Beyond the Market: Users Concordance of Hypothetical Preferences for Policy-Driven Housing Solutions in Kolkata

Beyond the Market: Users Concordance of Hypothetical Preferences for Policy-Driven Housing Solutions in Kolkata | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Beyond the Market: Users Concordance of Hypothetical Preferences for Policy-Driven Housing Solutions in Kolkata Sujoy Biswas, Dr. Arjun Mukerji This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7590752/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigates how residents in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area perceive and prioritise housing attributes, and whether expectations converge into widely shared patterns. Moving beyond simple feature classification, the research integrates the Kano model of functional/dysfunctional evaluation with Kendall’s coefficient of concordance to test the strength of agreement among residents. Structured interviews were conducted with 390 households across 32 private affordable housing complexes. Eighty-three parameters, derived from prior empirical and theoretical studies, were reframed into functional (feature present) and dysfunctional (feature absent) pairs and assessed on five-point Likert scales. Reliability and validity were confirmed using Cronbach’s Alpha and Pearson’s correlation. Continuous-scale analysis classified attributes into Kano categories, while concordance analysis identified which parameters represented shared expectations. Findings show that only 20 parameters achieved strong consensus (W ranges from 0.501 to 0.917, p < 0.05). Must-be attributes included natural ventilation, good roads, street lighting, and proximity to a fire station and local market. Performance attributes—reliable sewerage, potable kitchen water, smooth lift operations, timely possession, traffic-free surroundings, absence of obnoxious activities, police-station proximity, and support for festive events—influenced satisfaction proportionally. The absence of unwanted noise emerged as the sole attractive (delighter) feature, while built-in furnishings, street furniture, and niche retail were indifferent. The study contributes a replicable framework that distinguishes enforceable quality baselines from market differentiators, offering developers and policymakers an evidence-based tool for prioritising design, investment, and regulation in affordable housing. Figures Figure 1 1. Introduction Affordable housing remains one of the most pressing urban challenges worldwide. Across rapidly urbanising regions, governments and private developers alike have pursued large-scale housing provision to meet the needs of lower- and middle-income households. In India, national programmes such as the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) and the Real Estate Regulation Act (RERA) have accelerated both supply and regulatory oversight (Govt. of India, 2020). Yet despite this policy and market momentum, a paradox persists: many ‘affordable’ housing units remain unsold even when priced within the reach of their intended buyers (Giti et al., 2020 ). This tension underscores a fundamental insight echoed in international scholarship: affordability in monetary terms does not necessarily translate into desirability in lived terms (Day, 2000 ). Researchers in housing studies have shown that housing choice is multidimensional. Beyond price, factors such as neighbourhood safety, accessibility to services, environmental quality, and design quality strongly condition residential satisfaction and purchase decisions (Marsh & Gibb, 2011 ; Buys & Miller, 2012 ; Govender et al., 2011 ). In emerging markets, these quality-related expectations are particularly salient, because basic infrastructural provisions cannot be taken for granted (Ara, 2007 ; Bardhan & Debnath, 2016 ). Research has further revealed that not all features are valued equally: some are seen as non-negotiable, others contribute incrementally to satisfaction, and still others remain marginal or context-specific (Thaker & Sakaran, 2016 ; Xu et al., 2022 ). Understanding these distinctions—and the extent to which they are shared across buyers—is essential for both developers and policymakers seeking to design, market, and regulate affordable housing more effectively. The Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA) exemplifies this paradox. A metropolitan region with a long history of private participation in the affordable segment, KMA has witnessed strong supply growth but uneven absorption. Projects with comparable price points and locations have displayed divergent sales outcomes, suggesting that factors beyond affordability are at play. Prior research has begun to untangle these dynamics. In particular, Biswas and Mukerji ( 2024 ) demonstrated that buyers’ perceived housing attributes are significantly associated with sales performance. From an initial pool of over a hundred potential features, their analysis distilled a refined set of 83 parameters across three spatial levels—building, neighbourhood, and miscellaneous—that proved most influential in shaping market outcomes (sales of housing units). This catalogue provides a valuable empirical foundation for deeper investigation. Yet a critical gap remains. While earlier work linked these attributes to sales data, it did not probe how buyers themselves evaluate and prioritise them. Do residents treat certain features as non-negotiable essentials, others as proportional satisfiers, and still others as negligible? More importantly, do buyers display a broad consensus in these evaluations, or are preferences fragmented across individuals and complexes? Addressing these questions is vital because the effectiveness of design standards, regulatory interventions, and sales strategies depends not only on identifying salient attributes but also on establishing whether they represent shared expectations among buyers (Marsh & Gibb, 2011 ). This study addresses that gap by re-examining the 83 market-relevant attributes identified by Biswas and Mukerji ( 2024 ) through the lens of buyer perceptions in KMA’s affordable housing sector. Specifically, the current study asks: Research Question To what extent do residential buyers in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area share consistent expectations about the importance of key housing attributes, and how can this understanding guide the prioritisation of design, marketing, and policy strategies? Section 2 of this paper presents the literature review. Section 3 outlines the methodology and Section 4, 5 presents results and discussions, which is followed by the conclusion in Section 6. 2. Literature review Biswas and Mukerji ( 2024 ) identified 119 parameters relevant to residential buyers’ preferences in the affordable housing market of Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA). Based on multivariate regression, only three levels of housing characteristics—building, neighbourhood, and miscellaneous features comprising 83 parameters—were found to significantly influence sales. These parameters form the empirical foundation of the present study. The parameters were derived from a systematic review of 1,541 publications, of which 632 were fully reviewed and 111 were retained. Although initially grouped under five levels of housing characteristics, only the three significant levels were considered for the current study. Building-level characteristics (Table 1 ) influence satisfaction through spatial adequacy, construction quality, energy performance, and service provision such as water supply, drainage, electricity, and circulation features (Steidl & Hoffmann, 1979 ; Zhou & Kockelman, 2008 ; Buys & Miller, 2012 ; Dhilip et al., 2022 ; Nasar, 2017 ; Bako & Mohd Jusan, 2017 ; Bardhan & Debnath, 2016 ; Rameshwar et al., 2020 ; Seyedrezaei et al., 2024 ; Ara, 2007 ; Govender et al., 2011 ; Molnar et al., 2019 ; Srivastava et al., 2021 ; Garland et al., 2014 ; Hamilton & Rane, 2022 ; Wang et al., 2023 ; Ng et al., 2023 ). Table 1 Building-level parameters grouped under categories and aspects Category Aspect Variables Previous studies Physical Space Provision 1. Provision of parking (Dhilip et al., 2022 ) 2. Number of bedrooms 3. Number of bathrooms 4. Number of balconies (Buys and Miller, 2012 ) 5. Compliance to Vastu (Birtchnell, 2016 ) Size 6. Size of balcony (Buys and Miller, 2012 ) 7. Size of bedroom (Steidl and Hoffmann, 1979 ) 8. Carpet area of the house (Dhilip et al., 2022 ; Zhou and Kockelman, 2008 ) Construction Quality 9. Furnished interior (Dhilip et al., 2022 ) 10. Exterior aesthetics of the building (Nasar, 2017 ) 11. Finishing or built quality (Bako and Mohd Jusan, 2017 ) Energy efficiency 12. Natural daylighting (Bardhan and Debnath, 2016 ) 13. Natural ventilation 14. Building illumination (Rameshwar et al., 2020 ) 15. Presence of Solar panels (Seyedrezaei et al., 2024 ) 16. Provision of energy-efficient electrical appliances Infrastructure Services 17. Drainage facility (Govender et al., 2011 ) 18. Sewerage facility 19. Electricity supply (Srivastava et al., 2021 ) 20. Water supply system (Ara, 2007 ) 21. Fibre optic broadband service (Molnar et al., 2019 ) Ease of circulation 22. Availability of Lifts (Wang et al., 2023 ) 23. Comfort associated with the usage of lifts (Ng et al., 2023 ) 24. Ease of using the staircase (Garland et al., 2014 ) 25. Signages (Hamilton and Rane, 2022 ). Source: (Biswas and Mukerji, 2024 ) Since the parameters related to building level characteristics explain (i) ‘how much’ and of what ‘quality’ a buyer is getting for his money, as well as (ii) benefits through ‘energy savings’ and ‘services’, which are related to buyers’ notions of cost-effectiveness, and liveability, all of these are expected to be significant parameters for measuring buyers’ satisfaction in the ‘affordable housing’ sector. Neighbourhood-level characteristics (Table 2 ) cover environmental quality, aesthetic appeal, healthcare access, community amenities, and socio-economic vitality, including local businesses (Espey & Lopez, 2000 ; Das, 2009 ; Owusu, 2010 ; Wojnarowska et al., 2020 ; Jim & Chen, 2010 ; Saphores & Li, 2012 ; Zhang, 2019 ; Peng & Chiang, 2015; Wang & Ramroop, 2018 ; Kuupiel et al., 2019 ; Rosiers et al., 2001 ; Langford & Higgs, 2010 ; Molina-García et al., 2021 ; Mondal & Ghosh, 2019 ; Grant & Oteng-Ababio, 2012 ; Bahadure & Kotharkar, 2012 ; Sinha & Ranjith, 2021 ). Table 2 Neighbourhood-level parameters grouped under categories and aspects Category Aspect Variables Previous studies Physical Urban level issues 26. Inconvenience due to traffic congestion (Jang and Kang, 2015 ) 27. Inconvenience due to smell (Wojnarowska et al., 2020 ) 28. Inconvenience due to waterlogging (Das, 2009 ) 29. Inconvenience due to litter (Owusu, 2010 ) 30. Inconvenience due to noise (Espey and Lopez, 2000 ) Landscaping 31. Proximity to park/ garden (Jim and Chen, 2010 ) 32. Street furniture (Kozlowski et al., 2015 ) 33. Road conditions in the neighbourhood (Famuyiwa and Babawale, 2014 ) 34. Urban beautification (Saphores and Li, 2012 ) 35. Street lights (Zhang, 2019 ) Infrastructure Healthcare 36. Proximity to the hospital (Singla and Bendigiri, 2019 ) 37. Proximity to primary health centre (O’Meara et al., 2009 ) 38. Proximity to veterinary Clinic (Neal, 2023 ) 39. Proximity to pharmacy (Wang and Ramroop, 2018 ) 40. Proximity to a diagnostic centre (Kuupiel et al., 2019 ) Community amenities 41. Proximity to a place of worship (Noisangiam, 2022 ) 42. Proximity to sports facility/playground (Molina-García et al., 2021 ; Rosiers et al., 2001 ) 43. Proximity to gym and fitness facility (Garland et al., 2014 ) 44. Proximity to school (Rosiers et al., 2001 ) Public services 45. Proximity to post office (Langford and Higgs, 2010 ; Sharma, 2016 ) 46. Proximity to courier service (Xue et al., 2019 ) 47. Proximity to bank or ATM (Sharma, 2016 ) 48. Proximity to Fire station (Mondal and Ghosh, 2019 ) 49. Proximity to Police Station (Singla and Bendigiri, 2019 ) Commercial Beauty and care 50. Proximity to parlours or saloons (Yankson, 2000 ) 51. Proximity to a cosmetics store 52. Proximity to photo studio 53. Proximity to a jewellery shop (Getis and Getis, 1968 ) Eateries 54. Proximity to sweet and confectionery (Krondl, 2010 ) 55. Proximity to roadside eateries (stalls) (Draper, 1996 ) 56. Proximity to bakery (Murakami et al., 2010 ) 57. Proximity to restaurant (Khan et al., 2014 ) Daily needs 58. Proximity to vegetable, fish or meat market (Murakami et al., 2010 ) 59. Proximity to a dairy booth (milk/bread/egg) 60. Proximity to fruit seller shop/stall 61. Proximity to photocopy shop/Xerox (Chang and Tipple, 2009 ) 62. Proximity to general store (Sinha and Ranjith, 2021 ) Local shops 63. Proximity to a clothing store (Shaila and Matsuyuki, 2020 ) 64. Proximity to a gift shop (Ergun and Dundar, 2004 ) 65. Proximity to bookstore or stationery (Hao et al., 2021 ) Service centres 66. Proximity to a mobile service centre (Grant and Oteng-Ababio, 2012 ) 67. Proximity to cycle and bike repairing (Steffen, 2004 ) 68. Proximity to an electrical shop (Cerin et al., 2007 ) 69. Proximity to a hardware shop 70. Proximity to 4-wheeler repairing (Steffen, 2004 ) Social Crowd behaviour 71. Obnoxious activities in the neighbourhood (Bahadure and Kotharkar, 2012 ; Bres and Davis, 2001 ) 72. Ethnic diversity 73. Cultural inclusiveness 74. Festive celebrations Source: (Biswas and Mukerji, 2024 ) The parameters related to neighbourhood-level characteristics are concerned with providing a better quality of life, social cohesion, a livable community, and meeting the daily needs of residents. Since these elements contribute significantly to residents’ overall well-being, better lifestyle and consumption behaviour, these parameters are expected to be significant for measuring buyers’ satisfaction in the ‘affordable housing’ sector. Miscellaneous characteristics (Table 3 ) relate to financial and legal assurances, accessibility, and distinctive living experiences such as scenic views and vibrant surroundings (Kessler, 1972 ; Cervero & Kockelman, 1997 ; Benson et al., 1998 ; Bond et al., 2002 ; Vallance et al., 2005 ; Jim & Chen, 2010 ; Rachmawati et al., 2019 ; Yadav & Itoria, 2019 ). Table 3 Miscellaneous parameters grouped under categories and aspects Category Aspect Variables Previous studies General Financial 75. Price of property (Gresham, 1974 ; Jim and Chen, 2010 ; Kessler, 1972 ; Rachmawati