Synergistic Utilization of Terracotta Tile Waste and Eucalyptus Tree Ash as Fine Aggregate Substitutes in Polymer-Modified Asphalt Mixtures

Synergistic Utilization of Terracotta Tile Waste and Eucalyptus Tree Ash as Fine Aggregate Substitutes in Polymer-Modified Asphalt Mixtures | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Short Report Synergistic Utilization of Terracotta Tile Waste and Eucalyptus Tree Ash as Fine Aggregate Substitutes in Polymer-Modified Asphalt Mixtures Robin Prakash, Hemant Agarwal, Sanchit Anand This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7447385/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The growing demand for sustainable infrastructure and the urgent need to reduce environmental impact have led to the exploration of alternative materials in road construction. In this context, the current study investigates the partial replacement of fine aggregates, a major component of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA), with industrial and agricultural waste materials to improve pavement performance while supporting eco-friendly practices. This research specifically focuses on the use of terracotta tile waste (TTW) and eucalyptus tree ash (ETA) as partial substitutes for fine aggregates, in combination with polymer-modified bitumen (PMB 40). Although earlier studies have suggested the potential of TTW and ETA individually, their combined application with PMB 40 in HMA mixtures has not been extensively examined. This study addresses that gap through a systematic experimental investigation. To improve pavement service life, three different HMA mixes were prepared using PMB 40 as the binder and DBM-II grade aggregates. Specimens were initially fabricated with varying binder contents (4, 4.5%, 5%, and 5.5%) to determine the optimum bitumen content and evaluate key performance parameters such as Marshall Stability, flow value, unit weight, air voids, voids filled with bitumen (VFB), and voids in mineral aggregates (VMA). The impacts of adding TTW and ETA at replacement levels of 5% and 10% for fine aggregates were then examined in relation to the control mix. The findings demonstrated that, while still meeting the requirements for roads with moderate traffic loads, a 10% substitution of TTW yielded the greatest Marshall Stability value of 34.88 kN, which was nearly three times greater than that of the control mix. Clinical Trial : Not Applicable Hot Mix Asphalt Dense Bitumen Macadam Terracotta Tile Waste Eucalyptus Tree Ash Marshall Stability Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 1. Introduction The increasing world demand for asphalt, spurred by the expansion of road networks to support an increased number of motor vehicles, has made the asphalt sector a pillar of contemporary infrastructure, the European Asphalt Pavement Association (EAPA, 2014) documenting an average annual production of 265 million tons globally [ 1 ]. Asphalt concrete, a mixture of aggregates, bitumen, and fillers, is essential to the building of long-lasting pavements for roads, parking areas, and other transportation infrastructure, but its dependency on virgin resources such as natural aggregates and bitumen plays a major role in environmental degradation via resource depletion and excess carbon emissions [ 2 , 3 ]. To reduce the effects of such impacts, scholars have sought more and more sustainable options by using alternative industrial and agricultural waste materials as partial substitutes for traditional aggregates and fillers in HMA with a view to improving pavement performance and solving waste management problems [ 4 , 5 ]. Fillers, e.g., limestone powder, play a vital role in HMA, boosting mix density, enhancing stability, and promoting aggregates-adhesion to bitumen, rendering them the central point of interest for integration of waste materials [ 3 ]. Terracotta and other clay materials have been utilized in construction for thousands of years because they are strong and available, rendering TTW a viable option for HMA use [ 5 , 6 ]. Equivalently, biomass residues from agricultural and industrial waste, such as rice husk ash (RHA), sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), coffee husk ash (CHA), and maize cob ash, have been noticed for their role as fillers [ 9 , 25 , 29 , 33 ]. Silvestre et al. [ 15 ] proved that ceramic waste from the manufacture of tiles can be used to replace up to 30% of natural aggregate in HMA binder courses and satisfy Spanish mechanical standards for the angularity and hardness of ceramic particles, which strengthen aggregate interlocking and stability. This evidence supports TTW's capability to enhance HMA performance coupled with decreased environmental effect [ 5 , 15 ]. Rengarasu et al. [ 16 ] studied carbonized rice husk (CRH) and coal bottom ash (CBA) and established that an 11% CRH replacement in combination with 6% CBA maximized Marshall Stability as well as temperature resistance, making it a good material for road construction. Vasudevan [ 24 ] also supported the efficiency of CBA, demonstrating a Marshall Stability of 20.39 kN and a resilient modulus of 5192 MPa at 1% CBA with 5.1% optimum bituminous content, higher than conventional fillers such as hydrated lime. Tessema et al. [ 25 ] investigated CHA as a filler and attained 16.82 kN Marshall Stability, 4.983 mm flow, and 4.435% air voids at 75% replacement of crushed stone dust (CSD) by 5.57% optimum asphalt content, indicating biomass ashes are capable of improving stability at moderate replacement percentages. Modupe et al. [ 26 ] also assessed cow bone ash (CBA) to replace quarry dust using levels from 2.5–50%, and observed improved Marshall Stability, flow, and volumetric characteristics with the best results achieved at lower levels of replacement. Abdulrasool et al. [ 27 ] observed a 33.5% increase in Marshall Stability (11.11 kN) and a 17.83% reduction in flow at 50% cow dung ash replacement, indicating that it has the capability to enhance mechanical properties. Kibru et al. [ 28 ] also tested 'ENSET' fiber ash at 15% and 25% replacement levels, reporting better stability, flow, and less voids filled with asphalt at 25%, whereas Kifle et al. [ 29 ] recorded a Marshall Stability of 11.7 kN, flow of 3.13 mm, and 4.0% air voids at 75% maize cob ash, corroborating its application as a partial filler. Osuya and Mohammed [ 32 ] observed that 15% replacement of sawdust ash resulted in a Marshall Stability of 18.2 kN, a flow of 3.40 mm, and 4.05% air voids, making it a suitable substitute for granite filler. Zainudin et al. [ 33 ] have indicated that SCBA enhanced Marshall Stability by 0.6%, flow by 4.9%, and resilient modulus by 17.4%, whereas Choi et al. [ 34 ] discovered TDF fly ash performed better than stone dust, cement, and hydrated lime in stability and stripping resistance at 5.0% optimum bitumen content. Tahami et al. [ 35 ] evaluated date seed ash (DSA) and RHA at 0–100% replacements, observing improved Marshall Stability, stiffness modulus, and rutting resistance at 100% DSA and 75% RHA, although binder optimization had to be done carefully to preserve coating efficiency. Even with these developments, high replacement levels are problematic since fine ash particles (e.g., RHA, CHA, ETA) enhance binder absorption, resulting in low cohesion dry mixes and lower aggregate-bitumen bonding [ 16 , 25 , 35 ]. Setyawan et al. [ 17 ] reported that replacement of 100% crumb rubber lowered stability and raised flow due to lower density, which affected durability. Hosseinzadeh et al. [ 18 ] indicated that 0–5 mm electric arc furnace (EAF) slag enhanced stability, while 100% EAF slag significantly decreased stability because of the lack of interlocking [ 19 ]. Dyer et al. [ 19 ] and Shishehboran et al. [ 22 ] suggested that waste foundry sand (WFS) had environmental acceptability as an HMA aggregate, but its reactivity needs more research. Murana and Sani [ 23 ] identified that 30% bagasse ash containing 5.5% bitumen content provided adequate VMA and flow value of 2.5 mm, whereas an increase in ash content lowered stability because of higher binder requirement. Hassan [ 30 ] indicated that 15–20% MSW incinerator ash was acceptable for use in bituminous courses, but increased proportions lowered performance. Sargın et al. [ 31 ] obtained the best results with 50% RHA and 50% limestone at 4.73% optimum bitumen content, highlighting well-balanced filler mixtures. PMB has been investigated to improve the performance of HMA using waste material, with Khan et al. [ 14 ] reporting better Marshall properties using PMB and recycled aggregates, and Slebi-Acevedo et al. [ 12 ] reporting better mechanical performance using fibers from wastes, though excessive rigidity was observed. Kazim et al. [ 13 ] pointed out PMB's enhanced thermal stability and resilience with the use of waste materials such as CRH or CBA. Nonetheless, there is little ETA research, with Bayagoob and Péter [ 11 ] mentioning its availability but without HMA-specific data. The research design for the present study, using Marshall Mix with PMB 40 as a binder, fills these lacunae by testing replacements of 5% and 10% TTW and ETA in DBM-II mixtures with parameters such as Marshall Stability (e.g., 37.332 kN for 10% TTW, 34.936 kN for 5% ETA) and flow (Table 6 ). These findings show the promise of TTW for improved stability, and 10% ETA's failure shows vulnerability to high ash content, consistent with earlier reports [ 16 , 35 ]. Through the systematic exploration of these materials, this study further advances