of PPI network and Cytoscape software analysis, we finally screened 10 HUB genes.The immune infiltration analysis was further improved. The results showed that the infiltration scores of 7 kinds of immune cells in GSE28829 were significantly different among groups (Wilcoxon Test < 0.05), while in GSE98895, the infiltration scores of 4 kinds of immune cells were significantly different between groups (Wilcoxon Test < 0.05).Spearman method was used to analyze the correlation between the expression of 10 key genes and 22 kinds of immune cell infiltration scores in two data sets.The results showed that there were 42 pairs of significant correlations between 10 genes and 22 kinds of immune cells in GSE28829 (| Cor | > 0.3 & P 0.3 & P < 0.05).Finally, our results identified 10 small molecules with the highest absolute enrichment value, and the three most significant key genes (CX3CR1, TLR5, IL32) were further verified in the data expression matrix and clinical blood samples. Conclusion We have established a co-expression network between atherosclerotic progression and metabolic syndrome, and identified key genes between the two diseases. this may be helpful to provide new research ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis complicated with metabolic syndrome. Atherosclerosis Metabolic syndrome Immune infiltration Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Introduction Atherosclerosis (Atherosclerosis,AS) is a systemic disease with limited manifestations, and it is also one of the main causes of cardiovascular disease (CVDS) and one of the leading causes of death worldwide [ 1 ] .In the development of atherosclerotic plaque from early to late stage, the main manifestations are the increase of necrotic core, thinning of fibrous cap and easy rupture of atherosclerotic plaque.Destruction of unpredictable and unstable plaques can lead to serious cardiac events, such as myocardial infarction and stroke, and even more severe sudden cardiac death (SCD) [ 2 , 3 ] .Therefore, the diagnosis and timely treatment of high-risk plaques in patients is of great significance to reduce cardiovascular events [ 4 ] . Metabolic syndrome (Metabolicsyndrom,MS) is a chronic non-infectious syndrome characterized by a series of vascular risk factors, including insulin resistance, hypertension, abdominal obesity, impaired glucose metabolism and dyslipidemia.These risk factors are caused by pro-inflammatory state, oxidative stress, hemodynamic dysfunction and ischemia [ 5 ] .At the same time, MS plays an important role in the process of atherosclerosis, and clustering of related risk factors may increase the risk of atherosclerotic injury. There is a correlation between MS components and the progression of atherosclerosis, and atherosclerosis is the main cause of cardiovascular death [ 6 ] .However, at present, there is little systematic connection between atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome at the genetic level, so identifying new diagnostic markers and related treatment targets is of particular significance for the diagnosis and new treatment of patients with atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome. To further explore the potential interaction between AS and MS, we obtained a dataset (Gene Expression Omnibus data base, GEO)containing early and advanced / late atherosclerotic plaques (GSE28829) and a metabolic syndrome (GSE98895) related expression profile from the gene expression database.After the differential analysis of the samples of AS and MS, the related differentially expressed genes were obtained. At the same time, the AS-related differential genes were intersected with MS-related differential genes, and the common differential genes were identified by GO/KEGG enrichment analysis and PPI interaction network. The key genes were obtained by Cytoscape software, and the clinical related blood samples were collected for verification. Materials and methods 1.1 Data acquisition and download In the methodology of our study, multiple datasets were procured from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO,https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/geo/) database to carry out comprehensive analyses.The GSE28829(Last update: Mar 25, 2019) atherosclerosis data set was selected, including 13 early (intimal thickening and intimal xanthoma) and 16 late (thin or thick fibrous cap) carotid plaque samples. And GSE98895(Last update: Jul 25, 2021) metabolic syndrome data set, including 20 metabolic syndrome patients' peripheral blood monocyte sequencing data and 20 non-metabolic syndrome patients' data sets were included in the analysis (Table 1). Table 1 Summary of the datasets used in this study GEO Accession Platform Tissue Type Samples GSE28829 GPL570 Early and advanced atherosclerotic plaques 13VS16 GSE98895 GPL6947 Peripheral blood mononuclear lymphocytes in healthy people and patients with metabolic syndrome 20VS20 1.2 Differentially expressed gene identification To achieve a comprehensive and consistent analysis of our multi-dataset genomic study, several strategic methodologies were employed. Initially, addressing potential batch effects was imperative, particularly as they could arise from diverse experimental conditions or unforeseen technical discrepancies. The R software (4.2.1) is used for data processing. GSE28829 and GSE98895 are downloaded from the GEO database through the GEOquery package.Standardize the data again through the normalizeBetweenArrays function of the limma package to remove the probe corresponding to multiple molecules; when the probe corresponding to the same molecule is encountered, only the probe with the largest signal value is retained, and the visualization of the difference result: using the limma package to analyze the difference between the two groups, only the genes with P 0.5 are considered to be meaningful DEGs.The results of difference analysis are visualized by heat map, and the significantly expressed molecules are visualized in the form of volcanic map. 1.3 Enrichment analysis of common DEGs Overlap the common up-and down-regulated significant DEGS shared by GSE28829 and GSE98895 datasets, and the results are shown using the Venn diagram.The overlapping genes were enriched and analyzed by Gene Ontology (GO) and Jingdu Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome (KEGG) using R software clusterProfiler package.The overlapping genes were enriched and analyzed by gene ontology (GO) and Jingdu Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome (KEGG) using R software clusterProfiler package. 1.4 Construction of PPI interaction Network and screening of HUB genes PPI network is a mathematical representation of the physical relationship of candidate genes at the protein level, which is mainly used to further understand the pathogenesis of diseases and drug-related therapeutic targets.PPI network is based on STRING database (https://cn.string-db.org) , and its minimum interaction score (comprehensive score > 0.15).Download interactive information and use Cytosscape software (version 3.9.2) to visualize.The plug-in MCODE (version 2.0.2) was used to find the central sub-network of the protein-protein interaction network, and the node gene contained in the central sub-network with the highest score was selected as the HUB gene. 1.5 Immune infiltration and immune correlation analysis of HUB gene Based on the expression profile data set of GSE28829 and GSE98895 data sets, the relative scores of immune infiltration of 22 kinds of immune cells in all samples of the two data sets were evaluated by cibersort method in R packet IOBR. Then, combined with the sample grouping information of the data set, the differences of immune infiltration scores between Early group and Advanced group in GSE28829 and between MS group and Control group in GSE98895 were compared and analyzed.Based on the results of HUB genes identification and immune infiltration analysis, Spearman method was used to analyze the correlation between the expression of 10 key genes and 22 kinds of immune cell infiltration scores in two data sets. 1.6 Verification of HUB genes expression All identified hub genes were further verified by GSE28829 and GSE98895 to avoid false positive rates.Wilcox test was used to compare the early group and the late group, the MS group and the non-MS group. P < 0.05 means that the difference between groups is statistically significant. 1.7 Clinical specimen collection and qRT-PCR analysis In this study, consecutive patients who were hospitalized in the Heart Center of the first affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from January 2023 to September 2023, all the participants were uniformly informed of the purpose of the study by the doctor before admission, and all the patients signed the informed consent form before participating in this study. Through the further integration of the diagnosis, examination and other information of the patients, the people who accord with the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome and improve the carotid artery ultrasound examination are selected and included in this study.Metabolic syndrome is defined as any three or more of the following: Waistline > 102cm in men and > 88cm in women; Blood Pressure > 130/85 mmHg or taking medication; Fasting Blood Glucose (FPG) ≥ 110mg/dL or taking medication; Triglyceride (TG) ≥ 150mg / dL;HDL-C < 40mg / dL in males and < 50mg / dL in females.Exclusion criteria: acute coronary syndrome, moderate / severe valvular disease, acute decompensation and / or severe heart failure, acute / chronic inflammatory infectious diseases, inflammatory / autoimmune diseases, severe liver and kidney diseases, hematological diseases and malignant tumors, and patients exposed to alcohol or other drugs.This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the first affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (approval number: 20220308-105).RNA was extracted from peripheral blood using Trizol reagent (Invitgen,US) and cDNA was synthesized using reverse transcription kit (Applied Biological Systems).Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was carried out on BioRad CFX96 using KAPA SYBR Green FAST BioRad Cycler Kapa kit (PeqLab).The expression of target genes was detected by 2−ΔΔ-β-actin Ct method.Primer sequence:CX3CR15’-CTGCCTCTTAGACTTCTG-3’(forward),5,-GGCTATCACTCTGTAGAC-3’(reverse).IL-32: 5’-CGACTTCAGAGTGCATGTT-3’(forward),5’-TGTTGCCTCTGAGTCGTAATTC-3’(reverse).TLR5 5-’TCTCCAGGATGTTGGCTGGTTTCT-3’(forward), 5’-AAAGTTCTTGGCTCACTAGGGCGA-3’(reverse). 