et al., 2019 ) 76. Marketing/sales personnel behaviour (Rachmawati et al., 2019 ) 77. Hidden charges (Gresham, 1974 ; Kessler, 1972 ) Legalities 78. Registered under WB-HIRA (R.E.R.A.) (Yadav and Itoria, 2019 ) 79. Dispute-free ownership 80. Timely possession Psychological 81. View from the apartment (Benson et al., 1998 ; Bond et al., 2002 ; Jim and Chen, 2010 ) 82. Vibrant and lively place (Vallance et al., 2005 ) 83. Family-friendly haven Source: (Biswas and Mukerji, 2024 ) The parameters related to miscellaneous characteristics are concerned with providing hassle-free property ownership to the buyers within their possible budget, with fascinating features and vibrant living conditions. Since these elements contribute significantly to residents’ overall well-being, sense of belongingness, and benefits from their investment, these parameters are expected to be significant for measuring buyers’ satisfaction in the ‘affordable housing’ sector. To evaluate expectations, the study applied the Kano Model, which classifies attributes as must-be, performance, attractive, or indifferent (Llinares & Page, 2011 ). A review of nine studies highlights its prior application in housing markets. Ek and Çıkış ( 2015 ) in Turkey identified balconies as performance, open kitchens as attractive, and two bathrooms as indifferent. Juan et al. ( 2019 ) in Taiwan classified multi-purpose spaces, energy-efficient and adaptable design, and crime prevention as must-be. In Bangkok, Tochaiwat et al. ( 2020 ) found parking and outdoor lighting to be must-be and garden fountains attractive. Encinas et al. ( 2020 ) in Chile reported that pools, terraces, and investment potential were attractive, energy efficiency was indifferent, and thermal comfort was must-be. Wu et al. ( 2020 ) found that for luxury apartments, maintenance and security were must-be, service responsiveness was performance, and community activities were indifferent. Xu et al. ( 2022 ) identified medical and health facilities, water quality, spatial organisation, air quality, and electricity as must-be in rural China, while noise absence, parking, and green space were performance; cultural facilities and police stations were attractive; and education was indifferent. Bao et al. ( 2023 ) reported that function was must-be, indoor environment was performance, and spatial organisation was indifferent. Altuwaim et al. ( 2024 ) in Saudi Arabia classified safety and affordability as must-be and space utilisation as performance. Wei et al. ( 2024 ) in Beijing found space planning to be must-be, services to be attractive, and external amenities indifferent. Collectively, these studies confirm the Kano Model’s usefulness in distinguishing baseline expectations, proportional satisfiers, and delighters in housing markets. The 83 parameters from Biswas and Mukerji ( 2024 ) were then reframed into functional–dysfunctional pairs, where functional items measured satisfaction when a feature was present and dysfunctional items measured dissatisfaction when it was absent. This step was necessary to align the dataset with Kano analysis and to capture asymmetries in user preferences. The reframed parameters are presented alongside the current study’s findings in later sections. 3. Methodology The empirical survey was conducted across thirty-two private affordable housing complexes in Kolkata, selected from 259 projects identified via magicbricks.com and 99acres.com. Because access required developer consent, the sample was shaped by permissions granted, but the selected complexes were geographically and typologically diverse. These complexes contained 4,549 affordable units (41.13% of all units in the complexes), of which 4,152 were sold. Using Cochran’s formula for small populations with 95% confidence and 5% error, the required minimum sample was 352. An additional 10% was added to mitigate attrition (~ 390 respondents), and ultimately three-hundred eighty three valid responses were considered. Affordable units were defined as those priced up to ₹50 lakh and ≤ 60 m² carpet area (Government of India, 2020; RBI, 2020 ). While not designed for strict population generalisation, this heterogeneous sample is appropriate for identifying shared patterns, consistent with an exploratory, theory-building approach (Patton, 2014 ). The Five-point Likert-type scales were used to note the preferences. The scale points for the functional scenario were articulated as: ‘1: Disliked’, ‘2: Tolerated’, ‘3: Neutral’, ‘4: Expected’, and ‘5: Liked’. The reversed scale points for the dysfunctional scenario were articulated as: ‘1: Liked’, ‘2: Expected’, ‘3: Neutral’, ‘4: Tolerated’, and ‘5: Disliked’. The scoring adopted is discussed in following paragraphs. The questionnaire contained 83 parameters grouped under three levels of characteristics and sub-grouped under associated categories and aspects. The survey instrument demonstrated acceptable reliability: Cronbach’s alpha was α = 0.767 for functional items and α = 0.744 for dysfunctional items, both exceeding the recommended threshold of 0.7 (Thaweethamcharoen et al., 2013 ; Taherdoost, 2016 ). The calculated Pearson’s correlation coefficient | r calc. | for each functional question score and the total functional score falls in the range of 0.031 and 0.779, whereas | r calc. | for each dysfunctional question score and the total dysfunctional score falls between 0.044 and 0.826. With total respondents as N = 383, degree of freedom as df = 381, and level of significance 0.05, the critical value is | r crit .|= 0.0201. Since | r calc. | >| r crit. | for all questions of both types, there is a significant correlation, which indicates validity. To assess consensus, Kendall’s coefficient of concordance ( 𝒲 ) was calculated for each parameter separately for functional and dysfunctional responses across the thirty-two complexes, using: $$\:\begin{array}{c}W=\frac{12\:\sum\:{R}_{j}^{2}-3{n}^{2}{\left(m+1\right)}^{2}}{{m}^{2}\:\left({n}^{2}\:-n\right)}\#\left(1\right)\end{array}$$ Where \(\:\mathcal{W}\) = Kendall’s coefficient of concordance, m = number of respondents, n = number of housing complexes ranked per question (separately for function and dysfunction), R j = Sum of ranks for the j th complex. For each Kano question, the associated Chi-square ( χ² ) value was computed using: $$\:\begin{array}{c}{\chi\:}^{2}=m\left(n-1\right)W\#\left(2\right)\end{array}$$ with df = 31. Parameters with W > 0.5 and p < 0.05 were deemed to show strong concordance (Chankov et al., 2018 ). Although Kendall’s W is traditionally applied to explicit rankings, this study treated Likert-type responses as implicit rankings, a pragmatic and precedent-supported adaptation (Legendre, 2005 ; Rutkowski, 2025 ). The purpose was not to replicate a Friedman model but to establish whether evaluations converged enough to consider an attribute a shared concern. Finally, attributes were categorised using DuMouchel’s continuous scale analysis (Berger et al., 1993 ), which scores responses from − 2 to 4 (Table 4 ). The focus on the core categories leads to the asymmetrical scaling, where the negative end of the scale (which includes Reverse and Questionable) is simplified, and the scale begins at − 2 rather than a more extreme value like − 4, reflecting the reduced emphasis on these negative categories (Berger et al., 1993 ). Therefore, the focus remains on the four core categories (must-be, performance, attractive, indifferent), which have the greatest relevance for policy and design (Matzler & Hinterhuber, 1998 ; Ying Liu et al., 2024 ). Table 4 Scores for each response to functional or dysfunctional questions in Continuous scale analysis (proposed by William DuMouchel) Question Type Kano Score Response Dislike Live with Neutral Must-be Like 1. Functional -2 -1 0 2 4 (y value) Response Like Must be Neutral Live with Dislike 2. Dysfunctional -2 -1 0 2 4 (x value) Source: (Berger et al., 1993 ) Only attributes with positive mean values were plotted on a two-dimensional Kano grid, with functional means (Y avg ) on the vertical axis and dysfunctional means (X avg ) on the horizontal axis. The classification rules were as follows: must-be (2 < Xavg ≤ 4, 0 < Yavg ≤ 2), attractive (0 < Xavg ≤ 2, 2 < Yavg ≤ 4), performance (2 < Xavg ≤ 4, 2 < Yavg ≤ 4), and indifferent (0 < Xavg ≤ 2, 0 < Yavg ≤ 2). By focusing on positive means, the analysis prioritised attributes relevant to improving minimum service standards in affordable housing in the KMA. 4. Results Eighty-three residential satisfaction parameters were analysed and classified under the Kano model (Must-be, Performance, Attractive, Indifferent). Of these, 20 exhibited strong consensus with Kendall’s W = 0.501–0.917 for both functional and dysfunctional aspects and asymptotic p < 0.05 (presented in Table 5 ), which were plotted in the Kano coordinate system (presented in Fig. 1 ); corresponding χ² values also indicated high agreement, supporting response strength and data reliability. Must-be attributes reflected baseline expectations—natural ventilation, good road conditions, street lighting, proximity to a fire station and local market, and vibrant/lively surroundings—whose absence produced dissatisfaction without proportionate gains from their presence. Performance attributes showed proportional effects on satisfaction and dissatisfaction: proper sewerage, potable kitchen water, smooth lift operations, timely possession, traffic-free surroundings, absence of obnoxious activities, proximity to a police station, and support for festive/cultural events. The sole Attractive attribute was the absence of unwanted noise, which elevated satisfaction when present but was not expected. Indifferent attributes—built-in furnishings (e.g., kitchen cabinets, wardrobes), street furniture, and nearby niche retail (e.g., cosmetics shops, photo studios, including within ~ 300 m)—had negligible effect on satisfaction or dissatisfaction despite consistent responses. 5. Discussion Twenty consensus-based attributes were placed into the four Kano categories. In the must-be group, good roads and street lighting were essential here; Xu et al. ( 2022 ) also highlighted their importance but classified them as performance, while Tochaiwat et al. ( 2020 ) identified outdoor lighting as must-be, aligning with this study. Fire-station proximity within 3 km was must-be here but attractive in Xu et al. ( 2022 ), reflecting contextual differences in emergency-service expectations. For performance attributes, sewerage and potable water proportionally influenced satisfaction and dissatisfaction, agreeing with Xu et al. ( 2022 ) and Altuwaim et al. ( 2024 ); potable water’s performance status here contrasts with Xu et al. , who classified it must-be, suggesting differing baselines. Police-station proximity within 5 km was performance in this study but attractive in Xu et al. ( 2022 ), indicating context-specific security expectations. Support for festive celebrations was performance here, whereas community activities were indifferent in Wu et al. ( 2020 ), underscoring cultural variation. The absence of unwanted noise emerged as the only attractive attribute—valued when present but not a baseline expectation. In Indian urban contexts, noise from traffic, construction, and social events is often tolerated; quieter areas therefore add ‘bonus’ comfort rather than meeting a minimum standard. Xu et al. ( 2022 ) instead classified noise absence as performance. Indifferent attributes—built-in furnishings, street furniture (e.g., benches, dustbins), and niche outlets (cosmetics stores, photo studios within ~ 300 m)—had little influence. Indifference to furnishings likely reflects post-possession customisation and the growing standardisation of such items by developers; this contrasts with Ek & Çıkış ( 2015 ), who found open kitchens with cabinets attractive in Turkish mass housing. Street furniture may be viewed as a municipal (not developer) responsibility and is often under-maintained. Niche retail carries limited weight amid online retail and multifunctional stores, with residents willing to travel beyond the immediate vicinity. 5.1 Justification of homebuyers’ expectations with concordance High W confirmed robust, shared judgements: must-be items were baseline requirements whose absence caused dissatisfaction; performance items (sewerage, potable kitchen water, smooth lifts, timely possession, policing proximity) affected satisfaction proportionally; the absence of unwanted noise was appreciated but not expected; and indifferent items had negligible impact. While Biswas and Mukerji ( 2024 ) linked some such characteristics to sales in specific contexts, the present concordance evidence indicates limited policy relevance for attractive/indifferent items. Table 5 Kano categorisation of significant parameters (asymp. p-value 0.5) using continuous scale analysis Functional and Dysfunction Questions classified into Kano Categories (using Continuous Scale Analysis) Function (satisfaction if present) Dysfunction (dissatisfaction if absent) X avg . Y avg . Asym ( p- value) Kendall’s 𝒲 Chi-sq. χ2 Asym ( p- value) Kendall’s 𝒲 Chi-sq. χ2 Must-be category Building level characteristics 1. How satisfied would you be with natural cross ventilation in rooms, and how dissatisfied would you be if this were absent? 0.000 0.748 278.256 0.000 0.631 234.732 3.0938 1.9531 Neighbourhood level characteristics 2. How satisfied would you be with good road conditions (no potholes or cracks) in your neighbourhood, and how dissatisfied would you be if roads were in poor condition? 0.000 0.831 309.732 0.001 0.641 238.452 2.3594 0.2969 3. How satisfied would you be if your streets were well-lit with working streetlights (URDPFI 2015), and how dissatisfied would you be if streets were poorly lit at night? 0.000 0.659 245.148 0.000 0.560 208.32 2.6302 1.4089 4. How satisfied would you be living within 3 km of a fire station (URDPFI 2015), and how dissatisfied would you be if emergency response services were far away? 0.000 0.790 293.88 0.000 0.722 268.584 2.3281 1.6042 5. How satisfied would you be living within 300 meters of a vegetable, fish, or meat market (URDPFI 2015), and how dissatisfied would you be if such markets were not easily accessible? 0.000 0.612 227.664 0.000 0.594 221. 0 3.0833 1.6927 Miscellaneous characteristics 6. How satisfied would you be living in a vibrant and lively area, and how dissatisfied would you be if the surroundings felt dull and inactive? 