Quantum Modelling of Piezophotonic-Induced Stark Effect at Luteolin–Polydopamine–BaTiO₃ Hybrid Interfaces for Bias-Free Functional Imaging and Sensing

Quantum Modelling of Piezophotonic-Induced Stark Effect at Luteolin–Polydopamine–BaTiO₃ Hybrid Interfaces for Bias-Free Functional Imaging and Sensing | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Quantum Modelling of Piezophotonic-Induced Stark Effect at Luteolin–Polydopamine–BaTiO₃ Hybrid Interfaces for Bias-Free Functional Imaging and Sensing Moses Udoisoh, Ediomo M. Ekanem, Richard Itopa Emmanuel, Onyeholowo Peter Onoja, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9037903/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Context The pursuit of continuous, non-invasive physiological monitoring is fundamentally limited by the "wiring bottleneck" and the need for external electrical bias in conventional sensors, which introduce noise, safety risks, and signal perturbation. A transformative solution requires a transduction mechanism that is intrinsically bias-free, converting biological mechanical energy directly into a high-fidelity optical readout without electrodes or external power. Method Here, we introduce the piezophotonic-induced Stark effect (PISE) as a fully passive, mechanically driven optical transduction mechanism enabled by a hybrid organic–inorganic interface. The system combines the piezoelectric field generation of barium titanate (BaTiO₃) nanoparticles with the field-sensitive excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) photophysics of surface-anchored luteolin, linked via an ultrathin polydopamine spacer. Through a self-consistent theoretical framework spanning piezoelectric tensor analysis, Maxwell electrostatics, and quantum-confined Stark physics, we demonstrate that low-amplitude mechanical stresses (0.1–100 kPa) generate interfacial electric fields up to ∼10⁵ V m⁻¹, which in turn produce spectrally resolvable Stark shifts (∼0.1 meV) and strong fluorescence intensity modulation. The mechanism operates without external bias, electrodes, or wiring, and exhibits a dynamic bandwidth exceeding 150 Hz, suitable for physiological and ultrasonic sensing. This work thus presents a general theoretical foundation for mechano-optical sensing via interfacial field effects, establishing PISE as a scalable principle for autonomous functional imaging and wearable diagnostics. Piezophotonic-Induced Stark Effect Bias-Free Sensing Quantum-Confined Stark Effect Mechano-Optical Transduction Interfacial Stark Effect Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 03 May, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 03 May, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 06 Mar, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 06 Mar, 2026 First submitted to journal 05 Mar, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9037903","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":635023238,"identity":"54f9dfec-8ca4-49ea-975a-d67c4d19931e","order_by":0,"name":"Moses Udoisoh","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABCElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBADxgZmBgZmhgoJCJeHeC1nSNICJJgZ2xgIa9Ftb3/48AfDYdl+dvaHjwvnWcgbHG9gfPC2jSFP3gG7FrMzZ4yNeRgOG89s5jE2nrlNwnDDmQPMhnPbGIoND+DQciOHTZqB4XDihsM8bNK82yQYN9xIADLaGBI3NuDSkv785w+wFvZn0rxzJOw33H/A/hu/lgQzoGdBWhjMpHkbJBI33GBgYwZpmY/D+yC/SPMYpEP8wnNMInnmmcRmyTnngHpxaTne/vDjjwpr2X7+4w8f89TU2fYdP3zww5sym8T5OBwGAQYoPHAcSTAYHMCnBSuQx2vLKBgFo2AUjCAAAC0RWnHUrJp6AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Ignatius Ajuru University of Education","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Moses","middleName":"","lastName":"Udoisoh","suffix":""},{"id":635023241,"identity":"0ce2bd04-9e83-4d63-a19c-b320ad61f4c1","order_by":1,"name":"Ediomo M. 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A transformative solution requires a transduction mechanism that is intrinsically bias-free, converting biological mechanical energy directly into a high-fidelity optical readout without electrodes or external power.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethod\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHere, we introduce the piezophotonic-induced Stark effect (PISE) as a fully passive, mechanically driven optical transduction mechanism enabled by a hybrid organic\u0026ndash;inorganic interface. The system combines the piezoelectric field generation of barium titanate (BaTiO₃) nanoparticles with the field-sensitive excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) photophysics of surface-anchored luteolin, linked via an ultrathin polydopamine spacer. 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This work thus presents a general theoretical foundation for mechano-optical sensing via interfacial field effects, establishing PISE as a scalable principle for autonomous functional imaging and wearable diagnostics.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Quantum Modelling of Piezophotonic-Induced Stark Effect at Luteolin–Polydopamine–BaTiO₃ Hybrid Interfaces for Bias-Free Functional Imaging and Sensing","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-05-11 03:56:46","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9037903/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"237525014365824257466608750834436027149","date":"2026-05-03T20:55:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-05-03T19:47:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-06T06:10:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-03-06T06:10:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Computational Electronics","date":"2026-03-05T08:13:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-computational-electronics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jcel","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Computational Electronics](https://www.springer.com/journal/10825)","snPcode":"10825","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10825/3","title":"Journal of Computational Electronics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d9561c92-734c-4e5d-af0d-ea1b9bac8d1d","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 11th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"237525014365824257466608750834436027149","date":"2026-05-03T20:55:47+00:00","index":37,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"28","date":"2026-05-03T19:47:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-11T03:56:46+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-05-11 03:56:46","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9037903","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9037903","identity":"rs-9037903","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}