1.8 statistical analysis Rstudio (4.2.1) software was used for drawing and statistical analysis.All data were expressed as mean ±SD, P < 0.05.There was statistical significance. Results 2.1 Common differential genes of AS and MS To identify genes co-expressed in AS and MS, the microarray data came from two data sets: GSE28829 (13 early and 16 late plaque samples) and GSE98895 (20 metabolic syndrome and 20 non-metabolic syndrome patients) for training sets (Table 1).After the normalization and logarithmic processing of the data, the probes without annotated information are removed, and the R software is used to calculate the average value in the presence of repeated expression data. The genes with screening criteria of P 0.5 were identified as DEGs.A total of 1242 differential genes (778 up-regulated genes and 464 down-regulated genes) were screened from GSE28829 data sets (Figure 1A-B).A total of 1021 differential genes (492 up-regulated genes and 529 down-regulated genes) were screened from the data set GSE98895 (Figure 1C- D).The differential expression results are visualized by heat map and volcano map respectively.Then, we extracted the co-expressed genes between the two data sets, and screened 23 up-regulated and 11 down-regulated genes as potential crosstalk genes by VENN diagram, indicating that there may be a common pathogenesis between AS and MS (Figure 1E). 2.2 Functional enrichment analysis of common differential genes In order to further analyze the biological functions and pathways of common differential genes, we used R software clusterProfiler package to analyze the enrichment of GO and KEGG.In GO enrichment, overlapping differential genes were enriched into three types of functions: BP ( biological process), MF (molecular function) and CC (cellular component), with a total of 1354 items (MF: 123; CC: 62; BP: 1169).The results indicate that BP mainly in positive regulation of cytokine production, leukocyte cell−cell adhesion, regulation of interleukin−1 production, regulation of interleukin−1 beta production, interleukin−1 production, interleukin−1 beta production. CC is primarily in focal adhesion, external side of plasma membrane, cell−substrate junction, ruffle. MF is primarily in guanyl−nucleotide exchange factor activity(Figure 2A-B-C). In KEGG enrichment, 75 pathways were enriched by overlapping differential genes.The results show the top 10 pathways in p.adjust, including Prolactin signaling pathway, Pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, JAK−STAT signaling pathway, Cytokine−cytokine receptor interaction, Yersinia infection, PD−L1 expression and PD−1 checkpoint pathway in cancer, Neurotrophin signaling pathway, Insulin resistance, C−type lectin receptor signaling pathway, Adipocytokine signaling pathway(Figure 2D). 2.3 Construction of PPI interaction Network and screening of HUB Gene In order to further clarify the interaction of differential genes between AS and MS, based on 34 differentially expressed genes, we used String database prediction (Confidence > 0.15), protein interaction network and Cytoscape for visualization.Among the 34 differential genes, 30 genes could predict 98 interactions. Then, we use the Cytoscape software MCODE algorithm to find the central sub-network of the protein-protein interaction network, and select the node genes contained in the central sub-network with the highest score as the core genes.The results showed that 10 genes including APOBEC3G, CD27, CX3CR1, GZMA, IL32, IRF1, JAK2, MNDA, PTPN11 and TLR5 were identified as key genes (Figure 3). 2.4 Immune infiltration and immune correlation analysis of HUB gene Immunity plays a key role in atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome. In order to clarify the interaction between AS and MS, we compared and analyzed the difference of immune infiltration score between Early group and Advanced group in GSE28829 and between MS group and Control group in GSE98895.The results showed that there were significant differences in the infiltration scores of 7 kinds of immunocytes in GSE28829, including Plasma cells, T cells CD4 memory resting, T cells regulatory (Tregs), Monocytes, Macrophages M0, Macrophages M2 and Dendritic cells activated between groups (Wilcoxon Test < 0.05).In GSE98895, the infiltration scores of four kinds of immunocytes, including T cells CD4 memory resting, NK cells resting, NK cells activated and Dendritic cells activated, were significantly different among groups (Wilcoxon Test < 0.05) (Figure 4A-B). Based on the results of key gene identification and immune infiltration analysis, Spearman method was used to analyze the correlation between the expression of 10 key genes and 22 kinds of immune cell infiltration scores in two data sets.The results showed that there were 42 pairs of significant correlations between 10 genes and 22 kinds of immune cells in GSE28829 (| Cor | > 0.3 & P < 0.05), and there was a significant correlation between the immune infiltration score of T cells regulatory (Tregs) and the expression of 10 genes.There were 41 pairs of significant correlations between 10 genes and 22 kinds of immune cells in GSE98895 (| Cor | > 0.3 & P < 0.05). Among them, there was a significant correlation between the immune infiltration score of T cells regulatory (Tregs) and the expression of 10 genes, and there was a significant correlation between the immune infiltration score of T cells CD4 memory resting and the expression of 10 genes (Figure 4C-D). 2.5 Verification of HUB genes In order to further verify the reliability of the selected 10 HUB genes, we chose to further verify the expression of 10 HUB genes in the GSE28829 and GSE98895 data expression matrix.Results as shown in the figure, in the GSE28829 data set, 10 HUB genes APOBEC3G, CD27, CX3CR1, GZMA, IL32, IRF1, MNDA and TLR5 were up-regulated and statistically significant in advanced / advanced atherosclerotic tissues, while JAK2 and PTPN11 were down-regulated in advanced atherosclerotic tissues(Figure 5A).In the GSE98895 data set, APOBEC3G, CD27, CX3CR1, GZMA, IL32, IRF1 and TLR5 were up-regulated in MS patients, while JAK2 and PTPN11 were down-regulated in MS patients, which were consistent with the results of AS(Figure 5B).In order to further clarify the significance of HUB gene in patients,A total of 60 patients were randomly selected for this study. According to the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome complicated with carotid atherosclerotic plaque, the patients were divided into control group and case group. The baseline characteristics of all participants are shown in table 2. There was no significant difference in total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, diastolic blood pressure and serum creatinine between the two groups. The patients in the case group were older and had more males. BMI, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, systolic blood pressure, blood glucose, prevalence of hypertension and prevalence of diabetes were higher than those in the control group. Next, we selected the first three up-regulated genes of HUB gene (CX3CR1, IL32, TLR5), and further detected their gene expression in peripheral blood by PCR. The results showed that the expression of these three genes increased significantly in the case group (figure 5C-D-E). Discussion There is a close relationship between atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome. MS plays an important role in the occurrence and development of AS. MS is a multiple risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, but the specific relationship between MS and AS is not completely clear.In our study, we used GEO database to obtain common differential genes between AS and MS through difference analysis, and used GO/KEGG functional enrichment analysis to explore their possible related biological processes.Then we established a PPI interaction network and identified 10 HUB genes using Cytoscape software. Finally, we performed PCR in GEO database and plasma of metabolic syndrome patients with atherosclerosis to further verify the screened HUB gene. Finally, we screened 10 HUB genes, and there were significant differences among patients with AS complicated with MS. Atherosclerosis refers to the accumulation of fat and / or fibrous substances in the innermost layer of the artery, namely intima. Over time, atherosclerotic plaques become more fibrous and accumulate calcium minerals.Late atherosclerotic plaques can invade the arterial lumen, hinder blood flow, and lead to tissue ischemia. Atherosclerosis, which does not produce flow-limiting blockage, destroys and causes thrombosis, which blocks the lumen, providing a second pathway to ischemia, usually more acute. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still the leading cause of vascular disease worldwide.When it affects the circulation of the heart itself, it can cause acute coronary syndrome or chronic diseases, including myocardial infarction, such as stable angina pectoris (chest pain or discomfort caused by insufficient myocardial perfusion).Atherosclerosis causes many ischemic strokes and transient ischemic attacks. It can lead to the formation of aneurysms, including those on the abdominal aorta.When it affects the peripheral artery, it can cause intermittent claudication, ulcers and gangrene, endangering the viability of the limbs [ 7 ] . MS is a multiple risk factor associated with metabolic abnormalities [ 8 ] .MS is characterized by a series of interrelated risk factors for atherosclerosis, including insulin resistance, hypertension, abdominal obesity, impaired glucose metabolism and dyslipidemia, which share the risk of ASCVD.Having three or more of these ingredients will make it possible for a person to have MS [ 9 ] .Detailed understanding of the components of MS is essential for the development of effective prevention strategies and appropriate intervention tools, which can curb its increasing prevalence and limit its complications.Hyperglycemia is considered to be a component of MS. It is described as a steady state with higher-than-normal plasma glucose levels after overnight fasting.The underlying pathophysiological mechanism is the interaction between pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and peripheral and hepatic IR, which leads to abnormal hepatic glucose production [ 10 ] . Due to the use of insulin or hypoglycemic drugs, diabetic patients rarely die of hyperglycemia; on the contrary, 75% of diabetic patients die directly from cardiovascular disease [ 11 ] .The risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes is 2–4 times higher than that in the general population [ 12 ] .Hypertension is another important component of MS, which exists in up to 1/3 of MS patients.There is evidence that even if there is no T2DM, MS can increase the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with hypertension [ 13 ] .Blood pressure level is closely related to visceral obesity and insulin resistance, which is the main pathophysiological feature of MS. The higher level of