Corydalis cashmeriana var. longicalcarata (Papaveraceae), an addition to the flora of Western Himalaya, India

Corydalis cashmeriana var. longicalcarata (Papaveraceae), an addition to the flora of Western Himalaya, India | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Corydalis cashmeriana var. longicalcarata (Papaveraceae), an addition to the flora of Western Himalaya, India Tajamul Islam, Anzar Ahmad Khuroo, Sameer A. Sofi, Shabir A. Zargar, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5418155/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 6 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract We report Corydalis cashmeriana var. longicalcarata (Papaveraceae) for the first time from Kashmir, a region located in Western Himalaya, India. It differs from C . cashmeriana var. cashmeriana in having raceme with only two flowers, long upper petal and spur with deflexed tip. Detailed morphological notes along with photographs are provided to validate this new distribution record and facilitate the field identification of this taxon. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction The genus Corydalis DC., belonging to the family Papaveraceae, comprises about 538 species globally, and mainly distributed in the northern temperate zone (POWO, 2024 ). This genus exhibits high levels of morphological diversity (Ren et al., 2021 ; Kim et al., 2023 ). The leaves, fruits, seeds, and particularly the floral structure is complex and show high variability, which poses significant challenges in accurate taxonomic identification (Ren et al., 2021 ; Kim et al., 2023 ). The main characters used in species delimitation in the genus includes nature of leaves, claw of lower petal, shape of spur and fruit (Kim et al., 2023 ). Corydalis occur in a wide range of habitats, such as riversides, forests, grasslands, screes and rocky crevices (Liu et al., 2024 ). The genus is considered to be a rich source of isoquinoline alkaloids with various biological properties including acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effects, anti-proliferative activities, antiviral activities and anti-plasmodial activities (Iranshahy et al., 2014 ). Till date, 59 species of the genus have been recorded from India, and mainly restricted to the Himalayan region (BSI eflora of India, 2024; POWO, 2024 ). During a recent botanical survey, we collected interesting plant specimens from Margan valley in Kashmir Himalaya. After critical examination of the plant specimens and perusal of taxonomic literature (Hooker, 1875 ; Stewart, 1972 ; Sharma & Balakrishnan, 1993 ; Jiang et al., 2018 ; Ren et al., 2019 ; Chen et al., 2023 ), online floras and databases (eFlora of China, 2008 ; Zhang et al., 2016 ; eFlora of Pakistan, 2024 ; BSI eflora of India, 2024), protologue (Srivastava, 1998 ) and type (K000653648), the specimens were identified as Corydalis cashmeriana var. longicalcarata (D.G.Long) R.C.Srivast. The taxon was previously reported to be restricted to Eastern Himalaya, Nepal and Tibet (Long, 1984 ; Prain, 1896 ; Srivastava, 1998 ; POWO, 2024 ). Therefore, being a new distributional record to the Western Himalaya from Kashmir, the present study provides detailed taxonomic account, including description, contrasting characters with closely related taxa, and photographic illustrations of diagnostic characters.. Materials and methods The field tour was conducted in the Kashmir Himalaya in July 2024, covering an area of ~ 15,000 km 2 with 64% of the area being mountainous (Ganie et al., 2019 ; Dar and Khuroo, 2020 ). The elevation ranges from ca. 1600 to 5400 m asl (Khuroo et al., 2007 ). The region experiences well demarcated four seasons: the spring which lasts from March–May; the summer from June–August; the autumn from September–November; and winter from December–February (Dar and Dar, 2021 ; Islam et al., 2023a , b , c ). The natural vegetation at higher elevations in the region mostly consists of alpine meadows and coniferous forests (Khuroo et al., 2007 ). During floristic surveys, standard taxonomic methods have been followed for collection, drying and further processing of the herbarium specimens (Bridson and Forman, 1998 ). The specimens have been deposited in University of Kashmir herbarium (KASH) with proper voucher specimen number. The macro photographs were taken in field by mobile phone camera (Make: iPhone 15 Pro Max). The microphotography of the diagnostic characters was carried out under a stereozoom microscope (Make: Leica S9D, Germany) integrated with image processing software (LASX). The location map was prepared using ArcGIS (version 10.2) software. Results Taxonomic treatment Corydalis cashmeriana var. longicalcarata (D.G.Long) R.C.Srivast. Fl. Sikkim: 72 (1998). Synonyms: Corydalis cashmeriana subsp. longicalcarata (D.G.Long) Lidén in Fl. China 7: 392 (2008), C. ecristata subsp. longicalcarata (D.G.Long) C.Y.Wu in Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 32: 272 (1999), C. ecristata