Comparative Analysis of the Nutrient Composition of Caulerpa lentillifera from Various Cultivation Sites

Comparative Analysis of the Nutrient Composition of Caulerpa lentillifera from Various Cultivation Sites | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Comparative Analysis of the Nutrient Composition of Caulerpa lentillifera from Various Cultivation Sites Wenchuan Zhou, Yun Wang, Rui Xu, Jialin Tian, Ting Li, Suwen Chen This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5045026/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The nutrient, amino acid and fatty acid compositions of Caulerpa lentillifera from various aquaculture regions were assessed to analyze their nutritional characteristics and potential for aquaculture development. The nutrient composition of C. lentillifera was determined according to standard national nutrient determination methods, and the following data were revealed. 1) The basic nutritional components of C. lentillifera were relatively more abundant in the three aquaculture areas in Guangdong Province. The crude protein content was significantly greater in C. lentillifera from the Dapeng and Daya areas of Guangdong Province than those from the Beihai, Dongshan and Nha Trang areas ( P < 0.05). Additionally, the crude lipid content of C. lentillifera from the Daya population was significantly greater than those in the samples from the Beihai, Dongshan, and Nha Trang areas ( P < 0.05). Furthermore, the total sugar contents in the Daya and Shanwei populations were significantly greater ( P < 0.05) than those in the other four populations. 2) The total amino acid (TAA) content of C. lentillifera ranged from 7.05–12.37%, with notable concentrations of the fresh amino acids aspartic acid (Asp) and glutamic acid (Glu). Significant variations in the TAA and essential amino acid (EAA) levels were observed among the cultivation regions (P < 0.05), with the Shanwei population exhibiting the highest TAA content of 12.37% and EAA content of 4.65%, surpassing all other populations except for Guangdong Province ( P < 0.05). 3) The fatty acid composition analysis revealed that the total fatty acid (TFA) and unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) levels in the long-stemmed grape fern alga from Daya were 2.400% and 1.048%, respectively, and significantly greater than those in the other populations except for Dapeng ( P < 0.05). These results imply that the nutritional quality of the Daya population of C. lentillifera is relatively high. Caulerpa lentillifera Nutrient composition amino acid fatty acid Introduction Caulerpa lentillifera is a type of green algae (phylum, Chlorophyta; order, Bryopsidales) in the fern algae genus Caulerpa . Its body is bright green, and due to its solid apparatus, stolons and upright branches, which are distributed on symmetrical cysts, its shape resembles a bunch of grapes; thus, C. lentillifera is also known as the sea grape. C. lentillifera is edible (Chen 2021 ). C. lentillifera are widely distributed in subtropical and tropical areas, and wild C. lentillifera grow in shallow sandy or muddy sandy areas in the high tide and intertidal zones (Tao 2016 ). Moreover, C. lentillifera is rich in amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), vitamins, minerals and a variety of polysaccharides and it has the advantages of low liquid and low calorie contents but high protein and dietary-fiber contents. Additionally, C. lentillifera has a rich and juicy taste, similar to caviar; thus, it is also known as green caviar (Tong et al. 2022 ; Xing et al. 2019 ). Furthermore, C. lentillifera contains a variety of active substances. Studies have shown that its extract has strong antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging capacities; immunomodulatory and antitumor activities; anticoagulant effects; and blood sugar and lipid regulatory properties (You et al. 2022 ; du Preez et al.2020; Wang et al. 2020). Owing to its high economic value, the production of wild C. lentillifera cannot meet market demands. Therefore, in recent years, artificial breeding has been introduced in Shandong, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan and other regions via a variety of breeding modes, including sea culture, land-based culture and pond culture (Zhao 2016 ; Ye 2018 ). The growth of C. lentillifera has been a major factor in the development of this species. To investigate the quality of C. lentillifera cultured in different areas, the nutrient composition (moisture, crude protein, crude liquid, ash, mannitol and iodine), amino acid composition, fatty acid composition and mass fractions of C. lentillifera from six culture groups in four regions (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and Vietnam) were determined, and the nutrient compositions were compared to better understand the nutrients in C. lentillifera . Materials and Methods Sample collection C. lentillifera samples were collected from six farms in Guangdong, Fujian, Guangxi and Vietnam. The sampling locations are shown in Table 1 . The collected live C. lentillifera samples were brought back to the laboratory, and the surface adherents were removed by washing with seawater for use in the experiments. Table 1 Sample collection information Area Sampling point Coordinates Guangdong Province Dapeng Bay of Penghu Sea area 114°28'48"E, 22°31'12"N Daya Bay of Huizhou 114°31'12"E, 22°34'48"N Great Lake of Shanwei 115°34'1"E, 22°49'42"N Guangxi Province North Sea 109°3'E, 21°25'48"N Fujian Province Dongshan 117°25'48"E, 23°34'48"N Vietnam Nha Trang 109°19'12"E, 12°10'48"N Methods by which the basic nutrient composition was determined The basic nutrient composition of C. lentillifera was determined according to the standard methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC 2005 ). For moisture determination, samples were dried at 105°C for 72 h to determine the moisture. Crude protein were calculated based on a Kjeldahl analyzer (Kjeltec 8400, FOSS, Hoganos, Sweden). For lipid analysis, we employed a Soxhlet apparatus (Soxtec 2055, FOSS, Hoganos, Sweden). Ash levels were determined with a muffle furnace (FO610C, Yamato Scientific Co., Ltd, Japan) at 550°C for 5 h. Additionally, the following methods were used to evaluate the other nutrients: total sugar content (GB/T 15672 − 2009), free amino acid content (GB T30987–2014), crude fiber content (GB/T 5009.10–2003), iodine content (GB 5009.267–2016), mannitol content (SC/T 3405 − 2018), total amino acid (TAA) content (GB 5009.124–2016), and fatty acid content (GB 5009.168–2016). Analysis of the amino acid composition The amino acid score (AAS) was calculated via the standard essential amino acid (EAA) model score proposed by the FAO/WHO (FAO/WHO 1973 ), and the amino acid model of egg protein proposed by the Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety of the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medical Sciences (IFSS) was used to calculate the chemical score (CS) (Duan et al. 2017 ) and essential amino acid index (EAAI). Data analysis There were three parallel treatment groups at each sampling point. The data are expressed as the means ± standard deviations ( x̅± SDs). All the data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS 26.0 to determine significance, and differences between groups were analyzed by multiple comparisons via Duncan's method, and P < 0.05 was considered to indicate a significant difference. Results Comparison of the C. lentillifera basic nutrient compositions The basic nutrient compositions of C. lentillifera from different regions are shown in Table 2 . The C. lentillifera moisture contents were extremely high, close to 95%, and there was no significant difference between the populations ( P > 0.05). The ash determination results revealed that the Nha Trang population had the highest ash content (65.50%), the Shanwei population had the lowest content (22.83%), and the ash contents of the Beihai, Dongshan and Nha Trang C. lentillifera populations were significantly greater than those of the three Guangdong populations ( P Daya Bay > Shanwei > Dongshan > Beihai > Nha Trang; additionally, the crude protein contents of the C. lentillifera samples from Dapeng Bay and Daya Bay were significantly greater than the samples from the Beihai, Dongshan and Nha Trang populations ( P < 0.05). It was also revealed that the Daya Bay population had the highest crude liquid content (5.10%), and the Shanwei population had the lowest content (3.83%). The crude liquid content of the Daya Bay population was significantly greater than that of the Beihai, Dongshan and Nha Trang populations ( P < 0.05). Moreover, the Shanwei population presented the highest total sugar content (32.87%), the Nha Trang population presented the lowest content (18.13%), and the Daya Bay and Shanwei populations presented relatively high total sugar contents, which were significantly greater than those of the other four populations ( P < 0.05). The mannitol determination results revealed that the DongShan population presented the highest mannitol content (7.47%), the Dapeng Bay population presented the lowest content (5.30%), and the Shanwei and DongShan populations presented significantly greater mannitol contents than the Dapeng Bay population ( P < 0.05). Finally, the iodine content of the Nha Trang C. lentillifera population was significantly greater than that of the other populations ( P < 0.05). Among the six C. lentillifera populations, the Guangdong population presented a greater content of basic nutrients and was considered to be better quality than the other three regional populations. Table 2 Nutritional components of C. lentillifera cultivated in different areas as mean percent ± standard deviations (n = 3, dry weight, %) Cultivation area Guangdong Province Guangxi Province Fujian Province Vietnam Dapeng Bay Daya Bay Shanwei North Sea Dongshan Nha Trang Moisture* 94.47 ± 0.51 94.83 ± 0.23 94.73 ± 0.81 94.87 ± 0.32 94.97 ± 0.35 94.57 ± 0.58 Ash 34.07 ± 1.34 b 25.80 ± 0.70 bc 22.83 ± 0.21 c 57.90 ± 8.84 a 59.60 ± 5.99 a 65.50 ± 7.11 a Crude protein 18.70 ± 0.36 a 18.57 ± 1.59 a 17.20 ± 1.49 ab 13.57 ± 3.33 bc 14.17 ± 2.75 bc 12.53 ± 1.16 c Crude liquid 4.57 ± 0.47 ab 5.10 ± 0.36 a 3.83 ± 0.81 b 4.67 ± 0.25 ab 3.93 ± 0.35 b 4.27 ± 0.40 ab Total sugar 24.00 ± 3.38 b 32.50 ± 4.22 a 32.87 ± 2.59 a 19.93 ± 1.93 bc 20.00 ± 2.01 bc 18.13 ± 2.50 c Mannitol 5.30 ± 1.15 b 6.17 ± 1.46 ab 7.17 ± 0.49 a 6.57 ± 0.40 ab 7.47 ± 0.25 a 6.07 ± 0.25 ab Iodine 0.05 ± 0.02 ab 0.03 ± 0.01 c 0.04 ± 0.01 bc 0.04 ± 0.00 bc 0.05 ± 0.01 abc 0.07 ± 0.00 a Notes: values with different letters indicate significant differences within groups ( P < 0.05); * indicates fresh weight. Analysis of the amino acid composition of C. lentillifera The amino acid compositions and mass fractions of the different populations of C. lentillifera are shown in Table 3 . A total of 17 amino acids