Enhancing Broiler Chicken Growth and Carcass With Cassava Leaf Meal (Manihot esculenta)

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Rafon, Wezel A. Samlero, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4113826/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Poultry meat production, particularly broiler chicken, plays a vital role in the Asian region. However, increasing feed costs pose significant challenges to the broiler chicken industry. The search for locally available and affordable feed ingredients becomes crucial to address this issue. Cassava, a versatile and abundant crop in the region, holds great promise as a potential alternative. Cassava leaves, in particular, possess high nutritional value, including protein, minerals, and vitamins. However, they also contain hydrocyanic acid (HCN), which can be toxic. Sun drying is an effective method for reducing the cyanide content in cassava leaves. Previous studies have shown that supplementing cassava leaf meal (CLM) in broiler diets improves growth performance without adverse effects. This study investigated the impact of different levels of CLM as a supplemental feed on broiler growth parameters, carcass yield, and meat cut-up yield. It found out that including 3% and 5% CLM positively influences growth parameters, feed efficiency, carcass yield, and meat cut-up yield. These findings highlight the potential of CLM as a sustainable and locally available feed resource for broiler production in the Asian region. Further research is needed to determine the optimal level of CLM inclusion and evaluate its economic feasibility and environmental impact. Animal Science Broiler Chickens Cassava Leaf Meal Growth Performance Carcass Quality Feed Supplementation Cobb 500 Strain Figures Figure 1 1. INTRODUCTION In 2022, poultry meat accounted for nearly 40 percent of global meat production, with Asia as the largest poultry meat region, contributing over 38 percent of the global output (FAO, 2022 ). In the Philippines, chicken production reached 1.437 million MT in 2022, making it the primary source of protein, followed by pork and beef. However, the broiler chicken industry faces challenges related to increasing feed costs, which constitute a significant portion of production expenses. Factors such as inflation, supply chain disruptions, grain shortages, and adverse weather conditions contribute to the financial difficulties experienced by poultry producers (Aho, 2023 ). To address these economic pressures, the search for locally available and affordable feed ingredients that do not compete with human consumption becomes vital. Consequently, there is growing interest in utilizing agro-industrial by-products as alternatives to traditional feed ingredients (Vastolo et al., 2022 ). Devi and Diarra ( 2021 ) highlighted that agro-industrial by-products, including discarded roots, leaves, peels, and pulp, are often wasted or dumped in landfills in various developing regions. Nevertheless, these by-products have the potential to serve as replacements for costly feed ingredients in livestock feeding. Notably, among various agro-industrial crops, cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz ) and its by-products emerge as a standout option due to their regional abundance and rich nutritional composition (Omede, 2017). Recognizing the benefits, Ogbuewu and Mbajiorgu ( 2022 ) proposed that incorporating cassava into chicken diets would not only curtail post-harvest wastage but also reduce the soaring costs of poultry feed. Therefore, utilizing cassava and its by-products as broiler feed offers a promising and sustainable solution that is accessible to the industry. Cassava is the world's third-largest carbohydrate source and the sixth-most important food crop globally (Omondi, 2020 ). It has intrinsic agricultural advantages and shows tremendous potential in addressing the nutritional needs of rapidly rising populations, given its adaptability as a food source for both people and animals (Waisundara, 2018 ). Introduced to Asia during the late eighteenth century, cassava has since gained remarkable popularity, particularly in upland environments, with Cambodia, Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam emerging as prominent global producers and exporters (Aye, 2017 ). In the Philippines, locally known as "kamoteng kahoy", cassava thrives under challenging soil conditions, displaying the ability to yield substantial harvests with minimal or no farm inputs (Onsay, 2021 ). Notably, in the last quarter of 2022, cassava claimed the highest production volume among other root crops in the country, reaching 805.11 thousand metric tons (PSA, 2022 ). While the primary focus of cassava cultivation lies in its underground starchy tuberous roots, the full potential of its by-products remains largely unexplored, presenting an untapped nutritional resource for supplementing livestock and poultry feeds in the Philippines. Chang'a et al. (2020) conducted a study demonstrating the feasibility of utilizing cassava as a replacement for corn as a feed ingredient at low levels (< 50%), without compromising growth performance in animals. Additionally, recent literature has explored the utilization of various cassava by-products such as cassava tuber (Anyaegbu et al., 2021 ), cassava stem (Ojo et al., 2022 ), cassava pulp (Okrathok & Khempaka, 2020 ; Sugiharto et al., 2019 ), cassava peel (Dayal et al., 2018 ; Ehebha & Eguaoje, 2018 ), cassava roots (Yadav et al., 2019 ; Egbune et al., 2023 ), and cassava distillers' waste (Anyachor, 2020 ). Other than these by-products, the use of cassava leaves as a feed additive in broiler diets has also been explored. However, recommendations regarding its optimal utilization have been variable. Cassava leaves, similar to other dark green leaves, possess high nutritional value, being a rich source of protein (140–400 g/kg DM), minerals, vitamins B1, B2, C, and carotenes, and containing all essential amino acids except methionine and tryptophan (Chauynarong et al., 2009 ; Sudarman et al., 2017 ). Using cassava leaf silage as an additive in ruminant feed, particularly for sheep, has demonstrated promising results (Marjuki et al., 2008 ). It has been observed to elevate the intake of digestible crude protein, bolster nitrogen retention, and foster daily weight increments between 41.4 to 50.0 grams per head each day. This underscores the potential advantages of integrating cassava leaf silage into livestock feeding programs. However, it is essential to note that cassava leaves carry hydrocyanic acid (HCN), a compound recognized as an anti-nutrient (Cereda & Mattos, 1996 ). Fresh cassava leaves typically have an average HCN content of 1436 mg/kg, but this content significantly decreases to 173 mg/kg when the leaves are dried in the sun (Ravindran et al., 1987 ). Sun-drying is a widely practiced and effective method for reducing the cyanide content of cassava leaves, as it allows for prolonged contact between the cyanide and linamarase, leading to the breakdown of cyanide compounds (Padmaja & Steinkraus, 1995 ). In addition, a previous study has shown that extended sun-drying can remove approximately 90% of the initial cyanide content in cassava leaves (Eruvbetine et al., 2003 ). Furthermore, Iheukwumere et al. ( 2008 ) researched to investigate the impact of sun-dried cassava leaf meal (CLM) on the growth performance of broiler chickens. The chemical composition analysis of CLM showed the following percentages: 25.30% dry matter, 25.10% crude protein, 11.40% crude fiber, 12.70% ether extract, 46.10% NFE (nitrogen-free extract), 9.10% ash, 4.50% gross energy kcal/kg, 1.40% calcium, and 0.30% phosphorus percentage. The study suggests incorporating a 5% proportion of cassava leaf meal into broiler finisher diets, as it does not lead to any detrimental outcomes. These findings suggest that CLM has potential as a supplemental ingredient in poultry feed due to its relatively high protein content, moderate fiber content, and the presence of essential nutrients such as calcium and phosphorus. In relation to this, Lyayi & Okhanhkuele (2004) conducted a study showing that including cassava leaf meal (CLM) up to a 5% level in broiler diets led to significant improvements in feed intake and body weight gain, with no impact on blood hematological parameters. Furthermore, CLM supplementation resulted in reduced feed costs and weekly feed costs per unit weight of the birds. Conversely, higher levels of CLM were found to have negative effects, including decreased weight and feed intake, average daily weight gain, and a less-than-optimal feed conversion ratio. There is a clear need for additional investigation to identify the precise proportion of CLM to be used as a supplementary feed, intending to balance both economic viability and effective growth results in broiler chickens. In the context of broiler production in the Philippines, there exists a research gap that needs to be addressed: the need to update and validate previous literature. Previous research conducted by Bengson et al. ( 1986 ) demonstrated that feeding broilers in the finisher stage with 5–10% inclusion of cassava leaves did not negatively impact broiler weight while reducing feed costs compared to the control group. However, this study was outdated and needed validation. To date, according to the extent of existing published literature, there has not been any research that takes into account the use of cassava leaf meal (CLM) as a supplementary feed for broiler chickens in the country. The importance of this study lies in determining the appropriate levels of cassava leaf meal (CLM) in broiler feeds, with the aim of reducing agro-industrial waste and minimizing feed costs. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to investigate the impact of different levels of cassava leaf meal as a supplemental feed on broiler growth parameters, as well as carcass quality and cut-up yield. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Location and Experimental Period The research study was conducted in Sitio Aduas, Brgy. San Jose, Antipolo City, Rizal, Philippines which lies on geographic coordinates of (14.5922052, 121.2587218) with elevation 249 m above sea level (Fig. 1 ). The experimental phase was conducted from February to April 2022, aligning with the dry season in the province. Over the study period, the average temperature was at 25.83°C, humidity at 80.75%, with average sun hours per day at 8.67, and average monthly precipitation at 35.67 mm (Climate-Data.org, n.d.). 2.2 Preparation of Cassava Leaf Meal Cassava leaves were harvested from the surrounding area within the study site and gathered for further processing. The harvested leaves were chopped into small pieces, approximately one centimeter in size, and were subjected to sun-drying. They were spread out on a cement floor and left to dry for about four to five days until they reached a crisp texture while maintaining their green color. After drying, the leaves were ground using an electric food processor to produce Cassava Leaf Meal (CLM), following a method similar to the one described by Iheukwumere et al. ( 2008 ). The CLM was stored at room temperature in a clean enclosed container. 2.3 Care and Management of the Animals The study utilized facilities and equipment appropriate for the commercial raising of broilers. Prior to the arrival of the chicks, stringent sanitation measures were implemented to ensure the elimination of potential disease-causing organisms within the housing structures and cages. The experimental methods were as follows: Sourcing of Animals . Ninety-one-day-old chicks of the Cobb-500™ strain were carefully selected as the subjects for this study. They were sourced from a reputable and registered local hatchery, ensuring the reliability and quality of the chicks. Brooding Period (1 to 14 days) . The chicks were placed in specialized brooding cages that were equipped with a 25-watt bulb to provide artificial heat and lighting. To minimize heat loss and prevent cold temperature stress, the cages were securely closed during the night and opened during the day to allow for proper ventilation and cooling. Throughout the brooding period, temperature levels were consistently monitored using digital sensors and carefully maintained within the optimal range of 30°C − 35°C. To ensure the comfort and well-being of the chicks, appropriate bedding and insulation materials, such as cartons and old newspapers, were provided. Additionally, vitamins were administered to support their proper growth and enhance overall health and immunity. During the study, the chicks were provided with ad libitum access to high-quality commercial starter mash, and potable water. Growing Stage (15–21 days). At 12 days of age, the chicks underwent a gradual transition to commercial grower feeds over the course of three days. This dietary adjustment allowed the chicks to adapt smoothly to the new feed. During the growing stage, their cage setup was adjusted appropriately to their larger floor space requirement. Throughout the growing period, a mortality rate of 4.44% was recorded indicating that a small percentage of the chicks did not survive. A similar adjustment period was also implemented when transitioning from grower to commercial finisher feeds, which supported their final growth. Finishing stage (22–35 days) . This was the period when the birds were given feeding trials. The experimental design employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three distinct treatments. Each treatment was replicated in three separate cages, and ten birds were randomly assigned to each cage. The Cassava Leaf Meal (CLM) was incorporated into the diets according to the specific treatment assigned to each replicate. The three experimental treatments included: T1 - Basal Diet (BD) only, T2–97% commercial feeds + 3% CLM, and T3–95% commercial feeds + 5% CLM. Throughout the study, the birds had continuous access to feed and water. 5. Slaughter of Animals. After a period of 35 days, the broiler chickens were harvested and slaughtered using conventional methods. Weight measurements were recorded using a digital weighing scale and written using pen and paper in a printed tabulated form. Data on the following were recorded: weight of live, carcass, gizzard & proventriculus, heart & liver, intestine, breast, legs, feet, wings, rib back, and head and neck as carcass parameters. In order to maintain biosecurity, several measures were taken during the whole period. Fish nets were used to cover the sides of the cages, effectively preventing the entry of other animals or predators. During the brooding and growing period, manure was removed daily, and as the study progressed, this frequency was adjusted to every seven days. Waterers and feeders were diligently washed every day to ensure cleanliness and hygiene. Rice hulls were spread over the birds' droppings to facilitate faster drying and prevent unpleasant odors. These actions were implemented to create a healthy and sanitized environment for the broiler. 2.4 Data Measurement and Analysis The growth parameters assessed in this experiment included bodyweight gain, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), dressing percentage, and feed conversion ratio (FCR). ADG was calculated by dividing the total weight gain by the number of days. At the same time, ADFI was determined by summing the total feed intake and subtracting any feed refused to eat or lost, divided by the number of days. The FCR was calculated by dividing the total feed consumed by the total weight gain. The dressing percentage was calculated by dividing the carcass weight by the live weight and multiplying by 100. The following formulas were used: $$ADG (g/day)= \frac{(Final weight - Initial weight)}{Number of days }$$ 1. $$ADFI (g/day)= \frac{(Total feed given- Lost and Refused Feed)}{Number of days }$$ 2. $$FCR = \frac{Total feed consumed}{Total weight gain }$$ 3. 4. \(Dressing percentage \left(\%\right) = \frac{Carcass weight}{Live weight }\) x 100 2.5 Statistical Analysis The collected data were input to Microsoft® Excel® 2013 (version 15.0.4693.1000) for initial data processing. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted using the Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR 2.0.1) software to analyze the data gathered in a simple, Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Treatment comparisons were made using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at a significance level of 5% (LSD 0.05%). 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Influence on Growth Parameters Measuring parameters like Final Body Weight, Body Weight Gain, Average Body Weight Gain, Average Daily Feed Intake, and Feed Conversion Ratio are important for evaluating the growth rate of an animal (FAO, 2012 ). These measurements helped determine how much weight the birds gained, how efficiently they converted feed into weight, and how much feed they consumed daily. By analyzing these parameters, CLM treatments’ impact on the growth of broiler chickens can be determined. The results presented in Table 1 demonstrate that incorporating 3% and 5% cassava leaf meal (CLM) in broiler chicken feed had a significant positive impact on their growth parameters, including Final Body Weight (BW), Average Body Weight Gain (ABWG), and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR). The CLM-treated groups exhibited lower FCR values (1.949 and 1.954) compared to the control group (2.119), indicating improved feed efficiency. These findings are consistent with previous studies by Iheukwumere et al. ( 2008 ) that also observed enhanced feed intake, BWG, and FCR in broilers fed with 0% and 5% CLM. In addition, Ogbuewu and Mbajiorgu ( 2022 ) found that including low levels of cassava (4–10%) in the chicken feed had positive effects on the growth variables of broiler chickens. The feeding trial results showed that the Average Daily Feed Intake (ADFI) was similar across all treatments, indicating that including cassava leaf meal (CLM) during the finishing stage did not affect feed acceptability for the chickens. This is consistent with the findings of Bakare et al. ( 2020 ), who observed no impact on chicken eating patterns when different levels of CLM were included in their diets. The positive effects of CLM on growth performance can be attributed to its nutritional composition, as cassava leaves contain significant amounts of protein, minerals, and vitamins, contributing to improved nutrient utilization. The relatively high protein content in CLM, around 21.0% CP, likely contributes to enhanced feed efficiency in broilers. Additionally, the moderate fiber content in CLM may positively influence gut health and digestion, leading to improved growth (Salu & Paembonan (2010), as cited in Angriani et al., 2022). Table 1 Effect of cassava leaf meal on growth performance of broiler chickens Growth Parameters Dietary level of CLM % T1 T2 T3 Final Body Weight of birds, kg/bird 1.46ᵇ 1.59ᵃ 1.58ᵃ Body Weight Gain, kg/bird 1.41 1.54 1.54 Average Body Weight Gain, kg/bird 0.040ᵇ 0.044ᵃ 0.044ᵃ Average Daily Feed Intake, kg/cage 30.20 31.66 31.43 Feed Conversion Ratio 2.12ᵇ 1.95ᵃ 1.95ᵃ Note. a b Values with different superscripts in each column are significantly different (p < 0.05). The inclusion of cassava leaf meal (CLM) in broiler diets showed a trend toward body weight gain (BWG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared to the control group, although these differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). This suggested that CLM may have no adverse negative effect on broiler growth performance on these parameters at 3% and 5%. Nonetheless, further studies with larger sample sizes and different experimental designs are needed to confirm these findings. 