Prevalence and characteristics of the anterior loop in adult patients using Cone Beam computed tomography: A Cross-sectional study

Prevalence and characteristics of the anterior loop in adult patients using Cone Beam computed tomography: A Cross-sectional study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Prevalence and characteristics of the anterior loop in adult patients using Cone Beam computed tomography: A Cross-sectional study Laura Alva-Torres, Pamela Roxana Chacón-Uscamaita, Lesly Chávez-Rimache, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2303869/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: The anterior loop is the extension of the inferior dental nerve which is one of the most important anatomical landmarks to consider when placing dental implants or any other surgical procedure that involves the chin region. Determining the frequency and characteristics of the anterior loop is important to reduce the risk of complications in the chin region as a result of the implant or regenerative surgeries. For this reason, the objective of the study was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of the anterior loop in adult patients using Cone Beam computed tomography. Methods: A Cross-sectional study of 93 Cone Beam computed topographies (CBCT) obtained from patients of the Faculty of Dentistry of the UNMSM during the period 2016-2017. CBCTs were analyzed and measurements of the anterior projection (AP) and caudal projection (CP) of the anterior loop were performed. In addition, the distance of the anterior loop to the alveolar ridge (D-AR) and the buccal table (D-BP) was evaluated. Results: The prevalence of the anterior loop was 95.1% (n=177) and with an average AP of 2.67 ± 1.36 mm. In AP and CP, a significant difference was evidenced concerning dental status on the right side (p <0.05). The CP of the anterior loop was 5.27 ± 1.69 mm; the rods presented a higher value on the side with 5.94 ± 2.01 mm (p = 0.01); the completely edentulous patients presented a higher value on the side with 7.00 ± 1.13 mm (p = 0.036). The D-AR was 15.33 ± 2.45 mm and the D-BP was 4.97 ± 1.40 mm. Conclusions: In this study, it was found that there is a high prevalence of the anterior loop (95.1%) with an average length of 2.67 mm. In addition, some characteristics associated with the anterior loop were found, such as its anterior projection with dental status and its caudal projection with gender and dental status. Anterior loop Dental implant Inferior alveolar nerve Cone Beam Tomography Figures Figure 1 Background The mental nerve is an anatomical landmark that should be considered when performing some type of surgical procedure, such as the placement of dental implants, mandibular osteotomies, fixation of mandibular fractures, and bone regeneration ( 1 – 3 ). It is important to know its path from the inferior alveolar nerve to the mental foramen and evaluate if the anterior loop is formed, to avoid neurosensory disorders ( 4 , 5 ). The anterior loop is the extension of the inferior alveolar nerve, located in the premolar region, which is directed downward, forward, upward and backward to emerge through the mental foramen ( 6 ). Generally, secure implant placement is above the foramen level. Nevertheless, the available bone is limited in many cases and the need for the placement of longer implants will force the surgeon to place it under the foramen, which can lead to an injury to the anterior loop when it is present ( 2 – 4 ). Currently, there is a growing need for greater precision in the diagnosis and planning of surgical treatment, this has led to an increase in the rigor of imaging techniques ( 7 ). Most studies have focused on determining the frequency and anterior projection of the anterior loop (length) for surgical planning. Rodricks et al. ( 8 ) conducted the first study to determine the caudal projection of the anterior loop and the present investigation is the first to determine the distance of the anterior loop to the alveolar ridge and the buccal plate to obtain more precise planning in surgical procedures such as fixation of mandibular fractures, genioplasties, and dental implant placement ( 9 – 11 ). For this reason, the objective was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of the anterior loop by Cone Beam computed tomography in adult patients. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted, and the population was made up of CBCTs obtained from patients of the Imaging Clinic of the Faculty of Dentistry of the National University of San Marcos (UNMSM) from July 2016 to December 2017. Inclusion criteria were considered: ASA I patients, between 21 and 80 years old, with CBCT with good resolution. The exclusion criteria were patients who have had some type of surgical intervention in the mental region. A simple random probabilistic sampling was performed with a 95% confidence level and with a prevalence of 93.6% ( 3 ); obtaining a sample size of 93 CBCTs. The study protocol was approved by the UNMSM Research Committee (Research Institute of the Faculty of Dentistry of the UNMSM - N°144/FO-VDAC-AYOE-2017) and agreed with the ethical standards of the Helsinki Declaration ( 12 ). The informed consent was waived by the Research Institute of the Faculty of Dentistry of the UNMSM due to retrospective nature of study. The CBCTs were obtained from a 3D Combi 500S tomograph (Pointnix®) that operates at 5 mA and 90 kV; which provided a field of view of 13.05 cm with a resolution of 0.230 to 0.303 voxel. The scan time was 19 s. Subsequently, the prevalence of the anterior loop, its anterior and caudal projection, as well as its distance from the alveolar ridge and the buccal plate were evaluated by the CBCTs using the Real Scan 2.0 Software. Measurement of the anterior projection (AP) of the anterior loop: It is defined as the distance between the leading edge of the mental foramen (Point A) and the leading edge of the anterior loop (Point B), also called the length of the anterior loop. For its analysis in the CBCT, the mental foramen was identified in the axial plane, then the best view of the mental foramen in the coronal plane was chosen and an oblique cut was made that allowed the visualization of the mental foramen and the anterior loop. After that, a “line 1” was drawn, parallel to the buccal plate, then a line perpendicular to the “line 1”, called “line 2”, which passes through the most anterior point of the curvature of the previous loop (point A). Finally, a line was drawn that linked points A and B, which evidenced the previous projection of the anterior loop (Fig. 1 A). Caudal projection (CP) measurement of the anterior loop: It is the distance between the lower edge of the mental foramen (Point C) and the mandibular canal (Point D). For analysis, in the axial plane, the tool "Cross-sectional" was used and a point was marked in the middle of the cortical along the mandibular canal, leaving the cuts perpendicular to the buccal plate with a thickness of TH 0.5. The best view was chosen where the mandibular canal and the mental foramen were found. Subsequently, a "line 1" was drawn that passed through the lowest point of the mandibular canal (Point D) and a "line 2", parallel that passed through the lowest point of the mental foramen (Point C), and finally the caudal projection of the anterior loop was measured as the distance from “line 1” to “line 2” (Fig. 1 B). Distance from the buccal plate to the anterior loop (D-BP): First, the anterior loop was located in the axial plane, “line 1” was drawn parallel to the buccal plate over the area of ​​the mental foramen, then “line 2” that passes through a point B (outer edge of the anterior curvature of the mental nerve), and that was parallel to "line 1". Subsequently, a point BP was located on the buccal plate, specifically at the level of the most posteroexternal edge of the mental foramen. Finally, a line was drawn indicating the distance between points B and BP (Fig. 1 C). Distance from anterior loop to the alveolar ridge (D-AR): Perpendicular cuts were made to the buccal plate with a thickness of TH 0.5; then the best view of the alveolar ridge and the mental foramen was chosen. On this view, point A was drawn, which was located in the most anterior part of the mental foramen, and point AR, which was located on the outermost edge of the alveolar ridge. Subsequently, a "line 1" was drawn, which passes through point A, and a "line 2", which passes through point RA; Both lines were parallel. Finally, the distance from "line 1" to "line 2" was measured (Fig. 1 D). These four characteristics of the anterior loop were grouped according to age (21 to 40 years, 41 to 60 years, and 61 to 80 years), gender, side of the jaw (right and left), and dental status (partially dentate, completely dentate, and complete edentulous). The data were analyzed with the statistical package SPSS v.25, the T-student tests for independent samples were performed to observe the difference in the characteristics of the previous loop according to gender, and the ANOVA test to observe differences according to age group and dental status. We considered a level of significance of p < 0.05 Results From a total of 93, CBCTs analyzed, 66.7% (n=62) were female. The mean age was 50.5 ± 3.12 years. The characteristics of the study population are presented in Table 1. The anterior loop was present in 95.1% (n=177) of analyzed sides, on the right side with 94.6% (n=88), and on the left side with 95.7% (n=89). According to gender, the frequency of the anterior loop in women was 96, 7% (n=120), and in men, it was 91.9% (n=57). The presence of the anterior loop was highest in the 61 to 80 years old group with 93.7% (n=15); (Table 2). It was found that the average of the AP of the anterior loop was 2.67 ± 1.36 (95% CI: 2.48 – 2.87) and there was not a significant difference (p=0.288) between the right side and the left side. Also, no significant differences were found between the characteristics of the anterior loop according to gender and age, except for gender on the right side of the CP; (Table 2 and 3). Depending on the dental status, the partially dentate patients had a higher AP on both sides, but it was only significant on the left side; p=0.013 (Table 4). The average of the CP of the anterior loop was 5.27 ± 1.69 (95% CI: 5.02 – 5.51) and there was not a significant difference (p=0.924) between the right side and the left side [5.26 ± 1.81 (95% CI 4.89 – 5.63))] vs. 