were detected in the C. lentillifera samples; notably, tryptophan was not detected. The TAA content of C. lentillifera ranged from 7.05–12.37%, the EAA content ranged from 2.89–4.65%, the nonessential amino acid (NEAA) content ranged from 4.15–7.87%, and the flavor amino acid (DAA) content ranged from 3.52%-5.31%. The most abundant NEAA was aspartic acid (Asp, ranging from 0.80%-1.32%), followed by glutamic acid (Glu, ranging from 0.85%-1.21%). There were no significant differences ( P > 0.05) among the TAA, EAA and NEAA contents of the three populations of long-stemmed grape ferns in Guangdong, although the TAA and DAA contents in the Daya Bay and Shanwei populations were significantly greater than those in the Beihai, Dongshan and Nha Trang populations ( P < 0.05). Additionally, the EAA contents in the Dapeng Bay and Shanwei samples were significantly greater than those in the Beihai, Dongshan and Nha Trang samples ( P < 0.05), while the NEAA contents in the Dapeng Bay, Daya Bay and Shanwei samples were significantly greater than those in the Beihai, Dongshan and Nha Trang samples ( P < 0.05). Furthermore, the EAA/TAA ratios of the six populations of long-stemmed grape ferns ranged from 35.87%-41.03%, the EAA/NEAA ratio ranged from 55.93%-69.63%, and the DAA/TAA ratio ranged from 41.00%-50.13%. The EAA/TAA, EAA/NEAA and DAA/TAA ratios of C. lentillifera from Beihai, Dongshan and Nha Trang were approximately 40%, 70% and 50%, respectively, with no significant differences among these three regions ( P > 0.05) but all were significantly greater than the corresponding ratios from the Guangdong population ( P < 0.05). Table 3 Amino acid composition of C. lentillifera cultivated in different areas as mean percent ± standard deviations (n = 3, dry weight, %) Amino acid Guangdong Province Guangxi province Fujian province Vietnam Dapeng Bay Daya Bay Shanwei North Sea Dongshan Nha Trang Thr* 0.77 ± 0.11 a 0.82 ± 0.11 a 0.81 ± 0.05 a 0.44 ± 0.07 b 0.40 ± 0.16 b 0.49 ± 0.11 b Val* 0.57 ± 0.09 ab 0.57 ± 0.11 ab 0.68 ± 0.05 a 0.49 ± 0.07 ab 0.45 ± 0.15 b 0.54 ± 0.12 ab Met 0.12 ± 0.06 0.15 ± 0.03 0.08 ± 0.04 0.12 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.04 0.12 ± 0.03 Ile* 0.47 ± 0.10 0.41 ± 0.08 0.51 ± 0.04 0.36 ± 0.06 0.35 ± 0.12 0.42 ± 0.10 Leu* 0.82 ± 0.20 0.78 ± 0.12 0.84 ± 0.06 0.62 ± 0.09 0.58 ± 0.20 0.70 ± 0.16 Phe*# 0.70 ± 0.12 ab 0.71 ± 0.09 ab 0.73 ± 0.04 a 0.48 ± 0.08 c 0.44 ± 0.16 c 0.52 ± 0.12 bc Lys* 0.59 ± 0.07 ab 0.66 ± 0.10 a 0.63 ± 0.05 ab 0.49 ± 0.08 ab 0.43 ± 0.15 b 0.53 ± 0.14 ab His* 0.30 ± 0.12 a 0.31 ± 0.03 a 0.35 ± 0.01 a 0.15 ± 0.03 b 0.12 ± 0.05 b 0.16 ± 0.05 b Asp# 1.21 ± 0.15 ab 1.31 ± 0.19 a 1.32 ± 0.07 a 0.86 ± 0.13 c 0.80 ± 0.30 c 0.96 ± 0.18 bc Ser 0.48 ± 0.07 ab 0.55 ± 0.07 a 0.51 ± 0.03 a 0.30 ± 0.05 c 0.29 ± 0.12 c 0.34 ± 0.09 bc Glu# 1.10 ± 0.15 ab 1.18 ± 0.13 ab 1.21 ± 0.06 a 0.94 ± 0.16 ab 0.85 ± 0.28 b 1.05 ± 0.20 ab Gly# 0.90 ± 0.19 abc 1.16 ± 0.19 a 1.07 ± 0.07 ab 0.81 ± 0.09 bc 0.67 ± 0.24 c 0.79 ± 0.14 bc Ala# 0.29 ± 0.19 b 0.59 ± 0.11 a 0.60 ± 0.05 a 0.49 ± 0.07 ab 0.45 ± 0.15 ab 0.56 ± 0.12 a Cys 0.26 ± 0.10 a 0.27 ± 0.04 a 0.23 ± 0.01 a 0.09 ± 0.01 b 0.08 ± 0.02 b 0.08 ± 0.01 b Tyr# 0.37 ± 0.11 0.37 ± 0.05 0.30 ± 0.02 0.33 ± 0.05 0.31 ± 0.10 0.35 ± 0.09 Arg 0.46 ± 0.06 ab 0.58 ± 0.06 a 0.58 ± 0.03 a 0.44 ± 0.06 ab 0.38 ± 0.14 b 0.46 ± 0.09 ab Pro 1.78 ± 0.21 a 1.86 ± 0.19 a 1.91 ± 0.14 a 0.38 ± 0.06 b 0.33 ± 0.11 b 0.40 ± 0.09 b TAA 11.18 ± 1.68 ab 12.27 ± 1.66 a 12.37 ± 0.72 a 7.77 ± 1.15 c 7.05 ± 2.48 bc 8.44 ± 1.75 c EAA 4.34 ± 0.84 ab 4.41 ± 0.65 ab 4.65 ± 0.32 a 3.15 ± 0.49 bc 2.89 ± 1.02 c 3.47 ± 0.80 abc NEAA 6.84 ± 0.84 a 7.87 ± 1.01 a 7.73 ± 0.39 a 4.63 ± 0.67 b 4.15 ± 1.45 b 4.99 ± 0.98 b DAA 4.57 ± 0.53 ab 5.31 ± 0.75 a 5.24 ± 0.25 a 3.90 ± 0.57 ab 3.52 ± 1.21 b 4.23 ± 0.83 ab EAA/TAA 38.63 ± 1.63 b 35.87 ± 0.51 c 37.57 ± 0.45 b 40.50 ± 0.27 a 41.03 ± 0.21 a 40.87 ± 0.91 a EAA/NEAA 63.00 ± 4.37 b 55.93 ± 1.29 c 60.10 ± 1.15 b 68.10 ± 0.72 a 69.63 ± 0.57 a 69.23 ± 2.61 a DAA/TAA 41.00 ± 1.45 c 43.23 ± 0.42 b 42.30 ± 0.62 bc 50.13 ± 0.15 a 49.93 ± 0.29 a 50.10 ± 0.82 a Notes: * Essential amino acids; # flavor amino acids. The values with different letters indicate significant differences ( P < 0.05). A comprehensive assessment of the amino acid profile in C. lentillifera The nutritional quality of the C. lentillifera cultivated in six different areas was evaluated according to the EAA evaluation criteria proposed by the FAO/WHO, and the results are shown in Table 4 . The AASs revealed that the first C. lentillifera limiting amino acid was methionine (Met) + cystine (Cys), and the second limiting amino acid was isoleucine (Ile); moreover, and the amino acid with the highest score among the six different samples was phenylalanine (Phe) + tyrosine (Tyr). Additionally, the chemical score data revealed that the first limiting amino acid of C. lentillifera from all populations was Met + Cys, while the second limiting amino acid varied among the six regions. The second limiting amino acid of the Daya Bay and Beihai populations was Ile, which was in agreement with the AASs, but the second limiting amino acid of the other four populations was lysine (Lys). The amino acid with the highest chemical score differed among the six regions, as threonine (Thr) gave the highest chemical score in the Guangdong region while Phe + Tyr gave the highest scores in the other three region, which is consistent with the AASs. The highest EAAI was found in the Nha Trang, Vietnam, population among the six regions, while the lowest EAAI was found in Dongshan, Fujian, population. Table 4 Amino acid scores of C. lentillifera cultivated in different areas Evaluation method Amino acid Reference proteins Guangdong province Guangxi province Fujian province Vietnam Dapeng Bay Daya Bay Shanwei North Sea Dongshan Nha Trang AAS Thr 250 257.35 276.03 295.53 202.70 177.93 242.70 Val 310 190.51 192.99 248.29 225.74 197.07 269.28 Met + Cys 220 127.24 142.49 115.19 96.74 86.03 99.24 Ile 250 155.98 139.13 185.32 167.37 152.96 207.80 Leu 440 272.96 262.57 306.43 287.15 257.34 347.42 Phe + Tyr 380 431.15 458.95 496.58 446.87 385.28 523.61 Lys 340 198.30 221.06 230.12 224.22 191.16 264.30 CS Thr 292 88.13 94.53 101.21 69.42 60.93 83.12 Val 411 46.35 46.96 60.41 54.92 47.95 65.52 Met + Cys 386 32.96 36.92 29.84 25.06 22.29 25.71 Ile 331 47.12 42.03 55.99 50.56 46.21 62.78 Leu 534 51.12 49.17 57.38 53.77 48.19 65.06 Phe + Tyr 565 76.31 81.23 87.89 79.09 68.19 92.67 Lys 441 44.96 50.13 52.18 50.84 43.35 59.93 EAAI 100 52.59 54.23 59.65 52.12 45.89 61.09 Analysis of the fatty acid composition of C. lentillifera The fatty acid compositions and mass fractions of different populations of C. lentillifera are shown in Table 5 . A total of 13 fatty acids were detected in C. lentillifera , including four saturated fatty acids (SFAs), three monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and six polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The total fatty acid (TFA), SFA, MUFA, and PUFA contents of the Daya Bay population were significantly different from those of the Shanwei, Beihai, Nha Trang, and Dongshan populations (P < 0.05). Among the 13 fatty acids detected, palmitic acid (ranging from 0.494%-1.068%) and linoleic acid (0.264%-0.392%) had the highest contents, and the contents of these fatty acids were significantly greater in the Daya population than in the other populations ( P < 0.05). The ratios of UFAs to TFAs ranged from 42.58%-46.11%, with the highest ratios in the Beihai population and the lowest in the Shanwei population. Table 5 Comparative analysis of the fatty acid contents of C. lentillifera cultivated in different areas as mean percent ± standard deviations (n = 3, dry weight, %) Fatty acid Guangdong Province Guangxi Province Fujian Province Vietnam Dapeng Bay Daya Bay Shanwei North Sea Dongshan Nha Trang Myristic acids C14:0 0.022 ± 0.003 b 0.042 ± 0.004 a 0.036 ± 0.015 a 0.006 ± 0.002 c 0.009 ± 0.002 c 0.009 ± 0.004 c Palmitic acids C16:0 0.886 ± 0.097 b 1.068 ± 0.029 a 0.853 ± 0.203 b 0.661 ± 0.055 c 0.537 ± 0.050 c 0.494 ± 0.041 c Docosanoic acids C22:0 0.049 ± 0.005 a 0.050 ± 0.007 a 0.035 ± 0.006 b 0.028 ± 0.002 bc 0.020 ± 0.004 c 0.019 ± 0.004 c Lignoceric acids C24:0 0.189 ± 0.019 a 0.192 ± 0.023 a 0.141 ± 0.026 b 0.117 ± 0.011 b 0.082 ± 0.013 c 0.082 ± 0.009 c ΣSatuurated fatty acids SFA 1.146 ± 0.123 ab 1.325 ± 0.055 a 1.065 ± 0.238 b 0.813 ± 0.069 c 0.648 ± 0.069 c 0.604 ± 0.050 c Oleic acids (C18:1),n-9* 0.069 ± 0.002 a 0.068 ± 0.004 a 0.071 ± 0.009 a 0.033 ± 0.004 b 0.025 ± 0.003 bc 0.023 ± 0.005 c Erucic acids (C22:1),n-9* 0.103 ± 0.014 a 0.096 ± 0.034 a 0.075 ± 0.010 ab 0.032 ± 0.009 c 0.021 ± 0.007 c 0.027 ± 0.012 c ΣMonounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) 0.079 ± 0.007 ab 0.084 ± 0.002 a 0.063 ± 0.020 bc 0.054 ± 0.006 cd 0.043 ± 0.005 d 0.051 ± 0.003 cd Linoleic acids (C18:2),n-6** 0.264 ± 0.024 b 0.329 ± 0.011 a 0.256 ± 0.067 b 0.260 ± 0.037 b 0.194 ± 0.017 c 0.155 ± 0.014 c Cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acids (C20:3),n-6** 0.009 ± 0.001 b 0.013 ± 0.000 a 0.007 ± 0.002 c 0.006 ± 0.001 c 0.004 ± 0.001 d 0.005 ± 0.000 d Arachidonic acids (C20:4),n-6** 0.075 ± 0.005 b 0.105 ± 0.002 a 0.067 ± 0.017 b 0.055 ± 0.007 bc 0.040 ± 0.003 c 0.038 ± 0.003 c Cis-11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acids (C20:3),n-3** 0.007 ± 0.001 d 0.008 ± 0.000 cd 0.008 ± 0.001 cd 0.020 ± 0.003 a 0.012 ± 0.003 b 0.011 ± 0.002 bc Eicosapentaenoic acids (C20:5; EPA),n-3** 0.055 ± 0.004 a 0.049 ± 0.001 a 0.037 ± 0.012 b 0.025 ± 0.003 c 0.017 ± 0.001 c 0.017 ± 0.001 c Alpha linolenic acids (C18:3),n-3** 0.265 ± 0.029 ab 0.296 ± 0.007 a 0.206 ± 0.060 bc 0.210 ± 0.036 bc 0.153 ± 0.014 cd 0.133 ± 0.017 d ΣPolyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) 0.846 ± 0.057 ab 0.964 ± 0.053 a 0.727 ± 0.159 bc 0.641 ± 0.089 cd 0.466 ± 0.041 d 0.407 ± 0.037 d TFA 2.072 ± 0.180 ab 2.400 ± 0.097 a 1.855 ± 0.413 bc 1.507 ± 0.160 cd 1.156 ± 0.115 de 1.062 ± 0.089 e UFA/TFA 44.64% 43.66% 42.58% 46.11% 44.03% 43.13% Notes: * Monounsaturated fatty acids; ** Polyunsaturated fatty acids; Values with different letters indicate a significant difference ( P < 0.05). Discussion The collection sites of the C. lentillifera samples in this study, which included the regions of Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and Vietnam, span a wide range of geographical locations with environmental differences. In addition to moisture, the nutrient contents of the different populations of C. lentillifera were significantly different ( P < 0.05). The ash content of the six populations of C. lentillifera ranged from 22.83%-65.50%, which was in agreement with the results of Syakilla et al.