systolic blood pressure may reflect the progressive hardening of arterial wall, the change of vascular structure and the development of atherosclerosis [ 14 ] .Obesity is a multifactorial chronic disease characterized by fat deposition in new adipocytes and enlargement of existing cells [ 15 ] .Obesity is a chronic inflammatory state that produces a variety of cytokines and inflammatory markers that increase the risk of cardiac metabolism and metabolism-related diseases [ 16 , 17 ] . Obesity can be quantified by body mass index (BMI), which is determined by weight (kg) divided by height squared (m2) (kg/m2). The BMI index is determined by weight (kg) divided by height squared (m2). A better way to define obesity is by the percentage of total body fat [ 18 ] .Body fat percentage measurements are rarely used because of inconvenience and cost, so the best way to estimate obesity is to calculate the waist circumference (WC). This is because excessive abdominal fat is closely related to metabolic risk factors.Waist circumference ratio (WHR) is an alternative indicator of central obesity. Compared with BMI [ 19 ] and WC [ 20 ] , WHR is a superior indicator of CVD risk. Studies have shown that each additional unit of BMI increases the risk of cardiovascular disease by 8 per cent [ 21 ] .In addition, for every 0.01 unit increase in waist width ratio for both men and women, the risk of cardiovascular events increased by 5% [ 20 ] .Therefore, these simple indicators of abdominal obesity should be included in the risk assessment of cardiovascular disease. Weight control through lifestyle changes is considered to be an effective strategy to achieve and maintain a healthy weight.Lipid abnormality is a sign of MS, which is characterized by an increase in plasma triglyceride concentration, a decrease in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and an increase in low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C).Dyslipidemia is generally considered to be an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis [ 22 ] .Low plasma HDL-C level and hypertriglyceridemia are independently and significantly correlated with myocardial infarction in patients with MS [ 23 ] .Therefore, in our study, we found 10 meaningful HUB genes between the common differentially expressed genes of AS and MS, and verified by PCR by collecting relevant clinical blood samples. the results showed that there were significant differences in HUB genes between patients and non-patients. We focused on the three key genes we verified. CX3CR1 is the receptor of CX3CL1, which is a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR). It has seven transmembrane (TM7) transmembrane regions. Under the condition of flow in vitro, CX3CR1 receptor can mediate the tight adhesion of cells to fixed fractalkine.CX3CR1 exists in many early leukocyte cells, and CX3CR1-CX3CL1 signal transduction plays different functions in different tissue regions, such as immune response, inflammation, cell adhesion and chemotaxis [ 24 ] .CX3CR1-CX3CL1 signal transduction mediates cell migration function (through similarity). Responsible for recruiting natural killer (NK) cells into inflamed tissue (through similarity).Promote cell survival (through similarity) by mediating macrophages and monocytes to recruit inflamed atherosclerotic plaques as regulators of the inflammatory process that leads to atherosclerosis.CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 play a role in many inflammatory diseases. It has been suggested that CX3CR1 participates in the pathogenesis of these diseases by promoting the migration of monocytes or lymphocytes expressing CX3CR1. In contrast, the role of CX3CR1 and atherosclerosis has been clearly confirmed [ 25 , 26 ] . Interleukin-32 (IL32) is described as a pro-inflammatory cytokine, which is involved in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases.It is known to play a role in rheumatoid arthritis because it can induce TNF α, a major cytokine in Rheumatoid Arthritis.In addition, IL-32 helps to induce other pro-inflammatory mediators, such as procoagulant, pro-inflammatory and cytokine effects of IL-1 β when siRNA reduces IL-32 levels, such as IL-1 β-induced ICAM-1 production, which also significantly reduces the up-regulation of ICAM-1 in human umbilical cord endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced by IL-1 β, so it is considered that IL32 plays an important role in the process of atherosclerosis [ 27 , 28 ] .At the same time, IL-32 is also highly expressed in T cells and is known to play an important role in the late stage of atherosclerosis, characterized by plaque instability and rupture. In view of these facts, IL-32 is an important factor promoting the development of CVD in individuals with chronic inflammatory diseases. TLR5 is the extracellular receptor of bacterial flagellin and is widely expressed in almost all tissue types.In addition to one or more exogenous stimuli, most tlr also respond to specific endogenous ligands [ 29 ] .Although most of the endogenous ligands of TLRs9 have been described, there is a lack of equivalent ligands for TLR5. Since many exogenous TLR ligands are expressed in atherosclerotic lesions, flagellin may also play a role in the development of atherosclerosis.Related studies show that TLR5 deficiency can reduce the formation of atherosclerosis in LDLr-/-mice [ 30 ] .In addition, the plaques of these mice contained fewer macrophages and smaller necrotic cores than mice that received WT bone marrow. These results are also expressed, that is, the role of TLR5 in atherosclerotic plaque formation and inflammatory cell accumulation [ 31 , 32 ] . Atherosclerosis is increasingly regarded as an inflammatory disease because the inflammatory process plays an important role in all stages of plaque development. It is also considered as a possible mechanism for the adverse consequences of MS [ 33 ] .In fact, the level of inflammation in patients with MS may help identify patients who are at high risk of adverse consequences. Inflammation can increase OS by oxidative modification of LDL [ 34 ] .The immune response to these modified lipoproteins drives the pathogenicity of plaques by releasing pro-inflammatory mediators, leading to chronic inflammation. Oxidized LDL atherosclerotic products induce the formation of foam cells and fat stripes in the vascular wall, which is a sign of the beginning of atherosclerosis [ 35 ] .Therefore, in our study, we analyzed the immune infiltration of atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome at the same time, and analyzed the correlation of immune infiltration of the screened HUB gene. However, our study still has some limitations, first of all, the data are derived from the GEO public database, rather than RNA-sep through patient specimens, there are some information differences.Secondly, this study is a single-center study, in the clinical verification stage of the sample, the sample size is limited, our results only select the more prominent three genes in the clinical samples for verification.In addition, further animal and cellular studies are needed to confirm the function and mechanism of these genes. Conclusion In this study, we established a co-expression network between AS lesion progression and MS, identified 10 key genes between the two diseases, and clinically verified the most significant genes, which provided valuable insights into the potential pathophysiology of MS and AS.The elucidation of the common and unique molecular pathways in AS and MS reveals the complex interactions of the factors that control these conditions, which are helpful for the diagnosis and treatment strategy of their progress. Declarations Acknowledgments GEO facilitated in the completion of this work. We would like to express our gratitude to the GEO network for freely sharing huge amounts of data. We thank all the investigators and subjects who participated in this project. Author contribution Q X and X-H Z contributed to the conception and design, acquisition and drafting of the manuscript or critical revision for important intellectual content. F L, J-Y L, C L and Z-Y Z contributed to interpretation of the data and analysis. Y-N Y and X-M L contributed to the conception and design and reviewing of the manuscript or critical revision for important intellectual content. All authors approved the final version, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work. Funding This study was supported by The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region key research and development project(grant no. 2022B03022-2);The Special Fund Project for Central Guidance of Local Science and Technology Development (grant no.ZYYD2022C21);The Tianshan Talent Training Program(2022TSYCLJ0028，2022TSYCCX0033). Data Availability The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are all available from the corresponding author. Ethical statement and consent to participate Due to the retrospective nature of this study, Basic information and disease diagnoses about patients needed to be retrieved from the hospital medical records department,And some patients' blood samples need to be collected. All patients signed the informed consent form for the study and the informed consent form for taking blood samples.Because the patient’s privacy was not violated in the study, the Ethics Committee of the First Affili‑ated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University agreed with the exemption of informed consent. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Song P, Fang Z, Wang H, et al. 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Waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular events: meta-regression analysis of prospective studies [J]. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(7):850–6. Whitlock G, Lewington S, Sherliker P, et al. Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies [J]. Lancet. 2009;373(9669):1083–96. Genest JG Jr. Dyslipidemia and coronary artery disease [J]. Can J Cardiol, 2000, 16 Suppl A: 3a-4a. Ninomiya JK, L'Italien G, Criqui MH, et al. Association of the metabolic syndrome with history of myocardial infarction and stroke in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [J]. Circulation. 2004;109(1):42–6. Imai T, Hieshima K, Haskell C, et al. Identification and molecular characterization of fractalkine receptor CX3CR1, which mediates both leukocyte migration and adhesion [J]. Cell. 1997;91(4):521–30. Combadière C, Potteaux S, Gao JL, et al. Decreased atherosclerotic lesion formation in CX3CR1/apolipoprotein E double knockout mice [J]. Circulation. 2003;107(7):1009–16. Lesnik P, Haskell CA, Charo IF. Decreased atherosclerosis in CX3CR1-/- mice reveals a role for fractalkine in atherogenesis [J]. J Clin Invest. 