5.28 ± 1.56 (95% CI 4.95 – 5.60)]; respectively. According to dental status, the highest PC was evidenced on the left side of the complete edentulous patients (p = 0.036); Table 5. In addition to this, the average of the D-AR was 15.33 ± 2.45 (95% CI 14.98 – 15.69) and there was no significant difference (p=0.77) between the right side and the left side [15.36 ± 2.63 (95 % CI 14.82 – 15.90)] vs. [15.31 ± 2.28 (95% CI 14.84 – 15.78)], respectively. Finally, the average of the D-BP was 4.97 ± 1.40 (95% CI 4.76 – 5.17) and there was no significant difference (p=0.290) between the right side and the left side [4.90 ± 1.43 (95 % CI 5.03 – 1.38)] vs. [5.03 ± 1.38 (95% IC 4.75 – 5.32)], respectively. No significant difference was evidenced in the D-AR and the D-BP by gender, age, and dental status; p> 0.05 (Table 2-5). Discussion The main complications after surgery in the anterior region of the mandible without proper planning are neurosensory disorders around ​​the lower lip and chin (paresthesia, numbness in the region innervated by the mental nerve). The risk of nerve injury after the placement of a dental implant in the anterior region of the mandible is 7% when the implant is placed less than 3 millimeters from the mesial side to the anterior edge of the mental foramen; however, it is reduced to 1% when the distance is greater than 3 millimeters ( 13 , 14 ). Our results showed the presence of the anterior loop in 95.1% (n = 177) of the 186 sides analyzed in the 93 CBCTs. This was similar to that found by Wong et al. ( 15 ) who conducted a study in Malaysia and found that the anterior loop was present in 94% (n = 188) of the 200 sides analyzed in the CBCT. Nevertheless, Li et al. ( 16 ) found were present in 83.1% (n = 113) of the sides analyzed in 68 CBCTs. However, a recent systematic review by Ferreira-Barbosa et al. ( 17 ) reported a prevalence of the anterior loop of 43.18% (95% CI: 32.00–54.72), this product of the meta-analysis of 66 observational studies. This could be due to the great heterogeneity of the prevalences in the different regions according to the characteristics of each population. Furthermore, another reason why our results differed was that mainly studies from Europe and Asia were included in this review. In addition, it was even possible to observe that among the countries of the same region or continent there may be large differences in the prevalence of the previous loop, ranging from 2.47% (Brazil) to 94% (Malaysia). Apostolakis et al. ( 18 ) carried out the first study to determine the presence of the anterior loop using CBCT analysis and found it on 48% of the sides (n = 91). The lowest frequency values ​​of the previous loop were reported by Jacob et al. ( 19 ) (Alemania), J et al. ( 20 ) (India), Oliveira et al. (Brazil), Vieira et al. (Brazil), Genu et al. (Brazil) with 7%, 11.76%, 10.83%, and 18.88%; respectively. In the present study, the anterior loop was found in 98.4% of women and 93.6% of men; however, no significant difference was evidenced (p = 0.415). Moghddam et al. ( 24 ) found a similar prevalence among women (39%) and men (41%) in an Iranian population; p = 0.791. Of the total of observations, the greatest presence of the anterior loop was in the population aged 61 to 80 years (93.7%); similar to that found by Rodricks et al. ( 8 ), who found that the incidence of the anterior loop was higher between 60 to 80 years in the Indian population (64.7%). In addition, both studies agree that gender did not significantly influence the presence of the anterior loop. Uchida et al. ( 25 ) indicated that the presence of the anterior loop increases with age (70–79 years: 41/140 [29.3%], 80–103 years: 54/140 [38.8%]), while Apostolakis et al. ( 18 ), and Moghddam et al. ( 21 ) did not show significant differences in the presence of the anterior loop in the different age ranges. In the present study, the AP of the anterior loop was 2.67 ± 1.36 mm; similar results to those of J et al. ( 20 ) who found a length of 2.79 mm, also report that the average length can vary between 0.4 to 6 mm (India). In Mexico, Juan et al. ( 26 ) showed that this length ranged between 0 and 6.68 mm, with an average of 2.19 mm. Nevertheless, Chen et al. ( 27 ) found in a comparative study with CBCT, in two cohorts of Americans and Taiwanese, that the length of the anterior loop in Taiwanese was 7.61 ± 1.81 mm and in Americans, it was 6.22 ± 1.68 mm (p < 0.01); considering that these values ​​may vary according to ethnic-geographical aspects. Rodricks et al. ( 8 ) found that in India the average length of the CP of the anterior loop on the right side was 3.53 ± 1.24 and on the left side it was 3.54 ± 1.31. In addition, they did not find a significant difference in gender and age. In the present study, we only found a difference in the AP and CP of the anterior loop by dental status on the left side (p = 0.01 y p = 0.03; respectively), although we have to consider that there are only two patients in the group of complete edentulous. The present investigation, to our knowledge, is the first one that considered D-AR and D-BP, this was considered important, especially for the surgical planning of the internal fixation of the mandibular fractures, genioplasty, and dental implants. Furthermore, considering that the anatomical variations may be related to the characteristics of the populations, it is recommended that future studies evaluate D-AR and D-BP. The investigations show different results regarding the presence and characteristics of the anterior loop because different methods have been used for its evaluation, such as direct observation by anatomic dissection in corpses or during surgery in the mental region; as well as through the use of panoramic radiographs or CBCT. This last method has been the most used in recent years because it offers 3D images that allow us the most precise location of the anatomical structures of the facial skeleton, as well as lower doses of radiation exposure. Therefore, the diversity of the results has been influenced by diverse factors such as the type of method used, as well as the measurement of images that depend on voxel size and Hounsfield units (HU). Based on the above, it is important to consider that the socioeconomic and cultural context could determine the anatomical characteristics of the anterior loop, due to the great variability of these values. Conclusions Despite the limitations of the study, the results indicated a high prevalence of the anterior loop (95.1%) and an average length of 2.67 mm. This is the first exploratory study to determine what anatomical factors must be considered when performing surgical procedures in the chin area, such as implant placement, mentoplasties, etc. This study highlights the importance of determining the characteristics associated with the presence of the anterior loop in different sociocultural contexts. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was approved by the Research Committee of the “Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos” (UNMSM) called the Research Institute of the Faculty of Dentistry of the UNMSM - N°114/FO-VDAC-AYOE-2017. The informed consent was waived by the Research Institute of the Faculty of Dentistry of the UNMSM due to retrospective nature of study. Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests Funding PR Chacón-Uscamaita was supported by the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number D43TW009343 and the University of California Global Health Institute. Authors' contributions LAT conceived of the study, wrote the original draft protocol, and led protocol development. SGP and MGC, as specialists in periodontics and implantology and in Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, contributed with their experience in the planning of the protocol and execution of this research work. PRChU led the data management plan and analysis; and participated in the writing of the first draft of the manuscript. LChR and VChC contributed to the literature search, writing the first draft of the manuscript, and critical review of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements We would like to thank the Faculty of Dentistry of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos for providing us with the facilities to carry out the study. References Krishnan U, Monsour P, Thaha K, Lalloo R, Moule A. A Limited field cone-beam computed tomography–based evaluation of the mental foramen, accessory mental foramina, anterior loop, lateral lingual foramen, and lateral lingual canal. J Endod. 2018;44(6):946–51. Doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2018.01.013. Al-Mahalawy H, Al-Aithan H, Al-Kari B, Al-Jandan B, Shujaat S. Determination of the position of mental foramen and frequency of anterior loop in Saudi population. A retrospective CBCT study. Saudi Dent J. 2017;29(1):29–35. Doi: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2017.01.001. 