(2022), and the ash contents in Guangxi, Fujian and Vietnam were significantly greater than those in the three Guangdong populations, indicating that C. lentillifera could enrich the inorganic ions in the water (Liu et a. 2020). Moreover, the crude protein, crude liquid and total sugar contents of C. lentillifera ranged from 12.53%-18.70%, 3.83%-5.10% and 18.13%-32.87%, respectively, which were comparable to the ranges of 12.5%-14.76%, 0.78%-2.32% and 21.32%-50.71% reported in the study by Syakilla et al. ( 2022 ). Furthermore, these values were essentially the same as those reported by Tang et al. ( 2018 ) (9.22% crude protein and 0.81% crude liquid) and Wang et al. ( 2018 ) (14.9% crude protein and 4.4% crude liquid). The crude protein, crude liquid and total sugar contents of the Guangdong population were greater than those of the Guangxi, Fujian and Vietnam populations, with Daya Bay population being significantly different ( P < 0.05) from the Beihai, Dongshan and Nha Trang populations. The growth of long-stem grape fern algae is affected by various factors, such as temperature, light, growth substrate and growth cycle, and the differences in nutrient contents may be related to the cultivation environment, growth area, sampling time and site (Wang et al. 2017 ). Seaweeds, especially brown algae, are the main raw material sources from which mannitol and iodine are extracted in China (Song 2016 ). In this study, the mannitol and iodine contents of C. lentillifera ranged from 5.30%-7.47% and 0.03%-0.07%, respectively, which were lower than those of kelp (12.3%-15.1% and 0.36%-0.47%, respectively) (Yao et al. 2016 ). Thus, C. lentillifera is a suitable food to supplement the mannitol and iodine required by the human body but not suitable for use as a raw material for industrial extraction. Amino acids are the basic units of proteins, and the protein content and amino acid composition and content of C. lentillifera should be considered when evaluating the nutritional quality of this algae (Xia et al. 2016). In this study, it was revealed that all six populations had the same amino acid composition, which is consistent with other studies on the nutrient composition of C. lentillifera (Wang 2020 ). When performing a nutritional evaluation, the FAO/WHO ideal protein model recommends that the ratio of EAAs to TAAs should be approximately 40% and that the EAA/NEAA ratio should be greater than 60% (Xia 2022 ). The amino acid compositions of five of the six regional populations, with the exception of the Daya population, conformed to the ideal protein model, suggesting that C. lentillifera is a high-quality protein source. Among the six regional populations in this study, the highest EAA/TAA and EAA/NEAA ratios were found in the Dongshan regional population, indicating that this population had highest quality protein, and the high contents of the DAAs Glu and Asp in the six populations were the source of the distinctive seaweed flavor of C. lentillifera . The highest DAA/TAA ratio was observed in the Beihai population, which indicated that this C. lentillifera population had the best fresh flavor. The DAA/TAA ratio was the highest in the Beihai population. Moreover, the proline (Pro) contents in the three Guangdong populations were significantly higher than those in the Beihai, Dongshan and Nha Trang populations, which differs from the amino acid contents reported in other studies. These previous studies on the nutrient composition of long-stemmed grape ferns revealed that proline is an osmotic regulator in plants and that environmental stresses cause an increase in the proline content in plants to improve plant resistance (Zhang et al.2023). This study revealed that proline is an osmoregulatory substance in plants. The high proline content of C. lentillifera in Guangdong may be the result of an increase caused by environmental stress factors. The AAS results revealed that the first limiting amino acid of C. lentillifera was Met + Cys, and the second limiting amino acid was Ile or Lys, which was essentially consistent with the results of the study by Tang (Tang et al. 2018 ). The EAAI is an indicator for evaluating the nutrient composition of food, and a high EAAI indicates high nutritional value. The EAAIs of the six populations in this study ranged from 45.89 to 61.09, among which the Nha Trang population had the highest EAAI, and thus, the highest nutritional value. C. lentillifera is low in liquid but rich in fatty acids, with a total of 13 fatty acids detected, including six UFA species, with percentages ranging from 42.58%-46.11%, which are higher than those reported by Wang ( 2020 ), who reported values of 37.09% and 36.74%, respectively. Among the six populations in this study, the Daya Bay population presented the highest TFA and UFA contents, which were significantly greater than those of the Shanwei, Beihai, Dongshan and Nha Trang populations ( P < 0.05), whereas the Beihai population presented the highest percentage of UFAs. The fatty acid with the highest content was palmitic acid, which is consistent with the composition of seaweeds such as Gracilaria lichenoides and Meristotheca papulosa (Zhu et al. 2020 ) and the abundance of palmitic acid in nature. In addition to palmitic acid, C. lentillifera is rich in PUFAs, with high contents of linoleic acid and Alpha linolenic acids, ranging from 0.155%-0.329% and 0.133%-0.296%, respectively. Linoleic acids and Alpha linolenic acids are essential fatty acids that cannot be produced by the human body but are important for preventing diseases and health maintenance (Gu et al. 2018 ). In addition, the contents of arachidonic acids and EPA were high, at 0.038%-0.105% and 0.017%-0.055%, respectively. Arachidonic acid is essential for the development of the human brain and visual nerves and has important physiological activities. Terrestrial plants and animals rarely contain EPA, as it is mainly found in marine organisms, but EPA can reduce cholesterol and triglyceride contents; promote the metabolism of saturated fatty acids in the body, thus reducing blood viscosity and preventing fat deposition in the blood vessel wall; and prevent cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, cerebral thrombosis, hypertension (Chen et al. 2021 ) and other cardiovascular diseases (Li et al. 2021 ). Conclusions The results of this study revealed that C. lentillifera is an edible seaweed rich in protein and total sugar but low in fat. It is a natural and healthy food because it is rich in amino acids present in composition ratios in accordance with FAO/WHO recommended standards. Additionally, C. lentillifera contains a relatively high percentage of a variety of UFAs, in addition to iodine and mannitol. In this study, it was revealed that the nutrient composition of C. lentillifera from different cultivation areas varied greatly; however, C. lentillifera from the Daya Bay had the highest nutritive value, which provides a reference for selecting species to be cultivated. Declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Funding This research was funded the Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (323MS126), Guangdong province Rural Science and Technology Commissioners Project, Guangdong Natural Science Foundation (2019A1515012159), Financial Special Project of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas (NHYYSWZZZYKZX2020), Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, CAFS (2020KX03, 2023TD97), Rural Revitalization Strategy Special Fund Seed Industry Revitalization Project of Guangdong Province (2022SPY02001). Author Contribution W.Z.: designing and performing experiments; Y.W.: designing experiments, writing and revising the manuscript; R.X.: collecting samples and statistical analyses; J.T.: reviewing and revising the manuscript; T.L.: collecting samples and statistical analyses; S.C.: collecting samples and statistical analyses. Acknowledgement We thank the editor and anonymous reviewers for their comments that helped improve this work. Data availability Data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. References AOAC (2005) Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC, USA. Chen A, Mu Y, Cheng M, Ye X, Tian X, Zhu F, Zheng G (2021) Lipid-lowering effect of EPA and its association with reverse cholesterol transport related genes expression in hyperlipidemic mice. Acta Nutr Scinica 43(6): 544–549 Chen HS (2021) Selection of substrates and optimization of culture conditions for Caulerpa centiliter . Master’s thesis, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang du Preez R, Majzoub ME, Thomas T, Panchal SK, Brown L (2020) Caulerpa lentillifera (Sea Grapes) improves cardiovascular and metabolic health of rats with diet-induced metabolic syndrome. Metabolites 10(12): 500 Duan YF, Huang Z, Lin HZ, Dong HB, Zhang JS (2017) Comparative analysis of muscle nutrient composition between floating-cage cultured and pond-cultured pacific white shrimps ( Litopenaeus vannamei ). South China Fish Sci 13(02): 93–100 FAO/WHO (1973) Energy and protein requirement. World Health Organization, Geneva FAO, Rome, 52: 40–73 Gu H, Yang K, Sun C (2018) Regulate the essential fatty acid content of pork to human body. J Anim Sci Vet Med 37(4): 41–45 Li J, Fan Y, Liu M (2021) Progress of eicosapentaenoic acid against cardiovascular diseases. Chin J Clin Res 34(10): 1423–1436 Liu L, Zhang T, Li X, Jin G, Lin X, Zheng X, Liu C, Qin J (2020) Enrichment of Caulerpa lentillfera for heavy metal elements and its food safety. J Shenzhen Polytech 19(5): 41–46 Song W (2016) Research on the primary functions and utilization of Laminaria japonica. J Fish Res 38(1): 81–86 Syakilla N, George R, Chye FY, Pindi W, Mantihal S, Ab Wahab N, Fadzwi FM, Gu PH, Matanjun P (2022) A Review on nutrients, phytochemicals, and health benefits of green seaweed, Caulerpa lentillifera . Foods 11(18): 2832 Tang X, Liu X, Meng F, Wang A, Gu Z, Liu C (2018) Analysis and evaluation of nutrient contents of Sesuvium portulacastrum and Caulerpa lentillifera . J Trop Biol 9(2): 129–135 Tao CL (2016) Study of the ecological factors on the growth of Caulerpa lentillifera . Master’s thesis, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou Tong Y, Ma H, Hu T, Liu Q, Li Q, Chen X, Yang C, Peng M, Zhu W, Zhao Y (2022) Research progress in the components and functional characteristics of Caulerpa lentillifer a. Sci Technol Food Ind 43(7): 400–406 Wang B, Zheng F, Wang X, Li J, Jiang M, Zhang J (2018) Nutritional analysis and evaluation of Caulerpa lentillifera and Caulerpa okamurae. Acta Nutr Sin 40(5): 515–517 Wang H, Tang X, Jin Y, Meinita MDN, Chi S, Liu T (2017) The research of culture condition for Caulerpa lentillifera . Trans Oceanol Limnol (6): 129–136 Wang Y (2020) Analysis of nutritional components and active function of Caulerpa lentillifera in two cultivation areas of Hainan province. Master’s thesis, Hainan University, Haikou Xia Q (2022) Morphology, environmental adaptation and nutrition quality analysis of different wild populations of Cyclina Sinensis . Master’s thesis, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang Xing Y, Zeng