2003;111(3):333–40. Nold-Petry CA, Nold MF, Zepp JA, et al. IL-32-dependent effects of IL-1beta on endothelial cell functions [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(10):3883–8. Heinhuis B, Popa CD, van Tits BL, et al. Towards a role of interleukin-32 in atherosclerosis [J]. Cytokine. 2013;64(1):433–40. Rifkin IR, Leadbetter EA, Busconi L, et al. Toll-like receptors, endogenous ligands, and systemic autoimmune disease [J]. Immunol Rev. 2005;204:27–42. Ellenbroek GH, van Puijvelde GH, Anas AA, et al. Leukocyte TLR5 deficiency inhibits atherosclerosis by reduced macrophage recruitment and defective T-cell responsiveness [J]. Sci Rep. 2017;7:42688. Zhang Y, Zhang Y. Pterostilbene, a novel natural plant conduct, inhibits high fat-induced atherosclerosis inflammation via NF-κB signaling pathway in Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) deficient mice [J]. Biomed Pharmacother. 2016;81:345–55. Zarember KA, Godowski PJ. Tissue expression of human Toll-like receptors and differential regulation of Toll-like receptor mRNAs in leukocytes in response to microbes, their products, and cytokines [J]. J Immunol. 2002;168(2):554–61. van Diepen JA, Berbée JF, Havekes LM, et al. Interactions between inflammation and lipid metabolism: relevance for efficacy of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of atherosclerosis [J]. Atherosclerosis. 2013;228(2):306–15. Steinberg D. The LDL modification hypothesis of atherogenesis: an update [J]. J Lipid Res. 2009;50(SupplSuppl):S376–81. García-González V, Delgado-Coello B, Pérez-Torres A, et al. Reality of a Vaccine in the Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis [J]. Arch Med Res. 2015;46(5):427–37. Table Table 2 is available in the Supplementary Files section. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Table2.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 02 Aug, 2024 Read the published version in BMC Cardiovascular Disorders → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 06 May, 2024 Reviews received at journal 05 Apr, 2024 Reviews received at journal 31 Mar, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Mar, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Mar, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Mar, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 22 Mar, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 22 Mar, 2024 Editor invited by journal 13 Mar, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 13 Mar, 2024 First submitted to journal 23 Feb, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3981358","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":279168673,"identity":"3a30977b-a567-47bb-be73-5c044ae81e1f","order_by":0,"name":"Qian Xie","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Heart Center of The first affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qian","middleName":"","lastName":"Xie","suffix":""},{"id":279168674,"identity":"e5d5fb9f-72d7-4d98-b882-86415872a263","order_by":1,"name":"Xuehe Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Heart Center of The first affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xuehe","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":279168675,"identity":"8c533e8f-22a6-4258-ba94-82760bf0cc3c","order_by":2,"name":"Fen Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fen","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":279168676,"identity":"906a774c-4441-4f76-a1c1-2c9104972fd3","order_by":3,"name":"Junyi Luo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Heart Center of The first affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Junyi","middleName":"","lastName":"Luo","suffix":""},{"id":279168677,"identity":"7f6e7216-205b-413e-b2d4-d8a7a4242869","order_by":4,"name":"Chang Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Heart Center of The first affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chang","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":279168678,"identity":"eacc7990-38c6-4dd3-b75c-21ce80343ae8","order_by":5,"name":"Zhiyang Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Heart Center of The first affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhiyang","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":279168680,"identity":"5c6f21f0-6dcd-4870-a0d8-f4d1ad28ed94","order_by":6,"name":"Yining Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yining","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""},{"id":279168683,"identity":"bdc8decb-b4c4-4cc0-a06a-5b55973bfce2","order_by":7,"name":"Xiaomei Li","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAsklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACA2YGBuYfBv/k2NjbD5CghaHigDEfz5kEIrUwgLScOZA4T8LBgEgt7Dymmwvb7qS3STAkMPyo2EaMw9jSbs9se5bbJt14gLHnzG1itDAfu8HbxpzbJnMggZmxjSgtjG0gLelsEgkGxGphPnab58zhBFK0sKXdnFGRZtgGDOSDRPnFvv+M2Y0PBjby8u3tBx/8qCBCCwo4QKL6UTAKRsEoGAW4AAD2lTrZlL5jRAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Heart Center of The first affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaomei","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-23 09:45:04","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3981358/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3981358/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-024-04026-3","type":"published","date":"2024-08-02T15:57:43+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":52727077,"identity":"9ddadbe1-29da-458d-844a-006bad203a96","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-15 03:45:11","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1062114,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eIdentification of DEGs and screening of common differential genes.(A)Volcano plot of DEGs of AS. (B) Heat map of DEGs of AS. (C)Volcano plot of DEGs of MS. (D) Heat map of DEGs of MS. (E) VENN diagram of co-up-regulated and down-regulated genes of AS and MS.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figures01.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3981358/v1/6eb471816e49f9dc38d7e34b.png"},{"id":52726563,"identity":"82061e6b-0190-4b12-8e5b-031d137649d8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-15 03:37:11","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1085010,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFunctional enrichment Analysis of Common differential genes between AS and MS. (A) BP ( biological process) enrichment of differential genes.(B) CC(cellular component) enrichment of differential genes. (C)MF (molecular function) enrichment of differential genes.(D) KEGG enrichment of differential genes.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figures02.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3981358/v1/872738127d4e9afed62e3e5d.png"},{"id":52726566,"identity":"19ebe341-19e9-497d-97ef-05010561625e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-15 03:37:11","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":555130,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eConstruction of PPI Network and screening of HUB Genes.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figures03.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3981358/v1/d8bc37414169a4ac80885dd9.png"},{"id":52726564,"identity":"378a4dba-4a2e-403f-9158-f729d1ead943","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-15 03:37:11","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":852464,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePertinence of the critical genes with immune cells. (A) Boxplots of 22 infiltrating immune cells in GSE43292 and GSE25724 datasets. (B and C) Correlations between immune cells and ten critical genes. In conclusion, these results suggested that HUB Genes might contributes to the immune microenvironment of AS and MS.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figures04.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3981358/v1/54be9ffe323beb940b1041ad.png"},{"id":52726565,"identity":"681a42ca-d6d4-4662-a219-870b7f78c2b9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-15 03:37:11","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":363134,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVerification of HUB genes.(A) Verification of HUB Gene in AS dataset. (B) Verification of HUB Gene in MS dataset.(C-E) PCR results of CX3CR1, TLR5 and IL32 in Human Blood samples.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figures05.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3981358/v1/e000809125ed3ed0ead74ba8.png"},{"id":61793540,"identity":"54fbc8d9-8e68-4b58-9784-3551ce88c342","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-05 16:13:41","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4615990,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3981358/v1/598a6db3-322f-49f0-831c-8d9e928ea611.pdf"},{"id":52726561,"identity":"c7d8cf44-eb85-42bc-a4b7-c20fa51a472b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-15 03:37:11","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":13297,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Table2.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3981358/v1/2becb96067d9c735b8997563.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Identification and verification of immune-related genes for diagnosing the progression of atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAtherosclerosis (Atherosclerosis,AS) is a systemic disease with limited manifestations, and it is also one of the main causes of cardiovascular disease (CVDS) and one of the leading causes of death worldwide\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.In the development of atherosclerotic plaque from early to late stage, the main manifestations are the increase of necrotic core, thinning of fibrous cap and easy rupture of atherosclerotic plaque.Destruction of unpredictable and unstable plaques can lead to serious cardiac events, such as myocardial infarction and stroke, and even more severe sudden cardiac death (SCD)\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.Therefore, the diagnosis and timely treatment of high-risk plaques in patients is of great significance to reduce cardiovascular events\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetabolic syndrome (Metabolicsyndrom,MS) is a chronic non-infectious syndrome characterized by a series of vascular risk factors, including insulin resistance, hypertension, abdominal obesity, impaired glucose metabolism and dyslipidemia.These risk factors are caused by pro-inflammatory state, oxidative stress, hemodynamic dysfunction and ischemia\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.At the same time, MS plays an important role in the process of atherosclerosis, and clustering of related risk factors may increase the risk of atherosclerotic injury. There is a correlation between MS components and the progression of atherosclerosis, and atherosclerosis is the main cause of cardiovascular death\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.However, at present, there is little systematic connection between atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome at the genetic level, so identifying new diagnostic markers and related treatment targets is of particular significance for the diagnosis and new treatment of patients with atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo further explore the potential interaction between AS and MS, we obtained a dataset (Gene Expression Omnibus data base, GEO)containing early and advanced / late atherosclerotic plaques (GSE28829) and a metabolic syndrome (GSE98895) related expression profile from the gene expression database.After the differential analysis of the samples of AS and MS, the related differentially expressed genes were obtained. At the same time, the AS-related differential genes were intersected with MS-related differential genes, and the common differential genes were identified by GO/KEGG enrichment analysis and PPI interaction network. The key genes were obtained by Cytoscape software, and the clinical related blood samples were collected for verification.