0.000 0.663 246.636 0.000 0.836 310.992 2.7604 1.7526 Performance category Building level characteristics 7. How satisfied would you be with a well-functioning sewerage system with no blockages, and how dissatisfied would you be if it failed frequently? 0.000 0.795 295.74 0.000 0.752 279.744 3.9323 3.7135 8. How satisfied would you be with a safe and clean water supply system in your kitchen and bathroom, and how dissatisfied would you be if this were not ensured? 0.000 0.605 225.06 0.000 0.917 341.124 3.7604 2.2969 9. How satisfied would you be with the smooth operation of lifts through regular maintenance, and how dissatisfied would you be if maintenance were neglected? 0.000 0.766 284.952 0.000 0.695 258.54 2.4063 2.2969 Neighbourhood level characteristics 10. How satisfied would you be living in an area free from traffic congestion, and how dissatisfied would you be if traffic were frequently jammed around your home? 0.000 0.612 227.664 0.000 0.648 241.056 2.0911 3.1042 11. How satisfied would you be living within 5 km of a police station (URDPFI 2015), and how dissatisfied would you be if law enforcement services were inaccessible? 0.000 0.700 260.4 0.000 0.645 239.94 2.6771 2.4922 12. How satisfied would you be if your neighbourhood were free from obnoxious or disruptive activities, and how dissatisfied would you be if such incidents occurred regularly? 0.000 0.637 236.964 0.000 0.810 301.32 3.6250 2.2031 13. How satisfied would you be living in a neighbourhood that actively celebrates festivals and events, and how dissatisfied would you be if such engagement were absent? 0.000 0.657 244.404 0.000 0.586 217.992 3.2031 2.1510 Miscellaneous characteristics 14. How satisfied would you be if your housing unit were handed over to you on time, and how dissatisfied would you be if timely possession were delayed? 0.000 0.595 221.34 0.000 0.536 199.392 3.8646 2.9349 15. How satisfied would you be with the view from your apartment, and how dissatisfied would you be if the view were obstructed or unpleasant? 0.000 0.689 256.308 0.000 0.728 270.816 2.0938 2.1979 Attractive Category Neighbourhood characteristics 16. How satisfied would you be if your neighbourhood were quiet and free from unwanted noise, and how dissatisfied would you be if noise disturbances were frequent? 0.000 0.730 271.56 0.000 0.657 244.404 1.9635 2.8620 Indifferent Category Building level characteristics 17. How satisfied would you be with including basic furnishings like kitchen cabinets and wardrobes, and how dissatisfied would you be if these were not provided? 0.000 0.764 284.208 0.001 0.613 228.036 1.7083 0.4531 Neighbourhood level characteristics 18. How satisfied would you be with the availability of well-maintained street furniture like benches and dustbins, and how dissatisfied would you be if such amenities were absent? 0.000 0.790 293.88 0.000 0.547 203.484 1.9844 0.2786 19. How satisfied would you be living within 300 meters of a cosmetics store, and how dissatisfied would you be if such a store were inaccessible? 0.000 0.741 275.652 0.000 0.501 186.372 0.7526 1.0938 20. How satisfied would you be living within 300 meters of a photo studio, and how dissatisfied would you be if such services were not nearby? 0.000 0.566 210.552 0.000 0.574 213.528 1.3438 0.9974 Asymptotic p-value, Kendall’s 𝒲 and Chi-sq. χ2 values were calculated using IBM-SPSS software. X avg and Y avg were calculated using MS-Excel software. Source: Authors’ calculation outcomes 5.2 Implications for policymakers The high concordance across categories provides a straightforward and dependable guide for decision-making. For developers, must-be and performance attributes should be prioritised as top investment, ensuring that projects meet essential expectations and directly influence buyer satisfaction. The parameters identified by Biswas and Mukerji ( 2024 ) as significant housing characteristics influencing sales in privately developed affordable housing in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA) might not always translate into considerations for policy change or implementation. While certain attractive or indifferent attributes may enhance market appeal and contribute to sales performance in specific project contexts, the present study’s concordance results suggest that their absence does not critically undermine resident satisfaction. This distinction indicates that such features may be better suited for project-level marketing and competitive positioning strategies rather than mandatory inclusions in affordable housing policy frameworks. 5.3 Guidelines for Developers and Policy Makers 1. Must-be attributes: a. Developer guidelines: Ensure consistent provision of good road conditions, adequate street lighting, natural ventilation, and proximity to essential services (fire station, local market). Treat these as baseline features in all projects, regardless of price point or location. b. Policy recommendation: Mandate these in building codes and approval checklists as part of minimum housing standards. Integrate compliance checks during planning approvals and post-construction inspections. 2. Performance attributes: a. Developer guidelines: Prioritise investment in reliable sewerage systems, potable kitchen water supply, smooth lift operations, timely possession, and security-related infrastructure (e.g., proximity to a police station). Promote these features explicitly in marketing, as buyers directly link them to satisfaction. b. Policy recommendation: Enforce clear benchmarks for service reliability and infrastructure quality in affordable housing regulations. Tie subsidies, incentives, or fast-track approvals to meeting or exceeding these performance benchmarks. 3. Attractive attribute: a. Developer guidelines: Include features like noise-reduction measures where feasible to create a competitive edge in sales. Use these as marketing highlights rather than core selling points, ensuring cost-efficiency. b. Policy recommendation: Keep such features optional in policy frameworks; encourage through voluntary green building certifications or awards rather than mandatory regulation. 4. Indifferent attributes: a. Developer guidelines: Treat built-in furnishings, street furniture, and niche commercial outlets as optional add-ons based on target buyer profiles. Avoid over-investing in these unless market research for a specific location shows strong buyer preference. b. Policy recommendation: Do not include these features in mandatory policy requirements for affordable housing. Allow developers flexibility to adapt offerings based on project-level market strategies. 5.4. Core distinction · Market Impact ≠ Policy Priority: As identified by Biswas and Mukerji (2024), some parameters significantly influence sales in the KMA private housing market but do not necessarily warrant policy intervention if their absence does not undermine satisfaction. · Developer takeaway: Use these parameters for competitive advantage in project design and sales strategy. · Policy maker takeaway: Focus regulation and incentives on high-concordance must-be and performance features to ensure liveability and equity across projects. 6. Conclusion This study examined whether homebuyers in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA) share consistent expectations regarding residential parameters that influence sales, and how these can guide affordable housing design and policy. The research (i) reframed 83 parameters from Biswas and Mukerji ( 2024 ) into functional–dysfunctional pairs under the Kano model, (ii) surveyed households of affordable units across thirty-two private affordable complexes, and (iii) quantified agreement using Kendall’s coefficient of concordance (W) with statistical significance tests. Two key findings emerge. First, buyers showed moderate to high consensus on 20 parameters (W > 0.5, p < 0.05), confirming that expectations are broadly shared. Second, Kano classification revealed a hierarchy: must-be attributes (e.g., natural ventilation, good roads, street lighting, proximity to fire station and local market) define baseline liveability; performance attributes (e.g., sewerage, potable kitchen water, lift reliability, timely possession, policing proximity, festive support) scale satisfaction proportionally; attractive attributes were rare (notably absence of unwanted noise); and indifferent attributes (e.g., built-in furnishings, street furniture, niche retail) had little effect on satisfaction. The study contributes by: (i) integrating Kano categorisation with Kendall’s W, moving beyond descriptive lists to test whether expectations are shared; (ii) proposing a decision rule (consensus filter + Kano quadrant) that distinguishes enforceable baselines from optional differentiators; and (iii) providing a reproducible survey and plotting framework for benchmarking expectations in other Indian metros. Together, these elements bridge the gap between market salience and policy prioritisation. While this study offers significant insights into affordable housing expectations in Kolkata, several limitations should be acknowledged: Social desirability bias: Household interviews were conducted inside respondents’ homes; some participants may have provided socially acceptable answers, potentially inflating reported satisfaction. Survey timing constraints: Data were collected in daytime and early evening, which may have under-represented night-shift workers and others unavailable at those times. Limited focus on socio-demographics: The analysis centred on physical/amenity attributes and did not model household socio-demographics (e.g., income, age, tenure length), which can condition satisfaction. Context-specific scope: Findings pertain to privately developed affordable housing complexes in Kolkata and may not generalise to other cities, government/informal housing, or income groups—though the methodology is replicable elsewhere. Cross-sectional design: A single time-point snapshot cannot capture changes in satisfaction as neighbourhood or infrastructure conditions evolve. Future work should: incorporate buyer heterogeneity (income, age, tenure, household size); adopt longitudinal designs; link satisfaction to revealed behaviour (transactions, inventory); pair perceptions with objective environmental metrics (noise, air, lighting, traffic); analyse design–cost trade-offs; test policy instruments targeting high-concordance must-be and performance features; expand to other cities and housing types; and integrate Kano with QFD or MCDA for design and procurement applications. In summary, this study identified and classified core satisfaction attributes in Kolkata’s private affordable housing market and demonstrated that must-be and performance features—rather than attractive or indifferent ones—form the foundation of liveability and should anchor both development practice and regulatory standards. By combining Kano with concordance analysis, it provides a practical, evidence-based roadmap for aligning housing design, market competitiveness, and policy relevance in rapidly urbanising contexts such as the KMA. Declarations Author Contribution S.B. conceptualised the study, designed the methodology, conducted all statistical analyses, and drafted the manuscript. A.M. provided continuous supervision, guided the research direction, and contributed to the refinement of the study design and manuscript structure. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7590752","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":513588042,"identity":"866b5c12-e017-4177-95f0-ddee7457c1f4","order_by":0,"name":"Sujoy Biswas","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAxUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHCCBAaGChsgzdh4gAQtZ9JAWhqI1gJU3HIYTBOnRX5GwsPHvA3n7da2HwbaUmMTTVCLwY2EZGPeHbeTt51JBGo5lpbbQFCLREKaNO+Z28lmB4BaGBsOE9YCdBhQS9u5ZLPzD4nUwnADrOWAndkNYm0xOPMg2XDOmeQEsxtAWxKI8Yt8e07igzcVdvZm59MfPvhQY0OEwxh4Eph4GBgSwSoTCCsHAfYDjD8YGOyJUzwKRsEoGAUjEgAAvEtKBimRf+cAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sujoy","middleName":"","lastName":"Biswas","suffix":""},{"id":513588043,"identity":"7d074b75-b38d-4470-826a-d219988eacfa","order_by":1,"name":"Dr. Arjun Mukerji","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"Dr.","firstName":"Arjun","middleName":"","lastName":"Mukerji","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-09-11 10:23:35","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7590752/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7590752/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":91165779,"identity":"ed9ebacb-67e4-4bb0-a100-aa703061b984","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-12 10:24:01","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":91638,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eKano co-ordinate plot\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7590752/v1/71f9aaf5af00b3c1002c71c0.png"},{"id":91166082,"identity":"5076d406-ebb2-41de-9e62-00777ba8700e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-12 10:32:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1673954,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7590752/v1/f135ca29-a134-4889-9351-ab4a7ec4e909.