J, Wu X, Yang S, Huang M, Tang X (2019) Cultivation status and application prospect of three tropical economic seaweeds. Trans Oceanol Limnol 6: 112–120 Yao H, Wang F, Liu F, Liang Z, Wang W, Sun X, Li X (2016) Chemical analysis and nutritional assessment of new varieties of Saccharina japonica . Food Sci 37(12): 95–98 Ye Q (2018) Comparison between indoor cement ponds and natural marine culture of Caulerpa lentillipera . Aquaculture 39(3): 7–9 You Y, Song HR, Yan CH, Ai CQ, Tong YQ, Zhu BW, Song S (2022) Dietary fibers obtained from Caulerpa lentillifera prevent high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice by regulating the gut microbiota and metabolite profiles. Food Funct 13(21): 11262–11272 Zhang L, Chen X, Wu Y, Yu M, Cai H, Liu B, Ni Q, Liu L, Xu H, Fang H, Li J (2023) Research progress of proline in plant stress resistance. J Jianghan Univ (Nat Sci Ed) 51(1): 42–51 Zhao Y (2016) Study on the large scale culture of Caulerpa lentillipera . Master’s thesis, Hainan University, Haikou Zhu J, Zou X, Chen Z, Meng T, Fu Q, Bao S (2020) Analysis and evaluation on nutrition constituents of edible red algae Meristotheca papulosa . Food Res Dev 41(5): 23–27 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5045026","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":361649743,"identity":"dac6b6d1-1ffa-4be0-b7e1-f8730d468915","order_by":0,"name":"Wenchuan Zhou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shenzhen Fisheries Development Research Center","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wenchuan","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhou","suffix":""},{"id":361649744,"identity":"badc4fbd-0858-477d-89fe-c59cafe727c8","order_by":1,"name":"Yun Wang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA20lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBADORDxgcGABC3GQMw4gyQtiQ1gLcQAg+NnD7/mbbuTPr/9+MPmigIGef4G5mcP8Go5k5dmzdv2LHfDmRzDxjMGDIYzDrCZ43Wf2YEcM2PetsO5GyR42B82GDAwbmDgYZPAq+X8G7CWdPkZ7A8bgVrsCWu5kWP8GKglgeEGgyFISyJBLfY33pgxzjl32BDslwYDieQZh9nM8GqR7M8x/vCm7LC8PDDEGhv+2Nj2tzc/w6sFCNikeBAcoGJmAuqBgPnjD8KKRsEoGAWjYCQDAH0kR8+TSpoqAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yun","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":361649745,"identity":"7083d029-92c0-4355-a019-9b0f514f6485","order_by":2,"name":"Rui Xu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rui","middleName":"","lastName":"Xu","suffix":""},{"id":361649746,"identity":"3ad97720-212a-4826-883c-40120fbbb01e","order_by":3,"name":"Jialin Tian","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jialin","middleName":"","lastName":"Tian","suffix":""},{"id":361649747,"identity":"d24ed1e6-a584-4767-8c96-df02ea0c768c","order_by":4,"name":"Ting Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ting","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":361649748,"identity":"ab1e13c6-8440-4e6f-97de-2055308e2378","order_by":5,"name":"Suwen Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Suwen","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-09-06 14:56:29","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5045026/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5045026/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":67829538,"identity":"bc023161-a511-460b-aefd-6cf2889c74df","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-30 06:54:29","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1026669,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5045026/v1/497c6210-ee54-4788-81fb-629129d398f4.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Comparative Analysis of the Nutrient Composition of Caulerpa lentillifera from Various Cultivation Sites","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eCaulerpa lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e is a type of green algae (phylum, Chlorophyta; order, Bryopsidales) in the fern algae genus \u003cem\u003eCaulerpa\u003c/em\u003e. Its body is bright green, and due to its solid apparatus, stolons and upright branches, which are distributed on symmetrical cysts, its shape resembles a bunch of grapes; thus, \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e is also known as the sea grape. \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e is edible (Chen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e are widely distributed in subtropical and tropical areas, and wild \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e grow in shallow sandy or muddy sandy areas in the high tide and intertidal zones (Tao \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e is rich in amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), vitamins, minerals and a variety of polysaccharides and it has the advantages of low liquid and low calorie contents but high protein and dietary-fiber contents. Additionally, \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e has a rich and juicy taste, similar to caviar; thus, it is also known as green caviar (Tong et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Xing et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e contains a variety of active substances. Studies have shown that its extract has strong antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging capacities; immunomodulatory and antitumor activities; anticoagulant effects; and blood sugar and lipid regulatory properties (You et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; du Preez et al.2020; Wang et al. 2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOwing to its high economic value, the production of wild \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e cannot meet market demands. Therefore, in recent years, artificial breeding has been introduced in Shandong, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan and other regions via a variety of breeding modes, including sea culture, land-based culture and pond culture (Zhao \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Ye \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The growth of \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e has been a major factor in the development of this species. To investigate the quality of \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e cultured in different areas, the nutrient composition (moisture, crude protein, crude liquid, ash, mannitol and iodine), amino acid composition, fatty acid composition and mass fractions of \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e from six culture groups in four regions (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and Vietnam) were determined, and the nutrient compositions were compared to better understand the nutrients in \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSample collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e samples were collected from six farms in Guangdong, Fujian, Guangxi and Vietnam. The sampling locations are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The collected live \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e samples were brought back to the laboratory, and the surface adherents were removed by washing with seawater for use in the experiments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample collection information\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSampling point\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoordinates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGuangdong Province\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDapeng Bay of Penghu Sea area\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u0026deg;28'48\"E, 22\u0026deg;31'12\"N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaya Bay of Huizhou\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u0026deg;31'12\"E, 22\u0026deg;34'48\"N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreat Lake of Shanwei\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115\u0026deg;34'1\"E, 22\u0026deg;49'42\"N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGuangxi Province\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorth Sea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109\u0026deg;3'E, 21\u0026deg;25'48\"N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFujian Province\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDongshan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117\u0026deg;25'48\"E, 23\u0026deg;34'48\"N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVietnam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNha Trang\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109\u0026deg;19'12\"E, 12\u0026deg;10'48\"N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMethods by which the basic nutrient composition was determined\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe basic nutrient composition of \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e was determined according to the standard methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). For moisture determination, samples were dried at 105\u0026deg;C for 72 h to determine the moisture. Crude protein were calculated based on a Kjeldahl analyzer (Kjeltec 8400, FOSS, Hoganos, Sweden). For lipid analysis, we employed a Soxhlet apparatus (Soxtec 2055, FOSS, Hoganos, Sweden). Ash levels were determined with a muffle furnace (FO610C, Yamato Scientific Co., Ltd, Japan) at 550\u0026deg;C for 5 h. Additionally, the following methods were used to evaluate the other nutrients: total sugar content (GB/T 15672\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2009), free amino acid content (GB T30987\u0026ndash;2014), crude fiber content (GB/T 5009.10\u0026ndash;2003), iodine content (GB 5009.267\u0026ndash;2016), mannitol content (SC/T 3405\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2018), total amino acid (TAA) content (GB 5009.124\u0026ndash;2016), and fatty acid content (GB 5009.168\u0026ndash;2016).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAnalysis of the amino acid composition\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe amino acid score (AAS) was calculated via the standard essential amino acid (EAA) model score proposed by the FAO/WHO (FAO/WHO \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e), and the amino acid model of egg protein proposed by the Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety of the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medical Sciences (IFSS) was used to calculate the chemical score (CS) (Duan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) and essential amino acid index (EAAI).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere were three parallel treatment groups at each sampling point. The data are expressed as the means\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviations (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003ex̅\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SDs). All the data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS 26.0 to determine significance, and differences between groups were analyzed by multiple comparisons via Duncan's method, and \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered to indicate a significant difference.