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Juan DVL, Grageda E, Gómez Crespo S. Anterior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve: Averages and prevalence based on CT scans. J Prosthet Dent. 2016;115(2):156–60. Doi: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2015.06.025. Chen JC, Lin LM, Geist JR, Chen JY, Chen CH, Chen YK. A retrospective comparison of the location and diameter of the inferior alveolar canal at the mental foramen and length of the anterior loop between American and Taiwanese cohorts using CBCT. Surg Radiol Anat. 2013;35(1):11-8. Doi: 10.1007/s00276-012-0986-z. Tables Table 1. Characteristics of the anterior loop in the study population (Lima-Peru). Characteristics N (%) Gender Female 124 (66.7) Male 62 (33.3) Age groups (years) 21-40 (n=38) 76 (40.9) 41-60 (n=47) 94 (50.5) 61-80 (n=8) 16 (8.6) Anterior Projection of the anterior loop (mm)* 2.67 ± 1.36 Caudal projection of the anterior loop (mm)* 5.27 ± 1.69 Distance of the anterior loop to the alveolar ridge (mm)* 15.33 ± 2.45 Distance of the anterior loop to the buccal plate (mm)* 4.97 ± 1.40 * Mean ± standard deviation Table 2 . Prevalence of the anterior loop in the study population (Lima-Peru). Right Side Left Side Total Presence Absence Presence Absence Presence Absence N % N % N % N % N % N % Gender Female(n=62) 60 96.8% 2 3.2% 60 96.8% 2 3.2% 120 96.7% 4 3.3% Male(n=31) 28 90.3% 3 9.7% 29 93.6% 2 6.5% 57 91.9% 5 8.1% Ages Groups (years) 21-40 (n=38) 36 94.7% 2 5.3% 36 94.7% 2 5.3% 72 94.7% 4 5.3% 41-60 (n=47) 45 95.7% 2 4.3% 45 95.7% 2 4.3% 90 95.7% 4 4.3% 61-80 (n=8) 7 87.5% 1 12.5% 8 100% 0 - 15 93.7% 1 6.3% Dental status Completly Dentate(n=16) 15 93.8% 1 6.3% 14 87.5% 2 12.5% 29 90.7% 3 9.3% Partially Dentate (n=73) 72 96.0% 3 4.0% 73 93.3% 2 2.7% 145 96.6% 5 3.4% Complete Edentulous(n=2) 1 50.0% 1 50.0% 2 100% 0 - 3 75% 1 25% Total 88 94.6% 5 5.4% 89 95.7% 4 4.8% 177 95.1% 9 4.9% Table 3. Characteristics of the anterior loop by sex in the study population (Lima-Peru). Male (n=31) Female (n=62) p-value* Mean ± SD 95% CI Mean ± SD 95% CI Anterior projection of the anterior loop Right side 2.88 ± 1.56 2.31 – 3.46 2.49 ± 1.28 2.17 – 2.82 0.202 Left side 2.89 ± 1.60 2.30 - 3.48 2.64 ± 1.18 2.34 - 2.94 0.397 Total 2.88 ± 1.57 2.71 - 3.47 2.57 ± 1.22 2.14 - 3.05 0.210 Caudal projection of the anterior loop Right side 5.94 ± 2.01 5.20 – 6.67 4.92 ± 1.62 4.51 – 5.33 0.010 Left side 5.49 ± 1.66 4.89 - 6.10 5.17 ± 1.51 4.78 - 5.55 0.343 Total 5.72 ± 1.84 5.15 - 6.89 5.05 ± 1.57 4.98 - 6.27 0.310 Distance of the anterior loop to the alveolar ridge Right side 15.55 ± 3.04 14.43 - 16.66 15.27 ± 2.42 14.66 - 15.88 0.273 Left side 15.82 ± 2.24 15.00 - 16.64 15.05 ± 2.28 14.47 - 15.63 0.124 Total 15.69 ± 2.63 14.13 - 16.78 15.18 ± 2.32 14.31 - 16.90 0.290 Distance of the anterior loop to the buccal plate Right side 5.05 ± 1.50 4.50 - 5.60 4.82 ± 1.40 4.47- 5.18 0.473 Left side 5.23 ± 1.45 4.69 - 5.76 4.94 ± 1.34 4.60 - 5.28 0.340 Total 5.14 ± 1.43 4.7 - 6.12 4.64 ± 1.31 3.86 - 5.93 0.200 SD: Standard deviation; CI: confidence interval. *Student’s T-test for independent samples Table 4. Characteristics of the anterior loop by age in the study population (Lima-Peru). 21 - 40 years (n=38) 41 - 60 years (n=47) 61 - 80 years (n=8) p-value* Mean ± SD 95% CI Mean ± SD 95% CI Mean ± SD 95% CI Anterior projection of the anterior loop Right Side 2.60 ± 1.34 2.16 – 3.04 2.73 ± 1.44 2.30 – 3.15 2.11 ± 1.30 1.03 – 3.20 0.510 Left Side 2.62 ± 1.24 2.21 - 3.03 2.86 ± 1.44 2.44 - 3.29 2.35 ± 1.14 1.40 - 3.30 0.509 Total 2.61 ± 1.28 2.03 - 3.14 2.80 ± 1.40 1.97 - 3.09 2.23 ± 1.23 1.05 - 3.79 0.503 Caudal projection of the anterior loop Right Side 5.30 ± 1.81 4.71 – 5.90 5.43 ± 1.80 4.91 – 5.96 4.03 ± 1.61 2.68 – 5.37 0.124 Left Side 5.21 ± 1.54 4.70 - 5.71 5.48 ± 1.51 5.04 - 5.92 4.41 ± 1.83 2.89 - 5.94 0.192 Total 5.25 ± 1.67 4.95 - 6.21 5.45 ± 1.62 4.67 - 6.41 4.23 ± 1.73 2.79 - 5.09 0.192 Distance of the anterior loop to the alveolar ridge Right Side 15.74 ± 2.21 15.01 - 16.47 15.11 ± 2.82 14.28 - 15.94 15.04 ± 3.38 12.21 - 17.86 0.647 Left Side 15.59 ± 1.92 14.96 - 16.22 15.20 ± 2.38 14.50 - 15.90 14.58 ± 3.25 11.86 - 17.29 0.124 Total 15.70 ± 2.07 13.98 - 16.01 15.10 ± 2.65 14.67 - 16.48 14.76 ± 3.32 12.42 - 17.08 0.710 Distance of the anterior loop to the buccal plate Right Side 4.92 ± 1.35 4.78 - 5.36 5.00 ± 1.52 4.56 – 5.45 4.19 ± 1.25 3.14 – 5.24 0.330 Left Side 5.22 ± 1.26 4.80 - 5.63 4.89 ± 1.47 4.45 - 5.32 5.03 ± 1.38 3.87 - 6.18 0.550 Total 5.06 ± 1.30 4.62 - 5.47 4.94 ± 1.49 3.92 - 5.41 4.61 ± 1.32 3.26 - 5.76 0.570 SD: Standard deviation; CI: confidence interval. * ANOVA test Table 5. Characteristics of the anterior loop by dental status in the study population (Lima-Peru). Completly Dentate (n=16) Partially Dentate (n=75) Complete Edentulous (n=2) p-value* Mean ± SD 95% CI Mean ± SD 95% CI Mean ± SD 95% CI Anterior projection of the anterior loop Right Side 2.20 ± 1.57 1.37 – 3.04 2.75 ± 1.30 2.46 – 3.06 0.90 ± 0.12 0.51 - 1.32 0.070 Left Side 2.09 ± 1.69 1.19 - 2.99 2.90 ± 1.20 2.62 - 3.17 0.95 ± 0.21 0.61 - 1.63 0.013 Total 2.15 ± 1.63 2.53 - 3.48 2.83 ± 1.24 2.98 - 3.65 0.92 ± 0.17 0.67 - 1.17 0.060 Caudal projection of the anterior loop Right Side 5.20 ± 1.84 4.22 – 3.04 5.30 ± 1.83 4.88 – 5.72 4.05 ± 1.06 3.32 ± 6.12 0.626 Left Side 5.95 ± 1.51 5.15 - 6.75 5.09 ± 1.53 4.73 - 5.44 7.00 ± 1.13 6.01 - 8.23 0.036 Total 5.58 ± 1.72 4.76 - 3.78 5.20 ± 1.67 4.91 - 6.03 5.52 ± 1.10 4.72 - 6.59 0.580 Distance of the anterior loop to the alveolar ridge Right Side 15.85 ± 2.25 14.65 - 17.05 15.27 ± 2.73 14.64 - 15.90 14.85 ± 0.35 11.67 - 15.03 0.786 Left Side 15.29 ± 1.93 14.27 - 16.32 15.38 ± 2.34 12.84 - 15.92 12.75 ± 2.05 10.21 - 14.74 0.124 Total 15.58 ± 2.09 14.37 - 16.89 15.30 ± 2.64 14.47 - 16.12 13.86 ± 1.2 12.03 - 14.93 0.360 Distance of the anterior loop to the buccal plate Right Side 4.98 ± 1.37 4.25 – 5.70 4.91 ± 1.45 4.57 – 5.24 4.00 ± 1.55 2.90 - 6.90 0.663 Left Side 5.10 ± 1.58 4.26 - 5.94 4.99 ± 1.32 4.69 - 5.30 6.01 ± 2.40 4.87 - 8.03 0.544 Total 5.03 ± 1.45 4.11- 6.43 4.94 ± 1.37 4.15 - 5.23 5.00 ± 1.96 3.12 - 6.92 0.610 SD: Standard deviation; CI: confidence interval. * ANOVA test Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2303869","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":159278962,"identity":"13d307f3-294f-4020-9b13-84c5b79b5685","order_by":0,"name":"Laura Alva-Torres","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Laura","middleName":"","lastName":"Alva-Torres","suffix":""},{"id":159278964,"identity":"ff58ed61-1521-431f-842a-b7ddf3ee0c5a","order_by":1,"name":"Pamela Roxana Chacón-Uscamaita","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pamela","middleName":"Roxana","lastName":"Chacón-Uscamaita","suffix":""},{"id":159278966,"identity":"8c668164-6c16-40bc-935d-a9ec2fc89623","order_by":2,"name":"Lesly Chávez-Rimache","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+klEQVRIie3PPWrDMBTA8acKnEVp1pgMucIrmQL5OEvw6pArOAjkJc3cQiFX6JRZwhAvPkBAQ+2pSwdnMyFDrZR0lDIWqv8gxOP9QALw+f5gCEAkSIAAVCLrdhJ03ASupEeydfViCL2XhDznI2ZGTtJJy4wVsxUelBhMzvvhIwVSn2ILYQVm7BiN34uWLLf6SVCg4eveQvoxZKyWiEdDNpq0JKBdGxl+lj/koxKD8UbP3aQP5mESw0TxETR64SYsRvVWRNgDta6eEx0JSrj1L/M0r8qvwwwDyEvZXPR0l3JVnyzE9MBuNyKuZ2LfNyvN7/XiXPb5fL5/2DfbsFuyQscExgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lesly","middleName":"","lastName":"Chávez-Rimache","suffix":""},{"id":159278968,"identity":"220216cc-3cff-4dd5-a880-69c0600f4057","order_by":3,"name":"Sixto Grados-Pomarino","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sixto","middleName":"","lastName":"Grados-Pomarino","suffix":""},{"id":159278971,"identity":"b70629d2-cbe2-4f38-9517-a3751eb06432","order_by":4,"name":"María del Pilar Gamarra-Contreras","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"María","middleName":"del Pilar","lastName":"Gamarra-Contreras","suffix":""},{"id":159278976,"identity":"777d4b6b-8f28-4e47-9b1e-f60f6775f1bd","order_by":5,"name":"Victor Chumpitaz-Cerrate","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad Científica del Sur","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Victor","middleName":"","lastName":"Chumpitaz-Cerrate","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-11-23 06:59:26","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2303869/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2303869/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":30325331,"identity":"b9b8e865-3e72-48af-aa90-c2c202d883a6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-12-14 15:40:08","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":140644,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(A) \u003c/strong\u003eImage of the CBCT evidencing the anterior projection of the anterior loop (distance A-B).\u003cstrong\u003e (B) \u003c/strong\u003eImage of the CBCT that evidences the caudal projection of the Anterior Loop (distance C-D).\u003cstrong\u003e (C) \u003c/strong\u003eImage of the CBCT that evidences the distance of the anterior loop to the buccal plate (B-BP distance).\u003cstrong\u003e (D)\u003c/strong\u003e Image of the CBCT evidencing the distance of the anterior loop to the alveolar ridge (distance A-AR).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2303869/v1/0f614c7369dc18ad48203e50.jpg"},{"id":31067156,"identity":"7f3d8997-0e5a-42a8-9125-b2414695dbda","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-01-04 05:29:34","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":453482,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2303869/v1/7ddd0962-0b05-4ec3-9e18-6342e294c521.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Prevalence and characteristics of the anterior loop in adult patients using Cone Beam computed tomography: A Cross-sectional study","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe mental nerve is an anatomical landmark that should be considered when performing some type of surgical procedure, such as the placement of dental implants, mandibular osteotomies, fixation of mandibular fractures, and bone regeneration (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). It is important to know its path from the inferior alveolar nerve to the mental foramen and evaluate if the anterior loop is formed, to avoid neurosensory disorders (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The anterior loop is the extension of the inferior alveolar nerve, located in the premolar region, which is directed downward, forward, upward and backward to emerge through the mental foramen (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Generally, secure implant placement is above the foramen level. Nevertheless, the available bone is limited in many cases and the need for the placement of longer implants will force the surgeon to place it under the foramen, which can lead to an injury to the anterior loop when it is present (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR3\" citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Currently, there is a growing need for greater precision in the diagnosis and planning of surgical treatment, this has led to an increase in the rigor of imaging techniques (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Most studies have focused on determining the frequency and anterior projection of the anterior loop (length) for surgical planning. Rodricks et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e) conducted the first study to determine the caudal projection of the anterior loop and the present investigation is the first to determine the distance of the anterior loop to the alveolar ridge and the buccal plate to obtain more precise planning in surgical procedures such as fixation of mandibular fractures, genioplasties, and dental implant placement (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). For this reason, the objective was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of the anterior loop by Cone Beam computed tomography in adult patients.