The impact of violence on the health of the Black population from the Colombian Pacific region: a cross-sectional study

The impact of violence on the health of the Black population from the Colombian Pacific region: a cross-sectional study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The impact of violence on the health of the Black population from the Colombian Pacific region: a cross-sectional study Anderson Rocha-Buelvas This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4372276/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background The Black communities who inhabit the Colombian Pacific Coast experience high risk levels due to the persistence of an armed conflict and the presence of a variety of illegal armed groups. Likewise, in comparison to the rest of the country, these communities face poor health conditions, a higher prevalence of preventable diseases, and a lower life expectancy at birth. This study was aimed at identifying the impact of violence on the health of the Afro-Colombian population from Tumaco (Narino, Colombia). Methods A cross-sectional observational study was conducted applying a survey to 280 victims of the armed conflict. A bivariate analysis was carried out using chi square test and Odds Ratio, together with a logistic regression. Results Most of the victims were young low-income women, who are at a higher risk of suffering from depression, injuries or poisonings caused by environmental pollution, malaria, and cardiovascular diseases as a consequence of their exposure to violent events. The most important effect of violence on the population’s health is the difficulty in completing their academic formation, and the determinants of violence that most strongly affect their health are housing conditions and unsatisfied basic needs. Conclusions In order to reduce the social inequalities of the victims of armed conflict it is necessary to update and improve the regulatory framework that oversees health, justice, politics, education and agriculture in Colombia. In addition, more studies and policies are required to mitigate the impact of violence on the Black population of the Colombian Pacific region who are young, poor and female. (DeCS): Black of African American Armed Conflicts Violence Social Determinants of Health Human Rights Violations Colombia Figures Figure 1 Introduction The armed conflicts and the violence are a public health problem that not only has a direct effect on various health aspects (illness, death and disability) but also an indirect effect on the health and wellbeing of individuals, families, and communities [ 1 ]. The indirect causes of this violence are those associated with different war circumstances such as attacks on medical missions, price increases and difficulties in public transportation and food production, land mines, kidnappings, torture, and threats, among others [ 2 ]. These war events cause disability and trigger the spread of diseases among populations and make it difficult to carry out: emergency surgeries; care for non-communicable diseases; vaccination to prevent infectious diseases (polio, measles, whooping cough, and others); treatment of chronic diseases that require medications, personnel, and operational infrastructure (diabetes, cancer, and kidney failure); reproductive health and pediatric care services (to reduce maternal and child mortality); and mental health and nutritional care, to mention just a few [ 3 ]. In Colombia, the armed conflicts and violence are frequent in economically poor territories where public assistance is scarce, despite having valuable natural resources such as rivers, deserts, mountains, jungles, oceans and being positioned in geographically strategic areas as they are located within the country’s border. Unfortunately, these areas are also used for the growth, production and transportation of narcotics. It is also common to find human trafficking, recruitment of illegal armies, forced labor, land dispossession, enforced disappearance, illegal mining, and violent disputes between illegal armed groups in these abandoned and violent territories [ 4 ]. One of these critical regions is the Colombian Pacific region, which is made up of territories from the departments of Choco, Valle del Cauca, Cauca and Narino, with San Andres de Tumaco (Tumaco, Narino) standing out as one of the most violent municipalities [ 5 ]. In 2019, Tumaco was the Colombian municipality with the largest number of coca plantations, occupying 16,036 hectares. This has become a growing phenomenon given its geostrategic condition, as Tumaco is located on the border with Ecuador, which has been exploited by different armed groups. In addition, this municipality has an extensive humid jungle, several rivers (Patia, Telembi, Rosario, Mejican, Chagui, and Mira) and access to the Pacific Ocean. Finally, Tumaco has paved roads that connect it to the Andean and Amazon regions and it is the second most important seaport of the Colombian Pacific coast [ 6 ] (See Map 1). The Afro-descendant (Afro-Colombian or Afro) population from the Colombian Pacific coast identify themselves as Black [ 7 ]. At the national level, 40% of the Black population has had some kind of deprivation, 30.2% has fallen behind in school, and 37.5% has been displaced because of violence. In Tumaco, 81% of the population is Black, 54% lives under multidimensional poverty, 66% inhabits in rural areas with precarious living conditions and poor public services coverage, e.g. 79% of the population has electricity, 47% gets their garbage collected, 32% has drinking water, 8% has internet access, and 5% has a sewage system [ 8 ]. Black and Indigenous communities have historically been affected by the Colombian armed conflict as well as by all types of violence [ 9 ]. As of February 2024, 9,659,204 people have registered as victims of the armed conflict in Colombia, based on the Comprehensive Assistance and Restitution of Victims Unit (UARIV, from the Spanish “Unidad para la Atencion y Reparacion de Victimas”), of which 434,239 belonged to the Narino Pacific Coast population. This population number is distributed in the municipalities of Barbacoas (44,315), El Charco (51,059), Francisco Pizarro (7,427), La Tola (10,414), Magui Payan (18,860), Mosquera (7,335), Olaya Herrera (32,364), Ricaurte (18,201), Roberto Payan (26,042), Santa Barbara (15,531), and Tumaco, which has almost half of the victims (202,701) [ 10 ]. In 2021 alone, there were 8 massacres with 38 fatalities in Tumaco [ 11 ]. The homicide rate in the Pacific coast is high as shown by the figures from 2021, which indicate higher homicide numbers in Olaya Herrera (78.5), Barbacoas (82.9), and Tumaco (75.9), per 100,000 inhabitants. These are worrisome statistics since they are three times higher than the national homicide rate (25.4), and it got worse in 2018, when Tumaco had a homicide rate of 117.1 [ 12 ]. The most relevant health-related events associated with victimizing circumstances of the armed conflict in 2022 in Tumaco were the cases of HIV (51.7 per 100,000 inhabitants), tuberculosis (29.9 per 100,000 inhabitants), gender-related violence (151.9 per 100,000 inhabitants), suicide attempts (43.1 per 100,000 inhabitants), and acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years of age (25.4 per 100,000 inhabitants) [ 13 ]. All of these figures were avoidable and exceptionally higher in this region in 2022, as compared to the rest of the county. This study identified the direct and indirect effects of violence on the health of the Black population of Tumaco, as this municipality is one of the territories most highly affected by the Colombian armed conflict. This relationship between violence and health has not been studied deeply in Colombia, i.e., there is no scientific evidence but only dissimilar reports and records from non-governmental or state entities. Hence, the Commission for the Clarification of Truth, Coexistence, and Non-Repetition (CEVNR, from the Spanish “Comision para el Esclarecimiento de la Verdad, la Convivencia y la No Repeticion”), one of the three entities created by the Peace Agreement with the FARC-EP guerrilla (From de Spanish “Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – Ejercito del Pueblo”) in 2016, together with the Missing Person Search Unit (UBPD, from the Spanish “Unidad de Busqueda de Personas Desaparecidas”), and the Special Jurisdiction for Peace (JEP, from the Spanish “Jurisdiccion Especial para la Paz”) proposed in their final report that it was necessary to investigate and understand the impacts, copings, and resistance of the victims of the armed conflict [ 14 ]. Another reason to conduct this study was the concern about the persistence of violence and its effect on the health of Tumaco’s population. Although the number of homicides has decreased slightly during the last five years, in 2019 it ranked first as the cause of death, with a gross rate of 77.3 per 100,000 inhabitants, which was seven times higher than the national rate (23.4), and two times higher in male victims (142.9 per 100,000 inhabitants) [ 15 ]. In addition, violence is a key factor associated with increases in the cases of maternal and infant mortality, depression, anxiety, tobacco and psychoactive substance abuse, malnutrition, disability, teenage pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, acute diarrheal disease, and vector-transmitted diseases. The reason behind these increases is that violence makes it difficult for people to obtain access to health services, health professionals, medicines, infrastructure, and technology [ 16 ]. Methodology A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out, using a confidential questionnaire that was designed based on the technical report # 9 “Effect of the Armed Conflict on the Colombian Health”, of the National Health Observatory (ONS, from the Spanish “Observatorio Nacional de Salud”) [ 16 ]. This questionnaire was adapted to the Black population of Narino’s Pacific coast. Based on a provisional review, a pilot study (5 surveys) was conducted to check the understanding of the questions and it was subsequently subjected to validation by expert judges. The survey was applied to 280 victims of the armed conflict with the assistance of the Regional Center for Victims Help (CRAV, from the Spanish “Centro Regional de Atencion a Victimas”) of Tumaco, using their facilities. The inclusion criterion was: a person who is a victim of conflict registered at the single victim’s registry. Unreported victims and minors were excluded. A non-probabilistic sampling was carried out given the difficulty of interviewing victims and the safety of the research team. The ethics committee of the University of Narino supported this study and others within the framework of the project called “Management of the knowledge on the effects of violence on health in the Pacific coast of Narino, from the model of social determinants of health”, which was financed by the Colombian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation. Informed consent was obtained from each participant (181 were signed and 99 were approved by audio for fear of being identified), and the researchers were committed to safeguarding the confidentiality and anonymity of the collected data. Participants were informed about their right to refuse or withdraw from the study at any time without adverse consequences, according to the Resolution 8430 of 1993 of the Republic of Colombia. Nine exposure variables were established based on the grouping of variables related to social determinants of health: housing conditions, public services access, unsatisfied basic needs, permanent exposure to violent events, perception of violation of rights, children under 5 years of age in the family, perception of community and family support, and income. These variables were converted to binomial results. Four exposure variables were established, which were related to events triggered directly by violence: cardiovascular diseases, malaria, injuries or poisonings caused by environmental pollution, and depression. In addition, 3 dependent variables called “effects of violence on health” were established: physical impairment (symptoms that may have a greater or lesser impact on the body), disability (deficiency that limits the performance of activities and restricts social involvement), and mental health (disorders that affect mood, thinking, and behavior states). Frequency measurements were conducted in order to determine sociodemographic aspects as exposure variables such as life course, gender, place of residence, sexual orientation, insufficient income, difficulty in completing schooling, and population group. The prevalence of the main diseases related to the 3 dependent variables was calculated with their respective 95% confidence intervals according to gender, generating dependence on the variable “Women”. These illnesses were cardiovascular diseases, malaria, injuries or poisonings due to environmental pollution, and depression. The bivariate analysis applied the Chi-square test and the Odds Ratio association measure with a 95% confidence interval, crossing the dependent variables with sociodemographic variables and with those of social determinants of health that were grouped according to a statistically significant association. Those exposure variables that had a significant association were subjected to logistic regression, generating 5 study models, with only 3 models showing a statistically significant association. The databases were exported to version 24 SPSS® for their analyses, and the version 4.2 EpiDat program was used to calculate specific confidence intervals. Results The average age of participants was 32.3 years (CI95% 30.4:34.2), of which 50% were ≤25 years old. Therefore, the life course of most of them was youth (19 to 28 years old), followed by adulthood (29 to 59 years old). There were more women than men. Only 4.6% of victims had a sexual orientation other than heterosexual. 