Comparison of Maxillary Anterior Tooth Width with Facial Dimensions Among a Sample of the Yemeni Population

Comparison of Maxillary Anterior Tooth Width with Facial Dimensions Among a Sample of the Yemeni Population | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Comparison of Maxillary Anterior Tooth Width with Facial Dimensions Among a Sample of the Yemeni Population Hayat Abdo Mohamed Ali l-Mahweti, Afrah Ali Abdullah Hussein Sofan, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8722495/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background In restorative and prosthetic dentistry, achieving an aesthetic smile depends considerably on the harmonious relationship between maxillary anterior teeth and facial dimensions. While such correlations have been studied in various populations, data on Yemeni adults remain limited. Objective This study aims to analyze the correlation between the mesiodistal width of maxillary anterior teeth and key facial measurements in a sample of Yemeni adults and evaluate the influence of age and gender on these relationships. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional anthropometric study was conducted on 170 Yemeni adults (85 males and 85 females) aged 20–41 years. Dental measurements were taken intraorally by using digital calipers. Facial parameters (bizygomatic width [BZW], interpupillary distance [IPD], inner and outer canthal distances, interalar width [IAW], intercommissural width [ICW], and philtrum width [PW]) were measured by using standardized digital photography and analyzed with ImageJ software. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, normality tests, Mann–Whitney U tests, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, and Spearman’s rank-order correlations. Results The study found high bilateral symmetry in the mean mesiodistal widths of maxillary anterior teeth, with no significant side differences (p > 0.05). Males had significantly larger tooth dimensions (p < 0.001), whereas age minimally affected measurements, with only the left central incisor differing between younger (20–31 years) and older (32–41 years) groups. Males also showed greater BZW, IPD, and ICD than females, whereas females had larger outer canthal distance and PW than males. In the combined sample, BZW (r = 0.249, p = 0.001) and IPD (r = 0.238, p = 0.002) were positively correlated with the CW of anterior teeth, whereas PW had a negative correlation (r = − 0.291, p < 0.001). Correlation patterns differed by age and gender, with notable negative associations in males and positive associations in females for certain parameters. Conclusion Maxillary anterior tooth dimensions in the Yemeni population exhibit significant gender-based variation. Key facial measurements, particularly BZW and IPD, demonstrate a correlative relationship with dental width and can serve as partial guides in prosthetic tooth selection. A gender-specific approach to using these anthropometric predictors is recommended to enhance aesthetic outcomes in dental rehabilitation. Maxillary anterior teeth facial measurements sexual dimorphism correlation analysis dental symmetry age factors Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction The pursuit of an aesthetically pleasing smile is a central objective in restorative and prosthetic dentistry, with the size, shape, and arrangement of the maxillary anterior teeth playing a definitive role in facial attractiveness and patient satisfaction [ 1 ]. A harmonious smile is not an isolated feature but is deeply integrated with overall facial anatomy; consequently, achieving predictable aesthetic outcomes depends on understanding the relationships between dental dimensions and facial structures [ 2 ]. The size of the teeth and face have a certain relationship, which has been identified and studied by various researchers [ 3 – 5 ]. Given that maxillary anterior teeth play a major role in cases of patients seeking dental aesthetics, they should be in harmony with facial structures. Various studies and research have studied the correlation between the anthropometric measurements of the face and the combined width (CW) of maxillary anterior teeth [ 6 , 7 ]. A ratio between the tooth size in correspondence to facial size has been established. This ratio serves as a guide and standard in selecting dental restorations that are harmonious with facial features [ 8 ]. In the absence of pre-extraction guides, the CW of the maxillary anterior teeth can be estimated by using anthropometric correlations [ 8 ]. Proportional relationships between tooth dimensions and standard facial measurements, including bizygomatic width (BZW), interpupillary distance (IPD), intercanthal distance (ICD), interalar width (IAW), and intercommissural width (ICW), may provide a clinically validated method for determining appropriate sizes for denture teeth and fixed prosthetic restorations [ 3 , 8 , 9 – 11 ]. Recent research challenges the reliability of the BZW as a guide for selecting maxillary teeth [ 12 ]. Investigations on diverse groups have shown that any facial-to-dental ratio is highly variable, with studies reporting ranges of 1:13–1:20 and significant differences based on ethnicity and gender [ 12 , 13 ]. Others agree that a predictable relationship between zygomatic width and the total width of the six maxillary anterior teeth cannot be consistently applied across populations [ 14 , 15 ]. The current consensus in aesthetic dentistry emphasizes that harmony must be determined on an individual basis, moving away from applying universal "magic numbers" to all patients [ 13 ]. Research across diverse populations indicates that genetic and demographic factors, including a patient’s ethnicity, gender, and age, considerably influence dental arch dimensions, morphology, and overall facial typology [ 16 ]. Additionally, arch characteristics, dentition configuration, and tooth size are not universal but exhibit notable variation across different ethnic groups, geographic regions, and associated lifestyle patterns [ 3 – 4 , 14 ]. Studies on European and Asian demographics indicate that correlations exist between facial dimensions and the size of the maxillary anterior teeth across genders and age groups [ 6 , 9 , 14 ]. In the absence of pre-extraction guidance, BZW is frequently utilized as a key anatomical reference because it remains stable in adulthood and can aid in estimating central incisor width [ 17 ]. Additionally, research supports using inner-canthal and interalar distances, which correlate with intercanine width, as valuable preliminary guides for selecting appropriately sized anterior teeth [ 18 , 19 ]. However, no agreement on these anatomical landmarks has been reached, and no universally applicable mathematical formula for all races has been established. Data on the dental arch characteristics of Yemenis are scarce, with only a few studies available [ 6 , 20 – 21 ]. These investigations were restricted to the assessments of overall arch width and length and did not incorporate the detailed measurements of individual teeth to calculate their cumulative width. Crucially, establishing anthropometric correlations between dental and facial measurements in this population has been largely unexplored. This study aims to analyze the correlation between the mesiodistal width of maxillary anterior teeth and key facial anthropometric measurements in a sample of Yemeni adults and evaluate the influence of age and gender on these relationships. Materials and Methods Study Design and Ethical Consideration This anthropometric cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of Yemeni adults in Hodeidah City from April 2025 to October 2025. The study protocol received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the College of Dentistry, Sana'a University (No. 1075; 10 November 2024). The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Prior to enrollment, written informed consent was obtained from every participant after they received a full explanation of the study’s purpose and methods, along with the assurance of their right to discontinue participation at any time. Study Setting and Sample Size Calculation This study was conducted at the Department of Dentistry, Hodeidah University, and several affiliated public and private dental clinics across Hodeidah City. The sample size was calculated by using a standard formula for analytical cross-sectional studies on the basis of an estimated effect size, a significance level of 0.05, and a statistical power of 0.80 [ 6 ]. A total of 170 participants (85 males and 85 females) were included. This number of participants was deemed to be sufficient to detect significant correlations and differences. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria The inclusion criteria were as follows: Yemeni adults aged 20–41 years, presence of all six maxillary anterior teeth (canine to canine), Angle’s class I molar and canine relationships, minimal crowding or spacing (≤ 2 mm), and clinically visible facial symmetry. Exclusion criteria included a history of orthodontic or maxillofacial treatment, presence of dental prostheses or extensive restorations on anterior teeth, congenital craniofacial anomalies, and severe dental attrition or anomalies. Examination and Data Collection The first part of the examination involved collecting demographic details. The study recruited dentate Yemeni adults aged 20–41 years, who were then stratified by gender and divided into two age cohorts: 20–31 and 32–41 years. The second part of the examination consisted of acquiring dental and facial measurements using distinct protocols. Dental measurements were taken intraorally by the primary examiner by utilizing a high-precision digital caliper (Mitutoyo™, Sao Paulo, Brazil) with an accuracy of 0.01 mm. The maximum mesiodistal width of the clinical crown was recorded for all six maxillary anterior teeth (right central incisor, lateral incisor, and canine and their left counterparts). This measurement was defined as the greatest linear distance between the mesial and distal contact points of the crown, taken perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth [ 11 , 22 – 23 ] (Figs. 1 and 2 ) . In addition, the CWs were calculated for the following groups: the two central incisors, the two lateral incisors, the four incisors, and all six anterior teeth. Facial anthropometric dimensions were obtained indirectly through standardized digital photography by using a Nikon D90 camera (Nikon Inc., Melville, New York) mounted on a tripod at a fixed distance of 100 cm. Participants were seated with their head position standardized in the Frankfort horizontal plane. A standard ruler (60 mm) was positioned beside the subject’s face for calibration. Images were analyzed by using ImageJ software (Version 1.53b) to measure seven transverse parameters: BZW, IPD, ICD, OCD, IAW, ICW, and philtrum width (PW) [ 6 , 23 – 24 ], Fig. 3 . Each parameter was measured in triplicate, and the arithmetic mean was recorded. Table 1 provides the definition of these variables. Table 1 Definition of facial anthropometric measurements [ 3 , 6 , 9 , 22 – 24 ] Category Variable Definition Figure # Dental measurements Left central incisor Mesiodistal width of the left maxillary central incisor 1A Right central incisor Mesiodistal width of the right maxillary central incisor 2A Combined width of two central incisors Sum of the mesiodistal widths of both maxillary central incisors Left lateral incisor Mesiodistal width of the left maxillary lateral incisor 1B Right lateral incisor Mesiodistal width of the right maxillary lateral incisor 2B Combined width of two lateral incisors Sum of mesiodistal widths of both maxillary lateral incisors Combined width of four incisors Sum of mesiodistal widths of both central and both lateral incisors Left canine width Mesiodistal width of the left maxillary canine 1C Right canine width Mesiodistal width of the right maxillary canine 2C Combined width of six anterior teeth Sum of the mesiodistal widths of both central incisors, both lateral incisors, and both canines Facial measurements Bizygomatic width Maximum horizontal distance (in millimeters) between the most lateral points of the zygomatic arches, measured using digital facial imaging 3 − 1 Interpupillary distance Horizontal distance (in millimeters) between the centers of the pupils of the left and right eyes, measured using digital facial imaging 3 − 2 Intercanthal distance Horizontal distance (in millimeters) between the medial canthi (inner corners) of the eyes, measured using facial imaging 3–3 Outer canthal distance Horizontal distance (in millimeters) between the lateral canthi (outer corners) of the left and right eyes, measured using digital facial imaging 3–4 Interalar width Distance (in millimeters) between the widest points of the alae (outer edges) of the nose, measured using digital facial imaging 3–5 Intercommissural width Horizontal distance (in millimeters) between the left and right corners of the mouth (oral commissures), measured using digital facial imaging 3–6 Philtrum width Horizontal width (in millimeters) of the philtrum, measured at its base between the two ridges, using digital facial imaging 3–7 Calibration and Reliability All data collection was conducted by a single, highly experienced primary examiner to minimize interobserver variability. The digital camera and ImageJ setup was checked daily by using a standardized rubber ruler as a reference standard to ensure consistent measurement scaling across sessions and locations. This ruler was positioned within the photographic frame during every imaging session to provide a fixed scale for converting pixel-based measurements into absolute metric values (millimeters). A random subsample of 30 participants was remeasured after a minimum wash-out period of 14 days to assess reliability. Relative reliability was evaluated by employing the intraclass correlation coefficient, with a value of ≥ 0.80 established as the minimum acceptable standard [ 25 , 26 ]. Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis was performed by using IBM SPSS Program. Descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviation, and minimum and maximum scores, were generated. The Shapiro–Wilk test was applied to assess the normality of distributions. Nonparametric tests were preferred for inferential analysis because several parameters demonstrated nonnormal distributions. Comparisons between left and right sides were performed through the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, whereas comparisons across age and gender groups utilized the Mann–Whitney U test or independent t-test depending on data distribution. Categorical data were analyzed by employing goodness-of-fit tests. Correlations between facial measurements and the width of maxillary anterior teeth were examined by employing Spearman’s rank-order correlation, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed by utilizing IBM SPSS software. Initial descriptive analyses provided means, standard deviations, and ranges (minimum and maximum). The normality of data distribution was evaluated with the Shapiro–Wilk test. Given that several variables deviated from a normal distribution, nonparametric methods were primarily employed for inferential statistics. Bilateral symmetry (left versus right sides) was assessed through the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Comparisons based on demographic groups (age and gender) were conducted by using either the Mann–Whitney U test or an independent t-test, chosen in accordance with the distribution of each dataset. Categorical variables were evaluated with goodness-of-fit tests. The primary objective—correlating facial anthropometric measurements with maxillary anterior tooth width—was analyzed by using Spearman’s rank-order correlation, with a p value of less than 0.05 being considered statistically significant. Results Normality Test The results of the normality test for dental measurements indicated that the widths of all individual teeth (left and right central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines), all CWs (two central incisors, two lateral incisors, two canines, and four incisors), and the CWs of all six anterior teeth significantly deviated from a normal distribution, as evidenced by their significant p-values (p < 0.05). The facial measurements revealed that BZW, IPD, ICD, ICW, and PW were normally distributed (p 0.05) (Table 2 ). Table 2 Normality distribution test of dental measurements Measured dental width (mm) t-value p-value Left central incisor 0.967 0.000* Right central incisor 0.975 0.003* Left lateral incisor 0.972 0.002* Right lateral incisor 0.975 0.003* Left canine 0.965 0.000* Right canine 0.984 0.048* Combined two central incisor width 0.978 0.009* Combined two lateral incisor width 0.984 0.043* Combined two canine width 0.981 0.020* Combined four incisor width 0.942 0.000* Combined six anterior widths 0.916 0.000* Facial measurements (mm) t-value p-value Bizygomatic width 0.979 0.011* Interpupillary distance 0.960 0.048* Intercanthal distance 0.964 0.000* Outer canthal distance 0.987 0.119 Interalar width 0.985 0.067 Intercommissural width 0.979 0.013* Philtrum width 0.963 0.000* *Statistically significant at p < 0.05 Participant