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Beyond the Market: Users Concordance of Hypothetical Preferences for Policy-Driven Housing Solutions in Kolkata ","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAffordable housing remains one of the most pressing urban challenges worldwide. Across rapidly urbanising regions, governments and private developers alike have pursued large-scale housing provision to meet the needs of lower- and middle-income households. In India, national programmes such as the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) and the Real Estate Regulation Act (RERA) have accelerated both supply and regulatory oversight (Govt. of India, 2020). Yet despite this policy and market momentum, a paradox persists: many \u0026lsquo;affordable\u0026rsquo; housing units remain unsold even when priced within the reach of their intended buyers (Giti et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). This tension underscores a fundamental insight echoed in international scholarship: affordability in monetary terms does not necessarily translate into desirability in lived terms (Day, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearchers in housing studies have shown that housing choice is multidimensional. Beyond price, factors such as neighbourhood safety, accessibility to services, environmental quality, and design quality strongly condition residential satisfaction and purchase decisions (Marsh \u0026amp; Gibb, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Buys \u0026amp; Miller, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Govender et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). In emerging markets, these quality-related expectations are particularly salient, because basic infrastructural provisions cannot be taken for granted (Ara, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Bardhan \u0026amp; Debnath, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Research has further revealed that not all features are valued equally: some are seen as non-negotiable, others contribute incrementally to satisfaction, and still others remain marginal or context-specific (Thaker \u0026amp; Sakaran, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Xu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Understanding these distinctions\u0026mdash;and the extent to which they are shared across buyers\u0026mdash;is essential for both developers and policymakers seeking to design, market, and regulate affordable housing more effectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA) exemplifies this paradox. A metropolitan region with a long history of private participation in the affordable segment, KMA has witnessed strong supply growth but uneven absorption. Projects with comparable price points and locations have displayed divergent sales outcomes, suggesting that factors beyond affordability are at play. Prior research has begun to untangle these dynamics. In particular, Biswas and Mukerji (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) demonstrated that buyers\u0026rsquo; perceived housing attributes are significantly associated with sales performance. From an initial pool of over a hundred potential features, their analysis distilled a refined set of 83 parameters across three spatial levels\u0026mdash;building, neighbourhood, and miscellaneous\u0026mdash;that proved most influential in shaping market outcomes (sales of housing units). This catalogue provides a valuable empirical foundation for deeper investigation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eYet a critical gap remains. While earlier work linked these attributes to sales data, it did not probe how buyers themselves evaluate and prioritise them. Do residents treat certain features as non-negotiable essentials, others as proportional satisfiers, and still others as negligible? More importantly, do buyers display a broad consensus in these evaluations, or are preferences fragmented across individuals and complexes? Addressing these questions is vital because the effectiveness of design standards, regulatory interventions, and sales strategies depends not only on identifying salient attributes but also on establishing whether they represent shared expectations among buyers (Marsh \u0026amp; Gibb, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study addresses that gap by re-examining the 83 market-relevant attributes identified by Biswas and Mukerji (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) through the lens of buyer perceptions in KMA\u0026rsquo;s affordable housing sector. Specifically, the current study asks:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Question\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTo what extent do residential buyers in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area share consistent expectations about the importance of key housing attributes, and how can this understanding guide the prioritisation of design, marketing, and policy strategies?\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSection 2 of this paper presents the literature review. Section 3 outlines the methodology and Section 4, 5 presents results and discussions, which is followed by the conclusion in Section 6.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Literature review","content":"\u003cp\u003eBiswas and Mukerji (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) identified 119 parameters relevant to residential buyers\u0026rsquo; preferences in the affordable housing market of Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA). Based on multivariate regression, only three levels of housing characteristics\u0026mdash;building, neighbourhood, and miscellaneous features comprising 83 parameters\u0026mdash;were found to significantly influence sales. These parameters form the empirical foundation of the present study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe parameters were derived from a systematic review of 1,541 publications, of which 632 were fully reviewed and 111 were retained. Although initially grouped under five levels of housing characteristics, only the three significant levels were considered for the current study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBuilding-level characteristics (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) influence satisfaction through spatial adequacy, construction quality, energy performance, and service provision such as water supply, drainage, electricity, and circulation features (Steidl \u0026amp; Hoffmann, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e; Zhou \u0026amp; Kockelman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Buys \u0026amp; Miller, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Dhilip et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Nasar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Bako \u0026amp; Mohd Jusan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Bardhan \u0026amp; Debnath, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Rameshwar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Seyedrezaei et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Ara, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Govender et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Molnar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Srivastava et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Garland et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Hamilton \u0026amp; Rane, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Ng et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBuilding-level parameters grouped under categories and aspects\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAspect\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrevious studies\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"15\" rowspan=\"16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysical\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpace Provision\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Provision of parking\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Dhilip et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. Number of bedrooms\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3. Number of bathrooms\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4. Number of balconies\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Buys and Miller, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5. Compliance to Vastu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Birtchnell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSize\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6. Size of balcony\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Buys and Miller, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7. Size of bedroom\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Steidl and Hoffmann, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8. Carpet area of the house\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Dhilip et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Zhou and Kockelman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConstruction Quality\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9. Furnished interior\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Dhilip et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10. Exterior aesthetics of the building\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Nasar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11. Finishing or built quality\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Bako and Mohd Jusan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnergy efficiency\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12. Natural daylighting\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Bardhan and Debnath, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13. Natural ventilation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14. Building illumination\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Rameshwar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15. Presence of Solar panels\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Seyedrezaei et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16. Provision of energy-efficient electrical appliances\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInfrastructure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eServices\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17. Drainage facility\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Govender et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18. Sewerage facility\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19. Electricity supply\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Srivastava et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20. Water supply system\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Ara, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21. Fibre optic broadband service\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Molnar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEase of circulation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22. Availability of Lifts\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23. Comfort associated with the usage of lifts\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Ng et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24. Ease of using the staircase\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Garland et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25. Signages\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Hamilton and Rane, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eSource: (Biswas and Mukerji, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSince the parameters related to building level characteristics explain (i) \u0026lsquo;how much\u0026rsquo; and of what \u0026lsquo;quality\u0026rsquo; a buyer is getting for his money, as well as (ii) benefits through \u0026lsquo;energy savings\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;services\u0026rsquo;, which are related to buyers\u0026rsquo; notions of cost-effectiveness, and liveability, all of these are expected to be significant parameters for measuring buyers\u0026rsquo; satisfaction in the \u0026lsquo;affordable housing\u0026rsquo; sector.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeighbourhood-level characteristics (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) cover environmental quality, aesthetic appeal, healthcare access, community amenities, and socio-economic vitality, including local businesses (Espey \u0026amp; Lopez, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Das, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Owusu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Wojnarowska et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Jim \u0026amp; Chen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Saphores \u0026amp; Li, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Zhang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Peng \u0026amp; Chiang, 2015; Wang \u0026amp; Ramroop, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Kuupiel et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Rosiers et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Langford \u0026amp; Higgs, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Molina-Garc\u0026iacute;a et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Mondal \u0026amp; Ghosh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Grant \u0026amp; Oteng-Ababio, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Bahadure \u0026amp; Kotharkar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Sinha \u0026amp; Ranjith, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeighbourhood-level parameters grouped under categories and aspects\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAspect\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrevious studies\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"9\" rowspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysical\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUrban level issues\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26. Inconvenience due to traffic congestion\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Jang and Kang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27. Inconvenience due to smell\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Wojnarowska et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28. Inconvenience due to waterlogging\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Das, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29. Inconvenience due to litter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Owusu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30. Inconvenience due to noise\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Espey and Lopez, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLandscaping\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31. Proximity to park/ garden\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Jim and Chen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32. Street furniture\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Kozlowski et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33. Road conditions in the neighbourhood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Famuyiwa and Babawale, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34. Urban beautification\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Saphores and Li, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35. Street