85.4% are affiliated to the subsidized health regimen which is typically associated with a low socioeconomic condition. In fact, 87.1% of participants have a monthly income lower than $250 US dollars and 82.5% mention that their monthly income is not enough to cover all their needs. 31.8% of the population live outside of the municipality area. 43% had difficulties finishing their academic formation due to violent circumstances (Table 1). Table 2 shows that, unlike men, Black women have suffered from diseases when they have been affected by violent events, especially when these circumstances have directly caused physical impairment, disability, and mental illness. Indeed, women with physical illnesses are twice as likely of suffering from cardiovascular diseases and almost three times as likely of having difficulties accomplishing a life project due to their poor mental condition. The health status worsens when women have a violence-related disability since cardiovascular diseases are five times as likely of appearing, while malaria and getting poisoned or injured by environmental pollution is three times as likely of appearing. When the female victim has a violence-related mental illness, she is five times as likely of suffering from depression, twice as likely of having injuries or being poisoned by environmental pollution, and is almost three times as likely of having cardiovascular diseases. Table 3 illustrates the social determinants of health that are related to the violence caused by the armed conflict, which triggered disabilities as well as physical and mental illnesses on the interviewed victims. Consequently, the difficulty in completing academic studies is almost three times as likely related to acts of violence that directly caused physical impairment, disability, and mental illness. Likewise, insufficient monthly income was three times as likely related to the disability caused by violence. The impact on housing conditions is also three times as likely related to violent circumstances that produced mental illness. Public services access and unmet basic needs (UBN) have a slight association with violent acts that triggered the three dependent variables. Regarding permanent exposure to violent events, the victims show the highest association with the three dependent variables. The perception of violation of human rights due to violence is more related to mental illness, while the presence of children aged under five years in homes affected by violence is three times as likely related to disability and mental illness. The community and family support during the violent acts caused by the armed conflict is slightly and negatively associated with the three dependent variables. As seen in Table 4, the victim’s age appears strongly in all analyzed models, i.e., the violence that caused physical impairment, disability, mental illness, cardiovascular disease, and malaria, impacted strongly in the health of young people and adults. In contrast, housing conditions and UBN appear to be the socioeconomic determinants that most impact health due to the violence that caused physical impairment and disability, respectively. The mental health model shows that the strongest impact of violence on the victim’s health is the difficulty in completing academic studies. Based on the multivariate analysis, cardiovascular morbidity and malaria models did not show a strong association with any of the significant social determinants of health. Discussion Based on the Uppsala Conflict Data Program, physical injuries, infectious diseases, and poor mental health were the indirect effects of violence that most affected the health of young non-combatant women during the armed conflicts experienced during the 1989–2018 time period worldwide [ 17 ], which is similar to the findings of this study. According to Burns et al., the risk of suffering from mental health problems increases in internally displaced people, who were exposed to conflicts for a long time [ 18 ], similar finding was found in this study with the permanent exposure to various forms of violence. As presented here, a low socioeconomic level and difficulties meeting basic needs were associated with having a poor cardiovascular health. Schultz et al. reported that the association between socioeconomic level and cardiovascular disease mortality is as strong as that of the main risk factors [ 19 ], which rules out the genetic predisposition of being Black as the predominant risk factor. In the Colombian case, this was not only associated with economic disadvantages but also with limited access to medium-to-high complexity health services for the monitoring and treatment of common diseases [ 20 ], which in a violence context is more likely to worsen. For instance, a study conducted by Thapa and Hauff in Nepal demonstrated that there is a significant correlation between disability and mental health deterioration (symptoms of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder as consequences of violence during armed conflicts) [ 21 ], which is a similar to the relationship found in this study. As stated by Familiar et al., this correlation could be established and consolidated by multiple reasons, including rape, lack of shelter, lack of food or water, and other traumatic factors [ 22 ]. Another explanation may be that health professionals fail to recognize the mental health disorders that afflict disabled victims of armed conflicts as well as the limited access to medical assistance in the areas affected by the conflict [ 23 ]. Nevertheless, there are other reports showing that this is a negative correlation, especially in amputee victims who experience greater coping skills [ 24 ]. Colombia and Sudan have experienced an uninterrupted chain of armed conflicts for many years. Both this study as well as that of Idris et al. found that malaria has been one of the indirect effects of violence on women’s health. This disease is associated with consequences of violence such as deterioration of employment, eating habits and preventive measures as well as non-adherence to the treatment, which favors its recurrence [ 25 ]. The data reported by Mendez and Zapata can be used to explain the environmental pollution-associated that is specifically related to disability and mental health found in this study. They state that this association emerges from the persistence of violent acts triggered by armed conflicts such as oil pipelines blowing up, informal gold mining, and glyphosate spraying for the eradication of illicit crops in Tumaco [ 26 ]. As shown in this study, the impact of violence on the victims’ health is a permanent event. The correlation between housing conditions and physical impairment reported in this study can be explained by the overcrowding and precarious sanitary conditions of homes caused by armed conflicts, which affects physical aspects of victims since they increase the risk of diarrheal and respiratory diseases, measles and tuberculosis. Similar findings were reported by Garry and Checchi [ 3 ]. The correlation between having children under 5 years of age and having mental illness in the participating victims of this study may be due to the fact that the armed conflict has endangered the survival of children, causing family and financial instability, post-migration stress, and socioeconomic status decline. In contrast, the correlation between the victim being disabled and the presence of children under 5 years of age in the home can be explained by the fact that the victims had to resolve their health issues. Also, it is possible that victims experienced prolonged malnutrition, infections, and traumas that worsen their disability condition [ 3 ]. This study reported that the impact of armed conflict on victim’s rights, understood as freedoms and not as prerogatives, was associated with mental illness. Thus, the violent events against the victims’ rights affected their mental health because they deteriorated the victims’ social relationships, impacting their social coexistence, which eventually impaired the mental health of the Black population. According to the ONS, this relationship represents a critical social disorder that affects collective capacity and identity, i.e., the impact of armed conflict on victims’ rights caused mental illness since it affected the individual and community historical construction of a society [ 16 ]. This work has shown that the non-completion of academic studies is the factor that most affects the victims’ health. As described by Cervantes-Duarte and Fernandez-Cano, this result may be due to the fact that they were subjected to displacement, damage of educational infrastructure, reduced government spending in education, loss of the protective functions of family, and forced recruitment into illegal armies [ 31 ]. Castiblanco also explains that even though these young victims of the conflict reached higher educational levels than their parents, they did not complete their academic formation and did not have access to formal jobs, perpetuating the precarious employment and poverty context triggered by violence [ 32 ]. There were some limitations in the execution of this study, one of them being the difficulty in answering questions about the actual circumstances by which the participants became victims of the conflict (threats, displacement, kidnapping, murder of relatives, bombings, political persecution, among others). The reason for their hesitation could be the fear of being disappeared, murdered or re-victimized since there is documented evidence demonstrating the collusion between illegal armed groups and some official employees, as shown by CEVNR [ 14 ]. Another difficult question was about precise diagnoses of their illnesses and disabilities before and after having experienced the violent events of the conflict due to the economic, administrative, and geographical barriers that make it difficult for the victims to get access to health services. Thus, they do not get accurate diagnoses since the victims do not receive timely and quality care services. The scope of this study was to establish the association of disability and illness with social determinants of health as well as to determine the indirect effects of violence on health, which has not been entirely documented and studied in Colombia. Another important aspect of this work is that the findings are focused on a population that is victim to the armed conflict, who is not combatant, inhabits disputed territories, and has poor coverage of public services as well as limited access to health services. Therefore, this research focused on a population who is subsumed in the triad of social inequalities: gender (mostly female victims), ethnicity (Black), and social class (low economic income and inhabiting rural areas). Conclusions Political, economic, environmental, and sociocultural changes are unquestionably required to improve the physical and mental health of Black, young and mostly female populations who are victims of the Colombian armed conflict. Indeed, the Black Colombians from the Pacific coast of Narino still lack safety, access to land, and promotion of traditional coping practices. Consequently, it is important to guarantee the continuing presence of “peaceful” institutions and mobilize in favor of agrarian, educational, political, and justice reforms. In the short term, it is necessary to overcome food insecurity and lack of access to drinking water as unmet basic needs in order to reduce violence and its impact on the health of these communities. The Black populations who are victims of the conflict and inhabit the Pacific region of Narino face serious obstacles to finding proper health care that can mitigate the impacts of violence. Some of these barriers are gender restrictions, cultural perceptions, and the existence of services that are not adapted to the specific needs of these communities. The Colombian armed conflict has exacerbated cardiovascular diseases and vector-transmitted infections, and it has affected the emotional, psychological, and social wellbeing of these populations, who are also exposed to pollutants generated by this conflict. As a result, the poverty levels and human rights violations have worsened in these territories. To address the impact of violence on the health of Black Colombians, who are mostly women and young victims of the conflict, the designing of public policies aimed at addressing the illnesses and disabilities caused by the violence is recommended. This effort must come from organizations created by and for victims of violence, medical care providers, municipal and departmental entities, humanitarian agencies, and academic institutions. It is also essential to establish priorities based on studies of disease burden due to violence in the midst of the armed conflict. It is important that researchers who focus on studying the effects of violence should investigate more about its impact on the health-disease process and the human vital process in disadvantaged populations. The historical debt that the Colombian government has with some communities continues to damage the life projects of several generations of Black people, women and young people from the Colombian Pacific coast. This humanitarian crisis is difficult to repair since it deals with the individual sense of suffering, the perception of injustice, and personal experiences. In summary, Colombia must navigate along the path of transitional justice through listening and memory actions as well as comprehensive reparatory measures. However, the truth, reparation and non-repetition elements must be delivered by the perpetrators of the war. Also, health care must focus on the social mitigation and medical treatment of the health damages caused by violence. Finally, the impact of violence on the population who mostly inhabit rural and dispersed territories must be addressed through health promotion and primary health care, but not from the morbidity-centered hegemonic biomedical model that has ignored this particular Colombian public health problem. Declarations Acknowledgements Thanks to the University of Nariño and the Call "Strengthening Regional Health Research Capacities" of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation of Colombia for choosing and financing this research. Author contribution ARB supervised and managed the research, formulated the methodology and wrote the main manuscript. Funding This work was funded by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation of Colombia through financing contract number 647 of the year 2021 with University of Narino. Availability of data and materials Data were generated from the questionnaires (primary source of information), which were analyzed statistically. 