Characteristics The categorical distribution of the sample showed a cohort of 170 participants, with an equal distribution of males and females (50.0%, 85). Moreover, the age groups were almost similarly distributed, with 46.5% (79) in the 20–31-year-old category and 53.5% (91) in the 32–41-year-old category. The goodness-of-fit test confirmed that the distributions for gender (p = 1.000) and age (p = 0.357) were not significantly different from an expected equal distribution (Fig. 4 ). Mean Dental and Facial Measurements In terms of the dental measurements, the mean widths of the left and right central incisors were 8.76 ± 0.40 and 8.73 ± 0.38 mm, respectively. The mean widths of the lateral incisors were 6.75 ± 0.39 mm (left) and 6.73 ± 0.38 mm (right), and those of the canines were 7.76 ± 0.41 mm (left) and 7.74 ± 0.35 mm (right). The CWs were 17.50 ± 0.68, 13.48 ± 0.63, and 15.51 ± 0.65 mm for the central incisors, lateral incisors, and two canines, respectively. Moreover, the CWs were 30.98 ± 1.16 mm for the four incisors and 46.49 ± 1.69 mm for all six anterior teeth. The mean ± SD values of BZW, IPD, ICD, OCD, IAW, ICW, and PW were 129.58 ± 7.23, 61.03 ± 4.37, 33.74 ± 3.05, 89.88 ± 4.63, 34.02 ± 2.66, 51.35 ± 4.20, and 14.61 ± 2.50 mm, respectively (Table 3 ). Table 3 Descriptive analysis of dental and facial measurements Measured dental width (mm) Minimum Maximum Mean ± SD Left central incisor 8.01 9.49 8.76 ± 0.40 Right central incisor 8.00 9.50 8.73 ± 0.38 Left lateral incisor 6.00 7.47 6.75 ± 0.39 Right lateral incisor 6.00 7.49 6.73 ± 0.38 Left canine 7.02 8.49 7.76 ± 0.41 Right canine 7.01 8.50 7.74 ± 0.35 Combined two central incisor 16.05 18.79 17.50 ± 0.68 Combined two lateral incisor 12.17 14.89 13.48 ± 0.63 Combined two canines 14.14 16.91 15.51 ± 0.65 Combined four incisors 28.88 33.54 30.98 ± 1.16 Combined six anterior 43.69 49.68 46.49 ± 1.69 Facial measurements (mm) Minimum Maximum Mean ± SD Bizygomatic width 114.09 143.64 129.58 ± 7.23 Interpupillary distance 52.29 69.99 61.03 ± 4.37 Intercanthal distance 27.57 39.91 33.74 ± 3.05 Outer canthal distance 73.66 99.71 89.88 ± 4.63 Interalar width 28.53 39.79 34.02 ± 2.66 Intercommissural width 42.80 59.98 51.35 ± 4.20 Philtrum width 9.47 19.94 14.61 ± 2.50 Comparison of Dental Measurements with the Side of the Arch A comparison of the dental measurements between the left and right sides using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed no statistically significant differences for the central incisor, lateral incisor, and canine width with p = 0.400, p = 0.550, and p = 0.546, respectively (Table 4 ), indicating a high degree of dental symmetry on the left and right sides. Table 4 Comparison of dental measurements between the left and right sides Comparison Mean ± SD (left side) Mean ± SD (right side) z-value p-value* Central incisor width: (left vs right) side 8.76 ± 0.40 8.73 ± 0.38 −0.841 0.400 Lateral incisor width: (left vs right) side 6.75 ± 0.39 6.73 ± 0.38 −0.598 0.550 Canine width: (left vs right) side 7.76 ± 0.41 7.74 ± 0.35 −0.603 0.546 * Wilcoxon signed-rank test Comparison of Dental Measurements with Gender and Age Groups The analysis by gender (85 males and 85 females) showed highly significant differences for all dental measurements. Males had consistently and significantly larger tooth widths than females across every individual tooth measured (left and right central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines) and for all CWs (two central incisors, two lateral incisors, two canines, four incisors, and six anterior teeth), with all p-values being 0.001 (Table 5 ). Table 5 Comparison and distribution of dental measurements by gender (n = 85 male and 85 female) Measured dental width (mm) Gender Mean ± SD Mean rank U-value p-value* Left central incisor Male 9.06 ± 0.28 121.16 581.00 0.001 Female 8.46 ± 0.27 49.84 Right central incisor Male 8.98 ± 0.26 117.35 905.00 0.001 Female 8.48 ± 0.30 53.65 Left lateral incisor Male 7.00 ± 0.29 116.07 1014.00 0.001 Female 6.49 ± 0.30 54.93 Right lateral incisor Male 6.97 ± 0.30 117.13 924.00 0.001 Female 6.48 ± 0.28 53.87 Left canine Male 8.05 ± 0.30 119.38 732.50 0.001 Female 7.47 ± 0.29 51.62 Right canine Male 7.96 ± 0.28 114.87 1116.00 0.001 Female 7.53 ± 0.27 56.13 Combined two central incisors Male 18.04 ± 0.39 126.02 168.00 0.001 Female 16.95 ± 0.41 44.98 Combined two lateral incisors Male 13.97 ± 0.41 125.54 209.50 0.001 Female 12.98 ± 0.35 45.46 Combined two canines Male 16.01 ± 0.41 123.88 350.00 0.001 Female 15.00 ± 0.43 47.12 Combined four incisors Male 32.02 ± 0.49 127.91 7.50 0.001 Female 29.93 ± 0.52 43.09 Combined six anterior teeth Male 48.04 ± 0.67 127.95 4.00 0.001 Female 44.94 ± 0.69 43.05 * Mann–Whitney test, significant at 0.05 By contrast, the comparison of dental measurements between different age groups revealed that most widths were not significantly different. The only exception was the left central incisor width, which was significantly larger in the 20–31-year-old age group (8.83 ± 0.43 mm) than in the 32–41-year-old age group (8.69 ± 0.37 mm) with p = 0.026. No other individual or combined tooth measurements showed statistically significant differences between the two age groups (Table 6 ). Table 6 Comparison and distribution of dental measurements by age group (n = 170) Measured dental width (mm) Age groups N Mean ± SD Mean rank U-value p-value* Left central incisor 20–31 year 79 8.83 ± 0.43 94.52 2882.00 0.026* 32–41 year 91 8.69 ± 0.37 77.67 Right central incisor 20–31 year 79 8.76 ± 0.36 88.63 3347.50 0.440 32–41 year 91 8.71 ± 0.39 82.79 Left lateral incisor 20–31 year 79 6.76 ± 0.38 87.68 3422.50 0.591 32–41 year 91 6.73 ± 0.43 83.61 Right lateral incisor 20–31 year 79 6.76 ± 0.37 91.04 3156.50 0.171 32–41 year 91 6.69 ± 0.39 80.69 Left canine 20–31 year 79 7.82 ± 0.41 92.21 3064.50 0.098 32–41 year 91 7.71 ± 0.40 79.68 Right canine 20–31 year 79 7.76 ± 0.37 87.82 3411.00 0.566 32–41 year 91 7.77 ± 0.34 83.48 Combined two central incisors 20–31 year 79 17.60 ± 0.70 92.73 3023.00 0.074 32–41 year 91 17.41 ± 0.64 79.22 Combined two lateral incisors 20–31 year 79 13.53 ± 0.60 90.73 3181.00 0.196 32–41 year 91 13.43 ± 0.65 80.96 Combined two canines 20–31 year 79 15.58 ± 0. 68 91.50 3120.50 0.139 32–41 year 91 15.44 ± 0.62 80.29 Combined four incisors 20–31 year 79 31.14 ± 1.16 90.97 3162.00 0.177 32–41 year 91 30.84 ± 1.15 80.75 Combined six anterior teeth 20–31 year 79 46.72 ± 1.17 91.80 3096.50 0.120 32–41 year 91 46.29 ± 1.16 80.03 * Mann–Whitney test, significant at 0.05 Comparison of Facial Measurements by Gender and Age Groups Table 7 illustrates the comparison of facial measurements by gender, showing several significant disparities between males and females. Compared with females, males had significantly larger values for BZW, IPD, and ICW (p < 0.05 for all). Conversely, compared with males, females had significantly larger measurements for OCD and PW (p < 0.05 for both). No statistically significant differences were found between genders for ICD or IAW given that their p-values were below the 0.05 significance threshold. Table 7 Comparison and distribution of facial measurements by gender (n = 170) Facial measurements (mm) Gender Mean ± SD Mean rank Statistic-value p-value Bizygomatic width Male 131.48 ± 6.12 97.30 2609.5 0.002* a Female 127.68 ± 7.77 73.70 Interpupillary distance Male 62.21 ± 3.96 98.12 2540 0.001 a * Female 59.85 ± 4.46 72.88 Intercanthal distance Male 33.30 ± 2.98 78.28 2998.5 0.056 a Female 34.19 ± 3.08 92.72 Outer canthal distance Male 89.09 ± 4.74 NC −2.262 0.025 b * Female 90.68 ± 4.41 NC Interalar width Male 34.37 ± 2.45 NC 1.756 0.081 b Female 33.66 ± 2.83 NC Intercommissural width Male 52.20 ± 3.92 95.15 2792.5 0.011 a * Female 50.49 ± 4.31 75.85 Philtrum width Male 13.83 ± 2.46 70.10 2303.5 0.000 a * Female 15.39 ± 2.31 100.90 a Mann–Whitney test, b independent samples t-test, * significant at 0.05, NC – not calculated In terms of facial measurements across different age groups, Table 8 reveals that no statistically significant differences in the majority of measurements, including BZW, IPD, ICD, OCD, IAW, and PW, were found between age groups (p > 0.05). However, a significant difference was identified for ICW, which was found to be larger in the 32–41-year-old age group (mean ± SD: 52.08 ± 4.36) than in the 20–31-year-old group (50.51 ± 3.85), with p = 0.019. Table 8 Comparison and distribution of facial measurements by age group Facial measurements (mm) Age groups N Mean ± SD Mean rank Statistic-value p-value Bizygomatic width 20–31 years 79 129.77 ± 7.40 87.03 3474.0 0.707 a 32–41 years 91 129.42 ± 7.12 84.18 Interpupillary distance 20–31 years 79 60.74 ± 4.19 81.59 3533.5 0.849 a 32–41 years 91 61.28 ± 4.52 88.90 Intercanthal distance 20–31 years 79 33.67 ± 3.08 84.73 3285.5 0.849 a 32–41 years 91 33.81 ± 3.05 86.17 Outer canthal distance 20–31 years 79 89.53 ± 4.84 NC −0.917 0.360 b 32–41 years 91 90.19 ± 4.45 Interalar width 20–31 years 79 33.69 ± 2.75 NC −1.512 0.132 b 32–41 years 91 34.30 ± 2.57 Intercommissural width 20–31 years 79 50.51 ± 3.85 75.98 2842.5 0.019 a* 32–41 years 91 52.08 ± 4.36 93.76 Philtrum width 20–31 years 79 14.39 ± 2.33 81.54 3281.5 0.328 a 32–41 years 91 14.79 ± 2.64 88.94 a Mann–Whitney test. b Independent t-test. * Significant at 0.05. NC – not calculated Correlation Between Facial Measurements and Width of Maxillary Anterior Teeth by Gender and Age Groups Table 9 shows the analysis of the correlation between facial measurements and the width of the maxillary anterior teeth across genders. For males, no significant positive correlations were found. However, a significant negative correlation was observed for IPD (r = − 0.257, p = 0.017). By contrast, for females, a significant positive correlation was found for IPD (r = 0.305, p = 0.004) and OCD (r = 0.235, p = 0.031). When the combined sample of both genders was analyzed, the significant positive correlations for BZW (r = 0.249, p = 0.001) and IPD (r = 0.238, p = 0.002) remained, as did the significant negative correlation for PW (r = − 0.291, p = 0.000). Table 9 Correlation between facial measurements and width of maxillary anterior teeth by gender Facial measurements (mm) Spearman’s test Male Female Both groups Bizygomatic width \(\:\text{r}\) -value −0.038 0.172 0.249* \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.730 0.115 0.001 Interpupillary distance \(\:\text{r}\) -value −0.257 0.305* 0.238* \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.017 0.004 0.002 Intercanthal distance \(\:\text{r}\) -value −0.072 0.044 −0.131 \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.510 0.692 0.088 Outer canthal distance \(\:\text{r}\) -value −0.054 0.235 −0.135 \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.626 0.031 0.079 Interalar width \(\:\text{r}\) -value −0.151 0.060 0.056 \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.169 0.585 0.469 Intercommissural width \(\:\text{r}\) -value −0.195 0.058 0.133 \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.073 0.600 0.085 Philtrum width \(\:\text{r}\) -value −0.107 0.047 −0.291* \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.328 0.666 0.000 *Significant at 0.05 Table 10 displays the same correlations stratified by age groups. In the younger cohort (20–31 years), a significant positive correlation was found for BZW (r = 0.374, p = 0.001) and IAW (r = 0.259, p = 0.021). In the older cohort (32–41 years), significant positive correlations were identified for IPD (r = 0.427, p = 0.000) and ICW (r = 0.249, p = 0.017), whereas a significant negative correlation was found for PW (r = -0.442, p = 0.000). When both age groups were combined, significant correlations were maintained for BZW (positive, r = 0.249, p = 0.001), IPD (positive, r = 0.238, p = 0.002), and PW (negative, r = -0.291, p = 0.000). No other measurements showed significant correlations with the width of the maxillary anterior teeth. Table 10 Correlation between facial measurements and width of maxillary anterior teeth by age groups Facial Measurements (mm) Spearman’s test 20–31 years 32–41 years Both groups Bizygomatic width \(\:\text{r}\) -value 0.374* 0.183 0.249* \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.001 0.082 0.001 Interpupillary distance \(\:\text{r}\) -value 0.117 0.427* 0.238* \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.304 0.000 0.002 Intercanthal distance \(\:\text{r}\) -value −0.082 −0.177 −0.131 \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.473 0.093 0.088 Outer canthal distance \(\:\text{r}\) -value −0.045 −0.170 −0.135 \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.692 0.107 0.079 Interalar width \(\:\text{r}\) value 0.259* 0.001 0.056 \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.021 0.991 0.469 Intercommissural width \(\:\text{r}\) -value 0.133 0.249* 0.133 \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.243 0.017 0.085 Philtrum width \(\:\text{r}\) -value −0.108 −0.442* −0.291* \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.342 0.000 0.000 *Significant at 0.05 As depicted in Table 11 , the correlation between the widths of the left and right sides for each type of maxillary anterior tooth revealed statistically significant strong positive correlations for all teeth types. The strongest correlation was found for the central incisors, followed by the canines and lateral incisors (r = 0.490, p = 0.000; r = 0.450, p = 0.000; r = 0.331, p = 0.000). These significant results indicate a high degree of symmetry between the left and right sides for the widths of the central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines within the sample. Table 11 Correlation between the dental measurements of the left and right side by gender Correlation Spearman’s Test p-value Central incisor width \(\:\text{r}\) -value 0.490* \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.000 Lateral incisor width \(\:\text{r}\) -value 0.331* \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.000 Canine width \(\:\text{r}\) -value 0.450* \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.000 *Significant at 0.05 Correlation analysis between facial measurements and the cumulative width of anterior maxillary tooth groups yielded significant results, as summarized in Table 12 . Positive correlations were prominent. BZW and IPD were significantly and positively correlated with the cumulative width of every tooth group analyzed (central incisors, lateral incisors, canines, four incisors, and six anterior teeth; all p < 0.05). ICW showed positive correlations specifically with the lateral incisors (r = 0.181, p = 0.018) and canines (r = 0.152, p = 0.048). Conversely, strong negative correlations were observed. PW exhibited a significant negative correlation with all anterior tooth groups (all p ≤ 0.001). A significant negative correlation was also noted between ICD and the width of the lateral incisors (r = − 0.182, p = 0.017) and the four incisors (r = − 0.162, p = 0.034). The measurements for OCD and IAW showed no significant correlations with any dental width parameters. Table 12 Correlation between facial measurements and CW dental measurements of maxillary anterior teeth Facial measurements (mm) Spearman’s test Combined width Two central incisors Two lateral incisors Two canines Four incisors Six anterior teeth Bizygomatic Width \(\:\text{r}\) -value 0.216* 0.270* 0.187* 0.265* 0.249* \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.005 0.000 0.015 0.000 0.001 Interpupillary distance \(\:\text{r}\) -value 0.194* 0.245* 0.237* 0.230* 0.238* \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.011 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.002 Intercanthal distance \(\:\text{r}\) -value −0.099 −0.182* −0.055 −0.162* −0.131 \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.197 0.017 0.476 0.034 0.088 Outer canthal distance \(\:\text{r}\) -value −0.136 −0.132 −0.110 −0.148 −0.135 \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.078 0.085 0.152 0.054 0.079 Interalar width \(\:\text{r}\) -value 0.052 0.075 0.056 0.064 0.056 \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.497 0.332 0.471 0.403 0.469 Intercommissural width \(\:\text{r}\) -value 0.078 0.181* 0.152* 0.133 0.133 \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.312 0.018 0.048 0.083 0.085 Philtrum width \(\:\text{r}\) -value −0.252* −0.249* −0.279* −0.276* −0.291* \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 *Significant at 0.05 Table 13 presents the correlations between facial measurements and the CW of maxillary anterior teeth for the male group. The analysis revealed only a few significant relationships, which were negative. A significant negative correlation was found between the IPD and CW of the two central incisors (r = − 0.266, p = 0.014), as well as the CW of all six anterior teeth (r = − 0.257, p = 0.017). Furthermore, IAW showed a significant negative correlation with the CW of the two central incisors (r = − 0.251, p = 0.020) and the four incisors (r = − 0.252, p = 0.020). No other facial measurements, including BZW and PW, showed any significant correlation with dental measurements in males. In contrast to those in males, the significant correlations observed in females were positive. A significant positive correlation was found between the IPD and CW of the two