sustainable pavement design. Though literature widely investigates waste materials like ceramic waste [ 15 ], rice husk ash [ 31 , 35 ], sugarcane bagasse ash [ 33 ], and coffee husk ash [ 25 ] as aggregates or fillers in HMA, the joint use of TTW and ETA with PMB 40 in Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II) mixtures is still very much unexplored. Silvestre et al. [ 15 ] showed that ceramic waste may substitute up to 30% of natural aggregates, strengthening stability as a result of its angularity, without examining synergy with biomass ashes or PMB. Likewise, Tahami et al. [ 35 ] and Sargın et al. [ 31 ] observed better Marshall Stability with rice husk ash and date seed ash at the 50–100% substitution, but these studies employed traditional bitumen and examined single-replacement material. There is little research on ETA, the availability of which from eucalyptus plantations has been documented by Bayagoob and Péter [ 11 ], but without HMA-specific uses. Synergistic benefits of interplaying TTW's structure with ETA's filling capabilities in DBM-II mixtures, aimed at moderate-traffic roads according to MoRTH standards [ 36 ], are not established, especially with PMB 40 that adds durability [ 13 , 14 ]. These deficiencies are addressed in this research by a Marshall Mix design, wherein 5% and 10% TTW and ETA replacements, both alone and in combination, were tested with PMB 40. Results (Table 6 ) indicate that there is a Marshall Stability of 37.332 kN for 10% TTW, which is approximately three times the control mix 13.508 kN, and 34.936 kN for 5% ETA, but 10% ETA and 10% ETA and 10% TTW mix failed through high binder absorption, consistent with difficulties reported in earlier research [ 16 , 35 ]. The results present new information for optimizing TTW and ETA for sustainable DBM-II pavements. This is the first time that a systematic attempt has been made to experimentally analyze the combination of ETA and TTW as a simultaneous partial replacement of fine aggregates in DBM-II mixes with PMB 40. No one has previously documented their combined application in coalitions with TTW and ETA with PMB 40 in HMA, despite the fact that a few authors have researched these wastes, including rice husk ash, ceramic waste, bagasse ash, and other biomass ashes. The study determines the ideal substitution levels by analyzing both their individual effects and their synergistic performance. Significantly, the results show that replacing 10% of the TTW produced Marshall Stability that was almost three times higher than the control mix. This provides new information about how agricultural and industrial wastes can be incorporated into environmentally friendly, high-performance pavements for moderate-traffic roads that meet MoRTH requirements. 2. Methodology 2.1 Materials 2.1.1 Asphalt Binder Polymer-modified binders, such as PMB 40, are the subject of continuous research aimed at improving their performance, creating new polymer blends, and comprehending their long-term behavior under different circumstances. The goal of innovations is to increase PMB 40's efficiency and application range, making it a more attractive choice for infrastructure projects around the world. The characteristics of asphalt binder can be ascertained using a variety of traditional tests. Several standard tests, such as the penetration test, softening point test, and specific gravity test, were carried out in this investigation. The test results and apparatus for the determination of physical properties of bitumen are presented in Table 1 and Fig. 1 . Table 1 Test Results for physical properties of bitumen. S. No. Properties (Bitumen) Method of test Test specifications Test Result Units 1 Specific gravity IS:1202–1978 1-1.02 1.02 - 2 Penetration (25°C,0.1 mm, 5sec. IS:1203–1978 30–50 34.2 mm 3 Softening point IS:1205–1978 60°C 69.25°C °C 4 Viscosity (150°C Centi Poise) IS:1206–1978 (Part 1) 3–9 6 5 Flash point, °C IS:1209–1978 220°C 234°C °C 2.1.2 Aggregates and Waste Materials Physical characteristics of the natural aggregate were assessed, such as specific gravity, water absorption, hardness, toughness, cleanliness, and crushing value. Table 2 presents the findings. The DBM-II gradation utilized in this investigation is displayed in Table 2 and is described in the MORTH manual, Section 500 (Table 500 − 10) [ 36 ]. The DBM-II gradation chart and aggregate gradation are shown in Fig. 2 . Table 2 Test results for determination of physical properties of Aggregates. S. No. Property Test Performed Specifications as per MoRTH Test result Method of Test 1 Specific Gravity Specific Gravity test - 2.62 (20 mm) 2.58(10mm) 2.21 (dust) IS:2386part III 2 Particle shape Flakiness and Elongation Test Max 35% 22% IS:2386 part I 3 Cleanliness Grain Size analysis Max. 5% passing 0.0750 mm sieve 2.15% IS:2386 part I 4 Strength Aggregate Impact Test Max. 24% 21% IS:2386part IV 5 Water Absorption Water Absorption Test Max. 2% 1.95% IS:2386 part III 6 Stripping Value Coating and Stripping bitumen Aggregate Mix Min. Retained Coating 95% 96% IS:6241 7 Soundness Soundness (Sodium Sulphate) Max. 12% 9% IS:2386 The conventional aggregates used in the Marshall Mix are shown in Fig. 3 . TTW & Eucalyptus Ash (ETA) utilized as aggregates in the modified Marshal Mix are depicted in Fig. 4 . 2.2 Marshall Mix Design The Marshall Mix design method is a primary approach used for designing and analyzing pavement constructions, often supported by STAB (Simple Tool for Aggregate Blending) software to optimize aggregate combinations. Engineers and researchers in the field of civil engineering frequently use it. to assess the performance and stability of asphalt mixtures. An outline of its attributes and capabilities is provided below. This software is used for the design of pavement constructions according to material qualities, traffic load, and environmental factors. It helps determine the ideal binder content for the desired performance by assessing the flow characteristics and stability of asphalt mixtures. It gives resources for assessing various mix designs and how well they work in different scenarios, and enables users to enter and save information about test results, mix designs, and material attributes. That makes it simple to get and analyze past data for reporting and comparison, and predicts the performance of asphalt mixtures as they age by simulating their behavior under load. It simulates how temperature, traffic, and other environmental factors affect the lifespan of pavement and provides an intuitive user interface for simple operation and exploration, and gives mix design parameters and test results in graphical form. It produces comprehensive reports on test findings, pavement performance, and mix design analysis, and supports the filing of project documents and adherence to legal requirements. Before using the STAB, the sieve analysis apparatus is used for the gradation of the aggregates, as shown in Fig. 5. G radation for various aggregates using STAB and the corresponding result given by that software is shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 . This process ensures safe and long-lasting pavements by designing and analysing highways, roads, and other transportation infrastructure. It is used in labs to check that asphalt mixtures fulfil all necessary requirements, including standards and specifications. It provides information on novel materials and methods for pavement construction and maintenance, thereby aiding research and development efforts and lowering the chance of pavement failure by providing precise forecasts of the performance of asphalt mixtures. It contributes to ensuring that asphalt mixtures are created to satisfy the requirements of contemporary transportation infrastructure by providing extensive capabilities for mix design optimization, simulation, and data management. The Marshall Stability Machine, which applies a force to an asphalt specimen and measures its stability and flow, is an essential tool in the mix design process. The Marshal Parameters for DBM-II are shown in Table 3 . The mechanical qualities of the mix are crucial for guaranteeing the pavement's longevity and functionality under traffic loads, and the machine's output aids in determining these qualities. The Marshall samples and Marshall Stability Apparatus for measuring the stability value of the mixes as shown in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 . Table 3 Marshall Parameters for DBM-II Binder Content (%) Theoretical Specific gravity ( G t ) Bulk Specific gravity of Mix ( G m ) Percentage volume of bitumen ( V b ) Air Voids ( V v ),% Voids Filled with Bitumen ( VFB )% Voids in Aggregate ( VMA ) % Marshall stability (kN) Flow Value (mm) 4.00 2.26 2.29 9.21 6.44 57.33 15.89 19.15 1.37 4.50 2.48 2.24 10.35 6.1 60.21 16.20 22.15 3.52 5.00 2.39 2.27 11.89 4.23 70.29 16.42 23.86 4.56 5.50 2.24 2.25 12.58 3.54 75.50 16.54 22.52 5.82 For DBM-II, the optimum binder content (OBC) was ascertained using the Marshall Mix design approach. In order to determine the stability, unit weight, flow value, percentage of air voids, voids filled with bitumen (VFB), and voids in mineral aggregates (VMA), three specimens with 4%, 4.5%, 5%, and 5.5% binder content were made and evaluated. Table 3 displays the average values for each of them. The corresponding plots, which are displayed in Fig. 10 – 14 , plot several parameters against binder content to demonstrate how those variables change with binder content. The average binder concentration that corresponds to maximum