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J Trauma Acute Care Surg [Internet]. 2017 [citado 18 abr 2024]; 82(3): 592–595. Available at: https:// 10.1097/TA.0000000000001348 . Idris IO, Ayeni GO, Iyamu IO, Sina-Odunsi AB, Adebisi YA, Obwoya JG. Factors influencing severity of recurrent malaria in a conflict-affected state of South Sudan: an unmatched case-control study. Confl Health [Internet]. 2022; 16(1):34. https://doi:10.1186/s13031-022-00463-z . Méndez F, Zapata A. Conflicto armado, contaminación y riesgos en salud: una evaluación de riesgo de tres fuentes de exposición ambiental asociadas con el conflicto en Colombia. Biomédica [Internet]. 2021 [citado 18 abr 2024]; 41: 660 – 75. https://doi:10.7705/biomedica.5928 . Tamayo-Aguledo W, Acosta-Ortiz A, Hamid A, Gómez-García C, García-Durán MC, Daccach-González V, Solmi F, Bell V. Family functioning but not social capital is associated with better mental health in adolescents affected by violence and displacement by armed conflict in Colombia. Int J Soc Psychiatry [Internet]. 2022;68(8):1598–606. https://doi:10.1177/00207640211045417 . Tamayo-Aguledo W, Acosta-Ortiz A, Hamid A, Gómez-García C, García-Durán MC, Daccach-González V, Solmi F, Bell V. Family functioning but not social capital is associated with better mental health in adolescents affected by violence and displacement by armed conflict in Colombia. Int J Soc Psychiatry [Internet]. 2022; 68(8): 1598–1606. https://doi:10.1177/00207640211045417 . Wang SJ, Salihu M, Rushiti F et al. Survivors of the war in the Northern Kosovo: violence exposure, risk factors and public health effects of an ethnic conflict. Confl Health [Internet]. 2010; 4(11): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-1505-4-11 . Siriwardhana C, Ali SS, Roberts B et al. A systematic review of resilience and mental health outcomes of conflict-driven adult forced migrants. Confl Health [Internet]. 2014; 8(13): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-1505-8-13 . Cervantes-Duarte L, Fernandez-Cano A. Impact of Armed Conflicts on Education and Educational Agents: A Multivocal Review. Educare [Internet]. 2016 [citado 18 abr 2024]; 20 (3): 238–261. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/ree.20-3.12 . Castiblanco-Castro C. Efectos del desplazamiento sobre el acceso a la educación en Colombia. Rev.investig [Internet]. 2020 [citado 18 abr 2024]; 10 (2): 297–310. https://doi:10.19053/20278306.v10.n2.2020.10214 . Tables Table 1. Sociodemographic aspects of the Black victim population of the armed conflict in Tumaco, 2023 N % Confidence Interval (95%) Inferior Limit Superior Limit Life Course Adolescence 32 11.4 8.0 15.7 Youth 139 49.6 43.6 55,7 Adulthood 88 31.4 26.0 37.2 Elderly 21 7.5 4.7 11.2 Gender 1. Male 88 31.4 26.0 37.2 2. Female 192 68.6 62.8 74.0 Sexual orientation 1. Lesbian 3 1.1 0.2 4.0 2. Gay 1 0.4 0.0 2.0 3. Bisexual 7 2.5 1.0 5.1 4. Heterosexual 267 95.4 92.2 97.5 5. Other 2 0.7 0.1 2.6 Place of residence 1. Municipal capital 191 68.2 62.4 73.4 2. Rural – town center 58 20.7 16.1 25.9 3. Rural – dispersed 31 11.1 7.6 15.3 Sufficient monthly income 1. Yes 49 17.5 12.9 21.9 2. No 231 82.5 75.1 84.7 Difficulties finishing academic studies 1. Yes 123 43.9 36.9 48.6 2. No 157 56.1 48.7 60.4 Population group 1. Indigenous 20 7.1 4.4 10.8 2. Gypsy 2 0.7 0.1 2.6 3. Black 230 82.1 77.1 86.4 4. Mestizo 15 5.4 3.1 8.7 5. None of the above 13 4.6 2.5 7.8 Table 2. Diseases caused by direct effects of violence on the Black female victim population of the armed conflict in Tumaco, 2023 Cardiovascular diseases Malaria Injuries due to environmental pollution Depression N % N % N % N % Physical impairment 1. Yes 25 20.8 36 30 19 15.8 22 18.3 2. No 18 11.3 33 20.6 18 11.3 12 7.5 χ2 = 4.84 DF=1 p=0.028 OR = 2.07 (1.074 – 4.014) χ2 = 3.245 DF=1 p=0.072 OR = 1.649 (0.955-2.850) χ2 = 1.256 DF=1 p=0.262 OR = 1.482 (0.742 – 2.96) χ2 = 7.543 DF=1 p=0.001 OR = 2.769(1.310 – 5.851) Disability 1. Yes 23 33.8 28 41.2 15 22.1 34 50 2. No 20 9.4 41 19.3 22 6.2 0 0 χ2 = 23.56 DF=1 p=0.000 OR = 4.9 (2.48 -9.7) χ2 = 13.22 DF=1 p=0.000 OR = 2.62 (1.617 – 5.263) χ2 = 6.12 DF=1 p=0.013 OR = 2.44 (1.86 – 5.039) χ2 = 120.65 DF=1 p=0.000 OR = No calculable Mental illness 1. Yes 26 24.1 29 26.9 21 19.4 25 23.5 2. No 17 9.9 40 23.3 16 9.3 9 5.2 χ2 = 10.27 DF=1 p=0.001 OR = 2.891 (1.483 – 5.635) χ2 = 0.462 DF=1 p=0.497 OR = 1.211 (0.497 – 2.107) χ2 = 5.95 DF=1 p=0.015 OR = 2.353 (1.167 – 4.745) χ2 = 19.96 DF=1 p=0.000 OR = 5.455 (2.432 -12.219) Table 3. Association of social determinants of health with the direct effects of violence on the health of the Black victim population of the armed conflict in Tumaco, 2023 Physical impairment Disability Mental illness N % N % N % Difficulty finishing academic studies 1. Yes 75 61 45 36,6 63 51.2 2. No 59 37.6 23 14.6 45 28.7 χ2 = 15.128 DF=1 p=0.000 OR = 2.595 (1.597 – 4.217) χ2 = 18.04 DF=1 p=0.000 OR = 3.36 (1.892 – 5.972)) χ2 = 14.81 DF=1 p=0.000 OR = 2.613 (1.594 – 4.286) Insufficient monthly income 1. Yes 17 34.7 5 10.2 11 22.4 2. No 117 50.6 63 27.3 97 42 χ2 = 3.897 DF=1 p=0.048 OR = 0.311 (0.095 – 1.051) χ2 = 6.405 DF=1 p=0.01 OR = 3.0 (1.892 – 5.972) χ2 = 6.516 DF=1 p=0.011 OR = 0,401 (0.195 – 0.822) Impact on housing conditions 1. Yes 115 51.3 59 26.3 96 42.9 2. No 19 33.9 9 16.1 12 21.4 χ2 = 4.124 DF=1 p=0.042 OR = 0.518 (0.272 – 0.984) χ2 = 2.569 DF=1 p=0.109 OR = 1.867 (0.862 – 4.044) χ2 = 8.682 DF=1 p=0.003 OR = 2.75 (1.378 -5.488) Access to public services 1. Yes 88 53 44 26.5 73 44 2. No 46 40.4 24 21.1 35 30.7 χ2 = 4.342 DF=1 p=0.037 OR = 1.668 (1.029 -2.702) χ2 = 1.093 DF=1 p=0.296 OR = 1.352 (0.767 – 2.384) χ2 = 5.026 DF=1 p=0.025 OR = 1.772 (1.072 – 2.928) Unmet basic needs 1. Yes 63 47 36 26.9 43 32.1 2. No 71 48.6 32 21.9 65 44.5 χ2 = 0.073 DF=1 p=0.787 OR = 0.937 (0.586 – 1.499) χ2 = 0.930 DF=1 p=0.335 OR = 1.309 (0.757 – 2.262) χ2 = 4.557 DF=1 p=0.033 OR = 0.589 (0.361 -0.959) Permanent exposure to violent events 1. Yes 126 53.6 66 28.1 99 42.1 2. No 8 17.8 2 4.4 9 20 χ2 = 19.44 DF=1 p=0.000 OR = 5.346 (2.388 – 11.971) χ2 = 11.479 DF=1 p=0.001 OR = 8.396 (1.977 – 35.653) χ2 = 7.805 DF=1 p=0.005 OR = 2.912 (1.341 – 6.320) Perception of violation of human rights 1. Yes 73 54.5 40 29.9 68 50.7 2. No 61 41.8 28 19.2 40 27.4 χ2 = 4.514 DF=1 p=0.034 OR = 1.668 (1.039 – 2.676) χ2 = 4.328 DF=1 p=0.037 OR = 1.793 (1.031 – 3.120) χ2 = 16.077 DF=1 p=0.000 OR = 2.73 (1.661 – 4.488) Perception of community and family support 1. Yes 76 42.5 37 20.7 60 33.5 2. No 58 57.4 31 30.7 48 52.5 χ2 = 5.979 DF=1 p=0.016 OR = 0.547 (0.334 – 0.896) χ2 = 3.527 DF=1 p=0.060 OR = 0.588 (0.337 – 1.026) χ2 = 5.345 DF=1 p=0.021 OR = 0.557 (0.338 – 0.917) Children < 5 years of age living at victim´s home 1. Yes 66 55 41 32.4 63 52.3 2. No 68 42.5 27 16.9 45 28.1 χ2 = 4.294 DF=1 p=0.038 OR = 1.654 (1.026 – 2.664) χ2 = 11.150 DF=1 p=0.001 OR = 2.556 (1.460 – 4.475) χ2 = 17.195 DF=1 p=0.000 OR = 2.825 (1.718 – 4.644) Table 4. Impact of violence on the health of the Black victim population of the armed conflict in Tumaco, 2023 OR SE 95% CI (Inferior Limit) 95% CI (SuperiorLimit) p-value MODEL 1. Results of physical impairment Log Likelihood = 314.41 χ2 =73.23 (DF = 4), p-value: 0.000 Life course 1.050 0.011 1.028 1.073 0.000 Housing conditions 2.141 0.366 1.044 4.388 0.038 History of violent acts 2.725 0.431 1.171 6.342 0.020 History of disability related to violence 3.193 0.355 1.593 6.399 0.001 MODEL 2. Disability Log Likelihood = 249.93, χ2 = 63.5 (DF = 7), p-value: 0.000 Life course 1.044 0.010 1.025 1.064 0.000 Subsidized Health Regimen 0.033 Contributive Health Regimen 0.485 1.206 0.046 5.151 0.548 Special Regimen 0.033 1.589 0.001 0.751 0.032 Unmet basic needs 1.521 0.380 0.722 3.204 0.270 History of violent acts 4.752 0.793 1.003 22.502 0.049 Perception of respect for human rights 1.877 0.382 0.888 3.970 0.099 Children < 5 years of age in the family nucleus 1.559 0.322 0.830 2.929 0.168 MODEL 3. Mental Health Log Likelihood = 325.4, χ2 = 48 (DF = 5), p-value: 0.000 Life course 1.015 0.009 0.998 1.033 0.087 Housing conditions 2.404 0.381 1.138 5.076 0.021 Perception of respect for human rights 2.258 0.272 1.324 3.850 0.003 Children < 5 years of age in the family nucleus 2.591 0.270 1.528 4.397 0.000 Difficulty finishing academic studies 1.677 0.290 0.950 2.959 0.075 MODEL 4. Cardiovascular Disease Morbidity Log Likelihood = 185.4, χ2 = 4.704 (DF = 8), p-value: 0.789 Life course 0.937 0.012 0.915 0.959 0.000 Difficulty finishing academic studies 1.307 0.442 0.549 3.111 0.545 Housing conditions 0.185 0.719 0.045 0.759 0.019 Impact on mental health 0.546 0.392 0.253 1.178 0.123 MODEL 5. Malaria Morbidity Log Likelihood = 275.57, χ2 = 40.132 (DF = 4), p-value: 0.000 Life course 0.967 0.009 0.950 0.985 0.000 Difficulty finishing academic studies 0.627 0.324 0.332 1.181 0.148 Housing conditions 0.499 0.452 0.206 1.210 0.124 History of violent acts 0.211 0.753 0.048 0.925 0.039 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4372276","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":301791736,"identity":"41804a92-9cee-4151-9355-31b04f3b0dc9","order_by":0,"name":"Anderson Rocha-Buelvas","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACNgbGBgYGPhDzAwMzXJCwFpAaxhkka2HmIUaLeXvzswc/dxyWY5NIfvzZts1azpz97AOGD2WHGfjbG7BqkTlzzNyw98xhYzaJNDPp3LZ0Y8uedAPGGecOM0icOYBVi4REDpsEb9vhxDaeA2bMuUDGhgNpDMxAEQYDiQScWiT/th2ub+M5/vmzJZCx4fwzBua/BLRIA81MYGPvMZBmBDIMbgBtYcSnheeYmbTsmXTDNvaeMsmec+mGG248YzgIZPDg9At78zPJtzus5fmZ2Td/+FFmLW9wPo3xAZAhhyvEsAOQ8TwkqB8Fo2AUjIJRgAYAnIJX95Zpnu0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of Nariño","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anderson","middleName":"","lastName":"Rocha-Buelvas","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-05 15:26:53","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4372276/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4372276/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":56476149,"identity":"d2224802-c2fa-4763-a486-36921ec21070","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-14 17:35:25","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":497367,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure legend not available with this version.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"MapasLitoralPacifico0501.