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eComparison of the\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003ebasic nutrient compositions\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe basic nutrient compositions of \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e from different regions are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e moisture contents were extremely high, close to 95%, and there was no significant difference between the populations (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The ash determination results revealed that the Nha Trang population had the highest ash content (65.50%), the Shanwei population had the lowest content (22.83%), and the ash contents of the Beihai, Dongshan and Nha Trang \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e populations were significantly greater than those of the three Guangdong populations (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). In terms of crude protein content, the Dapeng population had the highest (18.70%), the Nha Trang population had the lowest (12.53%), and the populations followed the order Dapeng Bay\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Daya Bay\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Shanwei\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Dongshan\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Beihai\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Nha Trang; additionally, the crude protein contents of the \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e samples from Dapeng Bay and Daya Bay were significantly greater than the samples from the Beihai, Dongshan and Nha Trang populations (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). It was also revealed that the Daya Bay population had the highest crude liquid content (5.10%), and the Shanwei population had the lowest content (3.83%). The crude liquid content of the Daya Bay population was significantly greater than that of the Beihai, Dongshan and Nha Trang populations (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Moreover, the Shanwei population presented the highest total sugar content (32.87%), the Nha Trang population presented the lowest content (18.13%), and the Daya Bay and Shanwei populations presented relatively high total sugar contents, which were significantly greater than those of the other four populations (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The mannitol determination results revealed that the DongShan population presented the highest mannitol content (7.47%), the Dapeng Bay population presented the lowest content (5.30%), and the Shanwei and DongShan populations presented significantly greater mannitol contents than the Dapeng Bay population (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Finally, the iodine content of the Nha Trang \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e population was significantly greater than that of the other populations (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Among the six \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e populations, the Guangdong population presented a greater content of basic nutrients and was considered to be better quality than the other three regional populations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutritional components of \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e cultivated in different areas as mean percent\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviations (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3, dry weight, %)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultivation area\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGuangdong Province\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGuangxi Province\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFujian Province\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVietnam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDapeng Bay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaya Bay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShanwei\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorth Sea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDongshan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNha Trang\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoisture*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.34\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.70\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.84\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.99\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.11\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrude protein\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.59\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.49\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.75\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.16\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrude liquid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.81\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal sugar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.38\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.22\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.59\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.93\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.01\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.50\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMannitol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.15\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.46\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.49\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIodine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eNotes: values with different letters indicate significant differences within groups (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); * indicates fresh weight.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAnalysis of the amino acid composition of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe amino acid compositions and mass fractions of the different populations of \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. A total of 17 amino acids were detected in the \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e samples; notably, tryptophan was not detected. The TAA content of \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e ranged from 7.05\u0026ndash;12.37%, the EAA content ranged from 2.89\u0026ndash;4.65%, the nonessential amino acid (NEAA) content ranged from 4.15\u0026ndash;7.87%, and the flavor amino acid (DAA) content ranged from 3.52%-5.31%. The most abundant NEAA was aspartic acid (Asp, ranging from 0.80%-1.32%), followed by glutamic acid (Glu, ranging from 0.85%-1.21%). There were no significant differences (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) among the TAA, EAA and NEAA contents of the three populations of long-stemmed grape ferns in Guangdong, although the TAA and DAA contents in the Daya Bay and Shanwei populations were significantly greater than those in the Beihai, Dongshan and Nha Trang populations (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Additionally, the EAA contents in the Dapeng Bay and Shanwei samples were significantly greater than those in the Beihai, Dongshan and Nha Trang samples (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), while the NEAA contents in the Dapeng Bay, Daya Bay and Shanwei samples were significantly greater than those in the Beihai, Dongshan and Nha Trang samples (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Furthermore, the EAA/TAA ratios of the six populations of long-stemmed grape ferns ranged from 35.87%-41.03%, the EAA/NEAA ratio ranged from 55.93%-69.63%, and the DAA/TAA ratio ranged from 41.00%-50.13%. The EAA/TAA, EAA/NEAA and DAA/TAA ratios of \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e from Beihai, Dongshan and Nha Trang were approximately 40%, 70% and 50%, respectively, with no significant differences among these three regions (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) but all were significantly greater than the corresponding ratios from the Guangdong population (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmino acid composition of \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e cultivated in different areas as mean percent\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviations (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3, dry weight, %)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmino acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGuangdong Province\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGuangxi province\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFujian province\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVietnam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDapeng Bay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaya Bay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShanwei\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorth Sea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDongshan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNha Trang\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThr*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVal*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIle*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeu*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhe*#\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLys*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHis*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsp#\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e 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\u003cp\u003e38.