canines (r = 0.269, p = 0.013), as well as the CW of all six anterior teeth (r = 0.294, p = 0.006). No other facial measurements, including BZW, IAW, or PW, demonstrated a significant correlation with any of the cumulative dental widths in the female group. Table 13 Correlation between gender and facial measurements with the combined width of maxillary anterior teeth measurements Facial measurements (mm) Gender Spearman’s test Combined widths of Two central incisors Two lateral incisors Two canine Four incisors Six anterior teeth Bizygomatic width Males \(\:\text{r}\) -value −0.018 0.115 −0.084 0.023 −0.038 \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.868 0.295 0.444 0.836 0.730 Females \(\:\text{r}\) -value 0.082 0.144 0.040 0.201 0.186 \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.456 0.190 0.714 0.065 0.088 Interpupillary distance Males \(\:\text{r}\) -value −0.266* 0.018 −0.182 −0.160 −0.257* \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.014 0.870 0.096 0.142 0.017 Females \(\:\text{r}\) -value 0.153 0.111 0.269* 0.167 0.294* \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.162 0.313 0.013 0.126 0.006 Intercanthal distance Males \(\:\text{r}\) -value 0.017 −0.099 0.005 −0.104 −0.072 \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.878 0.368 0.962 0.342 0.510 Females \(\:\text{r}\) -value 0.048 −0.186 0.159 −0.061 0.033 \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.660 0.088 0.145 0.577 0.763 Outer canthal distance Males \(\:\text{r}\) -value −0.040 −0.024 −0.003 −0.089 −0.054 \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.718 0.830 0.981 0.419 0.626 Females \(\:\text{r}\) -value 0.102 0.070 0.121 0.138 0.162 \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.355 0.523 0.268 0.207 0.138 Interalar width Males \(\:\text{r}\) -value −0.251* −0.039 0.021 −0.252* −0.151 \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.020 0.726 0.849 0.020 0.169 Females \(\:\text{r}\) -value 0.115 −0.014 −0.091 0.133 0.016 \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.295 0.899 0.409 0.224 0.882 Intercommissural width Males \(\:\text{r}\) -value −0.191 0.022 −0.170 −0.090 −0.195 \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.080 0.841 0.121 0.412 0.073 Females \(\:\text{r}\) -value −0.096 0.029 0.134 −0.055 0.040 \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.383 0.793 0.222 0.616 0.718 Philtrum width Males \(\:\text{r}\) -value 0.017 0.014 −0.157 0.011 −0.107 \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.876 0.902 0.152 0.920 0.328 Females \(\:\text{r}\) -value 0.008 −0.013 0.064 −0.033 0.028 \(\:\text{p}\) -value 0.940 0.907 0.561 .763 0.799 *Significant at p < 0.05 Discussion Establishing dental and facial aesthetics after tooth loss relies on creating a dental prosthesis that appears natural and harmonious, with the selection of artificial teeth being the most crucial step. Without pre-extraction data, choosing such teeth becomes challenging. Many studies, recognizing the importance of correlating facial and dental dimensions, have aimed to create reliable anthropometric guidelines for selecting artificial anterior teeth [ 27 ]. The present study aims to investigate the relationships between the transverse measurements of faces and mesiodistal widths of maxillary anterior teeth within a sample of Yemeni adults and evaluate whether such correlations are consistent across different age and gender subgroups. The results of this work confirmed notable sexual dimorphism in dental dimensions, with males exhibiting significantly larger tooth widths across all individual and combined measurements compared with females. This finding aligns with the results of the majority of previous studies conducted on various ethnic groups, including Saudi [ 7 ], Thai [ 24 ], Indonesian [ 5 ], and Kurdish [ 9 ] populations, that consistently reported greater dental dimensions in males than in females. However, it contrasts with isolated reports from certain African populations where significant gender differences were not observed [ 14 ], underscoring the influence of ethnic variability on craniofacial morphology. By contrast, age exerted minimal influence, with only the left central incisor showing a significant difference between the younger (20–31 years) and older (32–41 years) groups, whereas all other dental measurements remained stable. This stability is expected because permanent tooth width does not change after eruption unless affected by attrition or restoration [ 28 , 29 ]. In contrast to the present study, the work of Wang et al. found that intercanine distance decreased slightly but significantly with age, with the 50–59-year-old group showing the smallest mean value, as a result of long-term tooth wear or mesial movement [ 17 ]. Regarding facial measurements, males demonstrated significantly higher values of BZW, IPD, and ICW than females, whereas females had larger OCD and PW than males. These gender-based disparities in facial structure are consistent with established anthropometric principles and have been documented in studies from Turkey [ 30 ], Cameroon [ 3 ], and Iraq [ 15 ]. The lack of significant differences in ICD and IAW between genders in this study mirrors findings from Yemeni research [ 6 ] but contrasts with reports from other regions where males showed larger ICD than females [ 7 ]. Age-related facial changes were observed in ICW, which was significantly larger in the older group (52.08 mm) than in the younger group (50.51 mm) (p = 0.019). This difference may be attributed to the decline in skin elasticity and muscle tone associated with aging. It is consistent with the observations of Chunhabundit et al. (2023), who noted that soft-tissue facial landmarks may undergo changes that need to be considered in the analyses of facial–dental proportions [ 24 ]. By contrast, Wang et al. (2024) found that IAW and ICW increased with age [ 17 ]. The symmetry of dental measurements is a notable finding of the present study. Strong positive correlations were found between the left and right sides for central incisors (r = 0.490), lateral incisors (r = 0.331), and canines (r = 0.450). This high degree of symmetry suggests that measurements from one side of the arch can reliably predict the dimensions of the contralateral side; such an ability is clinically useful when a tooth is missing or damaged [ 31 , 32 ]. In terms of the correlation between BZW and dental widths, the present study identified a significant positive correlation between BZW and the CW of the six anterior teeth (r = 0.249, p = 0.001). This finding is consistent with the results of Flavie et al. (2022), who found a strong positive correlation between BZW and maxillary central incisor width in Cameroonian adults (r = 0.78 for males) [ 3 ]. Similarly, Baleegh et al. (2015) reported a strong correlation (r = 0.81) between facial width and the CW of the upper anterior teeth [ 33 ]. However, the correlation coefficient in the present Yemeni sample was notably smaller than those reported in the above comparative studies. The present results demonstrate a significant positive correlation between IPD and the cumulative anterior tooth width (r = 0.238, p = 0.002). This correlation aligns with that reported in existing literature, including a recent study by Alshamri et al. (2023), who identified a similar relationship in a Yemeni sample [ 23 ]. Earlier research by Neda and Garib (2016) in a Kurdish population also validated IPD as a reliable guide, having established a specific ratio between IPD and central incisor dimensions [ 9 ]. Regarding ICW, the present study found significant positive correlations with the widths of the two lateral incisors (r = 0.181) and two canines (r = 0.152). This finding partially agrees with the results of Alaghbari et al. (2023), who reported a highly significant correlation between ICW and canine width (r = 0.318) in a Yemeni population [ 6 ]. However, Ariani et al. (2017) found a considerably stronger correlation (r = 0.53) in Indonesian males, suggesting that ICW might be a more reliable predictor in Southeast Asian populations than in the Yemeni cohort analyzed here [ 5 ]. Notably, ICD did not show significant correlations with the CW of the six anterior teeth in the overall analysis. This finding is consistent with the results of several studies, including those of Alaghbari et al. (2023) in Yemen and Deogade et al. (2015) in Central India. These studies concluded that the above parameters were unreliable for predicting tooth width [ 6 , 11 ]. However, the present work contradicts the studies by Abdullah (2002) on Saudis. Abdullah (2002) advocated for ICD as a reliable predictor and established a high correlation (r = 0.943) using geometric progression [ 7 ]. For IAW, the present study found no significant correlations with the cumulative dental widths in the overall sample. This result contradicts the findings of Algarni et al. (2019), who discovered a weak-to-moderate positive correlation between IAW and the maxillary intercanine distance in a Saudi population [ 4 ]. The lack of correlation in the present study suggests that IAW may not be a suitable reference for tooth selection in the Yemeni population, a conclusion also shared by Alshamri et al. (2023), who observed no correlation for IAW [ 23 ]. A unique finding in the present study is the significant negative correlation between PW and the cumulative width of all tooth groups (r = − 0.291, p = 0.000). Most comparative studies provided did not extensively analyze PW or generally reported positive correlations with facial widths. This negative correlation implies that as PW increases, the width of the anterior teeth tends to decrease in this specific sample, a trend that warrants further investigation to understand its anatomical basis. The present study obtained unexpected results when it analyzed gender-specific correlations for males. Males showed a significant negative correlation between IPD and the CW of the six anterior teeth (r = − 0.257, p = 0.017). This observation contrasts with the results of Ariani et al. (2017), who found a strong positive correlation in Indonesian males (r = 0.53) [ 5 ]. Additionally, Mishra et al. (2016) found positive correlations for Aryans and Mongoloids [ 10 ]. The negative correlation in Yemeni males suggests a distinct anthropometric pattern where wide facial features do not necessarily correspond to wide teeth. In contrast to the male cohort, the female cohort exhibited significant positive correlations. Specifically, IPD was positively correlated with the CW of the six anterior teeth (r = 0.294, p = 0.006). This finding is consistent with the results of Parciak et al. (2017), who noted that among different ethnic groups, only Asian women showed consistent correlations between facial dimensions and anterior tooth widths [ 14 ]. In prosthetic dentistry, the selection of artificial teeth that harmonize with facial features is critical for aesthetic success [ 34 ]. The present study suggests that while BZW and IPD are statistically correlated with anterior tooth widths in the Yemeni population, their moderate correlation coefficients indicate that they should be used as preliminary guides rather than definitive predictors. This conclusion supports the findings of Deogade et al. (2015) and Nazir et al. (2015), as well as those of Omran and Alshyai (2023), who demonstrated that facial measurements alone are not sufficiently reliable to determine anterior tooth size precisely because of the lack of strong, universal correlations [ 11 , 35 – 36 ]. This study has several limitations. Its sample was drawn from a single city (Hodeidah) and may not fully represent the genetic diversity of the wider Yemeni population. Its cross-sectional design and restricted age range (20–41 years) limit insights into growth-related changes or aging effects. Furthermore, it focused on horizontal facial dimensions. The inclusion of vertical parameters and profile assessments, as conducted by Chunhabundit et al. (2023), might improve predictive models [ 24 ]. Future research should involve multicenter sampling across Yemen; incorporate 3D imaging and digital model analysis; and explore the predictive value of modified facial proportions using aesthetic dental rules, like the Golden ratio which has shown promise in other populations. Conclusion The following conclusions can be drawn from this study: In Yemeni adults, maxillary anterior teeth exhibit high symmetry with significant sexual dimorphism. Males have larger dental dimensions and facial measurements than females, whereas females show greater OCD and PW than males. Notably, age has minimal influence on dental dimensions, with only one tooth showing a significant difference between younger and older cohorts. Correlation patterns reveal that BZW and IPD are positively associated with anterior tooth width, whereas PW shows an inverse relationship. These patterns vary by gender and highlight the need for a tailored approach in prosthetic selection that considers demographic-specific variations for achieving aesthetic harmony in dental rehabilitation. Abbreviations BZW Bizygomatic width IPD Interpupillary distance ICD Intercanthal distance OCD Outer canthal distance IAW Interalar width ICW Intercommissural width PW Philtrum width CW Combined width IRB Institutional Review Board Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the College of Dentistry, Sana'a University (No. 1075; 10 November 2024). Informed written consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Consent for publication Written informed consent was obtained from all participants for the publication of their anonymized data and any potentially identifiable images Competing Interests The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Funding This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Author Contribution H.A.M.A.A.-M. contributed to conceptualization, investigation, data curation, and original draft preparation; A.A.A.H.S. assisted in methodology, investigation, and formal analysis; I.Z.A.-S. handled software, validation, and investigation; T.A.B. led conceptualization, supervision, project administration, review, editing, and correspondence; T.S.G. performed formal analysis, validation, and review; A.M.A.R. contributed resources, data curation, and review; and M.M.A.M. provided supervision, methodology, and review. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements The authors thank the participants of this study. We also acknowledge the support from the Department of Restorative and Esthetic Dentistry, Sana'a University, Hodeidah University,and the affiliated dental clinics in Hodeidah City. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8722495","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":597531869,"identity":"583ee824-4077-4d04-bff2-df40497ebb06","order_by":0,"name":"Hayat Abdo Mohamed Ali l-Mahweti","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Restorative and Esthetic Dentistry,Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hayat","middleName":"Abdo Mohamed Ali","lastName":"l-Mahweti","suffix":""},{"id":597531871,"identity":"6521803c-6d02-46da-8cf5-5fc2adfb14a6","order_by":1,"name":"Afrah Ali Abdullah Hussein Sofan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Restorative and Esthetic Dentistry,Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Afrah","middleName":"Ali Abdullah Hussein","lastName":"Sofan","suffix":""},{"id":597531872,"identity":"e952546f-c734-443a-a01d-0f0003e4c5c3","order_by":2,"name":"Ibrahim Zaid Al-Shami","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Restorative and Esthetic Dentistry,Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ibrahim","middleName":"Zaid","lastName":"Al-Shami","suffix":""},{"id":597531874,"identity":"fb8d6c47-fa38-40a6-bdf4-9801a77c8c36","order_by":3,"name":"Thanoon Abdo Baggash","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCQiVwHCA+QCIK0NQBw9CC1sCSAsPKVp4DMACBLXYSzcfe8y7wy6P73jP51c3aix4GNgPH92A1xaZY+nGvGeSiyXPnN1mnXMM6DCetLQb+B2WYybN28acuOFG7jbjHDagFgkeMwJa8r8BtdQDteQ8M875R5SWHDaglsMgLcyPc9uI0XIjzUxybttxoF+OmTHn9knwsBHyC/uM5GcSb9uqgSHW/Phzzrc6OX72w8fwakEGbOA4YiNWOQgwfyBF9SgYBaNgFIwcAACvD0Yoy3FiCwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"College of Dentistry, Hodeidah University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Thanoon","middleName":"Abdo","lastName":"Baggash","suffix":""},{"id":597531875,"identity":"0cd213a2-8425-4dd1-a458-e6968c010334","order_by":4,"name":"Thrya S.Gadah","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Thrya","middleName":"","lastName":"S.Gadah","suffix":""},{"id":597531876,"identity":"04813096-9647-4a35-89c8-19df773ba22f","order_by":5,"name":"Ali Mohammed A. Rasheed","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ali","middleName":"Mohammed A.","lastName":"Rasheed","suffix":""},{"id":597531877,"identity":"90a999d1-bc6e-4cd3-bb7f-824bc2bf54e6","order_by":6,"name":"Mohammed M. Al Moaleem","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, 45142,","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammed","middleName":"M. Al","lastName":"Moaleem","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-28 15:09:29","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8722495/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8722495/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":104400064,"identity":"52aa5a0d-d5c5-4d28-9639-26e2468289ba","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-11 12:08:43","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":481387,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDental measurements of the right side, central incisor (A), lateral incisor (B), and canine (C).