var. longicalcarata D.G.Long in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 42: 93 (1984). Type?? Specimen examined : INDIA. Jammu and Kashmir, Kashmir, Anantnag, Margan valley, 33º 44ꞌ 58ꞌꞌ N, 75º 29ꞌ 51ꞌꞌ E, 3750 m a.s.l., 07-07-2024, Tajamul Islam, Anzar Ahmad Khuroo & Sameer A. Sofi (KASH 38640) . Description Herb, perennial, up to 10 cm tall, stem glabrous; rootstock tuberous. Stems erect and bears 2 cauline leaves, alternate, present above middle of the stem. Radical leaves petiolate, 2–3 cm long, obcuneate, palmately, 3-lobes, glaucous, petioles filiform, sheathing at base; lobes obovate, deeply ternate; ultimate leaflets linear, linear oblanceolate or obovate. Cauline leaves subsessile, glaucous, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, deeply lobed with 4–7-pinnatisect; lobules linear or oblanceolate, acute, apices minutely mucronate, upper leaf 6.5–7.0 × 2.2–2.5 mm. Inflorescence raceme, 2-flowered, bracts foliaceous, laciniate. Pedicel 8.0–8.5 × 0.3–0.5 mm. Flowers bisexual, 14–16 mm long with spur 5–6 mm long, slightly deflexed at tip. Petals 4, white; upper petal small, 9.0–10.5 mm long, concave, broad, clawed at base, apices acute; lower petal rhombic-ovate, 12.5–13.0 mm long; inner petals 8.5–9.0 mm long. Stamens 2, 0.8–1.0 mm long; anther lobe yellow, 0.4–0.6 × 0.2–0.4 mm. Ovary glabrous, with curved dilated flattened bilobed stigma. Fruit capsule (Fig. 2). Notes: Royle (1834) has, first of all, described Corydalis cashmeriana from India based on the plant material collected from Kashmir, NW Himalaya. After that, Prain (1896) recognised an infraspecific taxa (variety) as Corydalis cashmeriana var. ecristata based on the specimen collected by Ludlow and co-workers from Bhutan (K000653648). This variety was later on elevated to species rank as Corydalis ecristata (Prain) Long (Long, 1984). Meanwhile, Long (1984) has also described its new variety as Corydalis ecristata var. longicalcarata. However, it was more related to the C. cashmeriana, Srivastava (1998) therefore proposed a new combination as Corydalis cashmeriana var. longicalcarata . The C. cashmeriana var. longicalcarata morphologically resembles with C. cashmeriana var . cashmeriana in some characters such as habit, leaf type and fruit type; however, it differs from the latter in having white two-flowered raceme, long upper petal including long spur, deflexed at tip (Fig. 2). Phenology: flowering: June–July; fruiting: July–August. Distribution : India: Eastern Himalaya (Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh), Nepal and Tibet, and Western Himalaya (Kashmir). Ecology: It occurs in the alpine zone at an elevation of 3750 m a.s.l. The habitat is a typical alpine moist scrub dominated by Rhododendron hypenanthum Balf.f . and herbaceous plants such as Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. , Sibbaldia cuneata Edgew. , Geum elatum Wall. ex G.Don , Myosotis alpestris F.W.Schmidt , Bistorta affinis (D.Don) Greene , Lindelofia longiflora (DC.) Baill. , Anemonastrum obtusilobum (D.Don) Mosyakin , Lagotis cashmeriana (Royle ex Benth.) Rupr. , Primula reptans Hook.f. ex G.Watt . Discussion In biodiversity science, besides discovery of new species, new distribution records form the foundation of biodiversity datasets. In particular, urgent efforts are required to report the species distribution records from global biodiversity hotspots, such as the Himalaya, in order to overcome the Wallacean shortfall in biodiversity (Gulzar et al., 2021; Wani et al 2024). The new record of C . cashmeriana var. longicalcarata from Kashmir is the first distribution record for the flora of Western Himalaya, India. The alpine areas in the Himalaya represent the precious reservoirs of biodiversity, but their vegetation is among the least investigated (Fait et al., 2020; Rasray et al. 2024). Till now, 31 taxa of this genus have been reported from Kashmir Himalaya (Dar et al., 2011). C orydalis cashmeriana var. longicalcarata was collected from the natural population in the Margan valley in Kashmir Himalaya. We have located a single population of this taxon from the locality. Currently, livestock overgrazing and the recent huge influx of tourists poses a significant threat to the population survival of this taxon. It is suggested that the seeds of this taxon may be collected and cultivated for its ex-situ conservation strategy. Declarations Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to the Head, Department Botany, University of Kashmir. We are grateful to the research scholars and supporting staff of BIOTA Laboratory, Centre for Biodiversity and Taxonomy, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, for their kind assistance and support during the present study. The Department of Science & Technology, Government of India, New Delhi is also acknowledged for funding under FIST Scheme vide File No. SR/FST/LS-II/2017/103(C), dated: 05-02-2019. Funding Tajamul Islam and Sameer A. Sofi acknowledges