lights\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Zhang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"13\" rowspan=\"14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInfrastructure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealthcare\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36. Proximity to the hospital\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Singla and Bendigiri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37. Proximity to primary health centre\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(O\u0026rsquo;Meara et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38. Proximity to veterinary Clinic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Neal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39. Proximity to pharmacy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Wang and Ramroop, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40. Proximity to a diagnostic centre\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Kuupiel et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommunity amenities\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41. Proximity to a place of worship\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Noisangiam, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42. Proximity to sports facility/playground\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Molina-Garc\u0026iacute;a et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Rosiers et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43. Proximity to gym and fitness facility\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Garland et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44. Proximity to school\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Rosiers et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePublic services\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45. Proximity to post office\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Langford and Higgs, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Sharma, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46. Proximity to courier service\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Xue et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47. Proximity to bank or ATM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Sharma, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48. Proximity to Fire station\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Mondal and Ghosh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49. Proximity to Police Station\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Singla and Bendigiri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"20\" rowspan=\"21\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommercial\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeauty and care\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50. Proximity to parlours or saloons\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Yankson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51. Proximity to a cosmetics store\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52. Proximity to photo studio\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53. Proximity to a jewellery shop\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Getis and Getis, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1968\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEateries\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54. Proximity to sweet and confectionery\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Krondl, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55. Proximity to roadside eateries (stalls)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Draper, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56. Proximity to bakery\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Murakami et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57. Proximity to restaurant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Khan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDaily needs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58. Proximity to vegetable, fish or meat market\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Murakami et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59. Proximity to a dairy booth (milk/bread/egg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60. Proximity to fruit seller shop/stall\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61. Proximity to photocopy shop/Xerox\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Chang and Tipple, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62. Proximity to general store\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Sinha and Ranjith, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocal shops\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63. Proximity to a clothing store\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Shaila and Matsuyuki, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64. Proximity to a gift shop\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Ergun and Dundar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65. Proximity to bookstore or stationery\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Hao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eService centres\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66. Proximity to a mobile service centre\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Grant and Oteng-Ababio, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67. Proximity to cycle and bike repairing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Steffen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68. Proximity to an electrical shop\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Cerin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69. Proximity to a hardware shop\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70. Proximity to 4-wheeler repairing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Steffen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocial\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrowd behaviour\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71. Obnoxious activities in the neighbourhood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Bahadure and Kotharkar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Bres and Davis, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72. Ethnic diversity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73. Cultural inclusiveness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74. Festive celebrations\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eSource: (Biswas and Mukerji, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe parameters related to neighbourhood-level characteristics are concerned with providing a better quality of life, social cohesion, a livable community, and meeting the daily needs of residents. Since these elements contribute significantly to residents\u0026rsquo; overall well-being, better lifestyle and consumption behaviour, these parameters are expected to be significant for measuring buyers\u0026rsquo; satisfaction in the \u0026lsquo;affordable housing\u0026rsquo; sector.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous characteristics (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) relate to financial and legal assurances, accessibility, and distinctive living experiences such as scenic views and vibrant surroundings (Kessler, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1972\u003c/span\u003e; Cervero \u0026amp; Kockelman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; Benson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Bond et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Vallance et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Jim \u0026amp; Chen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Rachmawati et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Yadav \u0026amp; Itoria, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous parameters grouped under categories and aspects\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAspect\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrevious studies\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeneral\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinancial\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75. Price of property\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Gresham, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1974\u003c/span\u003e; Jim and Chen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Kessler, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1972\u003c/span\u003e; Rachmawati et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76. Marketing/sales personnel behaviour\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Rachmawati et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77. Hidden charges\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Gresham, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1974\u003c/span\u003e; Kessler, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1972\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLegalities\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78. Registered under WB-HIRA (R.E.R.A.)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Yadav and Itoria, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79. Dispute-free ownership\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80. Timely possession\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePsychological\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81. View from the apartment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Benson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Bond et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Jim and Chen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82. Vibrant and lively place\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Vallance et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83. Family-friendly haven\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eSource: (Biswas and Mukerji, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe parameters related to miscellaneous characteristics are concerned with providing hassle-free property ownership to the buyers within their possible budget, with fascinating features and vibrant living conditions. Since these elements contribute significantly to residents\u0026rsquo; overall well-being, sense of belongingness, and benefits from their investment, these parameters are expected to be significant for measuring buyers\u0026rsquo; satisfaction in the \u0026lsquo;affordable housing\u0026rsquo; sector.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo evaluate expectations, the study applied the Kano Model, which classifies attributes as must-be, performance, attractive, or indifferent (Llinares \u0026amp; Page, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). A review of nine studies highlights its prior application in housing markets.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEk and \u0026Ccedil;ıkış (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) in Turkey identified balconies as performance, open kitchens as attractive, and two bathrooms as indifferent. Juan et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) in Taiwan classified multi-purpose spaces, energy-efficient and adaptable design, and crime prevention as must-be. In Bangkok, Tochaiwat et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) found parking and outdoor lighting to be must-be and garden fountains attractive. Encinas et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) in Chile reported that pools, terraces, and investment potential were attractive, energy efficiency was indifferent, and thermal comfort was must-be. Wu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) found that for luxury apartments, maintenance and security were must-be, service responsiveness was performance, and community activities were indifferent. Xu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) identified medical and health facilities, water quality, spatial organisation, air quality, and electricity as must-be in rural China, while noise absence, parking, and green space were performance; cultural facilities and police stations were attractive; and education was indifferent. Bao et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) reported that function was must-be, indoor environment was performance, and spatial organisation was indifferent. Altuwaim et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) in Saudi Arabia classified safety and affordability as must-be and space utilisation as performance. Wei et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) in Beijing found space planning to be must-be, services to be attractive, and external amenities indifferent. Collectively, these studies confirm the Kano Model\u0026rsquo;s usefulness in distinguishing baseline expectations, proportional satisfiers, and delighters in housing markets.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe 83 parameters from Biswas and Mukerji (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) were then reframed into functional\u0026ndash;dysfunctional pairs, where \u003cem\u003efunctional\u003c/em\u003e items measured satisfaction when a feature was present and \u003cem\u003edysfunctional\u003c/em\u003e items measured dissatisfaction when it was absent. This step was necessary to align the dataset with Kano analysis and to capture asymmetries in user preferences. The reframed parameters are presented alongside the current study\u0026rsquo;s findings in later sections.