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8722495/v1/f01d66bfc4a596549b0c86f5.png"},{"id":103737604,"identity":"6ff99177-2ffa-47c1-97b3-85bc6df7dd77","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-02 10:16:50","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":301574,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDental measurements of the left side, central incisor (A), lateral incisor (B), and canine (C).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8722495/v1/fdde3ca60a7e25fc381033d9.png"},{"id":103737603,"identity":"31d37506-3f5b-422b-a601-b123db73b09a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-02 10:16:50","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":532641,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFacial measurements using ImageJ software. Bizygomatic width (1), interpupillary distance (2), intercanthal distance (3), outer canthal distance (4), interalar width (5), intercommissural width (6), and philtrum width (7).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8722495/v1/eb6c84fe785888dc7403538c.png"},{"id":104410561,"identity":"3b690482-0220-46bc-84d1-490cf35825d5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-11 12:52:42","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3701549,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8722495/v1/f3374770-ac04-48ed-a5ab-0ccef8b5f434.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Comparison of Maxillary Anterior Tooth Width with Facial Dimensions Among a Sample of the Yemeni Population","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe pursuit of an aesthetically pleasing smile is a central objective in restorative and prosthetic dentistry, with the size, shape, and arrangement of the maxillary anterior teeth playing a definitive role in facial attractiveness and patient satisfaction [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. A harmonious smile is not an isolated feature but is deeply integrated with overall facial anatomy; consequently, achieving predictable aesthetic outcomes depends on understanding the relationships between dental dimensions and facial structures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe size of the teeth and face have a certain relationship, which has been identified and studied by various researchers [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR4\" citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Given that maxillary anterior teeth play a major role in cases of patients seeking dental aesthetics, they should be in harmony with facial structures. Various studies and research have studied the correlation between the anthropometric measurements of the face and the combined width (CW) of maxillary anterior teeth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. A ratio between the tooth size in correspondence to facial size has been established. This ratio serves as a guide and standard in selecting dental restorations that are harmonious with facial features [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the absence of pre-extraction guides, the CW of the maxillary anterior teeth can be estimated by using anthropometric correlations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Proportional relationships between tooth dimensions and standard facial measurements, including bizygomatic width (BZW), interpupillary distance (IPD), intercanthal distance (ICD), interalar width (IAW), and intercommissural width (ICW), may provide a clinically validated method for determining appropriate sizes for denture teeth and fixed prosthetic restorations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecent research challenges the reliability of the BZW as a guide for selecting maxillary teeth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Investigations on diverse groups have shown that any facial-to-dental ratio is highly variable, with studies reporting ranges of 1:13\u0026ndash;1:20 and significant differences based on ethnicity and gender [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Others agree that a predictable relationship between zygomatic width and the total width of the six maxillary anterior teeth cannot be consistently applied across populations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. The current consensus in aesthetic dentistry emphasizes that harmony must be determined on an individual basis, moving away from applying universal \"magic numbers\" to all patients [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch across diverse populations indicates that genetic and demographic factors, including a patient\u0026rsquo;s ethnicity, gender, and age, considerably influence dental arch dimensions, morphology, and overall facial typology [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, arch characteristics, dentition configuration, and tooth size are not universal but exhibit notable variation across different ethnic groups, geographic regions, and associated lifestyle patterns [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies on European and Asian demographics indicate that correlations exist between facial dimensions and the size of the maxillary anterior teeth across genders and age groups [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. In the absence of pre-extraction guidance, BZW is frequently utilized as a key anatomical reference because it remains stable in adulthood and can aid in estimating central incisor width [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, research supports using inner-canthal and interalar distances, which correlate with intercanine width, as valuable preliminary guides for selecting appropriately sized anterior teeth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. However, no agreement on these anatomical landmarks has been reached, and no universally applicable mathematical formula for all races has been established.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData on the dental arch characteristics of Yemenis are scarce, with only a few studies available [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. These investigations were restricted to the assessments of overall arch width and length and did not incorporate the detailed measurements of individual teeth to calculate their cumulative width. Crucially, establishing anthropometric correlations between dental and facial measurements in this population has been largely unexplored. This study aims to analyze the correlation between the mesiodistal width of maxillary anterior teeth and key facial anthropometric measurements in a sample of Yemeni adults and evaluate the influence of age and gender on these relationships.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Design and Ethical Consideration\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis anthropometric cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of Yemeni adults in Hodeidah City from April 2025 to October 2025. The study protocol received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the College of Dentistry, Sana'a University (No. 1075; 10 November 2024). The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Prior to enrollment, written informed consent was obtained from every participant after they received a full explanation of the study\u0026rsquo;s purpose and methods, along with the assurance of their right to discontinue participation at any time.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy Setting and Sample Size Calculation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted at the Department of Dentistry, Hodeidah University, and several affiliated public and private dental clinics across Hodeidah City. The sample size was calculated by using a standard formula for analytical cross-sectional studies on the basis of an estimated effect size, a significance level of 0.05, and a statistical power of 0.80 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. A total of 170 participants (85 males and 85 females) were included. This number of participants was deemed to be sufficient to detect significant correlations and differences.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInclusion and Exclusion Criteria\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe inclusion criteria were as follows: Yemeni adults aged 20\u0026ndash;41 years, presence of all six maxillary anterior teeth (canine to canine), Angle\u0026rsquo;s class I molar and canine relationships, minimal crowding or spacing (\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;2 mm), and clinically visible facial symmetry. Exclusion criteria included a history of orthodontic or maxillofacial treatment, presence of dental prostheses or extensive restorations on anterior teeth, congenital craniofacial anomalies, and severe dental attrition or anomalies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eExamination and Data Collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe first part of the examination involved collecting demographic details. The study recruited dentate Yemeni adults aged 20\u0026ndash;41 years, who were then stratified by gender and divided into two age cohorts: 20\u0026ndash;31 and 32\u0026ndash;41 years. The second part of the examination consisted of acquiring dental and facial measurements using distinct protocols.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDental measurements were taken intraorally by the primary examiner by utilizing a high-precision digital caliper (Mitutoyo\u0026trade;, Sao Paulo, Brazil) with an accuracy of 0.01 mm. The maximum mesiodistal width of the clinical crown was recorded for all six maxillary anterior teeth (right central incisor, lateral incisor, and canine and their left counterparts). This measurement was defined as the greatest linear distance between the mesial and distal contact points of the crown, taken perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. In addition, the CWs were calculated for the following groups: the two central incisors, the two lateral incisors, the four incisors, and all six anterior teeth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacial anthropometric dimensions were obtained indirectly through standardized digital photography by using a Nikon D90 camera (Nikon Inc., Melville, New York) mounted on a tripod at a fixed distance of 100 cm. Participants were seated with their head position standardized in the Frankfort horizontal plane. A standard ruler (60 mm) was positioned beside the subject\u0026rsquo;s face for calibration. Images were analyzed by using ImageJ software (Version 1.53b) to measure seven transverse parameters: BZW, IPD, ICD, OCD, IAW, ICW, and philtrum width (PW) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Each parameter was measured in triplicate, and the arithmetic mean was recorded. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e provides the definition of these variables.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinition of facial anthropometric measurements [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR23\" citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure #\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"9\" rowspan=\"10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDental measurements\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft central incisor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMesiodistal width of the left maxillary central incisor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight central incisor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMesiodistal width of the right maxillary central incisor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombined width of two central incisors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSum of the mesiodistal widths of both maxillary central incisors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft lateral incisor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMesiodistal width of the left maxillary lateral incisor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight lateral incisor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMesiodistal width of the right maxillary lateral incisor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombined width of two lateral incisors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSum of mesiodistal widths of both maxillary lateral incisors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombined width of four incisors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSum of mesiodistal widths of both central and both lateral incisors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft canine width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMesiodistal width of the left maxillary canine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight canine width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMesiodistal width of the right maxillary canine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombined width of six anterior teeth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSum of the mesiodistal widths of both central incisors, both lateral incisors, and both canines\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFacial measurements\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBizygomatic width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum horizontal distance (in millimeters) between the most lateral points of the zygomatic arches, measured using digital facial imaging\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterpupillary distance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorizontal distance (in millimeters) between the centers of the pupils of the left and right eyes, measured using digital facial imaging\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntercanthal distance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorizontal distance (in millimeters) between the medial canthi (inner corners) of the eyes, measured using facial imaging\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOuter canthal distance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorizontal distance (in millimeters) between the lateral canthi (outer corners) of the left and right eyes, measured using digital facial imaging\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteralar width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistance (in millimeters) between the widest points of the alae (outer edges) of the nose, measured using digital facial imaging\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntercommissural width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorizontal distance (in millimeters) between the left and right corners of the mouth (oral commissures), measured using digital facial imaging\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhiltrum width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorizontal width (in millimeters) of the philtrum, measured at its base between the two ridges, using digital facial imaging\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCalibration and Reliability\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data collection was conducted by a single, highly experienced primary examiner to minimize interobserver variability. The digital camera and ImageJ setup was checked daily by using a standardized rubber ruler as a reference standard to ensure consistent measurement scaling across sessions and locations. This ruler was positioned within the photographic frame during every imaging session to provide a fixed scale for converting pixel-based measurements into absolute metric values (millimeters). A random subsample of 30 participants was remeasured after a minimum wash-out period of 14 days to assess reliability. Relative reliability was evaluated by employing the intraclass correlation coefficient, with a value of \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.80 established as the minimum acceptable standard [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis was performed by using IBM SPSS Program. Descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviation, and minimum and maximum scores, were generated. The Shapiro\u0026ndash;Wilk test was applied to assess the normality of distributions. Nonparametric tests were preferred for inferential analysis because several parameters demonstrated nonnormal distributions. Comparisons between left and right sides were performed through the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, whereas comparisons across age and gender groups utilized the Mann\u0026ndash;Whitney U test or independent t-test depending on data distribution. Categorical data were analyzed by employing goodness-of-fit tests. Correlations between facial measurements and the width of maxillary anterior teeth were examined by employing Spearman\u0026rsquo;s rank-order correlation, with statistical