3.2 Effect on Carcass Yield The results of the carcass yield response in broiler chickens fed with cassava leaf meal (CLM) are presented in Table 2 . Including CLM at 3% and 5% levels in broiler diets positively influenced carcass weight (CW). This difference in weight can be attributed to the impact of CLM on factors such as muscle development and fat deposition. In a study by Ravindran (1985), feeding broilers with 10% CLM resulted in improved growth performance and significantly higher carcass quality in terms of pigmentation. CLM is a rich source of xanthophylls, and its use in broiler diets offers the advantage of enhancing the desirable color of broiler skin. Table 2 Effect of cassava leaf meal on broiler chickens' carcass yield and dressing percentage Parameters Dietary level of CLM % T1 T2 T3 Carcass, kg 0.98ᵇ 1.11ᵃ 1.13ᵃ Dressing percentage, % 0.6960 0.6963 0.6902 Note. No significant differences were found between the groups (p > 0.05) . No significant variations (p > 0.05) were noted among the treatments in terms of dressing percentage. However, the observed values were closely aligned with the anticipated range of 70–72% for chickens, as reported by Aberle et al. ( 2001 ). These results align with prior research conducted by Getiso et al. (2021) and Diarra and Anand (2020), who similarly found enhanced carcass characteristics in broiler chickens that were fed with cassava leaf meal. Additionally, the study conducted by Mhone et al. ( 2008 ) indicated that broilers fed with cassava-based diets achieved marketable weights and produced acceptable dressed carcass weights and dressing percentages without any negative effects, suggesting that cassava meal can be included in broiler diets up to 20% without compromising performance and economic returns. Overall, these results are consistent with previous research, supporting the idea that incorporating CLM in broiler diets can enhance growth performance and carcass characteristics. 3.4 Comparison of Meat Cut-Up Yield Table 3 presents the comparison of weight differences in common household meat cuts of broilers supplemented with cassava leaf meal (CLM). The results showed that including CLM at 3% and 5% levels in the diet significantly increased (p < 0.05) the weights of breasts, legs, wings, and rib backs compared to the basal diet. These findings are consistent with the results of Melesse et al. ( 2018 ), who reported higher values for thighs and wings in chickens fed diets containing 2%, 4%, and 6% CLM. The observed higher meat yield in broilers fed with CLM can be attributed to the high protein content and beneficial minerals present in cassava leaves. Table 3 Effect of cassava leaf meal on meat cut-up yield of broiler chickens Growth Parameters Dietary level of CLM % T1 T2 T3 Breast, kg 0.294ᵇ 0.342ᵃ 0.338ᵃ Legs, kg 0.319ᵇ 0.341ᵃ 0.337ᵃ Wings, kg 0.110ᵇ 0.120ᵃ 0.118ᵃ Rib Back, kg 0.250ᵇ 0.301ᵃ 0.296ᵃ Note. a b Values with different superscripts in each column are significantly different (p < 0.05). The processing methods involving the conversion of cassava leaves into meal, and the use of sun-drying techniques have likely contributed to improved digestibility and reduced concerns related to cyanide intoxication (Ayusi, 2005). Including 3% and 5% CLM in the diet positively influenced the meat cut-up yield, as indicated by the higher weights of meat portions observed. Furthermore, Eruvbetine (2002) reported that the inclusion of 10% cassava concentrate positively affected growth, feed conversion, and hematological parameters without adverse effects on carcass characteristics. 3.4 Differences in By-Products Yield Table 4 presents measurements of by-products that offer valuable insights into the potential effects of cassava leaf meal (CLM) on organ development, nutrient utilization, and overall carcass quality in broiler chickens. The results showed that the inclusion of CLM at 3% and 5% levels had no significant effect on the weight of the head and neck, feet, gizzard and proventriculus, and heart and liver. These findings are consistent with previous studies by Iheukwumere (2008), the reported that organ weights (heart, liver, and gizzard) were superior at 0 and 5% than groups with 10 and 15% dietary levels of CLM. Similar to these reports, the findings suggest the use of CLM on broiler finisher diets without any deleterious effects. Table 4 Effect of cassava leaf meal on by-products of broiler chickens Growth Parameters Dietary level of CLM % T1 T2 T3 Head and Neck, kg 0.088 0.090 0.090 Feet, kg 0.073 0.075 0.076 Gizzard and Proventriculus, kg 0.053 0.058 0.055 Heart and Liver, kg 0.046 0.044 0.048 Intestine, kg 0.097 c 0.111ᵇ 0.123ᵃ Note. a b Values with different superscripts in each column are significantly different (p < 0.05). Broiler chickens that were fed higher levels (5%) of cassava leaf meal (CLM) demonstrated a higher weight of the intestine, which is consistent with the findings of Diarra and Anand (2020), where dilution of the diet with CLM did not significantly impact organ development. The CLM-fed group also exhibited heavier liver, gizzard, proventriculus, and longer intestine, potentially indicating prolonged retention of the CLM diet. Furthermore, enzyme supplementation of the CLM-diluted diet increased abdominal fat weight, suggesting improved fat digestibility. However, it is important to note that the implications of a heavier intestine on overall performance and health outcomes require further investigation. 4. CONCLUSION The general objective of investigating the impact of cassava leaf meal (CLM) as a supplemental feed for broiler chickens has been met through this study. In conclusion, supplementing cassava leaf meal (CLM) at 3% and 5% levels in broiler diets positively influenced growth parameters, carcass yield, meat cut-up yield, and by-product weight. The CLM-treated groups showed improved feed efficiency, higher weights of breasts, legs, wings, and rib-backs weights, and comparable dressing percentages. These findings highlight the potential of CLM as a supplemental ingredient in broiler diets due to its high protein content and beneficial minerals. Using cassava by-products like leaves in broiler diets promotes sustainable poultry production, adds value to the cassava industry, and offers a locally available and affordable feed resource, particularly in the Asian region. 5. RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the results and findings of this study, several recommendations can be made regarding the utilization of cassava leaf meal (CLM) in broiler diets. Future studies should focus on determining the optimal level of CLM inclusion, investigating its long-term effects, and evaluating its economic feasibility and environmental impact. Furthermore, exploring the effects of CLM on broiler chicken meat through sensory evaluation, meat composition analysis, and other carcass quality parameters would provide valuable insights into the potential enhancements in meat quality and consumer acceptance. By addressing these research areas, the poultry industry can harness the benefits of CLM, such as improved growth performance and carcass characteristics, while ensuring sustainable and economically viable broiler production practices. Declarations Animal Ethics Statement The College of Agriculture, New Era University, approved this research following principles of objectivity. Experimental chickens were cared for according to institutional guidelines for the use and care of animals. 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Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins, 2, 06-12. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-79301996000100002 Chang’a, E. P., Abdallh, M. E., Ahiwe, E. U., Mbaga, S., Zhu, Z. Y., Fru-Nji, F., & de Iji, P. A. (2020). Replacement value of cassava for maize in broiler chicken diets supplemented with enzymes. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 33(7), 1126. https://doi.org/10.5713%2Fajas.19.0263 Chauynarong, N., Elangovan, A. V., & Iji, P. A. (2009). The potential of cassava products in diets for poultry. World’s Poultry Science Journal. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0043933909000026 Climate-Data.org (n.d.). ANTIPOLO CLIMATE (PHILIPPINES). https://en.climate-data.org/asia/philippines/rizal/antipolo-1766/ Dayal, A. D., Diarra, S. S., Lameta, S., Devi, A., & Amosa, F. (2018). High cassava peel meal-based diets with animal fat and enzyme for broilers. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 30(6), 99. Retrieved from https://www.lrrd.cipav.org.co/lrrd30/6/siaka30099.html Devi, A., & Diarra, S. S. (2021). Factors affecting the utilisation of cassava products for poultry feeding. Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 52(3), 387-403. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejvs.2021.50090.1204 Egbune, E. O., Aganbi, E., Anigboro, A. A., Ezedom, T., Onojakpor, O., Amata, A. I., & Tonukari, N. J. (2023). Biochemical characterization of solid-state fermented cassava roots (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and its application in broiler feed formulation. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 39(2), 62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-022-03496-x Ehebha, E., & Eguaoje, A. (2018). Growth Performance Characteristics of Broiler Chickens Fed Graded Levels of Sundried Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Peel Meal Based Diet. Asian Journal of Advances in Agricultural Research, 6(4), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJAAR/2018/41079 Eruvbetine, D., Tajudeen, I. D., Adeosun, A. T., & Olojede, A. A. (2003). Cassava (Manihot esculenta) leaf and tuber concentrate in diets for broiler chickens. Bioresource Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0960-8524(02)00136-0 FAO (2012). Phenotypic characterization of animal genetic resources. FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines No. 11. Rome. Retrieved from https://azerbaijan.un.