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.1 Data acquisition and download\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the methodology of our study, multiple datasets were procured from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO,https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/geo/) database to carry out comprehensive analyses.The GSE28829(Last update: Mar 25, 2019) atherosclerosis data set was selected, including 13 early (intimal thickening and intimal xanthoma) and 16 late (thin or thick fibrous cap) carotid plaque samples. And GSE98895(Last update: Jul 25, 2021) metabolic syndrome data set, including 20 metabolic syndrome patients\u0026apos; peripheral blood monocyte sequencing data and 20 non-metabolic syndrome patients\u0026apos; data sets were included in the analysis (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1 Summary of the datasets used in this study\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"556\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.964028776978417%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGEO Accession\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.410071942446043%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlatform\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.05755395683453%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTissue Type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.568345323741006%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSamples\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.964028776978417%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGSE28829\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.410071942446043%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGPL570\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.05755395683453%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEarly and advanced atherosclerotic plaques\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.568345323741006%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13VS16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.964028776978417%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGSE98895\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.410071942446043%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGPL6947\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.05755395683453%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeripheral blood mononuclear lymphocytes in healthy people and patients with metabolic syndrome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.568345323741006%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20VS20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.2 Differentially expressed gene identification\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo achieve a comprehensive and consistent analysis of our multi-dataset genomic study, several strategic methodologies were employed. Initially, addressing potential batch effects was imperative, particularly as they could arise from diverse experimental conditions or unforeseen technical discrepancies. The R software (4.2.1) is used for data processing. GSE28829 and GSE98895 are downloaded from the GEO database through the GEOquery package.Standardize the data again through the normalizeBetweenArrays function of the limma package to remove the probe corresponding to multiple molecules; when the probe corresponding to the same molecule is encountered, only the probe with the largest signal value is retained, and the visualization of the difference result: using the limma package to analyze the difference between the two groups, only the genes with P \u0026lt; 0.05and | logFC | \u0026gt; 0.5 are considered to be meaningful DEGs.The results of difference analysis are visualized by heat map, and the significantly expressed molecules are visualized in the form of volcanic map.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.3 Enrichment analysis of common DEGs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverlap the common up-and down-regulated significant DEGS shared by GSE28829 and GSE98895 datasets, and the results are shown using the Venn diagram.The overlapping genes were enriched and analyzed by Gene Ontology (GO) and Jingdu Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome (KEGG) using R software clusterProfiler package.The overlapping genes were enriched and analyzed by gene ontology (GO) and Jingdu Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome (KEGG) using R software clusterProfiler package.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.4 Construction of PPI interaction Network and screening of HUB genes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePPI network is a mathematical representation of the physical relationship of candidate genes at the protein level, which is mainly used to further understand the pathogenesis of diseases and drug-related therapeutic targets.PPI network is based on STRING database (https://cn.string-db.org) , and its minimum interaction score (comprehensive score \u0026gt; 0.15).Download interactive information and use Cytosscape software (version 3.9.2) to visualize.The plug-in MCODE (version 2.0.2) was used to find the central sub-network of the protein-protein interaction network, and the node gene contained in the central sub-network with the highest score was selected as the HUB gene.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.5 Immune infiltration and immune correlation analysis of HUB gene\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the expression profile data set of GSE28829 and GSE98895 data sets, the relative scores of immune infiltration of 22 kinds of immune cells in all samples of the two data sets were evaluated by cibersort method in R packet IOBR. Then, combined with the sample grouping information of the data set, the differences of immune infiltration scores between Early group and Advanced group in GSE28829 and between MS group and Control group in GSE98895 were compared and analyzed.Based on the results of HUB genes identification and immune infiltration analysis, Spearman method was used to analyze the correlation between the expression of 10 key genes and 22 kinds of immune cell infiltration scores in two data sets.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.6 Verification of HUB genes expression\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll identified hub genes were further verified by GSE28829 and GSE98895 to avoid false positive rates.Wilcox test was used to compare the early group and the late group, the MS group and the non-MS group. P \u0026lt; 0.05 means that the difference between groups is statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.7 Clinical specimen collection and qRT-PCR analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, consecutive patients who were hospitalized in the Heart Center of the first affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from January 2023 to September 2023, all the participants were uniformly informed of the purpose of the study by the doctor before admission, and all the patients signed the informed consent form before participating in this study. Through the further integration of the diagnosis, examination and other information of the patients, the people who accord with the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome and improve the carotid artery ultrasound examination are selected and included in this study.Metabolic syndrome is defined as any three or more of the following: Waistline \u0026gt; 102cm in men and \u0026gt; 88cm in women; Blood Pressure \u0026gt; 130/85 mmHg or taking medication; Fasting Blood Glucose (FPG) \u0026ge; 110mg/dL or taking medication; Triglyceride (TG) \u0026ge; 150mg / dL;HDL-C \u0026lt; 40mg / dL in males and \u0026lt; 50mg / dL in females.Exclusion criteria: acute coronary syndrome, moderate / severe valvular disease, acute decompensation and / or severe heart failure, acute / chronic inflammatory infectious diseases, inflammatory / autoimmune diseases, severe liver and kidney diseases, hematological diseases and malignant tumors, and patients exposed to alcohol or other drugs.This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the first affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (approval number: 20220308-105).RNA was extracted from peripheral blood using Trizol reagent (Invitgen,US) and cDNA was synthesized using reverse transcription kit (Applied Biological Systems).Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was carried out on BioRad CFX96 using KAPA SYBR Green FAST BioRad Cycler Kapa kit (PeqLab).The expression of target genes was detected by 2\u0026minus;\u0026Delta;\u0026Delta;-\u0026beta;-actin Ct method.Primer sequence:CX3CR15\u0026rsquo;-CTGCCTCTTAGACTTCTG-3\u0026rsquo;(forward),5,-GGCTATCACTCTGTAGAC-3\u0026rsquo;(reverse).IL-32: 5\u0026rsquo;-CGACTTCAGAGTGCATGTT-3\u0026rsquo;(forward),5\u0026rsquo;-TGTTGCCTCTGAGTCGTAATTC-3\u0026rsquo;(reverse).TLR5 5-\u0026rsquo;TCTCCAGGATGTTGGCTGGTTTCT-3\u0026rsquo;(forward), 5\u0026rsquo;-AAAGTTCTTGGCTCACTAGGGCGA-3\u0026rsquo;(reverse).