significance set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis was performed by utilizing IBM SPSS software. Initial descriptive analyses provided means, standard deviations, and ranges (minimum and maximum). The normality of data distribution was evaluated with the Shapiro\u0026ndash;Wilk test. Given that several variables deviated from a normal distribution, nonparametric methods were primarily employed for inferential statistics. Bilateral symmetry (left versus right sides) was assessed through the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Comparisons based on demographic groups (age and gender) were conducted by using either the Mann\u0026ndash;Whitney U test or an independent t-test, chosen in accordance with the distribution of each dataset. Categorical variables were evaluated with goodness-of-fit tests. The primary objective\u0026mdash;correlating facial anthropometric measurements with maxillary anterior tooth width\u0026mdash;was analyzed by using Spearman\u0026rsquo;s rank-order correlation, with a p value of less than 0.05 being considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNormality Test\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the normality test for dental measurements indicated that the widths of all individual teeth (left and right central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines), all CWs (two central incisors, two lateral incisors, two canines, and four incisors), and the CWs of all six anterior teeth significantly deviated from a normal distribution, as evidenced by their significant p-values (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The facial measurements revealed that BZW, IPD, ICD, ICW, and PW were normally distributed (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). By contrast, OCD and IAW did not significantly deviate from normality (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormality distribution test of dental measurements\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasured dental width (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft central incisor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.967\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight central incisor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.975\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft lateral incisor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.972\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight lateral incisor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.975\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft canine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.965\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight canine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.984\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.048*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombined two central incisor width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.978\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombined two lateral incisor width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.984\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.043*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombined two canine width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.981\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.020*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombined four incisor width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.942\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombined six anterior widths\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.916\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacial measurements (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003et-value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep-value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBizygomatic width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.979\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterpupillary distance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.960\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.048*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntercanthal distance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.964\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOuter canthal distance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.987\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.119\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteralar width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.985\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntercommissural width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.979\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhiltrum width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.963\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e*Statistically significant at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParticipant Characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe categorical distribution of the sample showed a cohort of 170 participants, with an equal distribution of males and females (50.0%, 85). Moreover, the age groups were almost similarly distributed, with 46.5% (79) in the 20\u0026ndash;31-year-old category and 53.5% (91) in the 32\u0026ndash;41-year-old category. The goodness-of-fit test confirmed that the distributions for gender (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.000) and age (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.357) were not significantly different from an expected equal distribution (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMean Dental and Facial Measurements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn terms of the dental measurements, the mean widths of the left and right central incisors were 8.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40 and 8.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.38 mm, respectively. The mean widths of the lateral incisors were 6.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.39 mm (left) and 6.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.38 mm (right), and those of the canines were 7.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.41 mm (left) and 7.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35 mm (right). The CWs were 17.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68, 13.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.63, and 15.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.65 mm for the central incisors, lateral incisors, and two canines, respectively. Moreover, the CWs were 30.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.16 mm for the four incisors and 46.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.69 mm for all six anterior teeth. The mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD values of BZW, IPD, ICD, OCD, IAW, ICW, and PW were 129.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.23, 61.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.37, 33.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.05, 89.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.63, 34.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.66, 51.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.20, and 14.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.50 mm, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive analysis of dental and facial measurements\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasured dental width (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinimum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLeft central incisor\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRight central incisor\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLeft lateral incisor\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRight lateral incisor\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLeft canine\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRight canine\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCombined two central incisor\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCombined two lateral incisor\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCombined two canines\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCombined four incisors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCombined six anterior\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFacial measurements (mm)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMinimum\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMaximum\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBizygomatic width\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInterpupillary distance\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntercanthal distance\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOuter canthal distance\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInteralar width\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntercommissural width\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePhiltrum width\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eComparison of Dental Measurements with the Side of the Arch\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA comparison of the dental measurements between the left and right sides using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed no statistically significant differences for the central incisor, lateral incisor, and canine width with p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.400, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.550, and p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.546, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e), indicating a high degree of dental symmetry on the left and right sides.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of dental measurements between the left and right sides\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(left side)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(right side)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ez-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCentral incisor width: (left vs right) side\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.841\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLateral incisor width: (left vs right) side\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.598\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.550\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCanine width: (left vs right) side\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.603\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.546\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e Wilcoxon signed-rank test\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eComparison of Dental Measurements with Gender and Age Groups\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analysis by gender (85 males and 85 females) showed highly significant differences for all dental measurements. Males had consistently and significantly larger tooth widths than females across every individual tooth measured (left and right central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines) and for all CWs (two central incisors, two lateral incisors, two canines, four incisors, and six anterior teeth), with all p-values being 0.001 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison and distribution of dental measurements by gender (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;85 male and 85 female)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasured dental width (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean rank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLeft central incisor\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e581.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRight central incisor\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e905.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLeft lateral incisor\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1014.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRight lateral incisor\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e924.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLeft canine\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e732.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRight canine\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1116.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCombined two central incisors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCombined two lateral incisors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e209.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCombined two canines\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e350.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCombined four incisors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCombined six anterior teeth\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003eMann\u0026ndash;Whitney test, significant at 0.05\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy contrast, the comparison of dental measurements between different age groups revealed that most widths were not significantly different. The only exception was the left central incisor width, which was significantly larger in the 20\u0026ndash;31-year-old age group (8.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43 mm) than in the 32\u0026ndash;41-year-old age group (8.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.37 mm) with p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.026. No other individual or combined tooth measurements showed statistically significant differences between the two age groups (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison and distribution of dental measurements by age group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;170)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasured dental width (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge groups\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean rank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLeft central incisor\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;31 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2882.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.026*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u0026ndash;41 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRight central incisor\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;31 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3347.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.440\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u0026ndash;41 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLeft lateral incisor\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;31 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3422.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.591\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u0026ndash;41 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRight lateral incisor\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;31 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3156.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.171\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u0026ndash;41 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLeft canine\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;31 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3064.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.098\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u0026ndash;41 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRight canine\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;31 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3411.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.566\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u0026ndash;41 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCombined two central incisors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;31 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3023.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.074\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u0026ndash;41 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCombined two lateral incisors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;31 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3181.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.196\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u0026ndash;41 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCombined two canines\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;31 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0. 68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3120.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u0026ndash;41 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCombined four incisors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;31 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3162.