the University Grants Commission (UGC) under 924/(CSIRNET JUNE-2019) and 211610052730 respectively for providing financial assistance as Junior Research Fellowship. The financial support received under DSTCRG/2022/006606 from Department of Science & Technology, Government of India, New Delhi to Anzar Ahmad Khuroo is greatly acknowledged. Ethics: not applicable Consent to Publish: not applicable Consent to Participate: not applicable Competing Interest: the authors declared that they have no competing interest. Plant Guidelines The collection of plant material, complied with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation. Data Availability Statement Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. References Botanical Survey of India Botanical Survey of India-Flora of India. (2024). Available from https://efloraindia.bsi.gov.in/ (accessed on 14 July 2024). Bridson, D., & Forman, L. (1998). The Herbarium Handbook. Royal Botanic Gardens. Royal Botanic Gardens, Richmond. 346p . Chen, J. T., Lidén, M., Huang, X. H., Zhang, L., Zhang, X. J., Kuang, T. H., ... & Sun, H. (2023). An updated classification for the hyper‐diverse genus Corydalis (Papaveraceae: Fumarioideae) based on phylogenomic and morphological evidence. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology , 65 (9), 2138-2156. Dar, G. H., & Khuroo, A. A. (Eds.). (2020). Biodiversity of the Himalaya: Jammu and Kashmir State (Vol. 18). 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DNA barcoding of Corydalis, the most taxonomically complicated genus of Papaveraceae. Ecology and Evolution , 9 (4), 1934-1945. Ren, F., Wang, L., Li, Y., Zhuo, W., Xu, Z., Guo, H., ... & Song, J. (2021). Highly variable chloroplast genome from two endangered Papaveraceae lithophytes Corydalis tomentella and Corydalis saxicola . Ecology and Evolution , 11 (9), 4158-4171. Royle, J.F. (1834). Illustrations of the botany and other branches of the natural history of the Himalayan Mountains, 69. Sharma, B. D, & Balakrishnan, N. P. (1993). Papaveraceae-Caryophyllaceae Flora of India . Botanical Survey of India, 2, p. 625. Srivastava, R. C. (1998). Flora of Sikkim (Ranunculaceae-Moringaceae), Oriental Enterprises, Kalidas Road, Dehra Dun, India. p. 72. Stewart, R.R. (1972) An Annotated Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of West Pakistan and Kashmir. Karachi, Pakistan: Fakhri Press. Wani, S. A., Mugal, M. A., Dar, F. A., Reddy, C. S., Rashid, I., & Khuroo A. A. (2024). Meeting Linnean, Wallacean, and Darwinian shortfalls in global biodiversity hotspots: A model study from the Indian Himalayan Region. Ecological Research, 40 (1), 20-36. Zhang, Z. X., Wang, D., & Yang, X. (2016). The taxonomic position of Corydalis parviflora Su & Lidén (Papaveraceae), a genetically distinct species: Evidence from cpDNA and nDNA sequences. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology , 67 , 134-141. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editor assigned by journal 20 May, 2025 Reviews received at journal 19 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 May, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 27 Apr, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 26 Apr, 2025 First submitted to journal 25 Apr, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5418155","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":448650077,"identity":"662c45bd-f2a9-49ad-a6a8-aa0c5243c2d9","order_by":0,"name":"Tajamul Islam","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Kashmir","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tajamul","middleName":"","lastName":"Islam","suffix":""},{"id":448650078,"identity":"d3ef363e-5f2b-49c6-9ea5-78780d8cb378","order_by":1,"name":"Anzar Ahmad Khuroo","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAyUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPCCBDkGBjYGMGYjVosx6VoSG2BaCAL+2e0PP1fUpKVvON6WwPCh7DADn3QDfi0Sdw4kS545lpO74cyxA4wzzh1mYJM5QMCaGwkHJBvYKnI33EhvYOZtA2qRSMCvQ/5GYvPPhn8V6QYgLX+J0WJwI5lNsrEtJ8HgRtoBZkZitBjeSGOzbOxLM5x55ljCwZ5z6TwEtcjdSH98s+Fbsjzf8TbDBz/KrOXkZxDQggIOADEPCepHwSgYBaNgFOACAI8LRDKfPtR6AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Kashmir","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anzar","middleName":"Ahmad","lastName":"Khuroo","suffix":""},{"id":448650079,"identity":"47175996-361d-4fb8-8610-038b201059c0","order_by":2,"name":"Sameer A. 