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4372276/v1/b3009951ba23eb195c67d636.jpg"},{"id":58821631,"identity":"a489d180-4c5a-4203-ac6d-23920bb6ef16","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-21 15:18:41","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1316467,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4372276/v1/82e6e037-7bb9-4eab-aab6-99cf7560982b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The impact of violence on the health of the Black population from the Colombian Pacific region: a cross-sectional study","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe armed conflicts and the violence are a public health problem that not only has a direct effect on various health aspects (illness, death and disability) but also an indirect effect on the health and wellbeing of individuals, families, and communities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. The indirect causes of this violence are those associated with different war circumstances such as attacks on medical missions, price increases and difficulties in public transportation and food production, land mines, kidnappings, torture, and threats, among others [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. These war events cause disability and trigger the spread of diseases among populations and make it difficult to carry out: emergency surgeries; care for non-communicable diseases; vaccination to prevent infectious diseases (polio, measles, whooping cough, and others); treatment of chronic diseases that require medications, personnel, and operational infrastructure (diabetes, cancer, and kidney failure); reproductive health and pediatric care services (to reduce maternal and child mortality); and mental health and nutritional care, to mention just a few [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Colombia, the armed conflicts and violence are frequent in economically poor territories where public assistance is scarce, despite having valuable natural resources such as rivers, deserts, mountains, jungles, oceans and being positioned in geographically strategic areas as they are located within the country\u0026rsquo;s border. Unfortunately, these areas are also used for the growth, production and transportation of narcotics. It is also common to find human trafficking, recruitment of illegal armies, forced labor, land dispossession, enforced disappearance, illegal mining, and violent disputes between illegal armed groups in these abandoned and violent territories [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. One of these critical regions is the Colombian Pacific region, which is made up of territories from the departments of Choco, Valle del Cauca, Cauca and Narino, with San Andres de Tumaco (Tumaco, Narino) standing out as one of the most violent municipalities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. In 2019, Tumaco was the Colombian municipality with the largest number of coca plantations, occupying 16,036 hectares. This has become a growing phenomenon given its geostrategic condition, as Tumaco is located on the border with Ecuador, which has been exploited by different armed groups. In addition, this municipality has an extensive humid jungle, several rivers (Patia, Telembi, Rosario, Mejican, Chagui, and Mira) and access to the Pacific Ocean. Finally, Tumaco has paved roads that connect it to the Andean and Amazon regions and it is the second most important seaport of the Colombian Pacific coast [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e] (See Map 1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Afro-descendant (Afro-Colombian or Afro) population from the Colombian Pacific coast identify themselves as Black [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. At the national level, 40% of the Black population has had some kind of deprivation, 30.2% has fallen behind in school, and 37.5% has been displaced because of violence. In Tumaco, 81% of the population is Black, 54% lives under multidimensional poverty, 66% inhabits in rural areas with precarious living conditions and poor public services coverage, e.g. 79% of the population has electricity, 47% gets their garbage collected, 32% has drinking water, 8% has internet access, and 5% has a sewage system [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlack and Indigenous communities have historically been affected by the Colombian armed conflict as well as by all types of violence [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. As of February 2024, 9,659,204 people have registered as victims of the armed conflict in Colombia, based on the Comprehensive Assistance and Restitution of Victims Unit (UARIV, from the Spanish \u0026ldquo;Unidad para la Atencion y Reparacion de Victimas\u0026rdquo;), of which 434,239 belonged to the Narino Pacific Coast population. This population number is distributed in the municipalities of Barbacoas (44,315), El Charco (51,059), Francisco Pizarro (7,427), La Tola (10,414), Magui Payan (18,860), Mosquera (7,335), Olaya Herrera (32,364), Ricaurte (18,201), Roberto Payan (26,042), Santa Barbara (15,531), and Tumaco, which has almost half of the victims (202,701) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. In 2021 alone, there were 8 massacres with 38 fatalities in Tumaco [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. The homicide rate in the Pacific coast is high as shown by the figures from 2021, which indicate higher homicide numbers in Olaya Herrera (78.5), Barbacoas (82.9), and Tumaco (75.9), per 100,000 inhabitants. These are worrisome statistics since they are three times higher than the national homicide rate (25.4), and it got worse in 2018, when Tumaco had a homicide rate of 117.1 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most relevant health-related events associated with victimizing circumstances of the armed conflict in 2022 in Tumaco were the cases of HIV (51.7 per 100,000 inhabitants), tuberculosis (29.9 per 100,000 inhabitants), gender-related violence (151.9 per 100,000 inhabitants), suicide attempts (43.1 per 100,000 inhabitants), and acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years of age (25.4 per 100,000 inhabitants) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. All of these figures were avoidable and exceptionally higher in this region in 2022, as compared to the rest of the county.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study identified the direct and indirect effects of violence on the health of the Black population of Tumaco, as this municipality is one of the territories most highly affected by the Colombian armed conflict. This relationship between violence and health has not been studied deeply in Colombia, i.e., there is no scientific evidence but only dissimilar reports and records from non-governmental or state entities. Hence, the Commission for the Clarification of Truth, Coexistence, and Non-Repetition (CEVNR, from the Spanish \u0026ldquo;Comision para el Esclarecimiento de la Verdad, la Convivencia y la No Repeticion\u0026rdquo;), one of the three entities created by the Peace Agreement with the FARC-EP guerrilla (From de Spanish \u0026ldquo;Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia \u0026ndash; Ejercito del Pueblo\u0026rdquo;) in 2016, together with the Missing Person Search Unit (UBPD, from the Spanish \u0026ldquo;Unidad de Busqueda de Personas Desaparecidas\u0026rdquo;), and the Special Jurisdiction for Peace (JEP, from the Spanish \u0026ldquo;Jurisdiccion Especial para la Paz\u0026rdquo;) proposed in their final report that it was necessary to investigate and understand the impacts, copings, and resistance of the victims of the armed conflict [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother reason to conduct this study was the concern about the persistence of violence and its effect on the health of Tumaco\u0026rsquo;s population. Although the number of homicides has decreased slightly during the last five years, in 2019 it ranked first as the cause of death, with a gross rate of 77.3 per 100,000 inhabitants, which was seven times higher than the national rate (23.4), and two times higher in male victims (142.9 per 100,000 inhabitants) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, violence is a key factor associated with increases in the cases of maternal and infant mortality, depression, anxiety, tobacco and psychoactive substance abuse, malnutrition, disability, teenage pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, acute diarrheal disease, and vector-transmitted diseases. The reason behind these increases is that violence makes it difficult for people to obtain access to health services, health professionals, medicines, infrastructure, and technology [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eA descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out, using a confidential questionnaire that was designed based on the technical report # 9 \u0026ldquo;Effect of the Armed Conflict on the Colombian Health\u0026rdquo;, of the National Health Observatory (ONS, from the Spanish \u0026ldquo;Observatorio Nacional de Salud\u0026rdquo;) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. This questionnaire was adapted to the Black population of Narino\u0026rsquo;s Pacific coast. Based on a provisional review, a pilot study (5 surveys) was conducted to check the understanding of the questions and it was subsequently subjected to validation by expert judges. The survey was applied to 280 victims of the armed conflict with the assistance of the Regional Center for Victims Help (CRAV, from the Spanish \u0026ldquo;Centro Regional de Atencion a Victimas\u0026rdquo;) of Tumaco, using their facilities. The inclusion criterion was: a person who is a victim of conflict registered at the single victim\u0026rsquo;s registry. Unreported victims and minors were excluded. A non-probabilistic sampling was carried out given the difficulty of interviewing victims and the safety of the research team.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e The ethics committee of the University of Narino supported this study and others within the framework of the project called \u0026ldquo;Management of the knowledge on the effects of violence on health in the Pacific coast of Narino, from the model of social determinants of health\u0026rdquo;, which was financed by the Colombian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation. Informed consent was obtained from each participant (181 were signed and 99 were approved by audio for fear of being identified), and the researchers were committed to safeguarding the confidentiality and anonymity of the collected data. Participants were informed about their right to refuse or withdraw from the study at any time without adverse consequences, according to the Resolution 8430 of 1993 of the Republic of Colombia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNine exposure variables were established based on the grouping of variables related to social determinants of health: housing conditions, public services access, unsatisfied basic needs, permanent exposure to violent events, perception of violation of rights, children under 5 years of age in the family, perception of community and family support, and income. These variables were converted to binomial results. Four exposure variables were established, which were related to events triggered directly by violence: cardiovascular diseases, malaria, injuries or poisonings caused by environmental pollution, and depression.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, 3 dependent variables called \u0026ldquo;effects of violence on health\u0026rdquo; were established: physical impairment (symptoms that may have a greater or lesser impact on the body), disability (deficiency that limits the performance of activities and restricts social involvement), and mental health (disorders that affect mood, thinking, and behavior states).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency measurements were conducted in order to determine sociodemographic aspects as exposure variables such as life course, gender, place of residence, sexual orientation, insufficient income, difficulty in completing schooling, and population group. The prevalence of the main diseases related to the 3 dependent variables was calculated with their respective 95% confidence intervals according to gender, generating dependence on the variable \u0026ldquo;Women\u0026rdquo;. These illnesses were cardiovascular diseases, malaria, injuries or poisonings due to environmental pollution, and depression. The bivariate analysis applied the Chi-square test and the Odds Ratio association measure with a 95% confidence interval, crossing the dependent variables with sociodemographic variables and with those of social determinants of health that were grouped according to a statistically significant association.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThose exposure variables that had a significant association were subjected to logistic regression, generating 5 study models, with only 3 models showing a statistically significant association. The databases were exported to version 24 SPSS\u0026reg; for their analyses, and the version 4.2 EpiDat program was used to calculate specific confidence intervals.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe average age of participants was 32.3 years (CI95% 30.4:34.2), of which 50% were \u0026le;25 years old. Therefore, the life course of most of them was youth (19 to 28 years old), followed by adulthood (29 to 59 years old). There were more women than men. Only 4.6% of victims had a sexual orientation other than heterosexual. 85.4% are affiliated to the subsidized health regimen which is typically associated with a low socioeconomic condition. In fact, 87.1% of participants have a monthly income lower than $250 US dollars and 82.5% mention that their monthly income is not enough to cover all their needs. 31.8% of the population live outside of the municipality area. 43% had difficulties finishing their academic formation due to violent circumstances (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 shows that, unlike men, Black women have suffered from diseases when they have been affected by violent events, especially when these circumstances have directly caused physical impairment, disability, and mental illness. Indeed, women with physical illnesses are twice as likely of suffering from cardiovascular diseases and almost three times as likely of having difficulties accomplishing a life project due to their poor mental condition. The health status worsens when women have a violence-related disability since cardiovascular diseases are five times as likely of appearing, while malaria and getting poisoned or injured by environmental pollution is three times as likely of appearing. When the female victim has a violence-related mental illness, she is five times as likely of suffering from depression, twice as likely of having injuries or being poisoned by environmental pollution, and is almost three times as likely of having cardiovascular diseases.