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.63\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.51\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.45\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.27\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEAA/NEAA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.37\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.29\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.15\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.72\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.57\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.61\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDAA/TAA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.42\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.82\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eNotes: * Essential amino acids; # flavor amino acids. The values with different letters indicate significant differences (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eA comprehensive assessment of the amino acid profile in\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe nutritional quality of the \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e cultivated in six different areas was evaluated according to the EAA evaluation criteria proposed by the FAO/WHO, and the results are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The AASs revealed that the first \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e limiting amino acid was methionine (Met)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;cystine (Cys), and the second limiting amino acid was isoleucine (Ile); moreover, and the amino acid with the highest score among the six different samples was phenylalanine (Phe)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;tyrosine (Tyr). Additionally, the chemical score data revealed that the first limiting amino acid of \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e from all populations was Met\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Cys, while the second limiting amino acid varied among the six regions. The second limiting amino acid of the Daya Bay and Beihai populations was Ile, which was in agreement with the AASs, but the second limiting amino acid of the other four populations was lysine (Lys). The amino acid with the highest chemical score differed among the six regions, as threonine (Thr) gave the highest chemical score in the Guangdong region while Phe\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Tyr gave the highest scores in the other three region, which is consistent with the AASs. The highest EAAI was found in the Nha Trang, Vietnam, population among the six regions, while the lowest EAAI was found in Dongshan, Fujian, population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmino acid scores of \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e cultivated in different areas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluation method\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmino acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference proteins\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGuangdong province\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGuangxi\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eprovince\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFujian province\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVietnam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDapeng Bay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaya Bay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShanwei\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorth Sea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDongshan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNha Trang\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e257.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e276.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e295.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e202.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e177.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e242.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e190.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e192.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e248.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e225.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e197.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e269.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMet\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Cys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e185.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e167.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e207.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e440\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e272.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e262.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e306.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e287.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e257.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e347.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhe\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Tyr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e380\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e431.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e458.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e496.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e446.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e385.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e523.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e340\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e221.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e230.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e224.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e191.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e264.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e292\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e411\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMet\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Cys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e331\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e534\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhe\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Tyr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e565\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e441\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEAAI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAnalysis of the fatty acid composition of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe fatty acid compositions and mass fractions of different populations of \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. A total of 13 fatty acids were detected in \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e, including four saturated fatty acids (SFAs), three monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and six polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The total fatty acid (TFA), SFA, MUFA, and PUFA contents of the Daya Bay population were significantly different from those of the Shanwei, Beihai, Nha Trang, and Dongshan populations (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Among the 13 fatty acids detected, palmitic acid (ranging from 0.494%-1.068%) and linoleic acid (0.264%-0.392%) had the highest contents, and the contents of these fatty acids were significantly greater in the Daya population than in the other populations (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The ratios of UFAs to TFAs ranged from 42.58%-46.11%, with the highest ratios in the Beihai population and the lowest in the Shanwei population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparative analysis of the fatty acid contents of \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e cultivated in different areas as mean percent\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviations (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3, dry weight, %)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFatty acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGuangdong Province\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGuangxi Province\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFujian Province\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVietnam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDapeng Bay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaya Bay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShanwei\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorth Sea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDongshan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNha Trang\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMyristic acids C14:0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.022\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.042\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.004\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.036\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.015\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.004\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePalmitic acids C16:0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.886\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.097\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.068\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.029\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.853\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.203\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.661\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.055\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.537\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.050\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.494\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.041\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDocosanoic acids C22:0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.049\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.050\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.007\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.035\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.028\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.020\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.004\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.004\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLignoceric acids C24:0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.189\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.019\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.192\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.023\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.141\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.026\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.117\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.011\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.082\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.013\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.082\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.009\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eΣSatuurated fatty acids