Effectiveness of Strawbreathing Exercise on Quality of Sleep Among Postmenopausal Women

Effectiveness of Strawbreathing Exercise on Quality of Sleep Among Postmenopausal Women | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effectiveness of Strawbreathing Exercise on Quality of Sleep Among Postmenopausal Women MERCY RUSSELIN PRABHA, Sajitha S This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8978931/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Sleep is a fundamental biological need essential for maintaining optimal health and well-being. Among postmenopausal women, sleep disturbances are a common concern, often attributed to hormonal, psychological, and physiological changes associated with the menopausal transition. The aim of present study is to determine the “Effectiveness of straw breathing exercise on quality of sleep among post-menopausal women. The objectives of the study was to assess the effectiveness of straw breathing exercise on quality of sleep among postmenopausal women and to find out the association betweenthe pretest scores on sleep disturbances among postmenopausal women in experimental group and control group with their selected demographic variable. The data was collected from 60 samples. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The Pre test and post test score obtained using Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). After the intervention of straw breathing Exercise among Postmenopausal women in experimental group, the average score of sleep quality pre- test score was 10.6 +/- 3.401 which significantly reduced to 7.53 +/- 3.019in the post-test. The independent ‘t’ test result ( t = 5.97, p > 0.05 ) shows a highly significant difference between the two groups. Thus, it can be concluded that the straw breathing exercise is statistically effective in improving the sleep quality among postmenopausal women. Effectiveness Straw breathing Exercise Sleep quality Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) Postmenopausal women Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 INTRODUCTION Health is one of the most important aspects of human life. Women health is a vital area of health care that focuses on the physical, mental and social wellbeing of women throughout than lives. Menopause is one of the stages of female reproductive life cycle. According to world health organization (WHO 1990) the term natural menopause is defined as the permanent cessation of menstruation resulting from the loss of ovarian follicular activity. The major health concerns for the postmenopausal women’s are mainly involves the symptoms such as irregular vaginal bleeding, hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, dyspareunia, mood swings, depression, cognitive decline, joint pain, sleep disturbance, decreased libido, hair loss, weight gain, wrinkles, acne. Sleep disturbance is one of the major problem that affect the postmenopausal womens due to their changes in the reproductive hormones. According to WHO sleep is a fundamental human need and a critical factor for overall health and wellbeing. Alternative and complimentary therapies are considered as the treatment approach for the menopausal problems. Behavioural modifications such as meditation, relaxation therapies, deep breathing exercises and other alternative therapies including physical exercise and acupuncture are the best approached treatment for menopausal symptoms. Deep breathing and relaxation measures are one of the major techniques that helps to reduce the sleep disturbances. Through the straw breathing exercises it helps the menopausal womens to improve their progress emotionally, biologically and cognitively. Straw breathing is an effective method among breathing exercises it can easily reduces the feeling of anxiety and panic and also increases the feelings of relaxation and calmness. It also improve the positive effects onthe body. Straw breathing also known as straw breathing exercise or tube breathing, is a simple technique that involves breathing through a straw to slowdown breathing and promote relaxation. Straw breathing is a respiratory exercise where you exhale slowly through a straw to promote relaxation and slow down breathing. The benefits of straw breathing involves reduce anxiety, improve focus, helps to manage emotions and better sleep. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of the study is to assess the effectiveness of straw breathing regarding sleep quality among postmenopausal women. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of straw breathing exercise on quality of sleep among postmenopausal women To compare the pre and post intervention sleep quality score , among participants OPERATIONAL DEFINITION STRAW BREATHING Specific breathing technique where participants inhale normally through the nose and exhale slowly and completely through a drinking straw. This is practiced for ten minutes, twice daily ,for a period of 4 weeks under guided instruction. QUALITY OF SLEEP Subjective assessment of sleep patterns measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. A lower Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index score indicates better sleep. Pre and post intervention scores will be compared to assess improvement. POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN Women aged 45-65 years who have experienced natural cessation of menstruation for at least 12 consecutive months and are not currently on hormone replacement therapy. HYPOTHESIS NULL HYPOTHES There is no significant difference in the quality of sleep among postmenopausal women before and after practicing straw breathing. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS There is a significant improvement in the quality of sleep among postmenopausal women after practicing straw breathing exercise. METHODOLOY Research approach- quantitative evaluative approach. Research design – experimental one group pre-test and post-test design. RESEARCH VARIABLES Independent variable - straw breathing exercise. Dependent variable - quality of sleep among postmenopausal women. SETTING OF STUDY The study was conducted at NIMS Medicity, Neyyattinkara, Kerala POPULATION The population is the postmenopausal women in NIMS Medicity, Neyyattinkara. SAMPLEAND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE Sample - postmenopausal women in NIMS Medicity, Neyyattinkara. Kerala Sample size- The sample size used for the study was 30 postmenopausal women who meet the inclusion criteria . Sampling Technique - Convenient sampling technique. Inclusion criteria: Women who are postmenopausal(no menstruation for > 1 year). Women reporting poor sleep (PSQI score > 5). Willing to participate able to perform breathing exercises. Exclusion criteria: Women with diagnosed psychiatric illnesses. Women taking sleep medication regularly. Women with chronic respiratory diseases (like COPD, asthma). TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES Tools are devices or instruments utilized to collect data. Description of the tool Tool Structured questionnaire divided into two sections. Section A It consists of demographic characteristics of postmenopausal women. That is age, menopausal status, socioeconomic status, marital status, education level, occupation, health behaviors and chronic health conditions. Section B It includes sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication and daytime dysfunction. It consists of 7 components carrying 10 questions and which has four options. Based on the score, the quality of sleep was graded. Data collection process As per the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 samples were selected using a convenient sampling technique. An informed consent was taken and confidentiality was maintained. The validated structured sleep quality index questionnaire was used to assess the pretest sleep quality among postmenopausal women. On the same day the researcher gave training regarding the use of straw breathing. Post-test was conducted 30 days after straw breathing training using the same structured questionnaire. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Section I : Socio demographic data of postmenopausal women Table 1 Frequency and percentage distribution of socio demographic variables. n = 30 Demographic variables Frequency Percentage Age (years) 45–50 10 33.33% 51–55 8 26.67% 56–60 8 26.67% Above 60 4 13.33% Menopausal status Below 12 months 5 16.67% 1–2 years 10 33.33% 2–3 years 6 20.00% Above 3 years 9 30.00% Socio economic status Low class 5 16.67% Low middle class 13 43.33% middle class 12 40.00% Upper class 0 0% Marital status Single 0 0% Married 28 93.33% Separated 0 0% Widow 2 6.67% Educational level Primary school 13 43.33% School education 17 56.67% Higher education 0 0% Occupation Attender 1 3.33% Cleaning staff 29 96.67% O P staff & Receptionist 0 0% Health behaviour (smoking, caffeine) Always 8 26.67% Often 7 23.33% Sometimes 5 16.67% None 10 33.33% Chronic health conditions Diabetes 3 10.00% Hypertension 7 23.33% Arthritis 10 33.33% Others 10 33.33% Table 1 illustrate the distribution of postmenopausal women according to demographic variables. About 10 (33.33%) were belonged to the age group of 45–50 years. 10 (33.33%) had postmenopausal status of 1–2 years, among 13 (43.33%) belongs to low middle class, among samples 28 (93.33%) were married. 17 (56.67%) of them completed school education, among them 28 (96.67%) were cleaning staffs and 10 (33.33%) are not having any bad habits. Among sampled 10 (33.33%) are having arthritis and other chronic health conditions. Section II: Assessment of sleep quality. Table 2 Pre-test and post-test scores regarding sleep quality . (n = 30) Sleep quality Pretest Post test Percentage Frequency Percentage Frequency Normal sleep 3.33% 1 13.33% 4 Abnormal sleep 96.67% 29 86.67% 26 Table 2 shows that during pretest, 96.67% of the postmenopausal women had abnormal sleep, 3.33% of them had normal sleep. After practicing straw breathing exercise,13.33% had normal sleep and 86.67% had abnormal sleep. It reveals that there is an improvement in sleep quality after practicing straw breathing exercise. Section III: Effect of straw breathing exercise on improving sleep quality. Table 3 Mean, Standard Deviation and ‘ t ‘ value difference between pre-test and post-test sleep quality scores. n = 30 Value Mean Standard Deviation ‘t’ value Df Table value Pre test 10.6 3.40 5.97 29 2.05 Post test 7.53 3.01 Table 3 shows that the calculated paired ‘t’ test value with 29 degree of freedom at 2.05 level of significance is 5.97, which is greater than table value (2.05). Hence the research hypothesis is accepted. (H1: There will be significant difference between quality of sleep among postmenopausal women before and after practicing straw breathing exercise indicates that was effective in improving sleep quality RESULTS As per table-2 , During pre-test 3.33% of the postmenopausal women had normal sleep and 96.6% of the samples had abnormal sleep. After practicing straw breathing exercise 13.33% of the samples gained normal sleep and 86.67% remained abnormal sleep. It reveals that there is an improvement in sleep quality after practicing straw breathing exercise. As per table-3 , the paired t test value with 29 degrees of freedom at 0.05 level of significance is 5.97 which is greater than table value (2.05). Hence the research hypothesis is accepted (H1: There is a significant improvement in the quality of sleep among postmenopausal women