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe empirical survey was conducted across thirty-two private affordable housing complexes in Kolkata, selected from 259 projects identified via magicbricks.com and 99acres.com. Because access required developer consent, the sample was shaped by permissions granted, but the selected complexes were geographically and typologically diverse. These complexes contained 4,549 affordable units (41.13% of all units in the complexes), of which 4,152 were sold. Using Cochran\u0026rsquo;s formula for small populations with 95% confidence and 5% error, the required minimum sample was 352. An additional 10% was added to mitigate attrition (~\u0026thinsp;390 respondents), and ultimately three-hundred eighty three \u003cem\u003evalid\u003c/em\u003e responses were considered. Affordable units were defined as those priced up to ₹50 lakh and \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;60 m\u0026sup2; carpet area (Government of India, 2020; RBI, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). While not designed for strict population generalisation, this heterogeneous sample is appropriate for identifying shared patterns, consistent with an exploratory, theory-building approach (Patton, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Five-point Likert-type scales were used to note the preferences. The scale points for the functional scenario were articulated as: \u0026lsquo;1: Disliked\u0026rsquo;, \u0026lsquo;2: Tolerated\u0026rsquo;, \u0026lsquo;3: Neutral\u0026rsquo;, \u0026lsquo;4: Expected\u0026rsquo;, and \u0026lsquo;5: Liked\u0026rsquo;. The reversed scale points for the dysfunctional scenario were articulated as: \u0026lsquo;1: Liked\u0026rsquo;, \u0026lsquo;2: Expected\u0026rsquo;, \u0026lsquo;3: Neutral\u0026rsquo;, \u0026lsquo;4: Tolerated\u0026rsquo;, and \u0026lsquo;5: Disliked\u0026rsquo;. The scoring adopted is discussed in following paragraphs. The questionnaire contained 83 parameters grouped under three levels of characteristics and sub-grouped under associated categories and aspects.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe survey instrument demonstrated acceptable reliability: Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha was α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.767 for \u003cem\u003efunctional\u003c/em\u003e items and α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.744 for \u003cem\u003edysfunctional\u003c/em\u003e items, both exceeding the recommended threshold of 0.7 (Thaweethamcharoen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Taherdoost, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The calculated Pearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation coefficient |\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ecalc.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e| for each \u003cem\u003efunctional question score\u003c/em\u003e and the \u003cem\u003etotal functional score\u003c/em\u003e falls in the range of 0.031 and 0.779, whereas |\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ecalc.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e| for each \u003cem\u003edysfunctional question score\u003c/em\u003e and the \u003cem\u003etotal dysfunctional score\u003c/em\u003e falls between 0.044 and 0.826. With total respondents as \u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;383, degree of freedom as \u003cem\u003edf\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;381, and level of significance 0.05, the critical value is |\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ecrit\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e.|= 0.0201. Since |\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ecalc.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e| \u0026gt;|\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ecrit.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e| for all questions of both types, there is a significant correlation, which indicates validity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo assess consensus, Kendall\u0026rsquo;s coefficient of concordance (\u003cem\u003e\u0026#119986;\u003c/em\u003e) was calculated for each parameter separately for functional and dysfunctional responses across the thirty-two complexes, using:\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\begin{array}{c}W=\\frac{12\\:\\sum\\:{R}_{j}^{2}-3{n}^{2}{\\left(m+1\\right)}^{2}}{{m}^{2}\\:\\left({n}^{2}\\:-n\\right)}\\#\\left(1\\right)\\end{array}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhere \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\mathcal{W}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e = Kendall\u0026rsquo;s coefficient of concordance, \u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e = number of respondents, \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e = number of housing complexes ranked per question (separately for function and dysfunction), \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e = Sum of ranks for the j\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e complex.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor each Kano question, the associated Chi-square (\u003cem\u003eχ\u0026sup2;\u003c/em\u003e) value was computed using:\u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\begin{array}{c}{\\chi\\:}^{2}=m\\left(n-1\\right)W\\#\\left(2\\right)\\end{array}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ewith df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31. Parameters with W\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.5 and p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 were deemed to show strong concordance (Chankov et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Although Kendall\u0026rsquo;s W is traditionally applied to explicit rankings, this study treated Likert-type responses as implicit rankings, a pragmatic and precedent-supported adaptation (Legendre, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Rutkowski, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). The purpose was not to replicate a Friedman model but to establish whether evaluations converged enough to consider an attribute a shared concern.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinally, attributes were categorised using DuMouchel\u0026rsquo;s \u003cem\u003econtinuous scale analysis\u003c/em\u003e (Berger et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e), which scores responses from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2 to 4 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The focus on the core categories leads to the asymmetrical scaling, where the negative end of the scale (which includes Reverse and Questionable) is simplified, and the scale begins at \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2 rather than a more extreme value like \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4, reflecting the reduced emphasis on these negative categories (Berger et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the focus remains on the four core categories (must-be, performance, attractive, indifferent), which have the greatest relevance for policy and design (Matzler \u0026amp; Hinterhuber, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Ying Liu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eScores for each response to functional or dysfunctional questions in Continuous scale analysis (proposed by William DuMouchel)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eQuestion Type\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKano Score\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eResponse\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDislike\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLive with\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMust-be\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLike\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Functional\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(y value)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResponse\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLike\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMust be\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLive with\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDislike\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. Dysfunctional\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(x value)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eSource: (Berger et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOnly attributes with positive mean values were plotted on a two-dimensional Kano grid, with functional means (Y\u003csub\u003eavg\u003c/sub\u003e) on the vertical axis and dysfunctional means (X\u003csub\u003eavg\u003c/sub\u003e) on the horizontal axis. The classification rules were as follows: must-be (2\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;Xavg\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;4, 0\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;Yavg\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;2), attractive (0\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;Xavg\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;2, 2\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;Yavg\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;4), performance (2\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;Xavg\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;4, 2\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;Yavg\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;4), and indifferent (0\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;Xavg\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;2, 0\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;Yavg\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;2). By focusing on positive means, the analysis prioritised attributes relevant to improving minimum service standards in affordable housing in the KMA.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eEighty-three residential satisfaction parameters were analysed and classified under the Kano model (Must-be, Performance, Attractive, Indifferent). Of these, 20 exhibited strong consensus with Kendall\u0026rsquo;s W\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.501\u0026ndash;0.917 for both functional and dysfunctional aspects and asymptotic p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e), which were plotted in the Kano coordinate system (presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e); corresponding χ\u0026sup2; values also indicated high agreement, supporting response strength and data reliability. Must-be attributes reflected baseline expectations\u0026mdash;natural ventilation, good road conditions, street lighting, proximity to a fire station and local market, and vibrant/lively surroundings\u0026mdash;whose absence produced dissatisfaction without proportionate gains from their presence. Performance attributes showed proportional effects on satisfaction and dissatisfaction: proper sewerage, potable kitchen water, smooth lift operations, timely possession, traffic-free surroundings, absence of obnoxious activities, proximity to a police station, and support for festive/cultural events. The sole Attractive attribute was the absence of unwanted noise, which elevated satisfaction when present but was not expected. Indifferent attributes\u0026mdash;built-in furnishings (e.g., kitchen cabinets, wardrobes), street furniture, and nearby niche retail (e.g., cosmetics shops, photo studios, including within ~\u0026thinsp;300 m)\u0026mdash;had negligible effect on satisfaction or dissatisfaction despite consistent responses.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eTwenty consensus-based attributes were placed into the four Kano categories. In the must-be group, good roads and street lighting were essential here; Xu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) also highlighted their importance but classified them as performance, while Tochaiwat et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) identified outdoor lighting as must-be, aligning with this study. Fire-station proximity within 3 km was must-be here but attractive in Xu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), reflecting contextual differences in emergency-service expectations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor performance attributes, sewerage and potable water proportionally influenced satisfaction and dissatisfaction, agreeing with Xu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) and Altuwaim et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e); potable water\u0026rsquo;s performance status here contrasts with Xu \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, who classified it must-be, suggesting differing baselines. Police-station proximity within 5 km was performance in this study but attractive in Xu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), indicating context-specific security expectations. Support for festive celebrations was performance here, whereas community activities were indifferent in Wu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), underscoring cultural variation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe absence of unwanted noise emerged as the only attractive attribute\u0026mdash;valued when present but not a baseline expectation. In Indian urban contexts, noise from traffic, construction, and social events is often tolerated; quieter areas therefore add \u0026lsquo;bonus\u0026rsquo; comfort rather than meeting a minimum standard. Xu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) instead classified noise absence as performance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndifferent attributes\u0026mdash;built-in furnishings, street furniture (e.g., benches, dustbins), and niche outlets (cosmetics stores, photo studios within ~\u0026thinsp;300 m)\u0026mdash;had little influence. Indifference to furnishings likely reflects post-possession customisation and the growing standardisation of such items by developers; this contrasts with Ek \u0026amp; \u0026Ccedil;ıkış (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), who found open kitchens with cabinets attractive in Turkish mass housing. Street furniture may be viewed as a municipal (not developer) responsibility and is often under-maintained. Niche retail carries limited weight amid online retail and multifunctional stores, with residents willing to travel beyond the immediate vicinity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.1 Justification of homebuyers\u0026rsquo; expectations with concordance\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh W confirmed robust, shared judgements: must-be items were baseline requirements whose absence caused dissatisfaction; performance items (sewerage, potable kitchen water, smooth lifts, timely possession, policing proximity) affected satisfaction proportionally; the absence of unwanted noise was appreciated but not expected; and indifferent items had negligible impact. While Biswas and Mukerji (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) linked some such characteristics to sales in specific contexts, the present concordance evidence indicates limited policy relevance for attractive/indifferent items.