SFA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.146\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.123\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.325\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.055\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.065\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.238\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.813\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.069\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.648\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.069\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.604\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.050\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOleic acids (C18:1),n-9*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.069\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.068\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.004\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.071\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.009\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.033\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.004\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.025\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.023\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eErucic acids (C22:1),n-9*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.103\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.014\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.096\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.034\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.075\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.010\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.032\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.009\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.007\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.027\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.012\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eΣMonounsaturated\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003efatty acids (MUFA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.079\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.007\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.084\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.063\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.020\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.054\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.043\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.051\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinoleic acids (C18:2),n-6**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.264\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.024\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.329\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.011\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.256\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.067\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.260\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.037\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.194\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.017\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.155\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.014\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acids (C20:3),n-6**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.000\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.000\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArachidonic acids\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(C20:4),n-6**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.075\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.105\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.067\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.017\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.055\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.007\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.040\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.038\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCis-11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acids (C20:3),n-3**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.000\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.020\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEicosapentaenoic\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eacids (C20:5; EPA),n-3**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.055\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.004\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.049\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.037\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.012\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.025\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlpha linolenic\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eacids (C18:3),n-3**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.265\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.029\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.296\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.007\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.206\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.060\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.210\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.036\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.153\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.014\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.133\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.017\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eΣPolyunsaturated fatty\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eacids (PUFAs)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.846\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.057\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.964\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.053\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.727\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.159\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.641\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.089\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.466\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.041\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.407\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.037\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTFA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.072\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.180\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.400\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.097\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.855\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.413\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.507\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.160\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.156\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.115\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.062\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.089\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUFA/TFA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.64%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.66%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.58%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.11%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.03%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.13%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eNotes: * Monounsaturated fatty acids; ** Polyunsaturated fatty acids; Values with different letters indicate a significant difference (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe collection sites of the \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e samples in this study, which included the regions of Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and Vietnam, span a wide range of geographical locations with environmental differences. In addition to moisture, the nutrient contents of the different populations of \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e were significantly different (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The ash content of the six populations of \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e ranged from 22.83%-65.50%, which was in agreement with the results of Syakilla et al.(2022), and the ash contents in Guangxi, Fujian and Vietnam were significantly greater than those in the three Guangdong populations, indicating that \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e could enrich the inorganic ions in the water (Liu et a. 2020). Moreover, the crude protein, crude liquid and total sugar contents of \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e ranged from 12.53%-18.70%, 3.83%-5.10% and 18.13%-32.87%, respectively, which were comparable to the ranges of 12.5%-14.76%, 0.78%-2.32% and 21.32%-50.71% reported in the study by Syakilla et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, these values were essentially the same as those reported by Tang et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) (9.22% crude protein and 0.81% crude liquid) and Wang et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) (14.9% crude protein and 4.4% crude liquid). The crude protein, crude liquid and total sugar contents of the Guangdong population were greater than those of the Guangxi, Fujian and Vietnam populations, with Daya Bay population being significantly different (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) from the Beihai, Dongshan and Nha Trang populations. The growth of long-stem grape fern algae is affected by various factors, such as temperature, light, growth substrate and growth cycle, and the differences in nutrient contents may be related to the cultivation environment, growth area, sampling time and site (Wang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Seaweeds, especially brown algae, are the main raw material sources from which mannitol and iodine are extracted in China (Song \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, the mannitol and iodine contents of \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e ranged from 5.30%-7.47% and 0.03%-0.07%, respectively, which were lower than those of kelp (12.3%-15.1% and 0.36%-0.47%, respectively) (Yao et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e is a suitable food to supplement the mannitol and iodine required by the human body but not suitable for use as a raw material for industrial extraction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmino acids are the basic units of proteins, and the protein content and amino acid composition and content of \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e should be considered when evaluating the nutritional quality of this algae (Xia et al. 2016). In this study, it was