after practicing straw breathing exercise.) It is believed that straw breathing was effective method of improving the quality of sleep among postmenopausal women. The study found that there is no association between pre-test sleep scores with selected Demographic variables. DISCUSSION Pretest score regarding the quality of sleep among postmenopausal women. Overall sleep quality score, in pretest patients had 10.6 score and in posttest they had 7.53 score. Hence, it is clear that posttest quality of sleep among postmenopausal women is improved. SCOPE FOR FUTURE STUDIES Nurses should take initiative to conduct study on this topic. A longitudinal follow up study can be conducted to determine the effectiveness of straw breathing on improving the quality of sleep among postmenopausal women. A survey study can be conducted to find out the incidence and related complications of straw breathing. Similar form of study can be conducted in the community set up by conducting health campaigns to make aware about the importance of straw breathing on improving the quality of sleep among postmenopausal women. POLICY IMPLICATIONS Nurses who are working in clinical areas, are often, initially assess, implements and coordinates the care for the patients. These findings of the study have implications for nursing practice, nursing education, research, and nursing administration. Nursing Practice The present study has several implications for nursing practice. Planned straw breathing exercise on improvement of sleep quality among postmenopausal women should be made an ongoing continuing education in inpatient and outpatient OBG department. Nurses should take specific roles to screen postmenopausal women with poor sleep quality. Nurses can conduct community outreach program to make the public more aware about straw breathing. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Study was conducted after obtaining institutional ethical committee approval. Informed consent was obtained from the samples. Privacy and confidentiality of the samples were maintained. Consent for publication We, Mercy Russelin Prabha R & Sajitha S, hereby give our consent for the publication of our personal information, photographs and study Materials in the above-mentioned article. Competing interests The authors Mercy Russelin Prabha R & Sajitha S declare that they have no competing interests to declare. Funding This research received no specific grant from any funding agency. Author Contribution A. Done data analysis and Wrote manuscriptB. Done data collection and course work References Benson H, Klipper MZ (November 2000) The Relaxation Response. HarperCollins, New York Dennerstein L, Dudley EC, Hopper JL, Guthrie JR, Burger HG (2000) A prospective population-based study of menopausal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 96:351–358 Freedman RR, Roehrs TA (2004) Lack of sleep disturbance from menopausal hot flashes. Fertil Steril 82(1):138–144 Hickey M, Davis SR, Sturdee DW (2005) Treatment of menopausal symptoms: what shall we do. now? Lancet 366(9483):409–421 Payne RA (2005) Relaxation Techniques: A Practical Handbook for the Health Care Professional. Third Edition. China: Elsevier Limited Zaborowska E, Brynhildsen J, Danberg S, Fredriksson M, Lindh- Astrand L, Nedstrand E et al (2007) Effects of acupuncture, applied relaxation, estrogens and placebo on hot flushes in postmenopausal women: an analysis of two prospective, parallel, randomized studies. Climacteric 2007 10(1):38–45 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Women health is a vital area of health care that focuses on the physical, mental and social wellbeing of women throughout than lives. Menopause is one of the stages of female reproductive life cycle. According to world health organization (WHO 1990) the term natural menopause is defined as the permanent cessation of menstruation resulting from the loss of ovarian follicular activity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe\u0026nbsp;major\u0026nbsp;health\u0026nbsp;concerns\u0026nbsp;for\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;postmenopausal\u0026nbsp;women’s\u0026nbsp;are\u0026nbsp;mainly\u0026nbsp;involves\u0026nbsp;the symptoms such as irregular vaginal bleeding, hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, dyspareunia, mood swings, depression, cognitive decline, joint pain, sleep disturbance, decreased\u0026nbsp;libido,\u0026nbsp;hair\u0026nbsp;loss,\u0026nbsp;weight\u0026nbsp;gain,\u0026nbsp;wrinkles,\u0026nbsp;acne.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSleep\u0026nbsp;disturbance\u0026nbsp;is\u0026nbsp;one\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;major\u0026nbsp;problem\u0026nbsp;that\u0026nbsp;affect\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;postmenopausal\u0026nbsp;womens\u0026nbsp;due\u0026nbsp;to\u0026nbsp;their\u0026nbsp;changes\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;reproductive\u0026nbsp;hormones.\u0026nbsp;According\u0026nbsp;to\u0026nbsp;WHO\u0026nbsp;sleep\u0026nbsp;is\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;fundamental\u0026nbsp;human\u0026nbsp;need and a critical factor for overall health and wellbeing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlternative\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;complimentary\u0026nbsp;therapies\u0026nbsp;are\u0026nbsp;considered\u0026nbsp;as\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;treatment\u0026nbsp;approach\u0026nbsp;for\u0026nbsp;the menopausal problems. Behavioural modifications such as meditation,\u0026nbsp;relaxation therapies, deep\u0026nbsp;breathing\u0026nbsp;exercises\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;other\u0026nbsp;alternative therapies including physical exercise and acupuncture are the best approached treatment for menopausal symptoms. Deep breathing and relaxation measures are one of the major techniques that helps to reduce the sleep disturbances. Through the straw breathing exercises it helps the menopausal womens to improve their progress emotionally, biologically and cognitively. Straw breathing is an effective method among breathing exercises it can easily reduces the feeling of anxiety and panic and also increases the feelings of relaxation and calmness. It also improve the positive effects onthe body.