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKano categorisation of significant parameters (asymp. p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) having strong users\u0026rsquo; concordance (\u0026#119986;\u0026gt;0.5) using continuous scale analysis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFunctional and Dysfunction Questions classified into Kano Categories (using Continuous Scale Analysis)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFunction (satisfaction if present)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDysfunction (dissatisfaction if absent)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eX\u003csub\u003eavg\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eY\u003csub\u003eavg\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsym\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003ep-\u003c/em\u003evalue)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKendall\u0026rsquo;s\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026#119986;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChi-sq.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eχ2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsym\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003ep-\u003c/em\u003evalue)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKendall\u0026rsquo;s\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026#119986;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChi-sq.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eχ2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eMust-be category\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBuilding level characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. How satisfied would you be with natural cross ventilation in rooms, and how dissatisfied would you be if this were absent?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.748\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e278.256\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.631\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e234.732\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.0938\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.9531\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeighbourhood level characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. How satisfied would you be with good road conditions (no potholes or cracks) in your neighbourhood, and how dissatisfied would you be if roads were in poor condition?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.831\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e309.732\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.641\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e238.452\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.3594\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2969\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3. How satisfied would you be if your streets were well-lit with working streetlights (URDPFI 2015), and how dissatisfied would you be if streets were poorly lit at night?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.659\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e245.148\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.560\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e208.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.6302\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.4089\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4. How satisfied would you be living within 3 km of a fire station (URDPFI 2015), and how dissatisfied would you be if emergency response services were far away?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.790\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e293.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.722\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e268.584\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.3281\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.6042\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5. How satisfied would you be living within 300 meters of a vegetable, fish, or meat market (URDPFI 2015), and how dissatisfied would you be if such markets were not easily accessible?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.612\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e227.664\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.594\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e221. 0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.0833\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.6927\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6. How satisfied would you be living in a vibrant and lively area, and how dissatisfied would you be if the surroundings felt dull and inactive?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.663\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e246.636\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.836\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e310.992\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.7604\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.7526\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003ePerformance category\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBuilding level characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7. How satisfied would you be with a well-functioning sewerage system with no blockages, and how dissatisfied would you be if it failed frequently?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.795\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e295.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.752\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e279.744\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.9323\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.7135\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8. How satisfied would you be with a safe and clean water supply system in your kitchen and bathroom, and how dissatisfied would you be if this were not ensured?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.605\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e225.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.917\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e341.124\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.7604\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2969\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9. How satisfied would you be with the smooth operation of lifts through regular maintenance, and how dissatisfied would you be if maintenance were neglected?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.766\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e284.952\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.695\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e258.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.4063\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2969\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeighbourhood level characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10. How satisfied would you be living in an area free from traffic congestion, and how dissatisfied would you be if traffic were frequently jammed around your home?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.612\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e227.664\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.648\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e241.056\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.0911\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.1042\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11. How satisfied would you be living within 5 km of a police station (URDPFI 2015), and how dissatisfied would you be if law enforcement services were inaccessible?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.700\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e260.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.645\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e239.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.6771\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.4922\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12. How satisfied would you be if your neighbourhood were free from obnoxious or disruptive activities, and how dissatisfied would you be if such incidents occurred regularly?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.637\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e236.964\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.810\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e301.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.6250\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2031\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13. How satisfied would you be living in a neighbourhood that actively celebrates festivals and events, and how dissatisfied would you be if such engagement were absent?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.657\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e244.404\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.586\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e217.992\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.2031\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1510\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14. How satisfied would you be if your housing unit were handed over to you on time, and how dissatisfied would you be if timely possession were delayed?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.595\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e221.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.536\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e199.392\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.8646\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.9349\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15. How satisfied would you be with the view from your apartment, and how dissatisfied would you be if the view were obstructed or unpleasant?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.689\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e256.308\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.728\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e270.816\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.0938\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1979\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eAttractive Category\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeighbourhood characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16. How satisfied would you be if your neighbourhood were quiet and free from unwanted noise, and how dissatisfied would you be if noise disturbances were frequent?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.730\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e271.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.657\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e244.404\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.9635\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.8620\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eIndifferent Category\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBuilding level characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17. How satisfied would you be with including basic furnishings like kitchen cabinets and wardrobes, and how dissatisfied would you be if these were not provided?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.764\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e284.208\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.613\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e228.036\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.7083\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4531\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeighbourhood level characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18. How satisfied would you be with the availability of well-maintained street furniture like benches and dustbins, and how dissatisfied would you be if such amenities were absent?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.790\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e293.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.547\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e203.484\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.9844\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2786\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19. How satisfied would you be living within 300 meters of a cosmetics store, and how dissatisfied would you be if such a store were inaccessible?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.741\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e275.652\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.501\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e186.372\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7526\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0938\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20. How satisfied would you be living within 300 meters of a photo studio, and how dissatisfied would you be if such services were not nearby?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.566\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e210.552\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.574\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e213.528\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3438\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9974\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsymptotic p-value, Kendall\u0026rsquo;s \u0026#119986; and Chi-sq. χ2 values were calculated using IBM-SPSS software.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eX\u003csub\u003eavg\u003c/sub\u003e and Y\u003csub\u003eavg\u003c/sub\u003e were calculated using MS-Excel software.