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 illustrates the social determinants of health that are related to the violence caused by the armed conflict, which triggered disabilities as well as physical and mental illnesses on the interviewed victims. Consequently, the difficulty in completing academic studies is almost three times as likely related to acts of violence that directly caused physical impairment, disability, and mental illness. Likewise, insufficient monthly income was three times as likely related to the disability caused by violence. The impact on housing conditions is also three times as likely related to violent circumstances that produced mental illness. Public services access and unmet basic needs (UBN) have a slight association with violent acts that triggered the three dependent variables. Regarding permanent exposure to violent events, the victims show the highest association with the three dependent variables. The perception of violation of human rights due to violence is more related to mental illness, while the presence of children aged under five years in homes affected by violence is three times as likely related to disability and mental illness. The community and family support during the violent acts caused by the armed conflict is slightly and negatively associated with the three dependent variables. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs seen in Table 4, the victim\u0026rsquo;s age appears strongly in all analyzed models, i.e., the violence that caused physical impairment, disability, mental illness, cardiovascular disease, and malaria, impacted strongly in the health of young people and adults. In contrast, housing conditions and UBN appear to be the socioeconomic determinants that most impact health due to the violence that caused physical impairment and disability, respectively. The mental health model shows that the strongest impact of violence on the victim\u0026rsquo;s health is the difficulty in completing academic studies. Based on the multivariate analysis, cardiovascular morbidity and malaria models did not show a strong association with any of the significant social determinants of health.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eBased on the Uppsala Conflict Data Program, physical injuries, infectious diseases, and poor mental health were the indirect effects of violence that most affected the health of young non-combatant women during the armed conflicts experienced during the 1989\u0026ndash;2018 time period worldwide [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e], which is similar to the findings of this study. According to Burns et al., the risk of suffering from mental health problems increases in internally displaced people, who were exposed to conflicts for a long time [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e], similar finding was found in this study with the permanent exposure to various forms of violence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs presented here, a low socioeconomic level and difficulties meeting basic needs were associated with having a poor cardiovascular health. Schultz et al. reported that the association between socioeconomic level and cardiovascular disease mortality is as strong as that of the main risk factors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], which rules out the genetic predisposition of being Black as the predominant risk factor. In the Colombian case, this was not only associated with economic disadvantages but also with limited access to medium-to-high complexity health services for the monitoring and treatment of common diseases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e], which in a violence context is more likely to worsen.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor instance, a study conducted by Thapa and Hauff in Nepal demonstrated that there is a significant correlation between disability and mental health deterioration (symptoms of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder as consequences of violence during armed conflicts) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e], which is a similar to the relationship found in this study. As stated by Familiar et al., this correlation could be established and consolidated by multiple reasons, including rape, lack of shelter, lack of food or water, and other traumatic factors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Another explanation may be that health professionals fail to recognize the mental health disorders that afflict disabled victims of armed conflicts as well as the limited access to medical assistance in the areas affected by the conflict [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Nevertheless, there are other reports showing that this is a negative correlation, especially in amputee victims who experience greater coping skills [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eColombia and Sudan have experienced an uninterrupted chain of armed conflicts for many years. Both this study as well as that of Idris et al. found that malaria has been one of the indirect effects of violence on women\u0026rsquo;s health. This disease is associated with consequences of violence such as deterioration of employment, eating habits and preventive measures as well as non-adherence to the treatment, which favors its recurrence [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. The data reported by Mendez and Zapata can be used to explain the environmental pollution-associated that is specifically related to disability and mental health found in this study. They state that this association emerges from the persistence of violent acts triggered by armed conflicts such as oil pipelines blowing up, informal gold mining, and glyphosate spraying for the eradication of illicit crops in Tumaco [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. As shown in this study, the impact of violence on the victims\u0026rsquo; health is a permanent event.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe correlation between housing conditions and physical impairment reported in this study can be explained by the overcrowding and precarious sanitary conditions of homes caused by armed conflicts, which affects physical aspects of victims since they increase the risk of diarrheal and respiratory diseases, measles and tuberculosis. Similar findings were reported by Garry and Checchi [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe correlation between having children under 5 years of age and having mental illness in the participating victims of this study may be due to the fact that the armed conflict has endangered the survival of children, causing family and financial instability, post-migration stress, and socioeconomic status decline. In contrast, the correlation between the victim being disabled and the presence of children under 5 years of age in the home can be explained by the fact that the victims had to resolve their health issues. Also, it is possible that victims experienced prolonged malnutrition, infections, and traumas that worsen their disability condition [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study reported that the impact of armed conflict on victim\u0026rsquo;s rights, understood as freedoms and not as prerogatives, was associated with mental illness. Thus, the violent events against the victims\u0026rsquo; rights affected their mental health because they deteriorated the victims\u0026rsquo; social relationships, impacting their social coexistence, which eventually impaired the mental health of the Black population. According to the ONS, this relationship represents a critical social disorder that affects collective capacity and identity, i.e., the impact of armed conflict on victims\u0026rsquo; rights caused mental illness since it affected the individual and community historical construction of a society [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis work has shown that the non-completion of academic studies is the factor that most affects the victims\u0026rsquo; health. As described by Cervantes-Duarte and Fernandez-Cano, this result may be due to the fact that they were subjected to displacement, damage of educational infrastructure, reduced government spending in education, loss of the protective functions of family, and forced recruitment into illegal armies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. Castiblanco also explains that even though these young victims of the conflict reached higher educational levels than their parents, they did not complete their academic formation and did not have access to formal jobs, perpetuating the precarious employment and poverty context triggered by violence [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere were some limitations in the execution of this study, one of them being the difficulty in answering questions about the actual circumstances by which the participants became victims of the conflict (threats, displacement, kidnapping, murder of relatives, bombings, political persecution, among others). The reason for their hesitation could be the fear of being disappeared, murdered or re-victimized since there is documented evidence demonstrating the collusion between illegal armed groups and some official employees, as shown by CEVNR [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Another difficult question was about precise diagnoses of their illnesses and disabilities before and after having experienced the violent events of the conflict due to the economic, administrative, and geographical barriers that make it difficult for the victims to get access to health services. Thus, they do not get accurate diagnoses since the victims do not receive timely and quality care services.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe scope of this study was to establish the association of disability and illness with social determinants of health as well as to determine the indirect effects of violence on health, which has not been entirely documented and studied in Colombia. Another important aspect of this work is that the findings are focused on a population that is victim to the armed conflict, who is not combatant, inhabits disputed territories, and has poor coverage of public services as well as limited access to health services. Therefore, this research focused on a population who is subsumed in the triad of social inequalities: gender (mostly female victims), ethnicity (Black), and social class (low economic income and inhabiting rural areas).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003ePolitical, economic, environmental, and sociocultural changes are unquestionably required to improve the physical and mental health of Black, young and mostly female populations who are victims of the Colombian armed conflict. Indeed, the Black Colombians from the Pacific coast of Narino still lack safety, access to land, and promotion of traditional coping practices. Consequently, it is important to guarantee the continuing presence of \u0026ldquo;peaceful\u0026rdquo; institutions and mobilize in favor of agrarian, educational, political, and justice reforms. In the short term, it is necessary to overcome food insecurity and lack of access to drinking water as unmet basic needs in order to reduce violence and its impact on the health of these communities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Black populations who are victims of the conflict and inhabit the Pacific region of Narino face serious obstacles to finding proper health care that can mitigate the impacts of violence. Some of these barriers are gender restrictions, cultural perceptions, and the existence of services that are not adapted to the specific needs of these communities. The Colombian armed conflict has exacerbated cardiovascular diseases and vector-transmitted infections, and it has affected the emotional, psychological, and social wellbeing of these populations, who are also exposed to pollutants generated by this conflict. As a result, the poverty levels and human rights violations have worsened in these territories.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo address the impact of violence on the health of Black Colombians, who are mostly women and young victims of the conflict, the designing of public policies aimed at addressing the illnesses and disabilities caused by the violence is recommended. This effort must come from organizations created by and for victims of violence, medical care providers, municipal and departmental entities, humanitarian agencies, and academic institutions. It is also essential to establish priorities based on studies of disease burden due to violence in the midst of the armed conflict.