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.8 statistical analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRstudio (4.2.1) software was used for drawing and statistical analysis.All data were expressed as mean \u0026plusmn;SD, P \u0026lt; 0.05.There was statistical significance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1 Common differential genes of AS and MS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo identify genes co-expressed in AS and MS, the microarray data came from two data sets: GSE28829 (13 early and 16 late plaque samples) and GSE98895 (20 metabolic syndrome and 20 non-metabolic syndrome patients) for training sets (Table 1).After the normalization and logarithmic processing of the data, the probes without annotated information are removed, and the R software is used to calculate the average value in the presence of repeated expression data. The genes with screening criteria of P \u0026lt; 0.05 and | logFC | \u0026gt; 0.5 were identified as DEGs.A total of 1242 differential genes (778 up-regulated genes and 464 down-regulated genes) were screened from GSE28829 data sets (Figure 1A-B).A total of 1021 differential genes (492 up-regulated genes and 529 down-regulated genes) were screened from the data set GSE98895 (Figure 1C- D).The differential expression results are visualized by heat map and volcano map respectively.Then, we extracted the co-expressed genes between the two data sets, and screened 23 up-regulated and 11 down-regulated genes as potential crosstalk genes by VENN diagram, indicating that there may be a common pathogenesis between AS and MS (Figure 1E).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2 Functional enrichment analysis of common differential genes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn order to further analyze the biological functions and pathways of common differential genes, we used R software clusterProfiler package to analyze the enrichment of GO and KEGG.In GO enrichment, overlapping differential genes were enriched into three types of functions: BP ( biological process), MF (molecular function) and CC (cellular component), with a total of 1354 items (MF: 123; \u0026nbsp;CC: 62; \u0026nbsp; BP: 1169).The results indicate that BP mainly in positive regulation of cytokine production, leukocyte cell\u0026minus;cell adhesion, regulation of interleukin\u0026minus;1 production, regulation of interleukin\u0026minus;1 beta production, interleukin\u0026minus;1 production, interleukin\u0026minus;1 beta production. CC is primarily in focal adhesion, external side of plasma membrane, cell\u0026minus;substrate junction, ruffle. MF is primarily in guanyl\u0026minus;nucleotide exchange factor activity(Figure 2A-B-C).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn KEGG enrichment, 75 pathways were enriched by overlapping differential genes.The results show the top 10 pathways in p.adjust, including Prolactin signaling pathway, Pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, JAK\u0026minus;STAT signaling pathway, Cytokine\u0026minus;cytokine receptor interaction, Yersinia infection, PD\u0026minus;L1 expression and PD\u0026minus;1 checkpoint pathway in cancer, Neurotrophin signaling pathway, Insulin resistance, C\u0026minus;type lectin receptor signaling pathway, Adipocytokine signaling pathway(Figure 2D).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3 Construction of PPI interaction Network and screening of HUB Gene\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn order to further clarify the interaction of differential genes between AS and MS, based on 34 differentially expressed genes, we used String database prediction (Confidence \u0026gt; 0.15), protein interaction network and Cytoscape for visualization.Among the 34 differential genes, 30 genes could predict 98 interactions. Then, we use the Cytoscape software MCODE algorithm to find the central sub-network of the protein-protein interaction network, and select the node genes contained in the central sub-network with the highest score as the core genes.The results showed that 10 genes including APOBEC3G, CD27, CX3CR1, GZMA, IL32, IRF1, JAK2, MNDA, PTPN11 and TLR5 were identified as key genes (Figure 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.4 Immune infiltration and immune correlation analysis of HUB gene\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImmunity plays a key role in atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome. In order to clarify the interaction between AS and MS, we compared and analyzed the difference of immune infiltration score between Early group and Advanced group in GSE28829 and between MS group and Control group in GSE98895.The results showed that there were significant differences in the infiltration scores of 7 kinds of immunocytes in GSE28829, including Plasma cells, T cells CD4 memory resting, T cells regulatory (Tregs), Monocytes, Macrophages M0, Macrophages M2 and Dendritic cells activated between groups (Wilcoxon Test \u0026lt; 0.05).In GSE98895, the infiltration scores of four kinds of immunocytes, including T cells CD4 memory resting, NK cells resting, NK cells activated and Dendritic cells activated, were significantly different among groups (Wilcoxon Test \u0026lt; 0.05) (Figure 4A-B).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the results of key gene identification and immune infiltration analysis, Spearman method was used to analyze the correlation between the expression of 10 key genes and 22 kinds of immune cell infiltration scores in two data sets.The results showed that there were 42 pairs of significant correlations between 10 genes and 22 kinds of immune cells in GSE28829 (| Cor | \u0026gt; 0.3 \u0026amp; P \u0026lt; 0.05), and there was a significant correlation between the immune infiltration score of T cells regulatory (Tregs) and the expression of 10 genes.There were 41 pairs of significant correlations between 10 genes and 22 kinds of immune cells in GSE98895 (| Cor | \u0026gt; 0.3 \u0026amp; P \u0026lt; 0.05). Among them, there was a significant correlation between the immune infiltration score of T cells regulatory (Tregs) and the expression of 10 genes, and there was a significant correlation between the immune infiltration score of T cells CD4 memory resting and the expression of 10 genes (Figure 4C-D).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.5 Verification of HUB genes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn order to further verify the reliability of the selected 10 HUB genes, we chose to further verify the expression of 10 HUB genes in the GSE28829 and GSE98895 data expression matrix.Results as shown in the figure, in the GSE28829 data set, 10 HUB genes APOBEC3G, CD27, CX3CR1, GZMA, IL32, IRF1, MNDA and TLR5 were up-regulated and statistically significant in advanced / advanced atherosclerotic tissues, while JAK2 and PTPN11 were down-regulated in advanced atherosclerotic tissues(Figure 5A).In the GSE98895 data set, APOBEC3G, CD27, CX3CR1, GZMA, IL32, IRF1 and TLR5 were up-regulated in MS patients, while JAK2 and PTPN11 were down-regulated in MS patients, which were consistent with the results of AS(Figure 5B).In order to further clarify the significance of HUB gene in patients,A total of 60 patients were randomly selected for this study. According to the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome complicated with carotid atherosclerotic plaque, the patients were divided into control group and case group. The baseline characteristics of all participants are shown in table 2. There was no significant difference in total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, diastolic blood pressure and serum creatinine between the two groups. The patients in the case group were older and had more males. BMI, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, systolic blood pressure, blood glucose, prevalence of hypertension and prevalence of diabetes were higher than those in the control group. Next, we selected the first three up-regulated genes of HUB gene (CX3CR1, IL32, TLR5), and further detected their gene expression in peripheral blood by PCR. The results showed that the expression of these three genes increased significantly in the case group (figure 5C-D-E).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere is a close relationship between atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome. MS plays an important role in the occurrence and development of AS. MS is a multiple risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, but the specific relationship between MS and AS is not completely clear.In our study, we used GEO database to obtain common differential genes between AS and MS through difference analysis, and used GO/KEGG functional enrichment analysis to explore their possible related biological processes.Then we established a PPI interaction network and identified 10 HUB genes using Cytoscape software. Finally, we performed PCR in GEO database and plasma of metabolic syndrome patients with atherosclerosis to further verify the screened HUB gene. Finally, we screened 10 HUB genes, and there were significant differences among patients with AS complicated with MS.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtherosclerosis refers to the accumulation of fat and / or fibrous substances in the innermost layer of the artery, namely intima. Over time, atherosclerotic plaques become more fibrous and accumulate calcium minerals.Late atherosclerotic plaques can invade the arterial lumen, hinder blood flow, and lead to tissue ischemia. Atherosclerosis, which does not produce flow-limiting blockage, destroys and causes thrombosis, which blocks the lumen, providing a second pathway to ischemia, usually more acute. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still the leading cause of vascular disease worldwide.When it affects the circulation of the heart itself, it can cause acute coronary syndrome or chronic diseases, including myocardial infarction, such as stable angina pectoris (chest pain or discomfort caused by insufficient myocardial perfusion).Atherosclerosis causes many ischemic strokes and transient ischemic attacks. It can lead to the formation of aneurysms, including those on the abdominal aorta.When it affects the peripheral artery, it can cause intermittent claudication, ulcers and gangrene, endangering the viability of the limbs\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS is a multiple risk factor associated with metabolic abnormalities\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.MS is characterized by a series of interrelated risk factors for atherosclerosis, including insulin resistance, hypertension, abdominal obesity, impaired glucose metabolism and dyslipidemia, which share the risk of ASCVD.Having three or more of these ingredients will make it possible for a person to have MS\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.Detailed understanding of the components of MS is essential for the development of effective prevention strategies and appropriate intervention tools, which can curb its increasing prevalence and limit its complications.Hyperglycemia is considered to be a component of MS. It is described as a steady state with higher-than-normal plasma glucose levels after overnight fasting.The underlying pathophysiological mechanism is the interaction between pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and peripheral and hepatic IR, which leads to abnormal hepatic glucose production\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Due to the use of insulin or hypoglycemic drugs, diabetic patients rarely die of hyperglycemia; on the contrary, 75% of diabetic patients die directly from cardiovascular disease\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.The risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes is 2\u0026ndash;4 times higher than that in the general population\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.Hypertension is another important component of MS, which exists in up to 1/3 of MS patients.There is evidence that even if there is no T2DM, MS can increase the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with hypertension\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.Blood pressure level is closely related to visceral obesity and insulin resistance, which is the main pathophysiological feature of MS. The higher level of systolic blood pressure may reflect the progressive hardening of arterial wall, the change of vascular structure and the development of atherosclerosis\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.Obesity is a multifactorial chronic disease characterized by fat deposition in new adipocytes and enlargement of existing cells\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.Obesity is a chronic inflammatory state that produces a variety of cytokines and inflammatory markers that increase the risk of cardiac metabolism and metabolism-related diseases\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Obesity can be quantified by body mass index (BMI), which is determined by weight (kg) divided by height squared (m2) (kg/m2). The BMI index is determined by weight (kg) divided by height squared (m2). A better way to define obesity is by the percentage of total body fat \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.Body fat percentage measurements are rarely used because of inconvenience and cost, so the best way to estimate obesity is to calculate the waist circumference (WC). This is because excessive abdominal fat is closely related to metabolic risk factors.Waist circumference ratio (WHR) is an alternative indicator of central obesity. Compared with BMI\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e and WC\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, WHR is a superior indicator of CVD risk. Studies have shown that each additional unit of BMI increases the risk of cardiovascular disease by 8 per cent\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.In addition, for every 0.01 unit increase in waist width ratio for both men and women, the risk of cardiovascular events increased by 5%\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.Therefore, these simple indicators of abdominal obesity should be included in the risk assessment of cardiovascular disease. Weight control through lifestyle changes is considered to be an effective strategy to achieve and maintain a healthy weight.Lipid abnormality is a sign of MS, which is characterized by an increase in plasma triglyceride concentration, a decrease in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and an increase in low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C).Dyslipidemia is generally considered to be an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.Low plasma HDL-C level and hypertriglyceridemia are independently and significantly correlated with myocardial infarction in patients with MS\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.Therefore, in our study, we found 10 meaningful HUB genes between the common differentially expressed genes of AS and MS, and verified by PCR by collecting relevant clinical blood samples. the results showed that there were significant differences in HUB genes between patients and non-patients. We focused on the three key genes we verified.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eCX3CR1 is the receptor of CX3CL1, which is a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR). It has seven transmembrane (TM7) transmembrane regions. Under the condition of flow in vitro, CX3CR1 receptor can mediate the tight adhesion of cells to fixed fractalkine.CX3CR1 exists in many early leukocyte cells, and CX3CR1-CX3CL1 signal transduction plays different functions in different tissue regions, such as immune response, inflammation, cell adhesion and chemotaxis\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.CX3CR1-CX3CL1 signal transduction mediates cell migration function (through similarity). Responsible for recruiting natural killer (NK) cells into inflamed tissue (through similarity).Promote cell survival (through similarity) by mediating macrophages and monocytes to recruit inflamed atherosclerotic plaques as regulators of the inflammatory process that leads to atherosclerosis.CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 play a role in many inflammatory diseases. It has been suggested that CX3CR1 participates in the pathogenesis of these diseases by promoting the migration of monocytes or lymphocytes expressing CX3CR1. In contrast, the role of CX3CR1 and atherosclerosis has been clearly confirmed\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterleukin-32 (IL32) is described as a pro-inflammatory cytokine, which is involved in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases.It is known to play a role in rheumatoid arthritis because it can induce TNF α, a major cytokine in Rheumatoid Arthritis.In addition, IL-32 helps to induce other pro-inflammatory mediators, such as procoagulant, pro-inflammatory and cytokine effects of IL-1 β when siRNA reduces IL-32 levels, such as IL-1 β-induced ICAM-1 production, which also significantly reduces the up-regulation of ICAM-1 in human umbilical cord endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced by IL-1 β, so it is considered that IL32 plays an important role in the process of atherosclerosis\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.At the same time, IL-32 is also highly expressed in T cells and is known to play an important role in the late stage of atherosclerosis, characterized by plaque instability and rupture. In view of these facts, IL-32 is an important factor promoting the development of CVD in individuals with chronic inflammatory diseases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTLR5 is the extracellular receptor of bacterial flagellin and is widely expressed in almost all tissue types.In addition to one or more exogenous stimuli, most tlr also respond to specific endogenous ligands\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.Although most of the endogenous ligands of TLRs9 have been described, there is a lack of equivalent ligands for TLR5. Since many exogenous TLR ligands are expressed in atherosclerotic lesions, flagellin may also play a role in the development of atherosclerosis.Related studies show that TLR5 deficiency can reduce the formation of atherosclerosis in LDLr-/-mice\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.In addition, the plaques of these mice contained fewer macrophages and smaller necrotic cores than mice that received WT bone marrow. These results are also expressed, that is, the role of TLR5 in atherosclerotic plaque formation and inflammatory cell accumulation\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtherosclerosis is increasingly regarded as an inflammatory disease because the inflammatory process plays an important role in all stages of plaque development. It is also considered as a possible mechanism for the adverse consequences of MS\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.In fact, the level of inflammation in patients with MS may help identify patients who are at high risk of adverse consequences. Inflammation can increase OS by oxidative modification of LDL\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.The immune response to these modified lipoproteins drives the pathogenicity of plaques by releasing pro-inflammatory mediators, leading to chronic inflammation. Oxidized LDL atherosclerotic products induce the formation of foam cells and fat stripes in the vascular wall, which is a sign of the beginning of atherosclerosis\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.Therefore, in our study, we analyzed the immune infiltration of atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome at the same time, and analyzed the correlation of immune infiltration of the screened HUB gene.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, our study still has some limitations, first of all, the data are derived from the GEO public database, rather than RNA-sep through patient specimens, there are some information differences.Secondly, this study is a single-center study, in the clinical verification stage of the sample, the sample size is limited, our results only select the more prominent three genes in the clinical samples for verification.In addition, further animal and cellular studies are needed to confirm the function and mechanism of these genes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e In this study, we established a co-expression network between AS lesion progression and MS, identified 10 key genes between the two diseases, and clinically verified the most significant genes, which provided valuable insights into the potential pathophysiology of MS and AS.The elucidation of the common and unique molecular pathways in AS and MS reveals the complex interactions of the factors that control these conditions, which are helpful for the diagnosis and treatment strategy of their progress.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGEO facilitated in the completion of this work. We would like to express our gratitude to the GEO network for freely sharing huge amounts of data. We thank all the investigators and subjects who participated in this project.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQ X and X-H Z contributed to the conception and design, acquisition and drafting of the manuscript or critical revision for important intellectual content. F L, J-Y L, C L and \u0026nbsp;Z-Y Z contributed to interpretation of the data and analysis. Y-N Y and X-M L contributed to the conception and design and reviewing of the manuscript or critical revision for important intellectual content. All authors approved the final version, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was supported by The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region key research and development project(grant no. 2022B03022-2);The Special Fund Project for Central Guidance of Local Science and Technology Development (grant no.ZYYD2022C21);The Tianshan Talent Training Program(2022TSYCLJ0028，2022TSYCCX0033).