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e A cross-sectional study was conducted, and the population was made up of CBCTs obtained from patients of the Imaging Clinic of the Faculty of Dentistry of the National University of San Marcos (UNMSM) from July 2016 to December 2017. Inclusion criteria were considered: ASA I patients, between 21 and 80 years old, with CBCT with good resolution. The exclusion criteria were patients who have had some type of surgical intervention in the mental region. A simple random probabilistic sampling was performed with a 95% confidence level and with a prevalence of 93.6% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e); obtaining a sample size of 93 CBCTs. The study protocol was approved by the UNMSM Research Committee (Research Institute of the Faculty of Dentistry of the UNMSM - N\u0026deg;144/FO-VDAC-AYOE-2017) and agreed with the ethical standards of the Helsinki Declaration (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). The informed consent was waived by the Research Institute of the Faculty of Dentistry of the UNMSM due to retrospective nature of study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe CBCTs were obtained from a 3D Combi 500S tomograph (Pointnix\u0026reg;) that operates at 5 mA and 90 kV; which provided a field of view of 13.05 cm with a resolution of 0.230 to 0.303 voxel. The scan time was 19 s. Subsequently, the prevalence of the anterior loop, its anterior and caudal projection, as well as its distance from the alveolar ridge and the buccal plate were evaluated by the CBCTs using the Real Scan 2.0 Software.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurement of the anterior projection (AP) of the anterior loop: It is defined as the distance between the leading edge of the mental foramen (Point A) and the leading edge of the anterior loop (Point B), also called the length of the anterior loop. For its analysis in the CBCT, the mental foramen was identified in the axial plane, then the best view of the mental foramen in the coronal plane was chosen and an oblique cut was made that allowed the visualization of the mental foramen and the anterior loop. After that, a \u0026ldquo;line 1\u0026rdquo; was drawn, parallel to the buccal plate, then a line perpendicular to the \u0026ldquo;line 1\u0026rdquo;, called \u0026ldquo;line 2\u0026rdquo;, which passes through the most anterior point of the curvature of the previous loop (point A). Finally, a line was drawn that linked points A and B, which evidenced the previous projection of the anterior loop (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eA).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaudal projection (CP) measurement of the anterior loop: It is the distance between the lower edge of the mental foramen (Point C) and the mandibular canal (Point D). For analysis, in the axial plane, the tool \"Cross-sectional\" was used and a point was marked in the middle of the cortical along the mandibular canal, leaving the cuts perpendicular to the buccal plate with a thickness of TH 0.5. The best view was chosen where the mandibular canal and the mental foramen were found. Subsequently, a \"line 1\" was drawn that passed through the lowest point of the mandibular canal (Point D) and a \"line 2\", parallel that passed through the lowest point of the mental foramen (Point C), and finally the caudal projection of the anterior loop was measured as the distance from \u0026ldquo;line 1\u0026rdquo; to \u0026ldquo;line 2\u0026rdquo; (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eB).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistance from the buccal plate to the anterior loop (D-BP): First, the anterior loop was located in the axial plane, \u0026ldquo;line 1\u0026rdquo; was drawn parallel to the buccal plate over the area of ​​the mental foramen, then \u0026ldquo;line 2\u0026rdquo; that passes through a point B (outer edge of the anterior curvature of the mental nerve), and that was parallel to \"line 1\". Subsequently, a point BP was located on the buccal plate, specifically at the level of the most posteroexternal edge of the mental foramen. Finally, a line was drawn indicating the distance between points B and BP (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eC).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistance from anterior loop to the alveolar ridge (D-AR): Perpendicular cuts were made to the buccal plate with a thickness of TH 0.5; then the best view of the alveolar ridge and the mental foramen was chosen. On this view, point A was drawn, which was located in the most anterior part of the mental foramen, and point AR, which was located on the outermost edge of the alveolar ridge. Subsequently, a \"line 1\" was drawn, which passes through point A, and a \"line 2\", which passes through point RA; Both lines were parallel. Finally, the distance from \"line 1\" to \"line 2\" was measured (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eD).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese four characteristics of the anterior loop were grouped according to age (21 to 40 years, 41 to 60 years, and 61 to 80 years), gender, side of the jaw (right and left), and dental status (partially dentate, completely dentate, and complete edentulous).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data were analyzed with the statistical package SPSS v.25, the T-student tests for independent samples were performed to observe the difference in the characteristics of the previous loop according to gender, and the ANOVA test to observe differences according to age group and dental status. We considered a level of significance of p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eFrom a total of 93, CBCTs analyzed, 66.7% (n=62) were female. The mean age was 50.5 \u0026plusmn; 3.12 years. The characteristics of the study population are presented in Table 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe anterior loop was present in 95.1% (n=177) of analyzed sides, on the right side with 94.6% (n=88), and on the left side with 95.7% (n=89). According to gender, the frequency of the anterior loop in women was 96, 7% (n=120), and in men, it was 91.9% (n=57). The presence of the anterior loop was highest in the 61 to 80 years old group with 93.7% (n=15); (Table 2). It was found that the average of the AP of the anterior loop was 2.67 \u0026plusmn; 1.36 (95% CI: 2.48 \u0026ndash; 2.87) and there was not a significant difference (p=0.288) between the right side and the left side.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlso, no significant differences were found between the characteristics of the anterior loop according to gender and age, except for gender on the right side of the CP; (Table 2 and 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDepending on the dental status, the partially dentate patients had a higher AP on both sides, but it was only significant on the left side; p=0.013 (Table 4).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe average of the CP of the anterior loop was 5.27 \u0026plusmn; 1.69 (95% CI: 5.02 \u0026ndash; 5.51) and there was not a significant difference (p=0.924) between the right side and the left side [5.26 \u0026plusmn; 1.81 (95% CI 4.89 \u0026ndash; 5.63))] vs. 5.28 \u0026plusmn; 1.56 (95% CI 4.95 \u0026ndash; 5.60)]; respectively.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to dental status, the highest PC was evidenced on the left side of the complete edentulous patients (p = 0.036); Table 5.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition to this, the average of the D-AR was 15.33 \u0026plusmn; 2.45 (95% CI 14.98 \u0026ndash; 15.69) and there was no significant difference (p=0.77) between the right side and the left side [15.36 \u0026plusmn; 2.63 (95 % CI 14.82 \u0026ndash; 15.90)] vs. [15.31 \u0026plusmn; 2.28 (95% CI 14.84 \u0026ndash; 15.78)], respectively.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, the average of the D-BP was 4.97 \u0026plusmn; 1.40 (95% CI 4.76 \u0026ndash; 5.17) and there was no significant difference (p=0.290) between the right side and the left side [4.90 \u0026plusmn; 1.43 (95 % CI 5.03 \u0026ndash; 1.38)] vs. [5.03 \u0026plusmn; 1.38 (95% IC 4.75 \u0026ndash; 5.32)], respectively. No significant difference was evidenced in the D-AR and the D-BP by gender, age, and dental status; p\u0026gt; 0.05 (Table 2-5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe main complications after surgery in the anterior region of the mandible without proper planning are neurosensory disorders around ​​the lower lip and chin (paresthesia, numbness in the region innervated by the mental nerve). The risk of nerve injury after the placement of a dental implant in the anterior region of the mandible is 7% when the implant is placed less than 3 millimeters from the mesial side to the anterior edge of the mental foramen; however, it is reduced to 1% when the distance is greater than 3 millimeters (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). Our results showed the presence of the anterior loop in 95.1% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;177) of the 186 sides analyzed in the 93 CBCTs. This was similar to that found by Wong et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e) who conducted a study in Malaysia and found that the anterior loop was present in 94% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;188) of the 200 sides analyzed in the CBCT. Nevertheless, Li et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e) found were present in 83.1% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;113) of the sides analyzed in 68 CBCTs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, a recent systematic review by Ferreira-Barbosa et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e) reported a prevalence of the anterior loop of 43.18% (95% CI: 32.00\u0026ndash;54.72), this product of the meta-analysis of 66 observational studies. This could be due to the great heterogeneity of the prevalences in the different regions according to the characteristics of each population. Furthermore, another reason why our results differed was that mainly studies from Europe and Asia were included in this review. In addition, it was even possible to observe that among the countries of the same region or continent there may be large differences in the prevalence of the previous loop, ranging from 2.47% (Brazil) to 94% (Malaysia). Apostolakis et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e) carried out the first study to determine the presence of the anterior loop using CBCT analysis and found it on 48% of the sides (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;91). The lowest frequency values ​​of the previous loop were reported by Jacob et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e) (Alemania), J et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e) (India), Oliveira et al. (Brazil), Vieira et al. (Brazil), Genu et al. (Brazil) with 7%, 11.76%, 10.83%, and 18.88%; respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, the anterior loop was found in 98.4% of women and 93.6% of men; however, no significant difference was evidenced (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.415). Moghddam et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e) found a similar prevalence among women (39%) and men (41%) in an Iranian population; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.791.