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This genus exhibits high levels of morphological diversity (Ren et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Kim et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The leaves, fruits, seeds, and particularly the floral structure is complex and show high variability, which poses significant challenges in accurate taxonomic identification (Ren et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Kim et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The main characters used in species delimitation in the genus includes nature of leaves, claw of lower petal, shape of spur and fruit (Kim et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eCorydalis\u003c/em\u003e occur in a wide range of habitats, such as riversides, forests, grasslands, screes and rocky crevices (Liu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The genus is considered to be a rich source of isoquinoline alkaloids with various biological properties including acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effects, anti-proliferative activities, antiviral activities and anti-plasmodial activities (Iranshahy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTill date, 59 species of the genus have been recorded from India, and mainly restricted to the Himalayan region (BSI eflora of India, 2024; POWO, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). During a recent botanical survey, we collected interesting plant specimens from Margan valley in Kashmir Himalaya. After critical examination of the plant specimens and perusal of taxonomic literature (Hooker, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1875\u003c/span\u003e; Stewart, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1972\u003c/span\u003e; Sharma \u0026amp; Balakrishnan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e; Jiang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Ren et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Chen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), online floras and databases (eFlora of China, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; eFlora of Pakistan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; BSI eflora of India, 2024), protologue (Srivastava, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e) and type (K000653648), the specimens were identified as \u003cem\u003eCorydalis cashmeriana\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003elongicalcarata\u003c/em\u003e (D.G.Long) R.C.Srivast. The taxon was previously reported to be restricted to Eastern Himalaya, Nepal and Tibet (Long, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e; Prain, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1896\u003c/span\u003e; Srivastava, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; POWO, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, being a new distributional record to the Western Himalaya from Kashmir, the present study provides detailed taxonomic account, including description, contrasting characters with closely related taxa, and photographic illustrations of diagnostic characters..\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe field tour was conducted in the Kashmir Himalaya in July 2024, covering an area of ~\u0026thinsp;15,000 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e with 64% of the area being mountainous (Ganie et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Dar and Khuroo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The elevation ranges from \u003cem\u003eca.\u003c/em\u003e 1600 to 5400 m asl (Khuroo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). The region experiences well demarcated four seasons: the spring which lasts from March\u0026ndash;May; the summer from June\u0026ndash;August; the autumn from September\u0026ndash;November; and winter from December\u0026ndash;February (Dar and Dar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Islam et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023a\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003ec\u003c/span\u003e). The natural vegetation at higher elevations in the region mostly consists of alpine meadows and coniferous forests (Khuroo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). During floristic surveys, standard taxonomic methods have been followed for collection, drying and further processing of the herbarium specimens (Bridson and Forman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e). The specimens have been deposited in University of Kashmir herbarium (KASH) with proper voucher specimen number. The macro photographs were taken in field by mobile phone camera (Make: iPhone 15 Pro Max). The microphotography of the diagnostic characters was carried out under a stereozoom microscope (Make: Leica S9D, Germany) integrated with image processing software (LASX). The location map was prepared using ArcGIS (version 10.2) software.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTaxonomic treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCorydalis cashmeriana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;var.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003elongicalcarata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(D.G.Long) R.C.Srivast. Fl. Sikkim: 72 (1998).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCorydalis cashmeriana\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esubsp.