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStraw\u0026nbsp;breathing\u0026nbsp;also\u0026nbsp;known\u0026nbsp;as\u0026nbsp;straw\u0026nbsp;breathing\u0026nbsp;exercise\u0026nbsp;or\u0026nbsp;tube\u0026nbsp;breathing,\u0026nbsp;is\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;simple technique that involves breathing through a straw to slowdown breathing and promote relaxation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStraw\u0026nbsp;breathing\u0026nbsp;is\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;respiratory\u0026nbsp;exercise\u0026nbsp;where\u0026nbsp;you\u0026nbsp;exhale\u0026nbsp;slowly\u0026nbsp;through\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;straw\u0026nbsp;to promote relaxation\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;slow\u0026nbsp;down\u0026nbsp;breathing.\u0026nbsp;The\u0026nbsp;benefits\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;straw breathing\u0026nbsp;involves\u0026nbsp;reduce\u0026nbsp;anxiety,\u0026nbsp;improve focus, helps to manage emotions and better sleep.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePURPOSE\u0026nbsp;OF\u0026nbsp;THE\u0026nbsp;STUDY\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe\u0026nbsp;purpose\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;study\u0026nbsp;is\u0026nbsp;to\u0026nbsp;assess the effectiveness of straw breathing regarding sleep quality among postmenopausal women.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOBJECTIVES\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTo\u0026nbsp;assess\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;effectiveness\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;straw\u0026nbsp;breathing\u0026nbsp;exercise\u0026nbsp;on\u0026nbsp;quality\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;sleep\u0026nbsp;among postmenopausal women\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTo compare the pre and post intervention sleep quality score , among participants\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOPERATIONAL\u0026nbsp;DEFINITION\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSTRAW\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBREATHING\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpecific\u0026nbsp;breathing\u0026nbsp;technique\u0026nbsp;where\u0026nbsp;participants\u0026nbsp;inhale\u0026nbsp;normally\u0026nbsp;through\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;nose\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;exhale\u0026nbsp;slowly\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;completely\u0026nbsp;through\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;drinking\u0026nbsp;straw.\u0026nbsp;This\u0026nbsp;is\u0026nbsp;practiced\u0026nbsp;for\u0026nbsp;ten\u0026nbsp;minutes,\u0026nbsp;twice\u0026nbsp;daily\u0026nbsp;,for\u0026nbsp;a period of 4 weeks under guided instruction.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col start=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eQUALITY OF SLEEP\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSubjective\u0026nbsp;assessment\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;sleep\u0026nbsp;patterns\u0026nbsp;measured\u0026nbsp;using\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;Pittsburgh\u0026nbsp;Sleep\u0026nbsp;Quality Index. A lower Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index score indicates better sleep. Pre and post intervention\u0026nbsp;scores will be compared to assess improvement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col start=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePOSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWomen\u0026nbsp;aged\u0026nbsp;45-65\u0026nbsp;years\u0026nbsp;who\u0026nbsp;have\u0026nbsp;experienced natural cessation of menstruation for at least 12 consecutive months and are not currently on hormone replacement therapy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHYPOTHESIS\u0026nbsp;NULL HYPOTHES \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere\u0026nbsp;is\u0026nbsp;no\u0026nbsp;significant\u0026nbsp;difference\u0026nbsp;in the\u0026nbsp;quality of sleep among\u0026nbsp;postmenopausal women\u0026nbsp;before and after practicing straw breathing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eALTERNATIVE\u0026nbsp;HYPOTHESIS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is a significant improvement in the quality of sleep among postmenopausal women after practicing straw breathing exercise.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODOLOY","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eResearch approach-\u003c/b\u003e quantitative evaluative approach.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eResearch design\u003c/b\u003e \u0026ndash; experimental one group pre-test and post-test design.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRESEARCH VARIABLES\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndependent variable - straw breathing exercise.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eDependent variable - quality of sleep among postmenopausal women.