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOf the total of observations, the greatest presence of the anterior loop was in the population aged 61 to 80 years (93.7%); similar to that found by Rodricks et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e), who found that the incidence of the anterior loop was higher between 60 to 80 years in the Indian population (64.7%). In addition, both studies agree that gender did not significantly influence the presence of the anterior loop. Uchida et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e) indicated that the presence of the anterior loop increases with age (70\u0026ndash;79 years: 41/140 [29.3%], 80\u0026ndash;103 years: 54/140 [38.8%]), while Apostolakis et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e), and Moghddam et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e) did not show significant differences in the presence of the anterior loop in the different age ranges.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, the AP of the anterior loop was 2.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.36 mm; similar results to those of J et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e) who found a length of 2.79 mm, also report that the average length can vary between 0.4 to 6 mm (India). In Mexico, Juan et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e) showed that this length ranged between 0 and 6.68 mm, with an average of 2.19 mm. Nevertheless, Chen et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e) found in a comparative study with CBCT, in two cohorts of Americans and Taiwanese, that the length of the anterior loop in Taiwanese was 7.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.81 mm and in Americans, it was 6.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.68 mm (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01); considering that these values ​​may vary according to ethnic-geographical aspects. Rodricks et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e) found that in India the average length of the CP of the anterior loop on the right side was 3.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.24 and on the left side it was 3.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.31. In addition, they did not find a significant difference in gender and age.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, we only found a difference in the AP and CP of the anterior loop by dental status on the left side (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01 y p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.03; respectively), although we have to consider that there are only two patients in the group of complete edentulous.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present investigation, to our knowledge, is the first one that considered D-AR and D-BP, this was considered important, especially for the surgical planning of the internal fixation of the mandibular fractures, genioplasty, and dental implants. Furthermore, considering that the anatomical variations may be related to the characteristics of the populations, it is recommended that future studies evaluate D-AR and D-BP.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe investigations show different results regarding the presence and characteristics of the anterior loop because different methods have been used for its evaluation, such as direct observation by anatomic dissection in corpses or during surgery in the mental region; as well as through the use of panoramic radiographs or CBCT. This last method has been the most used in recent years because it offers 3D images that allow us the most precise location of the anatomical structures of the facial skeleton, as well as lower doses of radiation exposure. Therefore, the diversity of the results has been influenced by diverse factors such as the type of method used, as well as the measurement of images that depend on voxel size and Hounsfield units (HU).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the above, it is important to consider that the socioeconomic and cultural context could determine the anatomical characteristics of the anterior loop, due to the great variability of these values.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eDespite the limitations of the study, the results indicated a high prevalence of the anterior loop (95.1%) and an average length of 2.67 mm. This is the first exploratory study to determine what anatomical factors must be considered when performing surgical procedures in the chin area, such as implant placement, mentoplasties, etc. This study highlights the importance of determining the characteristics associated with the presence of the anterior loop in different sociocultural contexts.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was approved by the Research Committee of the \u0026ldquo;Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos\u0026rdquo; (UNMSM) called the Research Institute of the Faculty of Dentistry of the UNMSM - N\u0026deg;114/FO-VDAC-AYOE-2017.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe informed consent was waived by the Research Institute of the Faculty of Dentistry of the UNMSM due to retrospective nature of study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePR Chac\u0026oacute;n-Uscamaita was supported by the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number D43TW009343 and the University of California Global Health Institute.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLAT conceived of the study, wrote the original draft protocol, and led protocol development. SGP and MGC, as specialists in periodontics and implantology and in Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, contributed with their experience in the planning of the protocol and execution of this research work. PRChU led the data management plan and analysis; and participated in the writing of the first draft of the manuscript. LChR and VChC contributed to the literature search, writing the first draft of the manuscript, and critical review of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to thank the Faculty of Dentistry of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos for providing us with the facilities to carry out the study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKrishnan U, Monsour P, Thaha K, Lalloo R, Moule A. A Limited field cone-beam computed tomography\u0026ndash;based evaluation of the mental foramen, accessory mental foramina, anterior loop, lateral lingual foramen, and lateral lingual canal. J Endod. 2018;44(6):946\u0026ndash;51. Doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2018.01.013.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAl-Mahalawy H, Al-Aithan H, Al-Kari B, Al-Jandan B, Shujaat S. Determination of the position of mental foramen and frequency of anterior loop in Saudi population. A retrospective CBCT study. Saudi Dent J. 2017;29(1):29\u0026ndash;35. Doi: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2017.01.001.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGomes LT, de Almeida Barros Mour\u0026atilde;o CF, Braga CL, de Almeida LFD, de Mello-Machado RC, Calasans-Maia MD. Anatomic evaluation of the incisive canal with cone beam computed tomography and its relevance to surgical procedures in the mental region: a retrospective study in a Brazilian population. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018;22(4):379\u0026ndash;84. Doi: 10.1007/s10006-018-0716-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGoyushov S, T\u0026ouml;z\u0026uuml;m MD, T\u0026ouml;z\u0026uuml;m TF. Assessment of morphological and anatomical characteristics of mental foramen using cone beam computed tomography. Surg Radiol Anat. 2018;40(10):1133\u0026ndash;9. Doi: 10.1007/s00276-018-2043-z.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBarbosa DAF, Mesquita LR, Borges MMC, Mendon\u0026ccedil;a DS, Carvalho FSR, Kurita LM, Silva PGB, Rodrigues TR, Vasconcelos TV, Neto FH, Costa FWG. Mental Foramen and Anterior Loop Anatomic Characteristics: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cross-sectional Imaging Studies. J Endod. 2021 Dec;47(12):1829-1843.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2021.08.006. Epub 2021 Aug 21. PMID: 34425149. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSahman H, Sisman Y. Anterior loop of the inferior alveolar canal: A cone-beam computerized tomography study of 494 Cases. J Oral Implantol. 2016;42(4):333\u0026ndash;6. Doi: 10.1563/aaid-joi-D-15-00038.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSimonton JD, Azevedo B, Schindler WG, Hargreaves KM. Age- and Gender-related differences in the position of the inferior alveolar nerve by using Cone Beam Computed Tomography. J Endod. 2009;35(7):944\u0026ndash;9. Doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.04.032.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRodricks D, Phulambrikar T, Singh SK, Gupta A. Evaluation of incidence of mental nerve loop in Central India population using cone beam computed tomography. Indian J Dent Res 2018;29:627-33. Doi: 10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_50_17.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMuinelo-Lorenzo J, Fern\u0026aacute;ndez-Alonso A, Smyth-Chamosa E, Su\u0026aacute;rez-Quintanilla JA, Varela-Mallou J, Su\u0026aacute;rez-Cunqueiro MM. Predictive factors of the dimensions and location of mental foramen using cone beam computed tomography. PLOS ONE. 2017;12(8):e0179704. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179704\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKatakami K, Mishima A, Shiozaki K, Shimoda S, Hamada Y, Kobayashi K. Characteristics of accessory mental foramina observed on limited Cone-beam Computed Tomography Images. J Endod. 2008;34(12):1441\u0026ndash;5. Doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.08.033.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNair UP, Yazdi MH, Nayar GM, Parry H, Katkar RA, Nair MK. Configuration of the inferior alveolar canal as detected by cone beam computed tomography. J Conserv Dent. 2013;16(6):518. Doi: 10.4103/0972-0707.120964\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGeneral Assembly of the World Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. J Am Coll Dent. 2014;81(3):14\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWismeijer D, van Waas MA, Vermeeren JI, et al. 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Doi: 10.1007/s00276-013-1104-6. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBarbosa DAF, Mesquita LR, Borges MMC, Mendon\u0026ccedil;a DS, Carvalho FSR, Kurita LM, Silva PGB, Rodrigues TR, Vasconcelos TV, Neto FH, Costa FWG. Mental Foramen and Anterior Loop Anatomic Characteristics: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cross-sectional Imaging Studies. J Endod. 2021 Dec;47(12):1829-1843.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2021.08.006. Epub 2021 Aug 21. PMID: 34425149.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eApostolakis D, Brown JE. The anterior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve: prevalence, measurement of its length and a recommendation for interforaminal implant installation based on cone beam CT imaging. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2012;23(9):1022\u0026ndash;30. Doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02261.x.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJacobs R, Mraiwa N, vanSteenberghe D, Gijbels F, Quirynen M. Appearance, location, course, and morphology of the mandibular incisive canal: an assessment on spiral CT scan. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2002;31(5):322\u0026ndash;7. Doi: 10.1038/sj.dmfr.4600719.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJ PC, Marimuthu T, C K, Devadoss P, Kumar SM. Prevalence and measurement of anterior loop of the mandibular canal using CBCT: A cross sectional study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2018;20(4):531\u0026ndash;4. Doi: 10.1111/cid.12609. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOliveira RD, Coutinho MR, Panzarella FK. Morphometric analysis of the mental foramen using cone-beam computed tomography. Int J Dent 2018;2018:7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVieira CL, Veloso SD, Lopes FF. Location of the course of the mandibular canal, anterior loop and accessory mental foramen through cone-beam computed tomography. Surg Radiol Anat. 2018;40:1411\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGenu PR, Vasconcellos RJ, Oliveira BP, et al. Analysis of anatomical landmarks of the mandibular interforaminal region using CBCT in a Brazilian population. Braz J Oral Sci 2014;13:303\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMoghddam MR, Davoudmanesh Z, Azizi N, Rakhshan V, Shariati M. Prevalence and Length of the Anterior Loop of the Inferior Alveolar Nerve in Iranians. J Oral Implantol. 2017;43(5):333\u0026ndash;6. Doi: 10.1563/aaid-joi-D-16-00212.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUchida Y, Noguchi N, Goto M, Yamashita Y, Hanihara T, Takamori H, et al. Measurement of anterior loop length for the mandibular canal and diameter of the mandibular incisive canal to avoid nerve damage when installing endosseous implants in the interforaminal region: A second attempt introducing cone beam computed tomography. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009;67:744-50. Doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2008.05.352.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJuan DVL, Grageda E, G\u0026oacute;mez Crespo S. Anterior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve: Averages and prevalence based on CT scans. J Prosthet Dent. 2016;115(2):156\u0026ndash;60. Doi: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2015.06.025.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen JC, Lin LM, Geist JR, Chen JY, Chen CH, Chen YK. A retrospective comparison of the location and diameter of the inferior alveolar canal at the mental foramen and length of the anterior loop between American and Taiwanese cohorts using CBCT. Surg Radiol Anat. 2013;35(1):11-8. Doi: 10.1007/s00276-012-0986-z.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCharacteristics of the anterior loop in the study population (Lima-Peru).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"75.04621072088725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.953789279112755%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"75.04621072088725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.953789279112755%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"75.04621072088725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.953789279112755%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124 (66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"75.04621072088725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.953789279112755%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"75.04621072088725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge groups (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.953789279112755%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"75.04621072088725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21-40 (n=38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.953789279112755%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76 (40.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"75.04621072088725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41-60 (n=47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.953789279112755%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94 (50.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"75.04621072088725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61-80 (n=8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.953789279112755%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (8.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"75.04621072088725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnterior Projection of the anterior loop (mm)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.953789279112755%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.67 \u0026plusmn; 1.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"75.04621072088725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaudal projection of the anterior loop (mm)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.953789279112755%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.27 \u0026plusmn; 1.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"75.04621072088725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDistance of the anterior loop to the alveolar ridge (mm)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.953789279112755%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.33 \u0026plusmn; 2.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"75.04621072088725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDistance of the anterior loop to the buccal plate (mm)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.953789279112755%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.97 \u0026plusmn; 1.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* Mean \u0026plusmn; standard deviation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Table 2\u003cstrong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePrevalence of the anterior loop in the study population (Lima-Peru).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable align=\"left\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"124%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.19191919191919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.252525252525253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRight Side\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.272727272727273%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLeft Side\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" width=\"28.282828282828284%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePresence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.102564102564102%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbsence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.94871794871795%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePresence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.384615384615385%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbsence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.94871794871795%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePresence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.94871794871795%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbsence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.21276595744681%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"3.1914893617021276%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.446808510638298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.446808510638298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.21276595744681%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"3.1914893617021276%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.446808510638298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.446808510638298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.21276595744681%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale(n=62)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"3.1914893617021276%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.446808510638298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.446808510638298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.21276595744681%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale(n=31)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"3.1914893617021276%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.446808510638298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.446808510638298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.21276595744681%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAges Groups (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"3.1914893617021276%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.446808510638298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.446808510638298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.21276595744681%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21-40 (n=38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"3.1914893617021276%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.446808510638298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.446808510638298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.21276595744681%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41-60 (n=47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"3.1914893617021276%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.446808510638298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.446808510638298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.21276595744681%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61-80 (n=8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"3.1914893617021276%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.446808510638298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.446808510638298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.21276595744681%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDental status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"3.1914893617021276%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.446808510638298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.446808510638298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.21276595744681%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompletly Dentate(n=16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"3.1914893617021276%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.446808510638298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.446808510638298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.21276595744681%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePartially Dentate (n=73)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"3.1914893617021276%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.446808510638298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.446808510638298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.21276595744681%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComplete Edentulous(n=2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"3.1914893617021276%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.446808510638298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.446808510638298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.25531914893617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.2105263157894735%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"3.1578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.368421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.2105263157894735%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.368421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" width=\"29.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e177 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 95.1% \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 9 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;4.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eTable 3.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCharacteristics of the anterior loop by sex in the study population (Lima-Peru).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable align=\"left\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"103%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"36.734693877551024%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale (n=31)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"35.714285714285715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale (n=62)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.22222222222222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.987654320987655%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.987654320987655%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.987654320987655%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.814814814814815%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" width=\"70.40816326530613%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnterior projection of the anterior loop\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.346938775510203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Right side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.88 \u0026plusmn; 1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.31 \u0026ndash; 3.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.49 \u0026plusmn; 1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.17 \u0026ndash; 2.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.202\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Left side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.89 \u0026plusmn; 1.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.30 - 3.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.64 \u0026plusmn; 1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.34 - 2.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.397\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.88\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 1.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.71 - 3.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.57 \u0026plusmn; 1.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.14 - 3.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.210\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"36.734693877551024%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"35.714285714285715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" width=\"70.40816326530613%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaudal projection of the anterior loop\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.346938775510203%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Right side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.94 \u0026plusmn; 2.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.20 \u0026ndash; 6.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.92 \u0026plusmn; 1.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.51 \u0026ndash; 5.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Left side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.49 \u0026plusmn; 1.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.89 - 6.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.17 \u0026plusmn; 1.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.78 - 5.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.343\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.72 \u0026plusmn; 1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.15 - 6.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.05 \u0026plusmn; 1.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.98 - 6.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"36.734693877551024%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"35.714285714285715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" width=\"87.87878787878788%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDistance of the anterior loop to the alveolar ridge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.121212121212121%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Right side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.55 \u0026plusmn; 3.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.43 - 16.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.27 \u0026plusmn; 2.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.66 - 15.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.273\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Left side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.82 \u0026plusmn; 2.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.00 - 16.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.05 \u0026plusmn; 2.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.47 - 15.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.69 \u0026plusmn; 2.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.13 - 16.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.18 \u0026plusmn; 2.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.31 - 16.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.290\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"36.734693877551024%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"35.714285714285715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDistance of the anterior loop to the buccal plate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Right side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.05 \u0026plusmn; 1.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.50 - 5.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.82 \u0026plusmn; 1.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.47- 5.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.473\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Left side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.23 \u0026plusmn; 1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.69 - 5.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.94 \u0026plusmn; 1.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.60 - 5.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.340\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.14 \u0026plusmn; 1.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7 - 6.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.64 \u0026plusmn; 1.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.708333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.86 - 5.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD: Standard deviation; CI: confidence interval.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Student\u0026rsquo;s T-test for independent samples\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eTable 4.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCharacteristics of the anterior loop by age in the study population (Lima-Peru).