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;longicalcarata\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(D.G.Long) Lid\u0026eacute;n in Fl. China 7: 392 (2008),\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eC. ecristata\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esubsp.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;longicalcarata\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(D.G.Long) C.Y.Wu in Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 32: 272 (1999),\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eC. ecristata\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evar.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;longicalcarata\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eD.G.Long in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 42: 93 (1984).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eType??\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecimen examined\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e INDIA. Jammu and Kashmir, Kashmir, Anantnag, Margan valley, 33\u0026ordm; 44ꞌ 58ꞌꞌ N, 75\u0026ordm; 29ꞌ 51ꞌꞌ E, 3750 m a.s.l., 07-07-2024, \u003cem\u003eTajamul Islam, Anzar Ahmad Khuroo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026amp; \u003cem\u003eSameer A. Sofi (KASH 38640)\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescription\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHerb, perennial, up to 10 cm tall, stem glabrous; rootstock tuberous. Stems erect and bears 2 cauline leaves, alternate, present above middle of the stem. Radical leaves petiolate, 2\u0026ndash;3 cm long, obcuneate, palmately, 3-lobes, glaucous, petioles filiform, sheathing at base; lobes obovate, deeply ternate; ultimate leaflets linear, linear oblanceolate or obovate. Cauline leaves subsessile, glaucous, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, deeply lobed with 4\u0026ndash;7-pinnatisect; lobules linear or oblanceolate, acute, apices minutely mucronate, upper leaf 6.5\u0026ndash;7.0 \u0026times; 2.2\u0026ndash;2.5 mm. Inflorescence raceme, 2-flowered, bracts foliaceous, laciniate. Pedicel 8.0\u0026ndash;8.5 \u0026times; 0.3\u0026ndash;0.5 mm. Flowers bisexual, 14\u0026ndash;16 mm long with spur 5\u0026ndash;6 mm long, slightly deflexed at tip. Petals 4, white; upper petal small, 9.0\u0026ndash;10.5 mm long, concave, broad, clawed at base, apices acute; lower petal rhombic-ovate, 12.5\u0026ndash;13.0 mm long; inner petals 8.5\u0026ndash;9.0 mm long. Stamens 2, 0.8\u0026ndash;1.0 mm long; anther lobe yellow, 0.4\u0026ndash;0.6 \u0026times; 0.2\u0026ndash;0.4 mm. Ovary glabrous, with curved dilated flattened bilobed stigma. Fruit capsule (Fig. 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNotes:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eRoyle (1834) has, first of all, described \u003cem\u003eCorydalis cashmeriana\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003efrom India based on the plant material collected from Kashmir, NW Himalaya. After that, Prain (1896) recognised an infraspecific taxa (variety) as \u003cem\u003eCorydalis cashmeriana\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003eecristata\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ebased on the specimen collected by Ludlow and co-workers from Bhutan\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(K000653648). This variety was later on elevated to species rank as \u003cem\u003eCorydalis ecristata\u003c/em\u003e (Prain) Long (Long, 1984). Meanwhile, Long (1984) has also described its new variety as \u003cem\u003eCorydalis ecristata\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003elongicalcarata.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eHowever, it was more related to the \u003cem\u003eC. cashmeriana,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eSrivastava (1998) therefore proposed a new combination as \u003cem\u003eCorydalis cashmeriana\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003elongicalcarata\u003c/em\u003e. The \u003cem\u003eC. cashmeriana\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evar. \u003cem\u003elongicalcarata\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003emorphologically resembles with \u003cem\u003eC. cashmeriana\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evar\u003cem\u003e. cashmeriana\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ein some characters such as habit, leaf type and fruit type; however, it differs from the latter in having white two-flowered raceme, long upper petal including long spur, deflexed at tip (Fig. 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhenology: flowering:\u003c/strong\u003e June\u0026ndash;July;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;fruiting:\u003c/strong\u003e July\u0026ndash;August.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e India: Eastern Himalaya (Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh), Nepal and Tibet, and Western Himalaya (Kashmir).