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is important that researchers who focus on studying the effects of violence should investigate more about its impact on the health-disease process and the human vital process in disadvantaged populations. The historical debt that the Colombian government has with some communities continues to damage the life projects of several generations of Black people, women and young people from the Colombian Pacific coast. This humanitarian crisis is difficult to repair since it deals with the individual sense of suffering, the perception of injustice, and personal experiences. In summary, Colombia must navigate along the path of transitional justice through listening and memory actions as well as comprehensive reparatory measures. However, the truth, reparation and non-repetition elements must be delivered by the perpetrators of the war. Also, health care must focus on the social mitigation and medical treatment of the health damages caused by violence. Finally, the impact of violence on the population who mostly inhabit rural and dispersed territories must be addressed through health promotion and primary health care, but not from the morbidity-centered hegemonic biomedical model that has ignored this particular Colombian public health problem.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThanks to the University of Nari\u0026ntilde;o and the Call \u0026quot;Strengthening Regional Health Research Capacities\u0026quot; of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation of Colombia for choosing and financing this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eARB supervised and managed the research, formulated the methodology and wrote the main manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was funded by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation of Colombia through financing contract number 647 of the year 2021 with University of Narino.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were generated from the questionnaires (primary source of information), which were analyzed statistically. These data were encrypted on the computer of the main researcher at the University of Narino.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn ethics review was performed (confirmed by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Nari\u0026ntilde;o)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author declares no competing interests.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHunt N. Health Consequences of War and Political Violence. 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Rev.investig [Internet]. 2020 [citado 18 abr 2024]; 10 (2): 297\u0026ndash;310. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi:10.19053/20278306.v10.n2.2020.10214\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://doi:10.19053/20278306.v10.n2.2020.10214\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSociodemographic aspects of the Black victim population of the armed conflict in Tumaco, 2023\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"378\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.05305039787798%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.0132625994695%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConfidence Interval (95%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInferior Limit\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSuperior Limit\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLife Course\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.05305039787798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdolescence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.05305039787798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYouth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55,7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.05305039787798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdulthood\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.05305039787798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElderly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.05305039787798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.05305039787798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSexual orientation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.05305039787798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. Lesbian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.05305039787798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. Gay\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.05305039787798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3. Bisexual\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.05305039787798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4. Heterosexual\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e267\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.05305039787798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5. Other\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlace of residence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.05305039787798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMunicipal capital\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e191\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.05305039787798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. Rural \u0026ndash; town center\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.05305039787798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3. Rural \u0026ndash; dispersed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSufficient monthly income\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.05305039787798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.05305039787798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e231\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDifficulties finishing academic studies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.05305039787798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.05305039787798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePopulation group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.05305039787798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. Indigenous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.05305039787798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. Gypsy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.05305039787798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3. Black\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e230\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.05305039787798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4. Mestizo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.05305039787798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5. None of the above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.46684350132626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.50663129973475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2. Diseases caused by direct effects of violence on the Black female victim population of the armed conflict in Tumaco, 2023\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"671\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.49925484351714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.162444113263785%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCardiovascular diseases\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.503725782414307%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMalaria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.330849478390462%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInjuries due to environmental pollution\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.503725782414307%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Depression\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.49925484351714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.374068554396423%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1296572280178836%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.710879284649776%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.451564828614009%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.412816691505217%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.918032786885246%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.773472429210134%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.730253353204173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"13\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical impairment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.49925484351714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.374068554396423%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1296572280178836%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.710879284649776%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.451564828614009%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.412816691505217%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.918032786885246%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.773472429210134%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.730253353204173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.49925484351714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.374068554396423%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.1296572280178836%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.710879284649776%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.451564828614009%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.412816691505217%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.04769001490313%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.64381520119225%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.730253353204173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.522388059701493%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.53731343283582%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 4.84 DF=1 p=0.028\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 2.07 (1.074 \u0026ndash; 4.014)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.044776119402986%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 3.245 DF=1 p=0.072\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 1.649 (0.955-2.850)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.492537313432837%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 1.256 DF=1 p=0.262\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 1.482 (0.742 \u0026ndash; 2.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.402985074626866%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 7.543 DF=1 p=0.001\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 2.769(1.310 \u0026ndash; 5.851)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"13\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.672131147540984%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.201192250372578%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.918032786885246%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.922503725782414%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.451564828614009%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.412816691505217%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.04769001490313%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.64381520119225%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.730253353204173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.672131147540984%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.201192250372578%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.918032786885246%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.922503725782414%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.451564828614009%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.412816691505217%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.04769001490313%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.64381520119225%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.730253353204173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.70149253731343%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 23.56 DF=1 p=0.000\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 4.9 (2.48 -9.