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSETTING OF STUDY\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted at NIMS Medicity, Neyyattinkara, Kerala\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePOPULATION\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe population is the postmenopausal women in NIMS Medicity, Neyyattinkara.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSAMPLEAND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample - postmenopausal women in NIMS Medicity, Neyyattinkara. Kerala\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size- The sample size used for the study was 30 postmenopausal women who meet the inclusion criteria .\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSampling Technique - Convenient sampling technique.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInclusion criteria:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen who are postmenopausal(no menstruation for \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1 year).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen reporting poor sleep (PSQI score\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWilling to participate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eable to perform breathing exercises.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExclusion criteria:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen with diagnosed psychiatric illnesses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen taking sleep medication regularly.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen with chronic respiratory diseases (like COPD, asthma).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTOOLS AND TECHNIQUES\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTools are devices or instruments utilized to collect data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescription of the tool\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eTool\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructured questionnaire divided into two sections.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSection A\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt consists of demographic characteristics of postmenopausal women. That is age, menopausal status, socioeconomic status, marital status, education level, occupation, health behaviors and chronic health conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSection B\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt includes sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication and daytime dysfunction. It consists of 7 components carrying 10 questions and which has four options. Based on the score, the quality of sleep was graded.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData collection process\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs per the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 samples were selected using a convenient sampling technique. An informed consent was taken and confidentiality was maintained. The validated structured sleep quality index questionnaire was used to assess the pretest sleep quality among postmenopausal women. On the same day the researcher gave training regarding the use of straw breathing. Post-test was conducted 30 days after straw breathing training using the same structured questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSection I : Socio demographic data of postmenopausal women\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency and percentage distribution of socio demographic variables. n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eAge (years)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.33%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u0026ndash;55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.67%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.67%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbove 60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.33%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eMenopausal status\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBelow 12 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.67%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.33%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.00%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbove 3 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.00%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSocio economic status\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow class\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.67%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow middle class\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.33%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emiddle class\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.00%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpper class\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eMarital status\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.33%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeparated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.67%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eEducational level\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.33%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSchool education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.67%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eOccupation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCleaning staff\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.67%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eO P staff \u0026amp; Receptionist\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eHealth behaviour (smoking, caffeine)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlways\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.67%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOften\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.33%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSometimes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.67%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.33%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eChronic health conditions\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiabetes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.00%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypertension\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.33%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArthritis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.33%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.33%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e illustrate the distribution of postmenopausal women according to demographic variables. About 10 (33.33%) were belonged to the age group of 45\u0026ndash;50 years. 10 (33.33%) had postmenopausal status of 1\u0026ndash;2 years, among 13 (43.33%) belongs to low middle class, among samples 28 (93.33%) were married. 17 (56.67%) of them completed school education, among them 28 (96.67%) were cleaning staffs and 10 (33.33%) are not having any bad habits. Among sampled 10 (33.33%) are having arthritis and other chronic health conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSection II: Assessment of sleep quality.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePre-test and post-test scores regarding sleep quality .\u003c/b\u003e (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSleep quality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePretest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal sleep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.33%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbnormal sleep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.67%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.67%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows that during pretest, 96.67% of the postmenopausal women had abnormal sleep, 3.33% of them had normal sleep. After practicing straw breathing exercise,13.33% had normal sleep and 86.67% had abnormal sleep. It reveals that there is an improvement in sleep quality after practicing straw breathing exercise.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSection III: Effect of straw breathing exercise on improving sleep quality.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean, Standard Deviation and \u0026lsquo; t \u0026lsquo; value difference between pre-test and post-test sleep quality scores. n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;t\u0026rsquo; value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003etest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003etest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows that the calculated paired \u0026lsquo;t\u0026rsquo; test value with 29 degree of freedom at 2.05 level of significance is 5.97, which is greater than table value (2.05). Hence the research hypothesis is accepted. (H1: There will be significant difference between quality of sleep among postmenopausal women before and after practicing straw breathing exercise indicates that was effective in improving sleep quality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAs per table-2\u003c/b\u003e, During pre-test 3.33% of the postmenopausal women had normal sleep and 96.6% of the samples had abnormal sleep. After practicing straw breathing exercise 13.33% of the samples gained normal sleep and 86.67% remained abnormal sleep. It reveals that there is an improvement in sleep quality after practicing straw breathing exercise.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAs per table-3\u003c/b\u003e, the paired t test value with 29 degrees of freedom at 0.05 level of significance is 5.97 which is greater than table value (2.05). Hence the research hypothesis is accepted (H1: There is a significant improvement in the quality of sleep among postmenopausal women after practicing straw breathing exercise.) It is believed that straw breathing was effective method of improving the quality of sleep among postmenopausal women.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study found that there is no association between pre-test sleep scores with selected Demographic variables.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePretest score regarding the quality of sleep among postmenopausal women.\u003c/b\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall sleep quality score, in pretest patients had 10.6 score and in posttest they had 7.53 score. Hence, it is clear that posttest quality of sleep among postmenopausal women is improved.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSCOPE FOR FUTURE STUDIES\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eNurses should take initiative to conduct study on this topic.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eA longitudinal follow up study can be conducted to determine the effectiveness of straw breathing on improving the quality of sleep among postmenopausal women.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eA survey study can be conducted to find out the incidence and related complications of straw breathing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilar form of study can be conducted in the community set up by conducting health campaigns to make aware about the importance of straw breathing on improving the quality of sleep among postmenopausal women.