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/FAO%20Phenotypic%20characterization-ENG.pdf FAO (2022). Food Outlook – Biannual Report on Global Food Markets. Food Outlook, November 2022 . Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc2864en Iheukwumere, F. C., Ndubuisi, E. C., Mazi, E. A., & Onyekwere, M. U. (2008). Performance, nutrient utilization and organ characteristics of broilers fed cassava leaf meal ( Manihot esculenta Crantz ). Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2008.13.16 Lyayi, E. A., & Okhanhkuele, D. O. (2002). Response of broiler starter chicks to diets supplemented with cassava leaf meal. Tropical Veterinarian. https://doi.org/10.4314/tv.v20i2.4513 Marjuki, H. E., Sulistyo, D.W., Rini, I., Artharini, Soebarinoto, and R Howeler, (2008). The use of cassava leaf silages as a feed supplement in diets for ruminants and its introduction to smallholder farmers. Livestock Research for Rural Development. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/44184 Melesse, A., Masebo, M., & Abebe, A. (2018). The substitution effect of noug seed (Guizotia abyssinica) cake with cassava leaf (Manihot escutulata C.) Meal on feed intake, growth performance, and carcass traits in broiler chickens. J. Anim. Hus. Dairy Sci, 2, 1-9. https://www.sryahwapublications.com/journal-of-animal-husbandry-and-dairy-science/pdf/v2-i2/1.pdf Mhone, M. S., Chande, Y., Safalaoh, A. C. L., Gondwe, T. N., Mhone, A. R. K., Mahungu, N. M., & Sandifolo, V. (2008). Potential role of cassava in broiler diets: effects on growth performance. Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20083327034 Morgan, N. K., & Choct, M. (2016). Cassava: Nutrient composition and nutritive value in poultry diets. Animal Nutrition . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2016.08.010 Ogbonna, J. U., & Oredein, A. O. (2021). Growth performance of cockerel chicks fed cassava leaf meal. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production. https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.v25i2.1835 Ogbuewu, I. P., & Mbajiorgu, C. A. (2022). Meta-analysis of substitution value of maize with cassava (Manihot esculenta Cratnz) on growth performance of broiler chickens. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9, 997128. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.997128 Ojo, I., Apiamu, A., Egbune, E. O., & Tonukari, N. J. (2022). Biochemical characterization of solid-state fermented cassava stem (Manihot esculenta Crantz-MEC) and its application in poultry feed formulation. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 194(6), 2620-2631 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-022-03871-2 Okrathok, S., & Khempaka, S. (2020). Modified-dietary fiber from cassava pulp reduces abdominal fat and meat cholesterol contents without affecting growth performance of broiler chickens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 29(1), 229-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japr.2019.10.009 Omede, A. A., Ahiwe, E. U., Zhu, Z. Y., Fru-Nji, F., & Iji, P. A. (2017). Improving cassava quality for poultry feeding through application of biotechnology. Cassava. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72236 Omondi, J. O. (2020). Fertilizing for High Yield and Quality: Cassava. International Potash Institute. IPI Bulletin No. 22. Onsay, E. A. (2021). Productivity value chain analysis of cassava in the Philippines. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/892/1/012010 Padmaja, G., & Steinkraus, K. H. (1995). Cyanide detoxification in cassava for food and feed uses. Critical Reviews in Food Science & Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408399509527703 PSA. (2022). Major Vegetables and Root Crops Quarterly Bulletin. Volume 16, no. 4, October–December 2022. https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Major%20Vegetables %20and%20Root%20Crops%20Quarterly%20Bulletin%2C%20October-December%202022_1.pdf Ravindran, V. (1992). Preparation of cassava leaf products and their use as animal feeds. Roots, Tubers, Plantains and Bananas in Animal Feeding. Rome, Italy: FAO. https://www.fao.org/3/t0554e/T0554E08.htm Ravindran, V., Kornegay, E. T., & Rajaguru, A. S. B. (1987). Influence of processing methods and storage time on the cyanide potential of cassava leaf meal. Animal Feed Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(87)90054-X Sudarman, A., Amalia, R. N., & Astuti, D. A. (2017). Effect of molasses, rice bran, and tapioca flour as additives on the quality and digestibility of cassava leaf silage. Journal of the International Society for Southeast Asian Agricultural Sciences . https://repository.ipb.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/87267/ART2016_ASP.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1 Sugiharto, S., Yudiarti, T., & Isroli, I. (2019). Growth performance, haematological parameters, intestinal microbiology, and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed two-stage fermented cassava pulp during finishing phase. Tropical Animal Science Journal, 42(2), 113-120. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2019.42.2.113 USDA (2023). Livestock and Poultry Update - Philippines. https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Livestock%20and%20Poultry%20Update_Manila_Philippines_RP2023-0034.pdf Vastolo, A., Calabrò, S., & Cutrignelli, M. I. (2022). A review on the use of agro-industrial CO-products in animals’ diets. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 21(1), 577-594. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2022.2039562 Waisundara, V. Y. (2018). Introductory Chapter: Cassava as a Staple Food. InTech . https://doi: 10.5772/intechopen.70324 Yadav, S., Mishra, B., & Jha, R. (2019). Cassava (Manihot esculenta) root chips inclusion in the diets of broiler chickens: effects on growth performance, ileal histomorphology, and cecal volatile fatty acid production. Poultry Science, 98(9), 4008-4015. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez143 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4113826","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":280344953,"identity":"71ea852d-1075-435a-a745-46bae5610cac","order_by":0,"name":"Marco Felix Sangco Valdez","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA20lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLCCB2wMDPzsDSAmMxDzEKElAahFsucAqVoMbiQQqUW3/4zhh4QyG3uGm2/MHjBUWCc2SPcewKvF7EaOsUTCuTRmxtk55gYMZ9ITG2TOJRDQwpYgkdh2mI1ZOsdMgrHtcGKDRI4Bfi3njyX/SGz7z8MmeQao5R8xWg4kHwPackCCR4IHqKWBGC03ko9ZJJxLNpDgSSs3SDiWbtwmc4aQww423/hQZmdvf/zwtgcfaqxl+6V78GtBBmwMCSBSgmgNIC1gQIqWUTAKRsEoGBEAAKdQRBPzHLDPAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1149-8323","institution":"University of the Philippines","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marco","middleName":"Felix Sangco","lastName":"Valdez","suffix":""},{"id":280345031,"identity":"99279d9a-70a8-488e-ace9-13a3a576bcfd","order_by":1,"name":"Glesia Kresta O. Rafon","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"New Era University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Glesia","middleName":"Kresta O.","lastName":"Rafon","suffix":""},{"id":280345032,"identity":"c62577f0-faf8-42bc-bcf3-ba2318e0beb0","order_by":2,"name":"Wezel A. Samlero","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"New Era University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wezel","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Samlero","suffix":""},{"id":280345033,"identity":"496c008e-08ef-4db7-a20f-4464063fa52b","order_by":3,"name":"Eden C. Nicdao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"New Era University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eden","middleName":"C.","lastName":"Nicdao","suffix":""},{"id":280345034,"identity":"d8ab8a49-9aca-41f2-b89d-3987570d0ad9","order_by":4,"name":"Willy A. San Jose Jr.","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"New Era University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Willy","middleName":"A. San","lastName":"Jose","suffix":"Jr."},{"id":280345035,"identity":"e8174744-b7f3-4042-996b-293980533461","order_by":5,"name":"Edwin D. Bonagua","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"New Era University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Edwin","middleName":"D.","lastName":"Bonagua","suffix":""},{"id":280345036,"identity":"9323745c-a06f-47e8-902e-bb1e5d7912f7","order_by":6,"name":"Romuel A. Daoa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"New Era University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Romuel","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Daoa","suffix":""},{"id":280345037,"identity":"afe5d722-437a-458e-b4b6-6c131b59f9d9","order_by":7,"name":"Fernando D. Mendoza","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"New Era University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fernando","middleName":"D.","lastName":"Mendoza","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-16 15:30:15","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":true,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4113826/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4113826/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":53136922,"identity":"740a3bec-ebb9-4619-ac68-b58c346acf0a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-21 04:48:13","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":538946,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMap of the Study Site in Antipolo City, Rizal, Philippines\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4113826/v1/e29c280effbc59a1b9e74439.png"},{"id":53137280,"identity":"81608423-0cb9-4bbc-b707-2b41261dbeee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-21 04:56:14","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":963382,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4113826/v1/4d1e821d-9439-4e10-995b-b6a5888cce78.