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.177\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u0026ndash;41 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCombined six anterior teeth\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;31 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3096.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u0026ndash;41 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003eMann\u0026ndash;Whitney test, significant at 0.05\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eComparison of Facial Measurements by Gender and Age Groups\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the comparison of facial measurements by gender, showing several significant disparities between males and females. Compared with females, males had significantly larger values for BZW, IPD, and ICW (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 for all). Conversely, compared with males, females had significantly larger measurements for OCD and PW (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 for both). No statistically significant differences were found between genders for ICD or IAW given that their p-values were below the 0.05 significance threshold.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison and distribution of facial measurements by gender (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;170)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacial measurements (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean rank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistic-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBizygomatic width\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2609.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002*\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInterpupillary distance\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2540\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntercanthal distance\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2998.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.056\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOuter canthal distance\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;2.262\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInteralar width\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.756\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.081\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntercommissural width\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2792.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePhiltrum width\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2303.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003eMann\u0026ndash;Whitney test, \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e independent samples t-test, \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003esignificant at 0.05, NC \u0026ndash; not calculated\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn terms of facial measurements across different age groups, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e reveals that no statistically significant differences in the majority of measurements, including BZW, IPD, ICD, OCD, IAW, and PW, were found between age groups (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). However, a significant difference was identified for ICW, which was found to be larger in the 32\u0026ndash;41-year-old age group (mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD: 52.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.36) than in the 20\u0026ndash;31-year-old group (50.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.85), with p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.019.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison and distribution of facial measurements by age group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacial measurements (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge groups\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean rank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistic-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBizygomatic width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;31 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3474.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.707\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u0026ndash;41 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterpupillary distance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;31 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3533.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.849 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u0026ndash;41 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntercanthal distance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;31 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3285.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.849 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u0026ndash;41 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOuter canthal distance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;31 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.917\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.360\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u0026ndash;41 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteralar width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;31 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;1.512\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.132\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u0026ndash;41 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntercommissural width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;31 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2842.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019 \u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u0026ndash;41 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhiltrum width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;31 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3281.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.328 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u0026ndash;41 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003eMann\u0026ndash;Whitney test. \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e Independent t-test. \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003eSignificant at 0.05. NC \u0026ndash; not calculated\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCorrelation Between Facial Measurements and Width of Maxillary Anterior Teeth by Gender and Age Groups\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e shows the analysis of the correlation between facial measurements and the width of the maxillary anterior teeth across genders. For males, no significant positive correlations were found. However, a significant negative correlation was observed for IPD (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.257, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.017). By contrast, for females, a significant positive correlation was found for IPD (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.305, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004) and OCD (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.235, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.031). When the combined sample of both genders was analyzed, the significant positive correlations for BZW (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.249, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001) and IPD (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.238, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002) remained, as did the significant negative correlation for PW (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.291, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCorrelation between facial measurements and width of maxillary anterior teeth by gender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacial measurements (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpearman\u0026rsquo;s test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth groups\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBizygomatic width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.249*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.730\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterpupillary distance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.257\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.305*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.238*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntercanthal distance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.072\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.131\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.510\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.692\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.088\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOuter canthal distance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.235\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.626\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.079\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteralar width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.169\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.585\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.469\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntercommissural width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.195\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.133\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhiltrum width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.047\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.291*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.328\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.666\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e*Significant at 0.05\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e displays the same correlations stratified by age groups. In the younger cohort (20\u0026ndash;31 years), a significant positive correlation was found for BZW (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.374, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001) and IAW (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.259, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.021). In the older cohort (32\u0026ndash;41 years), significant positive correlations were identified for IPD (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.427, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000) and ICW (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.249, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.017), whereas a significant negative correlation was found for PW (r = -0.442, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000). When both age groups were combined, significant correlations were maintained for BZW (positive, r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.249, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001), IPD (positive, r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.238, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002), and PW (negative, r = -0.291, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000). No other measurements showed significant correlations with the width of the maxillary anterior teeth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation between facial measurements and width of maxillary anterior teeth by age groups\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacial Measurements (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpearman\u0026rsquo;s test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;31 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u0026ndash;41 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth groups\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBizygomatic width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.374*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.183\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.249*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterpupillary distance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.117\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.427*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.238*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.304\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntercanthal distance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.082\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.177\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.131\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.473\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.093\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.088\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOuter canthal distance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.692\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.079\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteralar width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.259*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.991\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.469\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntercommissural width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.133\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.249*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.133\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhiltrum width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.442*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.291*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.342\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e*Significant at 0.05\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs depicted in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, the correlation between the widths of the left and right sides for each type of maxillary anterior tooth revealed statistically significant strong positive correlations for all teeth types. The strongest correlation was found for the central incisors, followed by the canines and lateral incisors (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.490, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000; r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.450, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000; r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.331, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000). These significant results indicate a high degree of symmetry between the left and right sides for the widths of the central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines within the sample.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation between the dental measurements of the left and right side by gender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpearman\u0026rsquo;s Test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentral incisor width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.490*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLateral incisor width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.331*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCanine width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.450*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e*Significant at 0.05\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation analysis between facial measurements and the cumulative width of anterior maxillary tooth groups yielded significant results, as summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e. Positive correlations were prominent. BZW and IPD were significantly and positively correlated with the cumulative width of every tooth group analyzed (central incisors, lateral incisors, canines, four incisors, and six anterior teeth; all p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). ICW showed positive correlations specifically with the lateral incisors (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.181, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.018) and canines (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.152, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.048).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConversely, strong negative correlations were observed. PW exhibited a significant negative correlation with all anterior tooth groups (all p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.001). A significant negative correlation was also noted between ICD and the width of the lateral incisors (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.182, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.017) and the four incisors (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.162, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.034). The measurements for OCD and IAW showed no significant correlations with any dental width parameters.