revealed that all six populations had the same amino acid composition, which is consistent with other studies on the nutrient composition of \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e (Wang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). When performing a nutritional evaluation, the FAO/WHO ideal protein model recommends that the ratio of EAAs to TAAs should be approximately 40% and that the EAA/NEAA ratio should be greater than 60% (Xia \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The amino acid compositions of five of the six regional populations, with the exception of the Daya population, conformed to the ideal protein model, suggesting that \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e is a high-quality protein source. Among the six regional populations in this study, the highest EAA/TAA and EAA/NEAA ratios were found in the Dongshan regional population, indicating that this population had highest quality protein, and the high contents of the DAAs Glu and Asp in the six populations were the source of the distinctive seaweed flavor of \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e. The highest DAA/TAA ratio was observed in the Beihai population, which indicated that this \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e population had the best fresh flavor. The DAA/TAA ratio was the highest in the Beihai population. Moreover, the proline (Pro) contents in the three Guangdong populations were significantly higher than those in the Beihai, Dongshan and Nha Trang populations, which differs from the amino acid contents reported in other studies. These previous studies on the nutrient composition of long-stemmed grape ferns revealed that proline is an osmotic regulator in plants and that environmental stresses cause an increase in the proline content in plants to improve plant resistance (Zhang et al.2023). This study revealed that proline is an osmoregulatory substance in plants. The high proline content of \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e in Guangdong may be the result of an increase caused by environmental stress factors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe AAS results revealed that the first limiting amino acid of \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e was Met\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Cys, and the second limiting amino acid was Ile or Lys, which was essentially consistent with the results of the study by Tang (Tang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The EAAI is an indicator for evaluating the nutrient composition of food, and a high EAAI indicates high nutritional value. The EAAIs of the six populations in this study ranged from 45.89 to 61.09, among which the Nha Trang population had the highest EAAI, and thus, the highest nutritional value.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e is low in liquid but rich in fatty acids, with a total of 13 fatty acids detected, including six UFA species, with percentages ranging from 42.58%-46.11%, which are higher than those reported by Wang (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), who reported values of 37.09% and 36.74%, respectively. Among the six populations in this study, the Daya Bay population presented the highest TFA and UFA contents, which were significantly greater than those of the Shanwei, Beihai, Dongshan and Nha Trang populations (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), whereas the Beihai population presented the highest percentage of UFAs. The fatty acid with the highest content was palmitic acid, which is consistent with the composition of seaweeds such as \u003cem\u003eGracilaria lichenoides\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eMeristotheca papulosa\u003c/em\u003e (Zhu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) and the abundance of palmitic acid in nature. In addition to palmitic acid, \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e is rich in PUFAs, with high contents of linoleic acid and Alpha linolenic acids, ranging from 0.155%-0.329% and 0.133%-0.296%, respectively. Linoleic acids and Alpha linolenic acids are essential fatty acids that cannot be produced by the human body but are important for preventing diseases and health maintenance (Gu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, the contents of arachidonic acids and EPA were high, at 0.038%-0.105% and 0.017%-0.055%, respectively. Arachidonic acid is essential for the development of the human brain and visual nerves and has important physiological activities. Terrestrial plants and animals rarely contain EPA, as it is mainly found in marine organisms, but EPA can reduce cholesterol and triglyceride contents; promote the metabolism of saturated fatty acids in the body, thus reducing blood viscosity and preventing fat deposition in the blood vessel wall; and prevent cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, cerebral thrombosis, hypertension (Chen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) and other cardiovascular diseases (Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study revealed that \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e is an edible seaweed rich in protein and total sugar but low in fat. It is a natural and healthy food because it is rich in amino acids present in composition ratios in accordance with FAO/WHO recommended standards. Additionally, \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e contains a relatively high percentage of a variety of UFAs, in addition to iodine and mannitol. In this study, it was revealed that the nutrient composition of \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e from different cultivation areas varied greatly; however, \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e from the Daya Bay had the highest nutritive value, which provides a reference for selecting species to be cultivated.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":" \u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research was funded the Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (323MS126), Guangdong province Rural Science and Technology Commissioners Project, Guangdong Natural Science Foundation (2019A1515012159), Financial Special Project of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas (NHYYSWZZZYKZX2020), Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, CAFS (2020KX03, 2023TD97), Rural Revitalization Strategy Special Fund Seed Industry Revitalization Project of Guangdong Province (2022SPY02001).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eW.Z.: designing and performing experiments; Y.W.: designing experiments, writing and revising the manuscript; R.X.: collecting samples and statistical analyses; J.T.: reviewing and revising the manuscript; T.L.: collecting samples and statistical analyses; S.C.: collecting samples and statistical analyses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe thank the editor and anonymous reviewers for their comments that helped improve this work.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData availability\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAOAC (2005) Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 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Food Res Dev 41(5): 23\u0026ndash;27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Caulerpa lentillifera, Nutrient composition, amino acid, fatty acid","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5045026/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5045026/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe nutrient, amino acid and fatty acid compositions of \u003cem\u003eCaulerpa lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e from various aquaculture regions were assessed to analyze their nutritional characteristics and potential for aquaculture development. The nutrient composition of \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e was determined according to standard national nutrient determination methods, and the following data were revealed. 1) The basic nutritional components of \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e were relatively more abundant in the three aquaculture areas in Guangdong Province. The crude protein content was significantly greater in \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e from the Dapeng and Daya areas of Guangdong Province than those from the Beihai, Dongshan and Nha Trang areas (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Additionally, the crude lipid content of \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e from the Daya population was significantly greater than those in the samples from the Beihai, Dongshan, and Nha Trang areas (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Furthermore, the total sugar contents in the Daya and Shanwei populations were significantly greater (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) than those in the other four populations. 2) The total amino acid (TAA) content of \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e ranged from 7.05\u0026ndash;12.37%, with notable concentrations of the fresh amino acids aspartic acid (Asp) and glutamic acid (Glu). Significant variations in the TAA and essential amino acid (EAA) levels were observed among the cultivation regions (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), with the Shanwei population exhibiting the highest TAA content of 12.37% and EAA content of 4.65%, surpassing all other populations except for Guangdong Province (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). 3) The fatty acid composition analysis revealed that the total fatty acid (TFA) and unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) levels in the long-stemmed grape fern alga from Daya were 2.400% and 1.048%, respectively, and significantly greater than those in the other populations except for Dapeng (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). These results imply that the nutritional quality of the Daya population of \u003cem\u003eC. lentillifera\u003c/em\u003e is relatively high.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Comparative Analysis of the Nutrient Composition of Caulerpa lentillifera from Various Cultivation Sites","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-10-16 03:31:35","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5045026/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d7042722-93c7-4733-8d84-1be0cad7bb5a","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 16th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-10-30T06:54:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-10-16 03:31:35","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5045026","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5045026","identity":"rs-5045026","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}