stability, maximum unit weight, and 4% air voids is known as the optimum binder content of DBM-II, and it was calculated to be 5% of the aggregate weight as indicated in Table 4 . Table 4 Determination of optimum binder content OBC of DBM II using PMB 40, % 5.0 Binder content corresponding to the highest bulk density, % 5.0 Binder content corresponding to maximum stability, % 5.2 Binder content corresponding to 4% air voids 4.8 3. Results and Discussion Various ratios of waste material were used to generate seven distinct mixtures. The purpose of each mix was to assess how adding more waste would affect the Marshall Mix's overall performance, stability value, and flow value of the mixes, as shown in Tables 4 and 5 . The failure of two samples to form highlights the importance of understanding the material compatibility and the limitations of waste material incorporation. The averaged outcomes indicate that the various mixes' Average Marshall Stability flow and values accurately represent their overall effectiveness and suitability for the planned use, as shown in Fig. 15 . Table 5 Composition of various samples (Quantity in Gms) S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 Component Control Mix (DBM- 2) Modified Mix with 5% TTW Modified Mix with 5% ETA Modified Mix with 5% ETA and 5% TTW Modified Mix with 10% ETA Modified Mix with 10% TTW Modified Mix with 10% ETA and 10% TTW Coarse Aggregates (20 mm) 374 374 374 374 374 374 374 Coarse Aggregates (10mm) 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 Coarse Aggregates (6 mm) 473 473 473 473 473 473 473 Fine Aggregates (Sand) 231 176 176 121 121 121 11 Terracotta Tile Waste (TTW) 0 55 0 55 0 110 110 Eucalyptus Tree Ash (ETA) 0 0 55 55 110 0 110 Binder Content (PMB) 57.2 57.2 57.2 57.2 57.2 57.2 57.2 Filler (Limestone powder) 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 Table 6 Comparison Table between control mix and various proportions of the mixes with Marshall Stability and Flow Value Samples Design Mix Marshall StStability (kN) Flow Value (mm) 1.1 Control Mix 12.377 5.32 1.2 Control Mix 13.084 5.40 1.3 Control Mix 13.508 5.66 2.1 5% TTW 13.563 6.3 2.2 5% TTW 14.650 5.8 2.3 5% TTW 13.890 6.1 3.1 5% ETA 34.936 4.8 3.2 5% ETA 33.690 5.2 3.3 5% ETA 32.889 4.6 4.1 5% ETA and 5% TTW 28.094 4.89 4.2 5% ETA and 5% TTW 30.045 5.15 4.3 5% ETA and 5% TTW 31.254 4.20 5.1 10% ETA 0 0 5.2 10% ETA 0 0 5.3 10% ETA 0 0 6.1 10% TTW 37.332 3.88 6.2 10% TTW 33.290 5.85 6.3 10% TTW 34.015 4.93 7.1 10% ETA and 10%TTW 0 0 7.2 10% ETA and 10% TTW 0 0 7.3 10% ETA and 10% TTW 0 0 4. Conclusion The performance effects of using ETA and TTW as partial replacements for fine aggregates are shown by the Marshall Stability and Flow values acquired for several asphalt mix samples. The control mix demonstrated normal performance with steady stability values between 12.377 and 13.508 kN and flow values between 5.32 mm and 5.66 mm. The addition of 5% TTW resulted in a substantial rise in flow values and a slight improvement in stability (13.563–14.650 kN), indicating better aggregate interlocking and flexibility. The greatest significant enhancement was seen with the 5% ETA mix, which maintained acceptable flow values (4.6–5.2 mm) while exhibiting noticeably better stability values (32.889–34.936 kN), about three times the control. With moderate flow, a combination of 5% ETA and 5% TTW also demonstrated improved stability (28.094–31.254 kN), suggesting a synergistic impact. The failure to produce stable specimens by the 10% ETA and 10% ETA and 10% TTW mixtures, however, resulted in zero stability and flow values, suggesting incompatibility or poor cohesion at higher replacement levels. Remarkably, the 10% TTW mix showed the best performance and potential for use in flexible pavement construction, recording the maximum stability (up to 37.332 kN) with acceptable flow values (3.88–5.85 mm). The following conclusions can be drawn from the laboratory testing of the glass-contained asphalt and control mixtures: It is technically possible to replace fine sand with crushed TTW and ETA. Utilizing TTW and ETA in a flexible pavement lessens the depletion of natural resources because the mechanical qualities of the TTW and ETA contained asphalt mixtures are comparable to those of traditional hot asphalt mixtures. If industries are interested in gathering and crushing TTW and ETA waste, this is an affordable and eco-friendly method of recycling these wastes. The overall trend of crushed TTW and ETA waste with these percentages and particle sizes that passed 0.3 mm sieve and retain on 0.075 mm was towards a decrease in density,air voids, and VMA and an increase in Marshall stability (with the exception of 10% ETA and 10% ETA & 10% TTW, where samples could not be made due to binding property). The current study's mixtures, including all percentages of TTW and ETA, passed the Marshal Stability tests, and the other characteristics were also approved. Two of the seven samples lost their usability. The sample that displayed the highest Marshall Stability, at 34.88 kN, roughly three times greater than the Control Mix, was the one with a 10% TTW replacement. However, in the case of 10% ETA substitution, a significant reduction in Marshall Stability and overall performance was observed. This reduction can be attributed to the high ash content and fineness of ETA, which, at higher replacement levels, tends to absorb more binder, leading to a dry mix with insufficient cohesion. Additionally, the increased surface area of ETA particles results in higher binder demand, which, if not adequately compensated, reduces the coating efficiency and weakens the aggregate-bitumen bond. These factors collectively contribute to poor interlocking, reduced strength, and premature failure under load. Declarations CRediT authorship contribution statement Robin Prakash: Conceptualization, Methodology, Data curation, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Visualization, Supervision. Hemant Agarwal: Methodology, Visualization, Investigation, Writing – review & editing. Sanchit Anand: Writing – review & editing . Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Consent for publication The authors hereby give consent to publish their research paper titled “Synergistic Utilization of Terracotta Tile Waste and Eucalyptus Tree Ash as Fine Aggregate Substitutes in Polymer-Modified Asphalt Mixtures” in the Discover Materials Journal. The author guarantees that the contribution to the work has not been previously published elsewhere, and the person named as co-author of the contribution is aware of the fact and has agreed to be so named. Data availability Data will be made available on request. Funding There were no specific grants/funding were received for this research study from public, commercial, or non-profit organizations. Ethical approval and consent to participate This article did not contain any experiments with animal or human subjects carried out by any of the authors. This study is not a part of any clinical trial. Clinical Trial Not Applicable References Huang, Y., Bird, R. N., & Heidrich, O. (2007). A review of the use of recycled solid waste materials in asphalt pavements. Resources, conservation and recycling , 52 (1), 58-73. Choudhary, J., Kumar, B., & Gupta, A. (2020). Utilization of solid waste materials as alternative fillers in asphalt mixes: A review. Construction and building Materials , 234 , 117271. Kandhal¹, P. S. (1993). Waste materials in hot mix asphalt-an overview. Use of waste materials in hot-mix asphalt , 1193 , 3. Bamigboye, G. O., Bassey, D. E., Olukanni, D. O., Ngene, B. U., Adegoke, D., Odetoyan, A. O., ... & Nworgu, A. T. (2021). Waste materials in highway applications: An overview on generation and utilization implications on sustainability. 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In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 640, No. 1, p. 012082). IOP Publishing. Abdulrasool, A. T., Kadhim, Y. N., Hussain, W. A. M., Kashesh, G. J., & Abdulhussein, H. A. (2022). The effect of cow dung ash as A filler on the mechanical characteristics of hot mix asphalt. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 961, No. 1, p. 012041). IOP Publishing. Kibru, Y., Geremew, A., & Yigezu, B. (2021). Potential Use Of'enset'fiber Ash As Partial Replacement Of Conventional Filler Material In Hot Mix Asphalt. Journal of Civil Engineering, Science and Technology , 12 (2), 91-111. Kifile, D., Getu, N., Mesfin, A., Yifru, W., & Sewunet, A. (2023). Evaluation of maize cob ash as filler in hot-mix asphalt concrete production. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology , 16 (3), 592-605. Hassan, H. F. (2005). Recycling of municipal solid waste incinerator ash in hot-mix asphalt concrete. Construction and building materials , 19 (2), 91-98. Sargın, Ş., Saltan, M., Morova, N., Serin, S., & Terzi, S. (2013). Evaluation of rice husk ash as filler in hot mix asphalt concrete. Construction and Building Materials , 48 , 390-397. Osuya, D. O., & Mohammed, H. (2017). Evaluation of sawdust ash as a partial replacement for mineral filler in asphaltic concrete. Ife Journal of Science , 19 (2), 431- 440. Zainudin, M. Z. M., Khairuddin, F. H., Ng, C. P., Che Osmi, S. K., Misnon, N. A., & Syaripuddin, M. (2016, April). Effect of sugarcane bagasse ash as filler in hot mix asphalt. In Materials science forum (Vol. 846, pp. 683-689). Trans Tech Publications Ltd. Choi, M. J., Kim, Y. J., Kim, H. J., & Lee, J. J. (2020). Performance evaluation of the use of tire-derived fuel fly ash as mineral filler in hot mix asphalt concrete. J Traffic Transp Eng (English Edition) 7. Tahami, S. A., Arabani, M., & Mirhosseini, A. F. (2018). Usage of two biomass ashes as filler in hot mix asphalt. Construction and Building Materials , 170 , 547-556. Anand, S., Gaur, A., & Singh, G. (2021). Evaluation of fatigue endurance limit of dense bituminous mix using different failure theories for the design of perpetual pavement. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 14, 318-326. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7447385","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Short Report","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":516364637,"identity":"5fe737f0-04e5-431c-9d9b-3708461e5065","order_by":0,"name":"Robin Prakash","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Poornima Institute of Engineering \u0026 Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Robin","middleName":"","lastName":"Prakash","suffix":""},{"id":516364638,"identity":"7737883c-1ec9-4719-802f-c1026b50c8f8","order_by":1,"name":"Hemant Agarwal","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jagannath University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hemant","middleName":"","lastName":"Agarwal","suffix":""},{"id":516364639,"identity":"9f58afe8-8fa9-4ee5-8d8c-dade14ec4d1c","order_by":2,"name":"Sanchit Anand","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Manipal University Jaipur","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sanchit","middleName":"","lastName":"Anand","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-24 16:23:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7447385/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7447385/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":91696671,"identity":"e366b3f0-ede1-4786-9ad8-5c1edc9234ac","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 09:40:10","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":144719,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) Softening point Apparatus (b) Redwood Viscometer (c) PMB 40 (d) Theoretical maximum Specific Gravity Apparatus\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7447385/v1/8b861d7ea2370af10e27b0a9.jpg"},{"id":91696670,"identity":"8b4515bc-cd34-4745-8621-82dc5c68750d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 09:40:10","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":84919,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAggregates Gradation Chart for DBM –II and aggregates used.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7447385/v1/bac41f2cba438e43f7c88198.jpg"},{"id":91696672,"identity":"a9cfa3e5-4683-4c94-b37f-4757b3d9c8ea","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 09:40:10","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":276874,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) Coarse aggregate (20 mm) (b) Coarse Aggregate (10 mm) (c) Fine Aggregate (Sand) (d) Filler (limestone powder)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7447385/v1/18e9607a5f83f36c3a417232.jpg"},{"id":91696673,"identity":"341d5969-4121-4686-8012-ae3494dbc76f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 09:40:10","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":196937,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) TTW (b) Eucalyptus Tree Leaves (c) TTW \u0026nbsp;aggregate and Eucalyptus Tree Leaves Ash\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7447385/v1/98a0a382e26d9e1b2924e1eb.jpg"},{"id":91697044,"identity":"2c8413d3-939e-4c05-9f19-331eb6ef3df7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 09:48:10","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":88184,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) Sieve Analysis (b) Oven used for heating up the aggregates\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7447385/v1/fb8a3388bbcbea958975f8f1.jpg"},{"id":91698694,"identity":"ef826cdf-b845-49f4-b061-7fc355779c52","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 10:04:10","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":115042,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGradation of different aggregates using STAB software\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7447385/v1/e730381f93332a5dd49652e7.jpg"},{"id":91698055,"identity":"b6d56575-07b3-4135-b4a1-a6548175551b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 09:56:10","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":70890,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eResult generated by STAB software: percentage passing vs sieve number\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7447385/v1/a80d7ffb1776ffcda2c5bfab.jpg"},{"id":91697046,"identity":"17ec0f5b-af9f-4228-8d7c-40e8cd966178","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 09:48:10","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":210235,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) and (b) Marshal Samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7447385/v1/41afbcebe86b632fa92bedfa.jpg"},{"id":91698056,"identity":"e615dc05-8b7c-4e94-a590-81dd55c2186e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 09:56:10","extension":"jpg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":129516,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMarshall Stability Apparatus and results configurations\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7447385/v1/b318cd6a7d280dc07abbe8b2.jpg"},{"id":91696691,"identity":"ceda9893-4b06-4d74-9eb7-729272d4ef43","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 09:40:10","extension":"jpg","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":61862,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePercentage Air Voids vs Binder Content\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7447385/v1/6829c682a6d02377808a5f8e.jpg"},{"id":91696696,"identity":"5cfcaea9-b97f-431d-b626-53115a15b41a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 09:40:10","extension":"jpg","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":75996,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVoids Filled with Bitumen (VFB) Vs Binder Content\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7447385/v1/cfc5d3165c94bd66150a28ad.jpg"},{"id":91696688,"identity":"14268dda-3a30-43e6-9cb6-56e9c242826f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 09:40:10","extension":"jpg","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":69914,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStability value vs Binder Content\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7447385/v1/526c71ed76d33a1c1d94baa3.jpg"},{"id":91697051,"identity":"b8ea7e69-8176-4932-8799-b6da1e363473","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 09:48:10","extension":"jpg","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":63823,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBulk Density vs Binder Content\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7447385/v1/87f433ef89d4d5fd6a58cb74.jpg"},{"id":91698695,"identity":"ef3b8e14-5d8b-41ae-9cd0-acaa8d8d274d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 10:04:10","extension":"jpg","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":62420,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFlow Value vs Binder content\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"14.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7447385/v1/5e127deefe7757de4f4e53c4.jpg"},{"id":91698058,"identity":"8fb6536c-f826-40f5-95f3-7018337cc8db","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 09:56:10","extension":"jpg","order_by":15,"title":"Figure 15","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":76993,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAverage Marshall Stability and Flow value of various Samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"15.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7447385/v1/0bebf25effc8cd94b3e9c36f.jpg"},{"id":92960238,"identity":"d8f397b8-8a1f-436f-9765-3638120a5d9a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 14:47:20","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2730030,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7447385/v1/a58df68f-1146-4805-ba85-0d6492708ce6.