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab12\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 12\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCorrelation between facial measurements and CW dental measurements of maxillary anterior teeth\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacial measurements (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpearman\u0026rsquo;s test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombined width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo central incisors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo lateral incisors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo canines\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour incisors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSix anterior teeth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBizygomatic Width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.216*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.270*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.187*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.265*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.249*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterpupillary distance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.194*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.245*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.237*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.230*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.238*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntercanthal distance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.099\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.182*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.055\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.162*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.131\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.197\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.476\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.088\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOuter canthal distance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.148\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.078\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.079\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteralar width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.064\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.497\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.332\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.471\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.403\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.469\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntercommissural width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.078\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.181*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.152*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.133\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.133\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.312\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.083\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhiltrum width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.252*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.249*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.279*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.276*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.291*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e*Significant at 0.05\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e presents the correlations between facial measurements and the CW of maxillary anterior teeth for the male group. The analysis revealed only a few significant relationships, which were negative. A significant negative correlation was found between the IPD and CW of the two central incisors (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.266, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.014), as well as the CW of all six anterior teeth (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.257, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.017). Furthermore, IAW showed a significant negative correlation with the CW of the two central incisors (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.251, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.020) and the four incisors (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.252, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.020). No other facial measurements, including BZW and PW, showed any significant correlation with dental measurements in males.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn contrast to those in males, the significant correlations observed in females were positive. A significant positive correlation was found between the IPD and CW of the two canines (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.269, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.013), as well as the CW of all six anterior teeth (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.294, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006). No other facial measurements, including BZW, IAW, or PW, demonstrated a significant correlation with any of the cumulative dental widths in the female group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab13\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 13\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation between gender and facial measurements with the combined width of maxillary anterior teeth measurements\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacial measurements (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpearman\u0026rsquo;s test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombined widths of\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo central incisors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo lateral incisors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo canine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour incisors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSix anterior teeth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBizygomatic width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMales\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.084\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.868\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.295\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.444\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.836\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.730\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemales\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.144\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.201\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.186\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.456\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.190\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.714\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.088\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterpupillary distance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMales\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.266*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.182\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.257*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.870\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.096\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemales\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.153\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.269*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.167\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.294*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.162\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.313\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntercanthal distance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMales\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.099\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.072\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.878\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.368\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.962\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.342\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.510\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemales\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.186\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.159\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.061\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.660\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.088\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.577\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.763\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOuter canthal distance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMales\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.089\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.718\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.830\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.981\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.419\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.626\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemales\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.138\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.162\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.355\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.523\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.268\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.138\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteralar width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMales\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.251*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.039\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.252*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.726\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.849\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.169\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemales\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.091\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.133\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.295\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.899\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.409\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.224\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.882\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntercommissural width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMales\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.191\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.090\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.195\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.080\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.841\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.412\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemales\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.096\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.134\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.055\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.383\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.793\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.222\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.616\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.718\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhiltrum width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMales\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.876\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.902\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.920\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.328\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemales\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.064\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.940\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.907\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.561\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.763\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.799\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e*Significant at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eEstablishing dental and facial aesthetics after tooth loss relies on creating a dental prosthesis that appears natural and harmonious, with the selection of artificial teeth being the most crucial step. Without pre-extraction data, choosing such teeth becomes challenging. Many studies, recognizing the importance of correlating facial and dental dimensions, have aimed to create reliable anthropometric guidelines for selecting artificial anterior teeth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. The present study aims to investigate the relationships between the transverse measurements of faces and mesiodistal widths of maxillary anterior teeth within a sample of Yemeni adults and evaluate whether such correlations are consistent across different age and gender subgroups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of this work confirmed notable sexual dimorphism in dental dimensions, with males exhibiting significantly larger tooth widths across all individual and combined measurements compared with females. This finding aligns with the results of the majority of previous studies conducted on various ethnic groups, including Saudi [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e], Thai [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], Indonesian [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e], and Kurdish [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] populations, that consistently reported greater dental dimensions in males than in females. However, it contrasts with isolated reports from certain African populations where significant gender differences were not observed [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], underscoring the influence of ethnic variability on craniofacial morphology.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy contrast, age exerted minimal influence, with only the left central incisor showing a significant difference between the younger (20\u0026ndash;31 years) and older (32\u0026ndash;41 years) groups, whereas all other dental measurements remained stable. This stability is expected because permanent tooth width does not change after eruption unless affected by attrition or restoration [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast to the present study, the work of Wang et al. found that intercanine distance decreased slightly but significantly with age, with the 50\u0026ndash;59-year-old group showing the smallest mean value, as a result of long-term tooth wear or mesial movement [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding facial measurements, males demonstrated significantly higher values of BZW, IPD, and ICW than females, whereas females had larger OCD and PW than males. These gender-based disparities in facial structure are consistent with established anthropometric principles and have been documented in studies from Turkey [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e], Cameroon [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], and Iraq [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. The lack of significant differences in ICD and IAW between genders in this study mirrors findings from Yemeni research [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e] but contrasts with reports from other regions where males showed larger ICD than females [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge-related facial changes were observed in ICW, which was significantly larger in the older group (52.08 mm) than in the younger group (50.51 mm) (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.019). This difference may be attributed to the decline in skin elasticity and muscle tone associated with aging. It is consistent with the observations of Chunhabundit et al. (2023), who noted that soft-tissue facial landmarks may undergo changes that need to be considered in the analyses of facial\u0026ndash;dental proportions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. By contrast, Wang et al. (2024) found that IAW and ICW increased with age [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe symmetry of dental measurements is a notable finding of the present study. Strong positive correlations were found between the left and right sides for central incisors (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.490), lateral incisors (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.331), and canines (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.450). This high degree of symmetry suggests that measurements from one side of the arch can reliably predict the dimensions of the contralateral side; such an ability is clinically useful when a tooth is missing or damaged [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn terms of the correlation between BZW and dental widths, the present study identified a significant positive correlation between BZW and the CW of the six anterior teeth (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.249, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001). This finding is consistent with the results of Flavie et al. (2022), who found a strong positive correlation between BZW and maxillary central incisor width in Cameroonian adults (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.78 for males) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, Baleegh et al. (2015) reported a strong correlation (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.81) between facial width and the CW of the upper anterior teeth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the correlation coefficient in the present Yemeni sample was notably smaller than those reported in the above comparative studies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present results demonstrate a significant positive correlation between IPD and the cumulative anterior tooth width (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.238, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002). This correlation aligns with that reported in existing literature, including a recent study by Alshamri et al. (2023), who identified a similar relationship in a Yemeni sample [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Earlier research by Neda and Garib (2016) in a Kurdish population also validated IPD as a reliable guide, having established a specific ratio between IPD and central incisor dimensions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding ICW, the present study found significant positive correlations with the widths of the two lateral incisors (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.181) and two canines (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.152). This finding partially agrees with the results of Alaghbari et al. (2023), who reported a highly significant correlation between ICW and canine width (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.318) in a Yemeni population [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. However, Ariani et al. (2017) found a considerably stronger correlation (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.53) in Indonesian males, suggesting that ICW might be a more reliable predictor in Southeast Asian populations than in the Yemeni cohort analyzed here [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotably, ICD did not show significant correlations with the CW of the six anterior teeth in the overall analysis. This finding is consistent with the results of several studies, including those of Alaghbari et al. (2023) in Yemen and Deogade et al. (2015) in Central India. These studies concluded that the above parameters were unreliable for predicting tooth width [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the present work contradicts the studies by Abdullah (2002) on Saudis. Abdullah (2002) advocated for ICD as a reliable predictor and established a high correlation (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.943) using geometric progression [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor IAW, the present study found no significant correlations with the cumulative dental widths in the overall sample. This result contradicts the findings of Algarni et al. (2019), who discovered a weak-to-moderate positive correlation between IAW and the maxillary intercanine distance in a Saudi population [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. The lack of correlation in the present study suggests that IAW may not be a suitable reference for tooth selection in the Yemeni population, a conclusion also shared by Alshamri et al. (2023), who observed no correlation for IAW [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA unique finding in the present study is the significant negative correlation between PW and the cumulative width of all tooth groups (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.291, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000). Most comparative studies provided did not extensively analyze PW or generally reported positive correlations with facial widths. This negative correlation implies that as PW increases, the width of the anterior teeth tends to decrease in this specific sample, a trend that warrants further investigation to understand its anatomical basis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study obtained unexpected results when it analyzed gender-specific correlations for males. Males showed a significant negative correlation between IPD and the CW of the six anterior teeth (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.257, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.017). This observation contrasts with the results of Ariani et al. (2017), who found a strong positive correlation in Indonesian males (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.53) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, Mishra et al. (2016) found positive correlations for Aryans and Mongoloids [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. The negative correlation in Yemeni males suggests a distinct anthropometric pattern where wide facial features do not necessarily correspond to wide teeth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn contrast to the male cohort, the female cohort exhibited significant positive correlations. Specifically, IPD was positively correlated with the CW of the six anterior teeth (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.294, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006). This finding is consistent with the results of Parciak et al. (2017), who noted that among different ethnic groups, only Asian women showed consistent correlations between facial dimensions and anterior tooth widths [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn prosthetic dentistry, the selection of artificial teeth that harmonize with facial features is critical for aesthetic success [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. The present study suggests that while BZW and IPD are statistically correlated with anterior tooth widths in the Yemeni population, their moderate correlation coefficients indicate that they should be used as preliminary guides rather than definitive predictors. This conclusion supports the findings of Deogade et al. (2015) and Nazir et al. (2015), as well as those of Omran and Alshyai (2023), who demonstrated that facial measurements alone are not sufficiently reliable to determine anterior tooth size precisely because of the lack of strong, universal correlations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study has several limitations. Its sample was drawn from a single city (Hodeidah) and may not fully represent the genetic diversity of the wider Yemeni population. Its cross-sectional design and restricted age range (20\u0026ndash;41 years) limit insights into growth-related changes or aging effects. Furthermore, it focused on horizontal facial dimensions. The inclusion of vertical parameters and profile assessments, as conducted by Chunhabundit et al. (2023), might improve predictive models [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Future research should involve multicenter sampling across Yemen; incorporate 3D imaging and digital model analysis; and explore the predictive value of modified facial proportions using aesthetic dental rules, like the Golden ratio which has shown promise in other populations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe following conclusions can be drawn from this study:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Yemeni adults, maxillary anterior teeth exhibit high symmetry with significant sexual dimorphism.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMales have larger dental dimensions and facial measurements than females, whereas females show greater OCD and PW than males.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotably, age has minimal influence on dental dimensions, with only one tooth showing a significant difference between younger and older cohorts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation patterns reveal that BZW and IPD are positively associated with anterior tooth width, whereas PW shows an inverse relationship.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese patterns vary by gender and highlight the need for a tailored approach in prosthetic selection that considers demographic-specific variations for achieving aesthetic harmony in dental rehabilitation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eBZW\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBizygomatic width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eIPD\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterpupillary distance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eICD\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntercanthal distance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eOCD\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOuter canthal distance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eIAW\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteralar width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eICW\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntercommissural width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePW\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhiltrum width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCW\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombined width\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eIRB\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInstitutional Review Board\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the College of Dentistry, Sana'a University (No. 1075; 10 November 2024). Informed written consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e Written informed consent was obtained from all participants for the publication of their anonymized data and any potentially identifiable images\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eH.A.M.A.A.-M. contributed to conceptualization, investigation, data curation, and original draft preparation; A.A.A.H.S. assisted in methodology, investigation, and formal analysis; I.Z.A.-S. handled software, validation, and investigation; T.A.B. led conceptualization, supervision, project administration, review, editing, and correspondence; T.S.G. performed formal analysis, validation, and review; A.M.A.R. contributed resources, data curation, and review; and M.M.A.M. provided supervision, methodology, and review. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors thank the participants of this study. We also acknowledge the support from the Department of Restorative and Esthetic Dentistry, Sana'a University, Hodeidah University,and the affiliated dental clinics in Hodeidah City.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe datasets from this study are not publicly available due to privacy and ethical reasons, but can be obtained from the corresponding author upon request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThi Nhat Nguyen V, Tran NT, Nguyen NH, Nguyen TT. Evaluating smile aesthetic satisfaction and related smile characteristics in dental students. 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Cureus. 2023;15(12):e51040. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.7759/cureus.51040\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.7759/cureus.51040\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-oral-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ohea","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Oral Health](http://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ohea/default.aspx","title":"BMC Oral Health","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Maxillary anterior teeth, facial measurements, sexual dimorphism, correlation analysis, dental symmetry, age factors","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8722495/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8722495/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn restorative and prosthetic dentistry, achieving an aesthetic smile depends considerably on the harmonious relationship between maxillary anterior teeth and facial dimensions. While such correlations have been studied in various populations, data on Yemeni adults remain limited.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aims to analyze the correlation between the mesiodistal width of maxillary anterior teeth and key facial measurements in a sample of Yemeni adults and evaluate the influence of age and gender on these relationships.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMaterials and Methods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional anthropometric study was conducted on 170 Yemeni adults (85 males and 85 females) aged 20\u0026ndash;41 years. Dental measurements were taken intraorally by using digital calipers. Facial parameters (bizygomatic width [BZW], interpupillary distance [IPD], inner and outer canthal distances, interalar width [IAW], intercommissural width [ICW], and philtrum width [PW]) were measured by using standardized digital photography and analyzed with ImageJ software. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, normality tests, Mann\u0026ndash;Whitney U tests, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, and Spearman\u0026rsquo;s rank-order correlations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study found high bilateral symmetry in the mean mesiodistal widths of maxillary anterior teeth, with no significant side differences (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Males had significantly larger tooth dimensions (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), whereas age minimally affected measurements, with only the left central incisor differing between younger (20\u0026ndash;31 years) and older (32\u0026ndash;41 years) groups. Males also showed greater BZW, IPD, and ICD than females, whereas females had larger outer canthal distance and PW than males. In the combined sample, BZW (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.249, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001) and IPD (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.238, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002) were positively correlated with the CW of anterior teeth, whereas PW had a negative correlation (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.291, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Correlation patterns differed by age and gender, with notable negative associations in males and positive associations in females for certain parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaxillary anterior tooth dimensions in the Yemeni population exhibit significant gender-based variation. Key facial measurements, particularly BZW and IPD, demonstrate a correlative relationship with dental width and can serve as partial guides in prosthetic tooth selection. A gender-specific approach to using these anthropometric predictors is recommended to enhance aesthetic outcomes in dental rehabilitation.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Comparison of Maxillary Anterior Tooth Width with Facial Dimensions Among a Sample of the Yemeni Population","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-02 10:16:46","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8722495/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"35520815728589655929906025562521943306","date":"2026-05-11T06:44:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-13T07:02:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"283269080483374846627180549062119129449","date":"2026-03-04T07:56:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"125105859576113326165349350987804887994","date":"2026-02-26T03:24:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-26T01:26:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"109757973552979247194019131163486315851","date":"2026-02-25T21:31:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-25T18:48:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-02-23T12:18:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-05T13:57:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-02-05T13:48:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Oral Health","date":"2026-02-05T13:20:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-oral-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ohea","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Oral Health](http://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ohea/default.aspx","title":"BMC Oral Health","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"19b8a257-e6c6-454c-a5c8-d9bcc542c3d1","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 2nd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"35520815728589655929906025562521943306","date":"2026-05-11T06:44:30+00:00","index":81,"fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-02T10:16:46+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-02 10:16:46","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8722495","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8722495","identity":"rs-8722495","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}