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEcology:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eIt occurs in the alpine zone at an elevation of 3750 m a.s.l. The habitat is a typical alpine moist scrub dominated by \u003cem\u003eRhododendron hypenanthum\u003c/em\u003e Balf.f\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e and herbaceous plants such as \u003cem\u003eBergenia ciliata\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Haw.) Sternb.\u003cem\u003e, Sibbaldia cuneata\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eEdgew.\u003cem\u003e, Geum elatum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eWall. ex G.Don\u003cem\u003e, Myosotis alpestris\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eF.W.Schmidt\u003cem\u003e, Bistorta affinis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(D.Don) Greene\u003cem\u003e, Lindelofia longiflora\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(DC.) Baill.\u003cem\u003e, Anemonastrum obtusilobum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(D.Don) Mosyakin\u003cem\u003e, Lagotis cashmeriana\u003c/em\u003e (Royle ex Benth.) Rupr.\u003cem\u003e, Primula reptans\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eHook.f. ex G.Watt\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn biodiversity science, besides discovery of new species, new distribution records form the foundation of biodiversity datasets. In particular, urgent efforts are required to report the species distribution records from global biodiversity hotspots, such as the Himalaya, in order to overcome the Wallacean shortfall in biodiversity (Gulzar et al., 2021; Wani et al 2024). The new record of\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eC\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;cashmeriana\u003c/em\u003e var.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003elongicalcarata\u003c/em\u003e from Kashmir is the first distribution record for the flora of Western Himalaya, India.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe alpine areas in the Himalaya represent the precious reservoirs of biodiversity, but their vegetation is among the least investigated (Fait et al., 2020; Rasray et al. 2024). Till now, 31 taxa of this genus have been reported from Kashmir Himalaya (Dar et al., 2011).\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eC\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eorydalis\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;cashmeriana\u003c/em\u003e var.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003elongicalcarata\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewas collected from the natural population in the Margan valley in Kashmir Himalaya. We have located a single population of this taxon from the locality. Currently, livestock overgrazing and the recent huge influx of tourists poses a significant threat to the population survival of this taxon. It is suggested that the seeds of this taxon may be collected and cultivated for its \u003cem\u003eex-situ\u003c/em\u003e conservation strategy.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors are thankful to the Head, Department Botany, University of Kashmir. We are grateful to the research scholars and supporting staff of BIOTA Laboratory, Centre for Biodiversity and Taxonomy, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, for their kind assistance and support during the present study. The Department of Science \u0026amp; Technology, Government of India, New Delhi is also acknowledged for funding under FIST Scheme vide File No. SR/FST/LS-II/2017/103(C), dated: 05-02-2019.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTajamul Islam and Sameer A. Sofi acknowledges the University Grants Commission (UGC) under 924/(CSIRNET JUNE-2019) and 211610052730 respectively for providing financial assistance as Junior Research Fellowship. The financial support received under DSTCRG/2022/006606 from Department of Science \u0026amp; Technology, Government of India, New Delhi to Anzar Ahmad Khuroo is greatly acknowledged.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003enot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Publish:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003enot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003enot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interest:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ethe authors declared that they have no competing interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant Guidelines\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe collection of plant material, complied with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBotanical Survey of India Botanical Survey of India-Flora of India. (2024). Available from https://efloraindia.bsi.gov.in/ (accessed on 14 July 2024).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBridson, D., \u0026amp; Forman, L. (1998). The Herbarium Handbook. Royal Botanic Gardens. \u003cem\u003eRoyal Botanic Gardens, Richmond. 