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"13\"\u003eSource: Authors\u0026rsquo; calculation outcomes\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.2 Implications for policymakers\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe high concordance across categories provides a straightforward and dependable guide for decision-making. For developers, must-be and performance attributes should be prioritised as top investment, ensuring that projects meet essential expectations and directly influence buyer satisfaction.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe parameters identified by Biswas and Mukerji (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) as significant housing characteristics influencing sales in privately developed affordable housing in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA) might not always translate into considerations for policy change or implementation. While certain attractive or indifferent attributes may enhance market appeal and contribute to sales performance in specific project contexts, the present study\u0026rsquo;s concordance results suggest that their absence does not critically undermine resident satisfaction. This distinction indicates that such features may be better suited for project-level marketing and competitive positioning strategies rather than mandatory inclusions in affordable housing policy frameworks.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.3 Guidelines for Developers and Policy Makers\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1. \u003cem\u003eMust-be attributes:\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ea. \u0026nbsp; Developer guidelines:\u003c/em\u003e Ensure consistent provision of good road conditions, adequate street lighting, natural ventilation, and proximity to essential services (fire station, local market). Treat these as baseline features in all projects, regardless of price point or location.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eb. \u0026nbsp; Policy recommendation:\u003c/em\u003e Mandate these in building codes and approval checklists as part of minimum housing standards. Integrate compliance checks during planning approvals and post-construction inspections.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2. \u0026nbsp; Performance attributes:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ea. \u0026nbsp; Developer guidelines:\u003c/em\u003e Prioritise investment in reliable sewerage systems, potable kitchen water supply, smooth lift operations, timely possession, and security-related infrastructure (e.g., proximity to a police station). Promote these features explicitly in marketing, as buyers directly link them to satisfaction.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eb. \u0026nbsp; Policy recommendation:\u003c/em\u003e Enforce clear benchmarks for service reliability and infrastructure quality in affordable housing regulations. Tie subsidies, incentives, or fast-track approvals to meeting or exceeding these performance benchmarks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3. \u0026nbsp; Attractive attribute:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ea. \u0026nbsp; Developer guidelines:\u003c/em\u003e Include features like noise-reduction measures where feasible to create a competitive edge in sales. Use these as marketing highlights rather than core selling points, ensuring cost-efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eb. \u0026nbsp; Policy recommendation:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eKeep such features optional in policy frameworks; encourage through voluntary green building certifications or awards rather than mandatory regulation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4. \u0026nbsp; Indifferent attributes:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ea. \u0026nbsp; Developer guidelines:\u003c/em\u003e Treat built-in furnishings, street furniture, and niche commercial outlets as optional add-ons based on target buyer profiles. Avoid over-investing in these unless market research for a specific location shows strong buyer preference.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eb. \u0026nbsp; Policy recommendation:\u003c/em\u003e Do not include these features in mandatory policy requirements for affordable housing. Allow developers flexibility to adapt offerings based on project-level market strategies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e5.4. \u0026nbsp;Core distinction\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; \u003cem\u003eMarket Impact \u0026ne; Policy Priority:\u003c/em\u003e As identified by Biswas and Mukerji (2024), some parameters significantly influence sales in the KMA private housing market but do not necessarily warrant policy intervention if their absence does not undermine satisfaction.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; \u003cem\u003eDeveloper takeaway:\u003c/em\u003e Use these parameters for competitive advantage in project design and sales strategy.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; \u003cem\u003ePolicy maker takeaway:\u003c/em\u003e Focus regulation and incentives on high-concordance must-be and performance features to ensure liveability and equity across projects.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study examined whether homebuyers in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA) share consistent expectations regarding residential parameters that influence sales, and how these can guide affordable housing design and policy. The research (i) reframed 83 parameters from Biswas and Mukerji (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) into functional\u0026ndash;dysfunctional pairs under the Kano model, (ii) surveyed households of affordable units across thirty-two private affordable complexes, and (iii) quantified agreement using Kendall\u0026rsquo;s coefficient of concordance (W) with statistical significance tests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwo key findings emerge. First, buyers showed moderate to high consensus on 20 parameters (W\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.5, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), confirming that expectations are broadly shared. Second, Kano classification revealed a hierarchy: must-be attributes (e.g., natural ventilation, good roads, street lighting, proximity to fire station and local market) define baseline liveability; performance attributes (e.g., sewerage, potable kitchen water, lift reliability, timely possession, policing proximity, festive support) scale satisfaction proportionally; attractive attributes were rare (notably absence of unwanted noise); and indifferent attributes (e.g., built-in furnishings, street furniture, niche retail) had little effect on satisfaction.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study contributes by: (i) integrating Kano categorisation with Kendall\u0026rsquo;s W, moving beyond descriptive lists to test whether expectations are shared; (ii) proposing a decision rule (consensus filter\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Kano quadrant) that distinguishes enforceable baselines from optional differentiators; and (iii) providing a reproducible survey and plotting framework for benchmarking expectations in other Indian metros. Together, these elements bridge the gap between market salience and policy prioritisation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile this study offers significant insights into affordable housing expectations in Kolkata, \u003cem\u003eseveral limitations\u003c/em\u003e should be acknowledged:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e Social desirability bias: Household interviews were conducted inside respondents\u0026rsquo; homes; some participants may have provided socially acceptable answers, potentially inflating reported satisfaction.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eSurvey timing constraints: Data were collected in daytime and early evening, which may have under-represented night-shift workers and others unavailable at those times.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eLimited focus on socio-demographics: The analysis centred on physical/amenity attributes and did not model household socio-demographics (e.g., income, age, tenure length), which can condition satisfaction.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eContext-specific scope: Findings pertain to privately developed affordable housing complexes in Kolkata and may not generalise to other cities, government/informal housing, or income groups\u0026mdash;though the methodology is replicable elsewhere.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eCross-sectional design: A single time-point snapshot cannot capture changes in satisfaction as neighbourhood or infrastructure conditions evolve.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFuture work should: incorporate buyer heterogeneity (income, age, tenure, household size); adopt longitudinal designs; link satisfaction to revealed behaviour (transactions, inventory); pair perceptions with objective environmental metrics (noise, air, lighting, traffic); analyse design\u0026ndash;cost trade-offs; test policy instruments targeting high-concordance must-be and performance features; expand to other cities and housing types; and integrate Kano with QFD or MCDA for design and procurement applications.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn summary, this study identified and classified core satisfaction attributes in Kolkata\u0026rsquo;s private affordable housing market and demonstrated that must-be and performance features\u0026mdash;rather than attractive or indifferent ones\u0026mdash;form the foundation of liveability and should anchor both development practice and regulatory standards. By combining Kano with concordance analysis, it provides a practical, evidence-based roadmap for aligning housing design, market competitiveness, and policy relevance in rapidly urbanising contexts such as the KMA.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eS.B. conceptualised the study, designed the methodology, conducted all statistical analyses, and drafted the manuscript. A.M. provided continuous supervision, guided the research direction, and contributed to the refinement of the study design and manuscript structure. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors gratefully acknowledge the residents of the Kolkata Metropolitan Area who generously shared their time and insights during the survey process. We also extend our thanks to housing developers, local community representatives, and municipal authorities for their cooperation in facilitating access to housing complexes. Finally, we acknowledge the support from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, that enabled the fieldwork and analysis underlying this study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAltuwaim, A., AlTasan, A., \u0026amp; Almohsen, A. (2024). Customer satisfaction with advanced construction technologies in residential buildings. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;15. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1080/13467581.2024.2329355\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/13467581.2024.2329355\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAra, S. 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Microsimulation of Residential Land Development and Household Location Choices, \u003cem\u003eTransportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board\u003c/em\u003e, SAGE PublicationsSage CA: Los Angeles, CA, Vol. 2077 No. 1, pp. 106\u0026ndash;112. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3141/2077-14\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3141/2077-14\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7590752/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7590752/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"This study investigates how residents in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area perceive and prioritise housing attributes, and whether expectations converge into widely shared patterns. Moving beyond simple feature classification, the research integrates the Kano model of functional/dysfunctional evaluation with Kendall’s coefficient of concordance to test the strength of agreement among residents. Structured interviews were conducted with 390 households across 32 private affordable housing complexes. Eighty-three parameters, derived from prior empirical and theoretical studies, were reframed into functional (feature present) and dysfunctional (feature absent) pairs and assessed on five-point Likert scales. Reliability and validity were confirmed using Cronbach’s Alpha and Pearson’s correlation. Continuous-scale analysis classified attributes into Kano categories, while concordance analysis identified which parameters represented shared expectations. Findings show that only 20 parameters achieved strong consensus (W ranges from 0.501 to 0.917, p \u003c 0.05). Must-be attributes included natural ventilation, good roads, street lighting, and proximity to a fire station and local market. Performance attributes—reliable sewerage, potable kitchen water, smooth lift operations, timely possession, traffic-free surroundings, absence of obnoxious activities, police-station proximity, and support for festive events—influenced satisfaction proportionally. The absence of unwanted noise emerged as the sole attractive (delighter) feature, while built-in furnishings, street furniture, and niche retail were indifferent. The study contributes a replicable framework that distinguishes enforceable quality baselines from market differentiators, offering developers and policymakers an evidence-based tool for prioritising design, investment, and regulation in affordable housing.","manuscriptTitle":"Beyond the Market: Users Concordance of Hypothetical Preferences for Policy-Driven Housing Solutions in Kolkata","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-12 10:15:57","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7590752/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"edd70716-ef12-4585-ba72-1da7b4ec8d61","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 12th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-12T10:15:57+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-12 10:15:57","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7590752","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7590752","identity":"rs-7590752","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}