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnhancing Broiler Chicken Growth and Carcass With Cassava Leaf Meal (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eManihot esculenta\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn 2022, poultry meat accounted for nearly 40 percent of global meat production, with Asia as the largest poultry meat region, contributing over 38 percent of the global output (FAO, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). In the Philippines, chicken production reached 1.437\u0026nbsp;million MT in 2022, making it the primary source of protein, followed by pork and beef. However, the broiler chicken industry faces challenges related to increasing feed costs, which constitute a significant portion of production expenses. Factors such as inflation, supply chain disruptions, grain shortages, and adverse weather conditions contribute to the financial difficulties experienced by poultry producers (Aho, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). To address these economic pressures, the search for locally available and affordable feed ingredients that do not compete with human consumption becomes vital. Consequently, there is growing interest in utilizing agro-industrial by-products as alternatives to traditional feed ingredients (Vastolo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevi and Diarra (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) highlighted that agro-industrial by-products, including discarded roots, leaves, peels, and pulp, are often wasted or dumped in landfills in various developing regions. Nevertheless, these by-products have the potential to serve as replacements for costly feed ingredients in livestock feeding. Notably, among various agro-industrial crops, cassava (\u003cem\u003eManihot esculenta Crantz\u003c/em\u003e) and its by-products emerge as a standout option due to their regional abundance and rich nutritional composition (Omede, 2017). Recognizing the benefits, Ogbuewu and Mbajiorgu (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) proposed that incorporating cassava into chicken diets would not only curtail post-harvest wastage but also reduce the soaring costs of poultry feed. Therefore, utilizing cassava and its by-products as broiler feed offers a promising and sustainable solution that is accessible to the industry.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCassava is the world's third-largest carbohydrate source and the sixth-most important food crop globally (Omondi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). It has intrinsic agricultural advantages and shows tremendous potential in addressing the nutritional needs of rapidly rising populations, given its adaptability as a food source for both people and animals (Waisundara, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Introduced to Asia during the late eighteenth century, cassava has since gained remarkable popularity, particularly in upland environments, with Cambodia, Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam emerging as prominent global producers and exporters (Aye, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). In the Philippines, locally known as \"kamoteng kahoy\", cassava thrives under challenging soil conditions, displaying the ability to yield substantial harvests with minimal or no farm inputs (Onsay, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Notably, in the last quarter of 2022, cassava claimed the highest production volume among other root crops in the country, reaching 805.11 thousand metric tons (PSA, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). While the primary focus of cassava cultivation lies in its underground starchy tuberous roots, the full potential of its by-products remains largely unexplored, presenting an untapped nutritional resource for supplementing livestock and poultry feeds in the Philippines.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChang'a et al. (2020) conducted a study demonstrating the feasibility of utilizing cassava as a replacement for corn as a feed ingredient at low levels (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;50%), without compromising growth performance in animals. Additionally, recent literature has explored the utilization of various cassava by-products such as cassava tuber (Anyaegbu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), cassava stem (Ojo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), cassava pulp (Okrathok \u0026amp; Khempaka, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Sugiharto et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), cassava peel (Dayal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Ehebha \u0026amp; Eguaoje, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), cassava roots (Yadav et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Egbune et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), and cassava distillers' waste (Anyachor, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Other than these by-products, the use of cassava leaves as a feed additive in broiler diets has also been explored. However, recommendations regarding its optimal utilization have been variable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCassava leaves, similar to other dark green leaves, possess high nutritional value, being a rich source of protein (140\u0026ndash;400 g/kg DM), minerals, vitamins B1, B2, C, and carotenes, and containing all essential amino acids except methionine and tryptophan (Chauynarong et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Sudarman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Using cassava leaf silage as an additive in ruminant feed, particularly for sheep, has demonstrated promising results (Marjuki et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). It has been observed to elevate the intake of digestible crude protein, bolster nitrogen retention, and foster daily weight increments between 41.4 to 50.0 grams per head each day. This underscores the potential advantages of integrating cassava leaf silage into livestock feeding programs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, it is essential to note that cassava leaves carry hydrocyanic acid (HCN), a compound recognized as an anti-nutrient (Cereda \u0026amp; Mattos, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e). Fresh cassava leaves typically have an average HCN content of 1436 mg/kg, but this content significantly decreases to 173 mg/kg when the leaves are dried in the sun (Ravindran et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e). Sun-drying is a widely practiced and effective method for reducing the cyanide content of cassava leaves, as it allows for prolonged contact between the cyanide and linamarase, leading to the breakdown of cyanide compounds (Padmaja \u0026amp; Steinkraus, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, a previous study has shown that extended sun-drying can remove approximately 90% of the initial cyanide content in cassava leaves (Eruvbetine et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, Iheukwumere et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) researched to investigate the impact of sun-dried cassava leaf meal (CLM) on the growth performance of broiler chickens. The chemical composition analysis of CLM showed the following percentages: 25.30% dry matter, 25.10% crude protein, 11.40% crude fiber, 12.70% ether extract, 46.10% NFE (nitrogen-free extract), 9.10% ash, 4.50% gross energy kcal/kg, 1.40% calcium, and 0.30% phosphorus percentage. The study suggests incorporating a 5% proportion of cassava leaf meal into broiler finisher diets, as it does not lead to any detrimental outcomes. These findings suggest that CLM has potential as a supplemental ingredient in poultry feed due to its relatively high protein content, moderate fiber content, and the presence of essential nutrients such as calcium and phosphorus.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn relation to this, Lyayi \u0026amp; Okhanhkuele (2004) conducted a study showing that including cassava leaf meal (CLM) up to a 5% level in broiler diets led to significant improvements in feed intake and body weight gain, with no impact on blood hematological parameters. Furthermore, CLM supplementation resulted in reduced feed costs and weekly feed costs per unit weight of the birds. Conversely, higher levels of CLM were found to have negative effects, including decreased weight and feed intake, average daily weight gain, and a less-than-optimal feed conversion ratio. There is a clear need for additional investigation to identify the precise proportion of CLM to be used as a supplementary feed, intending to balance both economic viability and effective growth results in broiler chickens.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the context of broiler production in the Philippines, there exists a research gap that needs to be addressed: the need to update and validate previous literature. Previous research conducted by Bengson et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e) demonstrated that feeding broilers in the finisher stage with 5\u0026ndash;10% inclusion of cassava leaves did not negatively impact broiler weight while reducing feed costs compared to the control group. However, this study was outdated and needed validation. To date, according to the extent of existing published literature, there has not been any research that takes into account the use of cassava leaf meal (CLM) as a supplementary feed for broiler chickens in the country. The importance of this study lies in determining the appropriate levels of cassava leaf meal (CLM) in broiler feeds, with the aim of reducing agro-industrial waste and minimizing feed costs. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to investigate the impact of different levels of cassava leaf meal as a supplemental feed on broiler growth parameters, as well as carcass quality and cut-up yield.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Location and Experimental Period\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe research study was conducted in Sitio Aduas, Brgy. San Jose, Antipolo City, Rizal, Philippines which lies on geographic coordinates of (14.5922052, 121.2587218) with elevation 249 m above sea level (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The experimental phase was conducted from February to April 2022, aligning with the dry season in the province. Over the study period, the average temperature was at 25.83\u0026deg;C, humidity at 80.75%, with average sun hours per day at 8.67, and average monthly precipitation at 35.67 mm (Climate-Data.org, n.d.).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Preparation of Cassava Leaf Meal\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCassava leaves were harvested from the surrounding area within the study site and gathered for further processing. The harvested leaves were chopped into small pieces, approximately one centimeter in size, and were subjected to sun-drying. They were spread out on a cement floor and left to dry for about four to five days until they reached a crisp texture while maintaining their green color. After drying, the leaves were ground using an electric food processor to produce Cassava Leaf Meal (CLM), following a method similar to the one described by Iheukwumere et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). The CLM was stored at room temperature in a clean enclosed container.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Care and Management of the Animals\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study utilized facilities and equipment appropriate for the commercial raising of broilers. Prior to the arrival of the chicks, stringent sanitation measures were implemented to ensure the elimination of potential disease-causing organisms within the housing structures and cages. The experimental methods were as follows:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSourcing of Animals\u003c/b\u003e. Ninety-one-day-old chicks of the Cobb-500\u0026trade; strain were carefully selected as the subjects for this study. They were sourced from a reputable and registered local hatchery, ensuring the reliability and quality of the chicks.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eBrooding Period (1 to 14 days)\u003c/b\u003e. The chicks were placed in specialized brooding cages that were equipped with a 25-watt bulb to provide artificial heat and lighting. To minimize heat loss and prevent cold temperature stress, the cages were securely closed during the night and opened during the day to allow for proper ventilation and cooling. Throughout the brooding period, temperature levels were consistently monitored using digital sensors and carefully maintained within the optimal range of 30\u0026deg;C \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;35\u0026deg;C. To ensure the comfort and well-being of the chicks, appropriate bedding and insulation materials, such as cartons and old newspapers, were provided. Additionally, vitamins were administered to support their proper growth and enhance overall health and immunity. During the study, the chicks were provided with ad libitum access to high-quality commercial starter mash, and potable water.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eGrowing Stage (15\u0026ndash;21 days).\u003c/b\u003e At 12 days of age, the chicks underwent a gradual transition to commercial grower feeds over the course of three days. This dietary adjustment allowed the chicks to adapt smoothly to the new feed. During the growing stage, their cage setup was adjusted appropriately to their larger floor space requirement. Throughout the growing period, a mortality rate of 4.44% was recorded indicating that a small percentage of the chicks did not survive. A similar adjustment period was also implemented when transitioning from grower to commercial finisher feeds, which supported their final growth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFinishing stage (22\u0026ndash;35 days)\u003c/b\u003e. This was the period when the birds were given feeding trials. The experimental design employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three distinct treatments. Each treatment was replicated in three separate cages, and ten birds were randomly assigned to each cage. The Cassava Leaf Meal (CLM) was incorporated into the diets according to the specific treatment assigned to each replicate. The three experimental treatments included:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1 - Basal Diet (BD) only,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2\u0026ndash;97% commercial feeds\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3% CLM, and\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eT3\u0026ndash;95% commercial feeds\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;5% CLM.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThroughout the study, the birds had continuous access to feed and water.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e5. Slaughter of Animals.\u003c/b\u003e After a period of 35 days, the broiler chickens were harvested and slaughtered using conventional methods. Weight measurements were recorded using a digital weighing scale and written using pen and paper in a printed tabulated form. Data on the following were recorded: weight of live, carcass, gizzard \u0026amp; proventriculus, heart \u0026amp; liver, intestine, breast, legs, feet, wings, rib back, and head and neck as carcass parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn order to maintain biosecurity, several measures were taken during the whole period. Fish nets were used to cover the sides of the cages, effectively preventing the entry of other animals or predators. During the brooding and growing period, manure was removed daily, and as the study progressed, this frequency was adjusted to every seven days. Waterers and feeders were diligently washed every day to ensure cleanliness and hygiene. Rice hulls were spread over the birds' droppings to facilitate faster drying and prevent unpleasant odors. These actions were implemented to create a healthy and sanitized environment for the broiler.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Data Measurement and Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe growth parameters assessed in this experiment included bodyweight gain, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), dressing percentage, and feed conversion ratio (FCR). ADG was calculated by dividing the total weight gain by the number of days. At the same time, ADFI was determined by summing the total feed intake and subtracting any feed refused to eat or lost, divided by the number of days.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe FCR was calculated by dividing the total feed consumed by the total weight gain. The dressing percentage was calculated by dividing the carcass weight by the live weight and multiplying by 100. The following formulas were used:\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$ADG (g/day)= \\frac{(Final weight - Initial weight)}{Number of days }$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e1. \u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$ADFI (g/day)= \\frac{(Total feed given- Lost and Refused Feed)}{Number of days }$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e2. \u003cdiv id=\"Equc\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equc\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$FCR = \\frac{Total feed consumed}{Total weight gain }$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e3. \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"Heading\"\u003e4. \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(Dressing percentage \\left(\\%\\right) = \\frac{Carcass weight}{Live weight }\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e x 100\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Statistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe collected data were input to Microsoft\u0026reg; Excel\u0026reg; 2013 (version 15.0.4693.1000) for initial data processing. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted using the Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR 2.0.1) software to analyze the data gathered in a simple, Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Treatment comparisons were made using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at a significance level of 5% (LSD 0.05%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Influence on Growth Parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasuring parameters like Final Body Weight, Body Weight Gain, Average Body Weight Gain, Average Daily Feed Intake, and Feed Conversion Ratio are important for evaluating the growth rate of an animal (FAO, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). These measurements helped determine how much weight the birds gained, how efficiently they converted feed into weight, and how much feed they consumed daily. By analyzing these parameters, CLM treatments\u0026rsquo; impact on the growth of broiler chickens can be determined.