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Synergistic Utilization of Terracotta Tile Waste and Eucalyptus Tree Ash as Fine Aggregate Substitutes in Polymer-Modified Asphalt Mixtures","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe increasing world demand for asphalt, spurred by the expansion of road networks to support an increased number of motor vehicles, has made the asphalt sector a pillar of contemporary infrastructure, the European Asphalt Pavement Association (EAPA, 2014) documenting an average annual production of 265\u0026nbsp;million tons globally [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Asphalt concrete, a mixture of aggregates, bitumen, and fillers, is essential to the building of long-lasting pavements for roads, parking areas, and other transportation infrastructure, but its dependency on virgin resources such as natural aggregates and bitumen plays a major role in environmental degradation via resource depletion and excess carbon emissions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. To reduce the effects of such impacts, scholars have sought more and more sustainable options by using alternative industrial and agricultural waste materials as partial substitutes for traditional aggregates and fillers in HMA with a view to improving pavement performance and solving waste management problems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Fillers, e.g., limestone powder, play a vital role in HMA, boosting mix density, enhancing stability, and promoting aggregates-adhesion to bitumen, rendering them the central point of interest for integration of waste materials [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Terracotta and other clay materials have been utilized in construction for thousands of years because they are strong and available, rendering TTW a viable option for HMA use [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Equivalently, biomass residues from agricultural and industrial waste, such as rice husk ash (RHA), sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), coffee husk ash (CHA), and maize cob ash, have been noticed for their role as fillers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. Silvestre et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] proved that ceramic waste from the manufacture of tiles can be used to replace up to 30% of natural aggregate in HMA binder courses and satisfy Spanish mechanical standards for the angularity and hardness of ceramic particles, which strengthen aggregate interlocking and stability. This evidence supports TTW's capability to enhance HMA performance coupled with decreased environmental effect [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Rengarasu et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] studied carbonized rice husk (CRH) and coal bottom ash (CBA) and established that an 11% CRH replacement in combination with 6% CBA maximized Marshall Stability as well as temperature resistance, making it a good material for road construction. Vasudevan [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] also supported the efficiency of CBA, demonstrating a Marshall Stability of 20.39 kN and a resilient modulus of 5192 MPa at 1% CBA with 5.1% optimum bituminous content, higher than conventional fillers such as hydrated lime. Tessema et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e] investigated CHA as a filler and attained 16.82 kN Marshall Stability, 4.983 mm flow, and 4.435% air voids at 75% replacement of crushed stone dust (CSD) by 5.57% optimum asphalt content, indicating biomass ashes are capable of improving stability at moderate replacement percentages. Modupe et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e] also assessed cow bone ash (CBA) to replace quarry dust using levels from 2.5\u0026ndash;50%, and observed improved Marshall Stability, flow, and volumetric characteristics with the best results achieved at lower levels of replacement. Abdulrasool et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e] observed a 33.5% increase in Marshall Stability (11.11 kN) and a 17.83% reduction in flow at 50% cow dung ash replacement, indicating that it has the capability to enhance mechanical properties. Kibru et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e] also tested 'ENSET' fiber ash at 15% and 25% replacement levels, reporting better stability, flow, and less voids filled with asphalt at 25%, whereas Kifle et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e] recorded a Marshall Stability of 11.7 kN, flow of 3.13 mm, and 4.0% air voids at 75% maize cob ash, corroborating its application as a partial filler. Osuya and Mohammed [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e] observed that 15% replacement of sawdust ash resulted in a Marshall Stability of 18.2 kN, a flow of 3.40 mm, and 4.05% air voids, making it a suitable substitute for granite filler. Zainudin et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e] have indicated that SCBA enhanced Marshall Stability by 0.6%, flow by 4.9%, and resilient modulus by 17.4%, whereas Choi et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e] discovered TDF fly ash performed better than stone dust, cement, and hydrated lime in stability and stripping resistance at 5.0% optimum bitumen content. Tahami et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e] evaluated date seed ash (DSA) and RHA at 0\u0026ndash;100% replacements, observing improved Marshall Stability, stiffness modulus, and rutting resistance at 100% DSA and 75% RHA, although binder optimization had to be done carefully to preserve coating efficiency. Even with these developments, high replacement levels are problematic since fine ash particles (e.g., RHA, CHA, ETA) enhance binder absorption, resulting in low cohesion dry mixes and lower aggregate-bitumen bonding [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. Setyawan et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] reported that replacement of 100% crumb rubber lowered stability and raised flow due to lower density, which affected durability. Hosseinzadeh et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] indicated that 0\u0026ndash;5 mm electric arc furnace (EAF) slag enhanced stability, while 100% EAF slag significantly decreased stability because of the lack of interlocking [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Dyer et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] and Shishehboran et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] suggested that waste foundry sand (WFS) had environmental acceptability as an HMA aggregate, but its reactivity needs more research. Murana and Sani [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] identified that 30% bagasse ash containing 5.5% bitumen content provided adequate VMA and flow value of 2.5 mm, whereas an increase in ash content lowered stability because of higher binder requirement. Hassan [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e] indicated that 15\u0026ndash;20% MSW incinerator ash was acceptable for use in bituminous courses, but increased proportions lowered performance. Sargın et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e] obtained the best results with 50% RHA and 50% limestone at 4.73% optimum bitumen content, highlighting well-balanced filler mixtures. PMB has been investigated to improve the performance of HMA using waste material, with Khan et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] reporting better Marshall properties using PMB and recycled aggregates, and Slebi-Acevedo et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] reporting better mechanical performance using fibers from wastes, though excessive rigidity was observed. Kazim et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] pointed out PMB's enhanced thermal stability and resilience with the use of waste materials such as CRH or CBA. Nonetheless, there is little ETA research, with Bayagoob and P\u0026eacute;ter [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] mentioning its availability but without HMA-specific data. The research design for the present study, using Marshall Mix with PMB 40 as a binder, fills these lacunae by testing replacements of 5% and 10% TTW and ETA in DBM-II mixtures with parameters such as Marshall Stability (e.g., 37.332 kN for 10% TTW, 34.936 kN for 5% ETA) and flow (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). These findings show the promise of TTW for improved stability, and 10% ETA's failure shows vulnerability to high ash content, consistent with earlier reports [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. Through the systematic exploration of these materials, this study further advances sustainable pavement design.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThough literature widely investigates waste materials like ceramic waste [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], rice husk ash [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e], sugarcane bagasse ash [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e], and coffee husk ash [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e] as aggregates or fillers in HMA, the joint use of TTW and ETA with PMB 40 in Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II) mixtures is still very much unexplored. Silvestre et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] showed that ceramic waste may substitute up to 30% of natural aggregates, strengthening stability as a result of its angularity, without examining synergy with biomass ashes or PMB. Likewise, Tahami et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e] and Sargın et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e] observed better Marshall Stability with rice husk ash and date seed ash at the 50\u0026ndash;100% substitution, but these studies employed traditional bitumen and examined single-replacement material. There is little research on ETA, the availability of which from eucalyptus plantations has been documented by Bayagoob and P\u0026eacute;ter [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], but without HMA-specific uses. Synergistic benefits of interplaying TTW's structure with ETA's filling capabilities in DBM-II mixtures, aimed at moderate-traffic roads according to MoRTH standards [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e], are not established, especially with PMB 40 that adds durability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. These deficiencies are addressed in this research by a Marshall Mix design, wherein 5% and 10% TTW and ETA replacements, both alone and in combination, were tested with PMB 40. Results (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e) indicate that there is a Marshall Stability of 37.332 kN for 10% TTW, which is approximately three times the control mix 13.508 kN, and 34.936 kN for 5% ETA, but 10% ETA and 10% ETA and 10% TTW mix failed through high binder absorption, consistent with difficulties reported in earlier research [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. The results present new information for optimizing TTW and ETA for sustainable DBM-II pavements.