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePOLICY IMPLICATIONS\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNurses who are working in clinical areas, are often, initially assess, implements and coordinates the care for the patients. These findings of the study have implications for nursing practice, nursing education, research, and nursing administration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNursing Practice\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study has several implications for nursing practice.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlanned straw breathing exercise on improvement of sleep quality among postmenopausal women should be made an ongoing continuing education in inpatient and outpatient OBG department.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eNurses should take specific roles to screen postmenopausal women with poor sleep quality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eNurses can conduct community outreach program to make the public more aware about straw breathing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e Study was conducted after obtaining institutional ethical committee approval. Informed consent was obtained from the samples. Privacy and confidentiality of the samples were maintained.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe, Mercy Russelin Prabha R \u0026amp; Sajitha S, hereby give our consent for the publication of our personal information, photographs and study Materials in the above-mentioned article.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors Mercy Russelin Prabha R \u0026amp; Sajitha S declare that they have no competing interests to declare.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA. Done data analysis and Wrote manuscriptB. Done data collection and course work\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBenson H, Klipper MZ (November 2000) The Relaxation Response. HarperCollins, New York\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDennerstein L, Dudley EC, Hopper JL, Guthrie JR, Burger HG (2000) A prospective population-based study of menopausal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 96:351\u0026ndash;358\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFreedman RR, Roehrs TA (2004) Lack of sleep disturbance from menopausal hot flashes. Fertil Steril 82(1):138\u0026ndash;144\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHickey M, Davis SR, Sturdee DW (2005) Treatment of menopausal symptoms: what shall we do. now? Lancet 366(9483):409\u0026ndash;421\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePayne RA (2005) Relaxation Techniques: A Practical Handbook for the Health Care Professional. Third Edition. China: Elsevier Limited\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZaborowska E, Brynhildsen J, Danberg S, Fredriksson M, Lindh- Astrand L, Nedstrand E et al (2007) Effects of acupuncture, applied relaxation, estrogens and placebo on hot flushes in postmenopausal women: an analysis of two prospective, parallel, randomized studies. Climacteric 2007 10(1):38\u0026ndash;45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Effectiveness, Straw breathing Exercise, Sleep quality, Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), Postmenopausal women","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8978931/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8978931/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eSleep is a fundamental biological need essential for maintaining optimal health and well-being. Among postmenopausal women, sleep disturbances are a common concern, often attributed to hormonal, psychological, and physiological changes associated with the menopausal transition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe aim of present study is to determine the \u0026ldquo;Effectiveness of straw breathing exercise on quality of sleep among post-menopausal women. The objectives of the study was to assess the effectiveness of straw breathing exercise on quality of sleep among postmenopausal women and to find out the association betweenthe pretest scores on sleep disturbances among postmenopausal women in experimental group and control group with their selected demographic variable. The data was collected from 60 samples. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The Pre test and post test score obtained using Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). After the intervention of straw breathing Exercise among Postmenopausal women in experimental group, the average score of sleep quality pre- test score was 10.6 +/- 3.401 which significantly reduced to 7.53 +/- 3.019in the post-test. The independent \u0026lsquo;t\u0026rsquo; test result ( t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.97, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 ) shows a highly significant difference between the two groups. Thus, it can be concluded that the straw breathing exercise is statistically effective in improving the sleep quality among postmenopausal women.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effectiveness of Strawbreathing Exercise on Quality of Sleep Among Postmenopausal Women","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-06 16:30:41","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8978931/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d49c9db0-b06e-4663-8bf4-9c97be027a19","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 6th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-11T12:17:38+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-06 16:30:41","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8978931","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8978931","identity":"rs-8978931","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}