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.402985074626866%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 13.22 DF=1 p=0.000\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 2.62 (1.617 \u0026ndash; 5.263)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.492537313432837%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 6.12 DF=1 p=0.013\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 2.44 (1.86 \u0026ndash; 5.039)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.402985074626866%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 120.65 DF=1 p=0.000\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = No calculable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"13\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMental illness\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.672131147540984%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.201192250372578%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.918032786885246%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.922503725782414%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.451564828614009%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.412816691505217%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.04769001490313%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.64381520119225%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.730253353204173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.672131147540984%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.201192250372578%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.918032786885246%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.922503725782414%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.451564828614009%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.412816691505217%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.04769001490313%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.64381520119225%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.730253353204173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.70149253731343%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 10.27 DF=1 p=0.001\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 2.891 (1.483 \u0026ndash; 5.635)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.402985074626866%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 0.462 DF=1 p=0.497\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 1.211 (0.497 \u0026ndash; 2.107)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.492537313432837%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 5.95 DF=1 p=0.015\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 2.353 (1.167 \u0026ndash; 4.745)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.402985074626866%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 19.96 DF=1 p=0.000\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 5.455 (2.432 -12.219)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3. Association of social determinants of health with the direct effects of violence on the health of the Black victim population of the armed conflict in Tumaco, 2023\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"652\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.073619631901842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.15950920245399%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical impairment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.69325153374233%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.073619631901842%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMental illness\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.033690658499236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDifficulty finishing academic studies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.033690658499236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36,6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.033690658499236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.073619631901842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.15950920245399%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 15.128 DF=1 p=0.000\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 2.595 (1.597 \u0026ndash; 4.217)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.69325153374233%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 18.04 DF=1 p=0.000\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 3.36 (1.892 \u0026ndash; 5.972))\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.073619631901842%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 14.81 DF=1 p=0.000\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 2.613 (1.594 \u0026ndash; 4.286)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInsufficient monthly income\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.033690658499236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.033690658499236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.073619631901842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.15950920245399%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 3.897 DF=1 p=0.048\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 0.311 (0.095 \u0026ndash; 1.051)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.69325153374233%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 6.405 DF=1 p=0.01\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 3.0 (1.892 \u0026ndash; 5.972)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.073619631901842%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 6.516 DF=1 p=0.011\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 0,401 (0.195 \u0026ndash; 0.822)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImpact on housing conditions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.033690658499236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.033690658499236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.073619631901842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.15950920245399%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 4.124 DF=1 p=0.042\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 0.518 (0.272 \u0026ndash; 0.984)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.69325153374233%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 2.569 DF=1 p=0.109\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 1.867 (0.862 \u0026ndash; 4.044)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.073619631901842%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 8.682 DF=1 p=0.003\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 2.75 (1.378 -5.488)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAccess to public services\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.033690658499236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.033690658499236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.073619631901842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.15950920245399%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 4.342 DF=1 p=0.037\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 1.668 (1.029 -2.702)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.69325153374233%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 1.093 DF=1 p=0.296\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 1.352 (0.767 \u0026ndash; 2.384)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.073619631901842%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 5.026 DF=1 p=0.025\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 1.772 (1.072 \u0026ndash; 2.928)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnmet basic needs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.033690658499236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.033690658499236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.638591117917304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.016845329249618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.073619631901842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.15950920245399%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 0.073 DF=1 p=0.787\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 0.937 (0.586 \u0026ndash; 1.499)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.69325153374233%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 0.930 DF=1 p=0.335\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 1.309 (0.757 \u0026ndash; 2.262)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.073619631901842%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 4.557 DF=1 p=0.033\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 0.589 (0.361 -0.959)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"662\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePermanent exposure to violent events\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.641025641025642%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.177978883861236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.328808446455506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.641025641025642%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.177978883861236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.328808446455506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.71860816944024%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.844175491679273%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 19.44 DF=1 p=0.000\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 5.346 (2.388 \u0026ndash; 11.971)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.71860816944024%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 11.479 DF=1 p=0.001\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 8.396 (1.977 \u0026ndash; 35.653)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.71860816944024%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 7.805 DF=1 p=0.005\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 2.912 (1.341 \u0026ndash; 6.320)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePerception of violation of human rights\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.641025641025642%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.177978883861236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.328808446455506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.641025641025642%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.177978883861236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.328808446455506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.71860816944024%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.844175491679273%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 4.514 DF=1 p=0.034\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 1.668 (1.039 \u0026ndash; 2.676)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.71860816944024%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 4.328 DF=1 p=0.037\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 1.793 (1.031 \u0026ndash; 3.120)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.71860816944024%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 16.077 DF=1 p=0.000\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 2.73 (1.661 \u0026ndash; 4.488)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePerception of community and family support\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.641025641025642%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.177978883861236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.328808446455506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.641025641025642%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.177978883861236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.328808446455506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.71860816944024%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.844175491679273%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 5.979 DF=1 p=0.016\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 0.547 (0.334 \u0026ndash; 0.896)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.71860816944024%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 3.527 DF=1 p=0.060\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 0.588 (0.337 \u0026ndash; 1.026)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.71860816944024%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 5.345 DF=1 p=0.021\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 0.557 (0.338 \u0026ndash; 0.917)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChildren \u0026lt; 5 years of age living at victim\u0026acute;s home\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.641025641025642%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.177978883861236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.328808446455506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.641025641025642%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.177978883861236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.463046757164404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.328808446455506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.71860816944024%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.844175491679273%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 4.294 DF=1 p=0.038\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 1.654 (1.026 \u0026ndash; 2.664)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.71860816944024%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 11.150 DF=1 p=0.001\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 2.556 (1.460 \u0026ndash; 4.475)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.71860816944024%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2 = 17.195 DF=1 p=0.000\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;OR = 2.825 (1.718 \u0026ndash; 4.644)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4. Impact of violence on the health of the Black victim population of the armed conflict in Tumaco, 2023\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"501\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.516966067864274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;(Inferior \u0026nbsp;Limit)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;(SuperiorLimit)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.3812375249501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMODEL 1. Results of physical impairment\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Log Likelihood = 314.41 \u0026chi;2 =73.23 (DF = 4), p-value: 0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.516966067864274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLife course\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.050\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.3812375249501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.516966067864274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousing conditions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.388\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.3812375249501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.516966067864274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHistory of violent acts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.725\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.431\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.171\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.342\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.3812375249501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.516966067864274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHistory of disability related to violence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.193\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.355\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.593\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.399\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.3812375249501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMODEL 2. Disability\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Log Likelihood = \u0026nbsp; 249.93, \u0026chi;2 = 63.5 (DF = 7), p-value: 0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.516966067864274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLife course\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.064\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.3812375249501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.516966067864274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubsidized Health Regimen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.3812375249501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.516966067864274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContributive Health Regimen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.485\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.206\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.3812375249501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.548\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.516966067864274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecial Regimen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.589\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.751\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.3812375249501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.516966067864274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnmet basic needs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.521\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.380\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.722\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.204\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.3812375249501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.516966067864274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHistory of violent acts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.752\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.793\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.502\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.3812375249501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.049\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.516966067864274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerception of respect for human rights\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.877\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.382\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.888\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.970\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.3812375249501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.099\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.516966067864274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChildren \u0026lt; 5 years of age in the family nucleus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.559\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.322\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.830\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.929\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.3812375249501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMODEL 3. Mental Health\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Log Likelihood = \u0026nbsp; 325.4, \u0026chi;2 = 48 (DF = 5), p-value: 0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.516966067864274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLife course\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.998\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.3812375249501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.087\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.516966067864274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousing conditions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.404\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.381\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.138\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.3812375249501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.516966067864274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerception of respect for human rights\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.258\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.272\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.324\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.850\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.3812375249501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.516966067864274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChildren \u0026lt; 5 years of age in the family nucleus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.591\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.528\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.397\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.3812375249501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.516966067864274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDifficulty finishing academic studies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.677\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.290\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.950\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.959\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.3812375249501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMODEL 4. Cardiovascular Disease Morbidity\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Log Likelihood = \u0026nbsp; 185.4, \u0026chi;2 = 4.704 (DF = 8), p-value: 0.789\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.516966067864274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLife course\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.937\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.915\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.959\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.3812375249501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.516966067864274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDifficulty finishing academic studies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.307\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.442\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.549\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.3812375249501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.545\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.516966067864274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousing conditions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.185\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.719\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.759\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.3812375249501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.516966067864274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpact on mental health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.546\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.392\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.253\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.3812375249501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMODEL 5. Malaria Morbidity\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Log Likelihood = \u0026nbsp; 275.57, \u0026chi;2 = 40.132 (DF = 4), p-value: 0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.516966067864274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLife course\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.967\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.950\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.985\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.3812375249501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.516966067864274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDifficulty finishing academic studies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.627\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.324\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.332\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.181\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.3812375249501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.516966067864274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousing conditions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.499\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.452\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.206\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.210\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.3812375249501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.516966067864274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHistory of violent acts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.211\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.753\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.377245508982035%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.173652694610778%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.925\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.3812375249501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"(DeCS): Black of African American, Armed Conflicts, Violence, Social Determinants of Health, Human Rights Violations, Colombia","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4372276/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4372276/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Black communities who inhabit the Colombian Pacific Coast experience high risk levels due to the persistence of an armed conflict and the presence of a variety of illegal armed groups. Likewise, in comparison to the rest of the country, these communities face poor health conditions, a higher prevalence of preventable diseases, and a lower life expectancy at birth. This study was aimed at identifying the impact of violence on the health of the Afro-Colombian population from Tumaco (Narino, Colombia).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional observational study was conducted applying a survey to 280 victims of the armed conflict. A bivariate analysis was carried out using chi square test and Odds Ratio, together with a logistic regression.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost of the victims were young low-income women, who are at a higher risk of suffering from depression, injuries or poisonings caused by environmental pollution, malaria, and cardiovascular diseases as a consequence of their exposure to violent events. The most important effect of violence on the population\u0026rsquo;s health is the difficulty in completing their academic formation, and the determinants of violence that most strongly affect their health are housing conditions and unsatisfied basic needs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to reduce the social inequalities of the victims of armed conflict it is necessary to update and improve the regulatory framework that oversees health, justice, politics, education and agriculture in Colombia. In addition, more studies and policies are required to mitigate the impact of violence on the Black population of the Colombian Pacific region who are young, poor and female.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The impact of violence on the health of the Black population from the Colombian Pacific region: a cross-sectional study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-05-14 17:35:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4372276/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"eedf8c6f-b3f7-482e-9dae-27f1fe2555e6","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 14th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-06-12T14:00:06+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-05-14 17:35:20","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4372276","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4372276","identity":"rs-4372276","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"FbvkV6FR0MCFSLy54lSbu","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}