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis is the first time that a systematic attempt has been made to experimentally analyze the combination of ETA and TTW as a simultaneous partial replacement of fine aggregates in DBM-II mixes with PMB 40. No one has previously documented their combined application in coalitions with TTW and ETA with PMB 40 in HMA, despite the fact that a few authors have researched these wastes, including rice husk ash, ceramic waste, bagasse ash, and other biomass ashes. The study determines the ideal substitution levels by analyzing both their individual effects and their synergistic performance. Significantly, the results show that replacing 10% of the TTW produced Marshall Stability that was almost three times higher than the control mix. This provides new information about how agricultural and industrial wastes can be incorporated into environmentally friendly, high-performance pavements for moderate-traffic roads that meet MoRTH requirements.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1 Materials\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1.1 Asphalt Binder\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePolymer-modified binders, such as PMB 40, are the subject of continuous research aimed at improving their performance, creating new polymer blends, and comprehending their long-term behavior under different circumstances. The goal of innovations is to increase PMB 40's efficiency and application range, making it a more attractive choice for infrastructure projects around the world. The characteristics of asphalt binder can be ascertained using a variety of traditional tests. Several standard tests, such as the penetration test, softening point test, and specific gravity test, were carried out in this investigation. The test results and apparatus for the determination of physical properties of bitumen are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTest Results for physical properties of bitumen.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProperties (Bitumen)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMethod of test\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTest\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003especifications\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTest Result\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnits\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecific gravity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIS:1202\u0026ndash;1978\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1-1.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePenetration (25\u0026deg;C,0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003emm, 5sec.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIS:1203\u0026ndash;1978\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003emm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoftening point\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIS:1205\u0026ndash;1978\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.25\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eViscosity (150\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCenti Poise)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIS:1206\u0026ndash;1978\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Part 1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlash point, \u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIS:1209\u0026ndash;1978\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e220\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e234\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1.2 Aggregates and Waste Materials\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysical characteristics of the natural aggregate were assessed, such as specific gravity, water absorption, hardness, toughness, cleanliness, and crushing value. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e presents the findings. The DBM-II gradation utilized in this investigation is displayed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and is described in the MORTH manual, Section 500 (Table\u0026nbsp;500\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;10) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. The DBM-II gradation chart and aggregate gradation are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTest results for determination of physical properties of Aggregates.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProperty\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTest Performed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecifications as per MoRTH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTest result\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMethod of Test\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecific Gravity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecific Gravity test\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.62 (20 mm) 2.58(10mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.21 (dust)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIS:2386part III\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticle\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eshape\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlakiness and\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eElongation Test\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax 35%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIS:2386 part I\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCleanliness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrain Size analysis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax. 5% passing\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0750 mm sieve\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.15%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIS:2386 part I\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrength\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAggregate Impact\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax. 24%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIS:2386part\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbsorption\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWater Absorption\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax. 2%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.95%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIS:2386 part\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStripping Value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoating and\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStripping bitumen Aggregate Mix\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin. Retained Coating 95%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIS:6241\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoundness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoundness (Sodium Sulphate)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax. 12%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIS:2386\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe conventional aggregates used in the Marshall Mix are shown in \u003cb\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;3\u003c/b\u003e. TTW \u0026amp; Eucalyptus Ash (ETA) utilized as aggregates in the modified Marshal Mix are depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2 Marshall Mix Design\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Marshall Mix design method is a primary approach used for designing and analyzing pavement constructions, often supported by STAB (Simple Tool for Aggregate Blending) software to optimize aggregate combinations. Engineers and researchers in the field of civil engineering frequently use it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eto assess the performance and stability of asphalt mixtures. An outline of its attributes and capabilities is provided below. This software is used for the design of pavement constructions according to material qualities, traffic load, and environmental factors. It helps determine the ideal binder content for the desired performance by assessing the flow characteristics and stability of asphalt mixtures. It gives resources for assessing various mix designs and how well they work in different scenarios, and enables users to enter and save information about test results, mix designs, and material attributes.