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and analyzed during the current study are all available from the corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical statement and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDue to the retrospective nature of this study, Basic information and disease diagnoses about patients needed to be retrieved from the hospital medical records department,And some patients\u0026apos; blood samples need to be collected. All patients signed the informed consent form for the study and the informed consent form for taking blood samples.Because the patient\u0026rsquo;s privacy was not violated in the study, the Ethics Committee of the First Affili‑ated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University agreed with the exemption of informed consent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSong P, Fang Z, Wang H, et al. 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World J Cardiol. 2014;6(9):890\u0026ndash;907.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCarethers M, Blanchette PL. Pathophysiology of hypertension [J]. Clin Geriatr Med. 1989;5(4):657\u0026ndash;74.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFormiguera X, Cant\u0026oacute;n A. Obesity: epidemiology and clinical aspects [J]. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2004;18(6):1125\u0026ndash;46.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVan Gaal LF, Mertens IL, De Block CE. Mechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease [J]. Nature. 2006;444(7121):875\u0026ndash;80.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGuh DP, Zhang W, Bansback N, et al. The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:88.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWilliams CM, Lovegrove JA, Griffin BA. 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Lancet. 2009;373(9669):1083\u0026ndash;96.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGenest JG Jr. Dyslipidemia and coronary artery disease [J]. Can J Cardiol, 2000, 16 Suppl A: 3a-4a.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNinomiya JK, L'Italien G, Criqui MH, et al. Association of the metabolic syndrome with history of myocardial infarction and stroke in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [J]. Circulation. 2004;109(1):42\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eImai T, Hieshima K, Haskell C, et al. Identification and molecular characterization of fractalkine receptor CX3CR1, which mediates both leukocyte migration and adhesion [J]. Cell. 1997;91(4):521\u0026ndash;30.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCombadi\u0026egrave;re C, Potteaux S, Gao JL, et al. Decreased atherosclerotic lesion formation in CX3CR1/apolipoprotein E double knockout mice [J]. 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Immunol Rev. 2005;204:27\u0026ndash;42.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEllenbroek GH, van Puijvelde GH, Anas AA, et al. Leukocyte TLR5 deficiency inhibits atherosclerosis by reduced macrophage recruitment and defective T-cell responsiveness [J]. Sci Rep. 2017;7:42688.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhang Y, Zhang Y. Pterostilbene, a novel natural plant conduct, inhibits high fat-induced atherosclerosis inflammation via NF-κB signaling pathway in Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) deficient mice [J]. Biomed Pharmacother. 2016;81:345\u0026ndash;55.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZarember KA, Godowski PJ. Tissue expression of human Toll-like receptors and differential regulation of Toll-like receptor mRNAs in leukocytes in response to microbes, their products, and cytokines [J]. J Immunol. 2002;168(2):554\u0026ndash;61.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003evan Diepen JA, Berb\u0026eacute;e JF, Havekes LM, et al. Interactions between inflammation and lipid metabolism: relevance for efficacy of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of atherosclerosis [J]. Atherosclerosis. 2013;228(2):306\u0026ndash;15.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSteinberg D. The LDL modification hypothesis of atherogenesis: an update [J]. J Lipid Res. 2009;50(SupplSuppl):S376\u0026ndash;81.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGarc\u0026iacute;a-Gonz\u0026aacute;lez V, Delgado-Coello B, P\u0026eacute;rez-Torres A, et al. Reality of a Vaccine in the Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis [J]. Arch Med Res. 2015;46(5):427\u0026ndash;37.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Table","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 2 is available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-cardiovascular-disorders","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bcar","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Cardiovascular Disorders](http://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bcar/default.aspx","title":"BMC Cardiovascular Disorders","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Atherosclerosis, Metabolic syndrome, Immune infiltration","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3981358/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3981358/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome are the main causes of cardiovascular events, but their underlying mechanisms are not clear. In this study, we focused on identifying genes associated with diagnostic biomarkers and effective therapeutic targets associated with these two diseases.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTranscriptional data sets of atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome were obtained from GEO database. The differentially expressed genes were analyzed by RSTUDIO software, and the function-rich and protein-protein interactions of the common differentially expressed genes were analyzed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 1242 differential genes (778 up-regulated genes and 464 down-regulated genes) were screened from GSE28829 data set. A total of 1021 differential genes (492 up-regulated genes and 529 down-regulated genes) were screened from the data set GSE98895.Then 23 up-regulated genes and 11 down-regulated genes were screened by VENN diagram.Functional enrichment analysis showed that cytokines and immune activation were involved in the occurrence and development of these two diseases.Through the construction of PPI network and Cytoscape software analysis, we finally screened 10 HUB genes.The immune infiltration analysis was further improved. The results showed that the infiltration scores of 7 kinds of immune cells in GSE28829 were significantly different among groups (Wilcoxon Test\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), while in GSE98895, the infiltration scores of 4 kinds of immune cells were significantly different between groups (Wilcoxon Test\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).Spearman method was used to analyze the correlation between the expression of 10 key genes and 22 kinds of immune cell infiltration scores in two data sets.The results showed that there were 42 pairs of significant correlations between 10 genes and 22 kinds of immune cells in GSE28829 (| Cor | \u0026gt; 0.3 \u0026amp; P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).There were 41 pairs of significant correlations between 10 genes and 22 kinds of immune cells in GSE98895 (| Cor | \u0026gt; 0.3 \u0026amp; P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).Finally, our results identified 10 small molecules with the highest absolute enrichment value, and the three most significant key genes (CX3CR1, TLR5, IL32) were further verified in the data expression matrix and clinical blood samples.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe have established a co-expression network between atherosclerotic progression and metabolic syndrome, and identified key genes between the two diseases. this may be helpful to provide new research ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis complicated with metabolic syndrome.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Identification and verification of immune-related genes for diagnosing the progression of atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-15 03:37:06","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3981358/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-05-06T05:46:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-04-05T05:01:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-04-01T03:09:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"5fdfcbb8-a788-424f-85a0-f7061d6a7d7f","date":"2024-03-25T15:02:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"dceefe55-d619-440b-b243-7129ccbf44e0","date":"2024-03-22T18:48:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"ac98eaa2-80a7-43db-b0aa-b1e22bea3d6c","date":"2024-03-22T13:38:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-03-22T13:09:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-03-22T13:08:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2024-03-13T11:08:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-03-13T10:51:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Cardiovascular Disorders","date":"2024-02-23T09:23:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-cardiovascular-disorders","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bcar","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Cardiovascular Disorders](http://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bcar/default.aspx","title":"BMC Cardiovascular Disorders","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"61ddc665-3606-4c99-adda-4f7798f7d56b","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 15th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-08-05T16:04:26+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-3981358","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-024-04026-3","journal":{"identity":"bmc-cardiovascular-disorders","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Cardiovascular Disorders"},"publishedOn":"2024-08-02 15:57:43","publishedOnDateReadable":"August 2nd, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-15 03:37:06","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12872-024-04026-3","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-024-04026-3","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3981358","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3981358","identity":"rs-3981358","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}