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e demonstrate that incorporating 3% and 5% cassava leaf meal (CLM) in broiler chicken feed had a significant positive impact on their growth parameters, including Final Body Weight (BW), Average Body Weight Gain (ABWG), and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR). The CLM-treated groups exhibited lower FCR values (1.949 and 1.954) compared to the control group (2.119), indicating improved feed efficiency. These findings are consistent with previous studies by Iheukwumere et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) that also observed enhanced feed intake, BWG, and FCR in broilers fed with 0% and 5% CLM. In addition, Ogbuewu and Mbajiorgu (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) found that including low levels of cassava (4\u0026ndash;10%) in the chicken feed had positive effects on the growth variables of broiler chickens.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe feeding trial results showed that the Average Daily Feed Intake (ADFI) was similar across all treatments, indicating that including cassava leaf meal (CLM) during the finishing stage did not affect feed acceptability for the chickens. This is consistent with the findings of Bakare et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), who observed no impact on chicken eating patterns when different levels of CLM were included in their diets.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe positive effects of CLM on growth performance can be attributed to its nutritional composition, as cassava leaves contain significant amounts of protein, minerals, and vitamins, contributing to improved nutrient utilization. The relatively high protein content in CLM, around 21.0% CP, likely contributes to enhanced feed efficiency in broilers. Additionally, the moderate fiber content in CLM may positively influence gut health and digestion, leading to improved growth (Salu \u0026amp; Paembonan (2010), as cited in Angriani et al., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEffect of cassava leaf meal on growth performance of broiler chickens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth Parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDietary level of CLM %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinal Body Weight of birds, kg/bird\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.46ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.59ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.58ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody Weight Gain, kg/bird\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage Body Weight Gain, kg/bird\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.040ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.044ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.044ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage Daily Feed Intake, kg/cage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed Conversion Ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.95ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.95ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote.\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003ea b\u003c/sup\u003e Values with different superscripts in each column are significantly different (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe inclusion of cassava leaf meal (CLM) in broiler diets showed a trend toward body weight gain (BWG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared to the control group, although these differences were not statistically significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). This suggested that CLM may have no adverse negative effect on broiler growth performance on these parameters at 3% and 5%. Nonetheless, further studies with larger sample sizes and different experimental designs are needed to confirm these findings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Effect on Carcass Yield\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the carcass yield response in broiler chickens fed with cassava leaf meal (CLM) are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Including CLM at 3% and 5% levels in broiler diets positively influenced carcass weight (CW). This difference in weight can be attributed to the impact of CLM on factors such as muscle development and fat deposition. In a study by Ravindran (1985), feeding broilers with 10% CLM resulted in improved growth performance and significantly higher carcass quality in terms of pigmentation. CLM is a rich source of xanthophylls, and its use in broiler diets offers the advantage of enhancing the desirable color of broiler skin.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEffect of cassava leaf meal on broiler chickens' carcass yield and dressing percentage\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDietary level of CLM %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarcass, kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDressing percentage, %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6960\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6963\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6902\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote. No significant differences were found between the groups (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo significant variations (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) were noted among the treatments in terms of dressing percentage. However, the observed values were closely aligned with the anticipated range of 70\u0026ndash;72% for chickens, as reported by Aberle et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). These results align with prior research conducted by Getiso et al. (2021) and Diarra and Anand (2020), who similarly found enhanced carcass characteristics in broiler chickens that were fed with cassava leaf meal. Additionally, the study conducted by Mhone et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) indicated that broilers fed with cassava-based diets achieved marketable weights and produced acceptable dressed carcass weights and dressing percentages without any negative effects, suggesting that cassava meal can be included in broiler diets up to 20% without compromising performance and economic returns. Overall, these results are consistent with previous research, supporting the idea that incorporating CLM in broiler diets can enhance growth performance and carcass characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Comparison of Meat Cut-Up Yield\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e presents the comparison of weight differences in common household meat cuts of broilers supplemented with cassava leaf meal (CLM). The results showed that including CLM at 3% and 5% levels in the diet significantly increased (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) the weights of breasts, legs, wings, and rib backs compared to the basal diet. These findings are consistent with the results of Melesse et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), who reported higher values for thighs and wings in chickens fed diets containing 2%, 4%, and 6% CLM. The observed higher meat yield in broilers fed with CLM can be attributed to the high protein content and beneficial minerals present in cassava leaves.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEffect of cassava leaf meal on meat cut-up yield of broiler chickens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth Parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDietary level of CLM %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreast, kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.294ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.342ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.338ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLegs, kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.319ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.341ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.337ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWings, kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.110ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.120ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.118ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRib Back, kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.250ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.301ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.296ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote.\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003ea b\u003c/sup\u003e Values with different superscripts in each column are significantly different (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe processing methods involving the conversion of cassava leaves into meal, and the use of sun-drying techniques have likely contributed to improved digestibility and reduced concerns related to cyanide intoxication (Ayusi, 2005). Including 3% and 5% CLM in the diet positively influenced the meat cut-up yield, as indicated by the higher weights of meat portions observed. Furthermore, Eruvbetine (2002) reported that the inclusion of 10% cassava concentrate positively affected growth, feed conversion, and hematological parameters without adverse effects on carcass characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Differences in By-Products Yield\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e presents measurements of by-products that offer valuable insights into the potential effects of cassava leaf meal (CLM) on organ development, nutrient utilization, and overall carcass quality in broiler chickens. The results showed that the inclusion of CLM at 3% and 5% levels had no significant effect on the weight of the head and neck, feet, gizzard and proventriculus, and heart and liver. These findings are consistent with previous studies by Iheukwumere (2008), the reported that organ weights (heart, liver, and gizzard) were superior at 0 and 5% than groups with 10 and 15% dietary levels of CLM. Similar to these reports, the findings suggest the use of CLM on broiler finisher diets without any deleterious effects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEffect of cassava leaf meal on by-products of broiler chickens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth Parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDietary level of CLM %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHead and Neck, kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.088\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.090\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.090\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeet, kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGizzard and Proventriculus, kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeart and Liver, kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntestine, kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.097\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.111ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.123ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote.\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003ea b\u003c/sup\u003e Values with different superscripts in each column are significantly different (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBroiler chickens that were fed higher levels (5%) of cassava leaf meal (CLM) demonstrated a higher weight of the intestine, which is consistent with the findings of Diarra and Anand (2020), where dilution of the diet with CLM did not significantly impact organ development. The CLM-fed group also exhibited heavier liver, gizzard, proventriculus, and longer intestine, potentially indicating prolonged retention of the CLM diet. Furthermore, enzyme supplementation of the CLM-diluted diet increased abdominal fat weight, suggesting improved fat digestibility. However, it is important to note that the implications of a heavier intestine on overall performance and health outcomes require further investigation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe general objective of investigating the impact of cassava leaf meal (CLM) as a supplemental feed for broiler chickens has been met through this study. In conclusion, supplementing cassava leaf meal (CLM) at 3% and 5% levels in broiler diets positively influenced growth parameters, carcass yield, meat cut-up yield, and by-product weight. The CLM-treated groups showed improved feed efficiency, higher weights of breasts, legs, wings, and rib-backs weights, and comparable dressing percentages. These findings highlight the potential of CLM as a supplemental ingredient in broiler diets due to its high protein content and beneficial minerals. Using cassava by-products like leaves in broiler diets promotes sustainable poultry production, adds value to the cassava industry, and offers a locally available and affordable feed resource, particularly in the Asian region.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. RECOMMENDATIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003eBased on the results and findings of this study, several recommendations can be made regarding the utilization of cassava leaf meal (CLM) in broiler diets. Future studies should focus on determining the optimal level of CLM inclusion, investigating its long-term effects, and evaluating its economic feasibility and environmental impact. Furthermore, exploring the effects of CLM on broiler chicken meat through sensory evaluation, meat composition analysis, and other carcass quality parameters would provide valuable insights into the potential enhancements in meat quality and consumer acceptance. By addressing these research areas, the poultry industry can harness the benefits of CLM, such as improved growth performance and carcass characteristics, while ensuring sustainable and economically viable broiler production practices.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAnimal Ethics Statement The College of Agriculture, New Era University, approved this research following principles of objectivity. Experimental chickens were cared for according to institutional guidelines for the use and care of animals.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAberle, E.D., Forrest, J.C., Gerrard, D.E. and Mills, E.W. 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Acceptability, growth performance, and nutritional status of chickens fed cassava leaf meal (CLM)\u0026ndash;based diets. \u003cem\u003eTropical Animal Health and Production, 52, 2481-2489. \u003c/em\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-020-02274-x\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBengson, Z.S., Alladin, C.C., \u0026amp; Menguita, M.C. (1986). Cassava leaves as potential feed for broilers. \u003cem\u003eFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. \u003c/em\u003ehttps://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=PH8810880\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCereda, M. P., \u0026amp; Mattos, M. C. Y. (1996). Linamarin: the toxic compound of cassava. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Venomous Animals and Toxins, 2, 06-12. \u003c/em\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-79301996000100002\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChang\u0026rsquo;a, E. P., Abdallh, M. E., Ahiwe, E. U., Mbaga, S., Zhu, Z. Y., Fru-Nji, F., \u0026amp; de Iji, P. A. (2020). Replacement value of cassava for maize in broiler chicken diets supplemented with enzymes. \u003cem\u003eAsian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 33(7), 1126. \u003c/em\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.5713%2Fajas.19.0263\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChauynarong, N., Elangovan, A. V., \u0026amp; Iji, P. A. (2009). The potential of cassava products in diets for poultry. \u003cem\u003eWorld\u0026rsquo;s Poultry Science Journal. \u003c/em\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1017/s0043933909000026\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eClimate-Data.org (n.d.). ANTIPOLO CLIMATE (PHILIPPINES). https://en.climate-data.org/asia/philippines/rizal/antipolo-1766/\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDayal, A. D., Diarra, S. S., Lameta, S., Devi, A., \u0026amp; Amosa, F. (2018). 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Introductory Chapter: Cassava as a Staple Food. \u003cem\u003eInTech\u003c/em\u003e. https://doi: 10.5772/intechopen.70324\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYadav, S., Mishra, B., \u0026amp; Jha, R. (2019). Cassava (Manihot esculenta) root chips inclusion in the diets of broiler chickens: effects on growth performance, ileal histomorphology, and cecal volatile fatty acid production. \u003cem\u003ePoultry Science, 98(9), 4008-4015. \u003c/em\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez143\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"New Era University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Broiler Chickens, Cassava Leaf Meal, Growth Performance, Carcass Quality, Feed Supplementation, Cobb 500 Strain","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4113826/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4113826/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003ePoultry meat production, particularly broiler chicken, plays a vital role in the Asian region. However, increasing feed costs pose significant challenges to the broiler chicken industry. The search for locally available and affordable feed ingredients becomes crucial to address this issue. Cassava, a versatile and abundant crop in the region, holds great promise as a potential alternative. Cassava leaves, in particular, possess high nutritional value, including protein, minerals, and vitamins. However, they also contain hydrocyanic acid (HCN), which can be toxic. Sun drying is an effective method for reducing the cyanide content in cassava leaves. Previous studies have shown that supplementing cassava leaf meal (CLM) in broiler diets improves growth performance without adverse effects. This study investigated the impact of different levels of CLM as a supplemental feed on broiler growth parameters, carcass yield, and meat cut-up yield. It found out that including 3% and 5% CLM positively influences growth parameters, feed efficiency, carcass yield, and meat cut-up yield. These findings highlight the potential of CLM as a sustainable and locally available feed resource for broiler production in the Asian region. Further research is needed to determine the optimal level of CLM inclusion and evaluate its economic feasibility and environmental impact.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Enhancing Broiler Chicken Growth and Carcass With Cassava Leaf Meal (Manihot esculenta)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-21 04:48:08","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4113826/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"502503e5-5f0f-4414-b13d-f2501f83d090","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 21st, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":29700577,"name":"Animal Science"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-03-21T04:48:08+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-21 04:48:08","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4113826","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4113826","identity":"rs-4113826","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}