sKL/mKL Transcript Ratio and Protein Localization Define a Species- and Region-Specific Klotho Signature in the CNS and AD Progression

ABSTRACT α-Klotho is a multifunctional protein widely recognized for its anti-aging and neuroprotective properties. This study investigates the expression and localization of the secreted Klotho (s-KL) isoform in the human brain and its potential role in Alzheimer’s disease. Using RT-qPCR, we observed that the s-KL transcript predominates over the membrane-bound KL (m-KL) in multiple brain regions, a pattern consistent in macaques and lemurs. Immunohistochemistry and immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the presence of the s-KL protein in human and mouse brain parenchyma, revealing species-specific cellular localization. In human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), s-KL constitutes ∼28% of total KL, with levels significantly reduced in mild dementia-AD patients. These findings underscore s-KL’s potential neuroprotective role and highlight its differential regulation and expression during AD progression.