Mixed Reality Combined with Surgical Navigation versus Conventional Navigation for Resection of Oral and Maxillofacial Tumors: A Comparative Study

Mixed Reality Combined with Surgical Navigation versus Conventional Navigation for Resection of Oral and Maxillofacial Tumors: A Comparative Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Mixed Reality Combined with Surgical Navigation versus Conventional Navigation for Resection of Oral and Maxillofacial Tumors: A Comparative Study Zu-Nan Tang, Lei-Hao Hu, Yao Yu, Shuo Liu, Feng-Ze Wang, Wen-Bo Zhang, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7808570/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 14 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in BMC Oral Health → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of mixed reality combined with surgical navigation for resection of oral and maxillofacial tumors. Methods Patients with tumors involving maxilla and mandible in the oral and maxillofacial region who underwent surgical treatment at Peking University School and hospital of Stomatology between January 2020 and June 2023 were enrolled in this study. The experimental group underwent image data processing using mixed reality–surgical navigation technology, and tumor localization and resection were performed under its guidance. The control group received assistance from digital surgical technology for three-dimensional reconstruction and computer-aided design during image processing, with tumor resection also completed under navigation guidance. Basic patient characteristics were recorded for both groups. Using a normal vector-based osteotomy plane selection method, osteotomy planes were selected from both the preoperative virtual design and the postoperative CT reconstruction model via digital software for chromatographic analysis. The deviations in osteotomy planes between the experimental and control groups were compared. Statistical analyses were conducted using independent samples t-tests, with a significance level set at P < 0.05. Results A total of 38 patients were included, with 19 assigned to the experimental group and 19 to the control group. The osteotomy deviation was significantly smaller in the experimental group than in the control group (1.84 mm vs. 3.07 mm, P < 0.001). Chromatographic analysis revealed that the proportion of osteotomy points deviating by less than 3 mm was 74.84% in the experimental group and 64.81% in the control group. When analyzed by subcategory—maxillary versus mandibular and benign versus malignant tumors—the experimental group consistently exhibited smaller deviations than the control group. No significant differences in osteotomy accuracy were observed between maxillary and mandibular tumors, or between benign and malignant tumors, within either group ( P > 0.05). During an average follow-up of 27 months in the experimental group, five patients experienced complications, including facial paralysis, skin numbness, and titanium mesh exposure; no tumor exposure or distant metastasis occurred. In the control group, with an average follow-up of 18.8 months, two patients developed complications such as infection and titanium mesh exposure, and three patients experienced tumor recurrence. Conclusion The clinical application of mixed reality combined with surgical navigation is feasible in the resection of oral and maxillofacial tumors. Compared to conventional navigation systems, this technology enables more precise localization of osteotomy planes and enhances the accuracy of tumor resection. Mixed Reality Surgical Navigation Oral And Maxillofacial Tumors Positioning Accuracy Tumor Resection Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Additionalfile1.mp4 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 14 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in BMC Oral Health → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 23 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 20 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 30 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 25 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 12 Nov, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 06 Nov, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 06 Nov, 2025 First submitted to journal 06 Nov, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7808570","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":549180472,"identity":"b92d3536-ed0c-4459-b6ca-a62c24b6a559","order_by":0,"name":"Zu-Nan Tang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Peking University Stomatological Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zu-Nan","middleName":"","lastName":"Tang","suffix":""},{"id":549180473,"identity":"1b84ce33-cc74-4d66-b469-61db8b1a3214","order_by":1,"name":"Lei-Hao Hu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Peking University Stomatological 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Navigation for Resection of Oral and Maxillofacial Tumors: A Comparative Study","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-oral-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ohea","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Oral Health](http://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ohea/default.aspx","title":"BMC Oral Health","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Mixed Reality, Surgical Navigation, Oral And Maxillofacial Tumors, Positioning Accuracy, Tumor Resection","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7808570/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7808570/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of mixed reality combined with surgical navigation for resection of oral and maxillofacial tumors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e Patients with tumors involving maxilla and mandible in the oral and maxillofacial region who underwent surgical treatment at Peking University School and hospital of Stomatology between January 2020 and June 2023 were enrolled in this study. The experimental group underwent image data processing using mixed reality\u0026ndash;surgical navigation technology, and tumor localization and resection were performed under its guidance. The control group received assistance from digital surgical technology for three-dimensional reconstruction and computer-aided design during image processing, with tumor resection also completed under navigation guidance. Basic patient characteristics were recorded for both groups. Using a normal vector-based osteotomy plane selection method, osteotomy planes were selected from both the preoperative virtual design and the postoperative CT reconstruction model via digital software for chromatographic analysis. The deviations in osteotomy planes between the experimental and control groups were compared. Statistical analyses were conducted using independent samples t-tests, with a significance level set at \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA total of 38 patients were included, with 19 assigned to the experimental group and 19 to the control group. The osteotomy deviation was significantly smaller in the experimental group than in the control group (1.84 mm vs. 3.07 mm, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Chromatographic analysis revealed that the proportion of osteotomy points deviating by less than 3 mm was 74.84% in the experimental group and 64.81% in the control group. When analyzed by subcategory\u0026mdash;maxillary versus mandibular and benign versus malignant tumors\u0026mdash;the experimental group consistently exhibited smaller deviations than the control group. No significant differences in osteotomy accuracy were observed between maxillary and mandibular tumors, or between benign and malignant tumors, within either group (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). During an average follow-up of 27 months in the experimental group, five patients experienced complications, including facial paralysis, skin numbness, and titanium mesh exposure; no tumor exposure or distant metastasis occurred. In the control group, with an average follow-up of 18.8 months, two patients developed complications such as infection and titanium mesh exposure, and three patients experienced tumor recurrence.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe clinical application of mixed reality combined with surgical navigation is feasible in the resection of oral and maxillofacial tumors. Compared to conventional navigation systems, this technology enables more precise localization of osteotomy planes and enhances the accuracy of tumor resection.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Mixed Reality Combined with Surgical Navigation versus Conventional Navigation for Resection of Oral and Maxillofacial Tumors: A Comparative Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-24 13:19:19","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7808570/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-23T09:43:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-21T04:45:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"127316909580048751938858142714950209267","date":"2025-12-11T15:18:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-30T11:27:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-25T10:54:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"198963303896931603054304990389861452653","date":"2025-11-22T13:43:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"24727803161504961844149921554651585400","date":"2025-11-14T19:48:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-12T14:59:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-06T11:21:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-11-06T10:44:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Oral Health","date":"2025-11-06T10:27:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-oral-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ohea","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Oral Health](http://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ohea/default.aspx","title":"BMC Oral Health","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"72b6bb3f-9f1b-4469-9c24-c9df572772be","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 24th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-16T16:08:05+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7808570","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-026-07871-0","journal":{"identity":"bmc-oral-health","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Oral Health"},"publishedOn":"2026-02-14 15:59:24","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 14th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-24 13:19:19","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12903-026-07871-0","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-026-07871-0","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7808570","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7808570","identity":"rs-7808570","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}