346p\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen, J. T., Lid\u0026eacute;n, M., Huang, X. H., Zhang, L., Zhang, X. J., Kuang, T. H., ... \u0026amp; Sun, H. (2023). An updated classification for the hyper‐diverse genus Corydalis (Papaveraceae: Fumarioideae) based on phylogenomic and morphological evidence. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Integrative Plant Biology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e65\u003c/em\u003e(9), 2138-2156.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDar, G. H., \u0026amp; Khuroo, A. A. (Eds.). (2020). \u003cem\u003eBiodiversity of the Himalaya: Jammu and Kashmir State\u003c/em\u003e (Vol. 18). Singapore:: Springer.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDar, J., \u0026amp; Dar, A. Q. (2021). 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The alien flora of Kashmir Himalaya. \u003cem\u003eBiological Invasions\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e9\u003c/em\u003e, 269-292.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKim, S. C., Ha, Y. H., Park, B. K., Jang, J. E., Kang, E. S., Kim, Y. S., ... \u0026amp; Kim, H. J. (2023). Comparative analysis of the complete chloroplast genome of Papaveraceae to identify rearrangements within the Corydalis chloroplast genome. \u003cem\u003ePlos one\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e18\u003c/em\u003e(9), e0289625.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiu, Y. Y., Cao, J. L., Kan, S. L., Wang, P. H., Wang, J. L., Cao, Y. N., ... \u0026amp; Li, J. M. (2024). Phylogenomic analyses sheds new light on the phylogeny and diversification of Corydalis DC. in Himalaya\u0026ndash;Hengduan Mountains and adjacent regions. \u003cem\u003eMolecular Phylogenetics and Evolution\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e193\u003c/em\u003e, 108023.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLong, D.G. (1984). 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The taxonomic position of \u003cem\u003eCorydalis\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eparviflora\u003c/em\u003e Su \u0026amp; Lid\u0026eacute;n (Papaveraceae), a genetically distinct species: Evidence from cpDNA and nDNA sequences. \u003cem\u003eBiochemical Systematics and Ecology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e67\u003c/em\u003e, 134-141.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-plants","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Plants](https://link.springer.com/journal/44372)","snPcode":"44372","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/44372/3","title":"Discover Plants","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5418155/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5418155/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eWe report \u003cem\u003eCorydalis cashmeriana\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003elongicalcarata\u003c/em\u003e (Papaveraceae) for the first time from Kashmir, a region located in Western Himalaya, India. It differs from \u003cem\u003eC\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003ecashmeriana\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003ecashmeriana\u003c/em\u003e in having raceme with only two flowers, long upper petal and spur with deflexed tip. Detailed morphological notes along with photographs are provided to validate this new distribution record and facilitate the field identification of this taxon.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Corydalis cashmeriana var. longicalcarata (Papaveraceae), an addition to the flora of Western Himalaya, India","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-29 09:34:48","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5418155/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-05-20T07:40:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-05-19T07:54:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"51894225060713588365264617455776698794","date":"2025-05-19T07:44:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-04-27T15:45:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-04-26T12:11:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Plants","date":"2025-04-25T10:46:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-plants","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Plants](https://link.springer.com/journal/44372)","snPcode":"44372","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/44372/3","title":"Discover Plants","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3dce706b-1680-4f2e-af7e-1d9f8bd90afd","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 29th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-21T07:38:50+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-29 09:34:48","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5418155","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5418155","identity":"rs-5418155","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}