\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThat makes it simple to get and analyze past data for reporting and comparison, and predicts the performance of asphalt mixtures as they age by simulating their behavior under load. It simulates how temperature, traffic, and other environmental factors affect the lifespan of pavement and provides an intuitive user interface for simple operation and exploration, and gives mix design parameters and test results in graphical form. It produces comprehensive reports on test findings, pavement performance, and mix design analysis, and supports the filing of project documents and adherence to legal requirements. Before using the STAB, the sieve analysis apparatus is used for the gradation of the aggregates, as shown in \u003cb\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;5. G\u003c/b\u003eradation for various aggregates using STAB and the corresponding result given by that software is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis process ensures safe and long-lasting pavements by designing and analysing highways, roads, and other transportation infrastructure. It is used in labs to check that asphalt mixtures fulfil all necessary requirements, including standards and specifications. It provides information on novel materials and methods for pavement construction and maintenance, thereby aiding research and development efforts and lowering the chance of pavement failure by providing precise forecasts of the performance of asphalt mixtures. It contributes to ensuring that asphalt mixtures are created to satisfy the requirements of contemporary transportation infrastructure by providing extensive capabilities for mix design optimization, simulation, and data management. The Marshall Stability Machine, which applies a force to an asphalt specimen and measures its stability and flow, is an essential tool in the mix design process. The Marshal Parameters for DBM-II are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. The mechanical qualities of the mix are crucial for guaranteeing the pavement's longevity and functionality under traffic loads, and the machine's output aids in determining these qualities. The Marshall samples and Marshall Stability Apparatus for measuring the stability value of the mixes as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarshall Parameters for DBM-II\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBinder Content (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTheoretical Specific gravity (\u003cem\u003eG\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBulk Specific gravity of Mix\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e( G\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercentage volume of bitumen (\u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAir Voids (\u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ev\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e),%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVoids Filled with Bitumen\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003eVFB\u003c/em\u003e)%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVoids in Aggregate (\u003cem\u003eVMA\u003c/em\u003e) %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarshall stability (kN)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlow Value (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor DBM-II, the optimum binder content (OBC) was ascertained using the Marshall Mix design approach. In order to determine the stability, unit weight, flow value, percentage of air voids, voids filled with bitumen (VFB), and voids in mineral aggregates (VMA), three specimens with 4%, 4.5%, 5%, and 5.5% binder content were made and evaluated. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e displays the average values for each of them. The corresponding plots, which are displayed in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, plot several parameters against binder content to demonstrate how those variables change with binder content. The average binder concentration that corresponds to maximum stability, maximum unit weight, and 4% air voids is known as the optimum binder content of DBM-II, and it was calculated to be 5% of the aggregate weight as indicated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDetermination of optimum binder content\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOBC of DBM II using PMB 40, %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBinder content corresponding to the highest bulk density, %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBinder content corresponding to maximum stability, %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBinder content corresponding to 4% air voids\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eVarious ratios of waste material were used to generate seven distinct mixtures. The purpose of each mix was to assess how adding more waste would affect the Marshall Mix's overall performance, stability value, and flow value of the mixes, as shown in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. The failure of two samples to form highlights the importance of understanding the material compatibility and the limitations of waste material incorporation. The averaged outcomes indicate that the various mixes' Average Marshall Stability flow and values accurately represent their overall effectiveness and suitability for the planned use, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComposition of various samples (Quantity in Gms)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS-1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS-2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS-3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS-5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS-6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS-7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComponent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eControl Mix (DBM- 2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModified Mix with 5% TTW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModified Mix with 5% ETA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModified Mix with 5% ETA\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eand 5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTTW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModified Mix with 10% ETA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModified Mix with 10% TTW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModified Mix with 10% ETA\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eand 10%\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTTW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoarse Aggregates (20\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003emm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e374\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e374\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e374\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e374\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e374\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e374\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e374\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoarse Aggregates\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(10mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoarse Aggregates\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(6 mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e473\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e473\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e473\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e473\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e473\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e473\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e473\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFine Aggregates\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Sand)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e231\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTerracotta Tile Waste\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(TTW)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEucalyptus Tree Ash\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(ETA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBinder Content (PMB)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFiller (Limestone\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003epowder)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparison Table between control mix and various proportions of the mixes with Marshall Stability and Flow Value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSamples\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDesign Mix\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarshall\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eStStability (kN)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlow \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eValue (mm)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eControl Mix\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.377\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eControl Mix\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.084\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eControl Mix\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.508\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5% TTW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.563\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5% TTW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.650\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5% TTW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.890\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5% ETA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.936\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5% ETA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.690\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5% ETA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.889\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5% ETA and 5% TTW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.094\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5% ETA and 5% TTW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.045\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5% ETA and 5% TTW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.254\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10% ETA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10% ETA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10% ETA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10% TTW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.332\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10% TTW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.290\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10% TTW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10% ETA and 10%TTW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10% ETA and 10% TTW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10% ETA and 10% TTW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe performance effects of using ETA and TTW as partial replacements for fine aggregates are shown by the Marshall Stability and Flow values acquired for several asphalt mix samples. The control mix demonstrated normal performance with steady stability values between 12.377 and 13.508 kN and flow values between 5.32 mm and 5.66 mm. The addition of 5% TTW resulted in a substantial rise in flow values and a slight improvement in stability (13.563\u0026ndash;14.650 kN), indicating better aggregate interlocking and flexibility. The greatest significant enhancement was seen with the 5% ETA mix, which maintained acceptable flow values (4.6\u0026ndash;5.2 mm) while exhibiting noticeably better stability values (32.889\u0026ndash;34.936 kN), about three times the control. With moderate flow, a combination of 5% ETA and 5% TTW also demonstrated improved stability (28.094\u0026ndash;31.254 kN), suggesting a synergistic impact. The failure to produce stable specimens by the 10% ETA and 10% ETA and 10% TTW mixtures, however, resulted in zero stability and flow values, suggesting incompatibility or poor cohesion at higher replacement levels. Remarkably, the 10% TTW mix showed the best performance and potential for use in flexible pavement construction, recording the maximum stability (up to 37.332 kN) with acceptable flow values (3.88\u0026ndash;5.85 mm).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe following conclusions can be drawn from the laboratory testing of the glass-contained asphalt and control mixtures:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is technically possible to replace fine sand with crushed TTW and ETA. Utilizing TTW and ETA in a flexible pavement lessens the depletion of natural resources because the mechanical qualities of the TTW and ETA contained asphalt mixtures are comparable to those of traditional hot asphalt mixtures. If industries are interested in gathering and crushing TTW and ETA waste, this is an affordable and eco-friendly method of recycling these wastes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe overall trend of crushed TTW and ETA waste with these percentages and particle sizes that passed 0.3 mm sieve and retain on 0.075 mm was towards a decrease in density,air voids, and VMA and an increase in Marshall stability (with the exception of 10% ETA and 10% ETA \u0026amp; 10% TTW, where samples could not be made due to binding property).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe current study's mixtures, including all percentages of TTW and ETA, passed the Marshal Stability tests, and the other characteristics were also approved. Two of the seven samples lost their usability. The sample that displayed the highest Marshall Stability, at 34.88 kN, roughly three times greater than the Control Mix, was the one with a 10% TTW replacement. However, in the case of 10% ETA substitution, a significant reduction in Marshall Stability and overall performance was observed. This reduction can be attributed to the high ash content and fineness of ETA, which, at higher replacement levels, tends to absorb more binder, leading to a dry mix with insufficient cohesion. Additionally, the increased surface area of ETA particles results in higher binder demand, which, if not adequately compensated, reduces the coating efficiency and weakens the aggregate-bitumen bond. These factors collectively contribute to poor interlocking, reduced strength, and premature failure under load.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCRediT authorship contribution statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRobin Prakash:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eConceptualization, Methodology, Data curation, Investigation, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft, Visualization, Supervision. \u003cstrong\u003eHemant Agarwal:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMethodology, Visualization, Investigation, Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing. \u003cstrong\u003eSanchit Anand:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eWriting \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing\u003cstrong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of Competing Interest\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors hereby give consent to publish their research paper titled \u0026ldquo;Synergistic Utilization of Terracotta Tile Waste and Eucalyptus Tree Ash as Fine Aggregate Substitutes in Polymer-Modified Asphalt Mixtures\u0026rdquo; in the Discover Materials Journal. The author guarantees that the contribution to the work has not been previously published elsewhere, and the person named as co-author of the contribution is aware of the fact and has agreed to be so named.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData will be made available on request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere were no specific grants/funding were received for this research study from public, commercial, or non-profit organizations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval and consent to participate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis article did not contain any experiments with animal or human subjects carried out by any of the authors. This study is not a part of any clinical trial.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClinical Trial\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHuang, Y., Bird, R. 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International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 14, 318-326.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Hot Mix Asphalt, Dense Bitumen Macadam, Terracotta Tile Waste, Eucalyptus Tree Ash, Marshall Stability","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7447385/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7447385/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe growing demand for sustainable infrastructure and the urgent need to reduce environmental impact have led to the exploration of alternative materials in road construction. In this context, the current study investigates the partial replacement of fine aggregates, a major component of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA), with industrial and agricultural waste materials to improve pavement performance while supporting eco-friendly practices. This research specifically focuses on the use of terracotta tile waste (TTW) and eucalyptus tree ash (ETA) as partial substitutes for fine aggregates, in combination with polymer-modified bitumen (PMB 40). Although earlier studies have suggested the potential of TTW and ETA individually, their combined application with PMB 40 in HMA mixtures has not been extensively examined. This study addresses that gap through a systematic experimental investigation. To improve pavement service life, three different HMA mixes were prepared using PMB 40 as the binder and DBM-II grade aggregates. Specimens were initially fabricated with varying binder contents (4, 4.5%, 5%, and 5.5%) to determine the optimum bitumen content and evaluate key performance parameters such as Marshall Stability, flow value, unit weight, air voids, voids filled with bitumen (VFB), and voids in mineral aggregates (VMA). The impacts of adding TTW and ETA at replacement levels of 5% and 10% for fine aggregates were then examined in relation to the control mix. The findings demonstrated that, while still meeting the requirements for roads with moderate traffic loads, a 10% substitution of TTW yielded the greatest Marshall Stability value of 34.88 kN, which was nearly three times greater than that of the control mix.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eClinical Trial\u003c/b\u003e: Not Applicable\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Synergistic Utilization of Terracotta Tile Waste and Eucalyptus Tree Ash as Fine Aggregate Substitutes in Polymer-Modified Asphalt Mixtures","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-19 09:40:05","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7447385/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"002e7211-d740-4662-ac3e-fb007c5e89cb","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 19th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-07T14:39:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-19 09:40:05","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7447385","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7447385","identity":"rs-7447385","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}