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable align=\"left\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"134%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e21 - 40 years\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n=38)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"28.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e41 - 60 years\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n=47)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"28.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e61 - 80 years\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n=8)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.183673469387756%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.941176470588236%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.941176470588236%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.294117647058824%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.470588235294116%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.294117647058824%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.470588235294116%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.588235294117647%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" width=\"47.916666666666664%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnterior projection of the anterior loop\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight Side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.60 \u0026plusmn; 1.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.16 \u0026ndash; 3.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.73 \u0026plusmn; 1.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.30 \u0026ndash; 3.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.11 \u0026plusmn; 1.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03 \u0026ndash; 3.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.510\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft Side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.62 \u0026plusmn; 1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.21 - 3.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.86 \u0026plusmn; 1.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.44 - 3.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.35 \u0026plusmn; 1.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.40 - 3.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.509\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.61 \u0026plusmn; 1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.03 - 3.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.80 \u0026plusmn; 1.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.97 - 3.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.23 \u0026plusmn; 1.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.05 - 3.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.503\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.711340206185568%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"28.8659793814433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.43298969072165%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" width=\"47.916666666666664%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaudal projection of the anterior loop\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight Side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.30 \u0026plusmn; 1.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.71 \u0026ndash; 5.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.43 \u0026plusmn; 1.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.91 \u0026ndash; 5.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.03 \u0026plusmn; 1.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.68 \u0026ndash; 5.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft Side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.21 \u0026plusmn; 1.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.70 - 5.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.48 \u0026plusmn; 1.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.04 - 5.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.41 \u0026plusmn; 1.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.89 - 5.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.25 \u0026plusmn; 1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.95 - 6.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.45 \u0026plusmn; 1.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.67 - 6.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.23 \u0026plusmn; 1.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.79 - 5.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.711340206185568%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"28.8659793814433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.43298969072165%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" width=\"62.88659793814433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDistance of the anterior loop to the alveolar ridge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.43298969072165%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight Side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.74 \u0026plusmn; 2.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.01 - 16.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.11 \u0026plusmn; 2.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.28 - 15.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.04 \u0026plusmn; 3.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.21 - 17.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.647\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft Side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.59 \u0026plusmn; 1.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.96 - 16.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.20 \u0026plusmn; 2.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.50 - 15.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.58 \u0026plusmn; 3.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.86 - 17.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.70 \u0026plusmn; 2.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.98 - 16.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.10 \u0026plusmn; 2.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.67 - 16.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.76 \u0026plusmn; 3.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.42 - 17.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.710\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.711340206185568%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"28.8659793814433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.43298969072165%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDistance of the anterior loop to the buccal plate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight Side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.92 \u0026plusmn; 1.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.78 - 5.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00 \u0026plusmn; 1.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.56 \u0026ndash; 5.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.19 \u0026plusmn; 1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.14 \u0026ndash; 5.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.330\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft Side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.22 \u0026plusmn; 1.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.80 - 5.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.89 \u0026plusmn; 1.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.45 - 5.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.03 \u0026plusmn; 1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.87 - 6.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.550\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.06 \u0026plusmn; 1.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.62 - 5.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.94 \u0026plusmn; 1.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.92 - 5.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.61 \u0026plusmn; 1.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.26 - 5.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.570\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD: Standard deviation; CI: confidence interval.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* ANOVA test\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eTable 5.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCharacteristics of the anterior loop by dental status in the study population (Lima-Peru).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable align=\"left\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"126%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompletly Dentate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n=16)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePartially Dentate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n=75)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"26.804123711340207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComplete Edentulous\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n=2)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.091954022988507%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.942528735632184%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.091954022988507%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.942528735632184%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.942528735632184%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.942528735632184%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.045977011494253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" width=\"53.06122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnterior projection of the anterior loop\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Right Side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.43298969072165%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.20 \u0026plusmn; 1.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.37 \u0026ndash; 3.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.43298969072165%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.75 \u0026plusmn; 1.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.46 \u0026ndash; 3.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.90 \u0026plusmn; 0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51 - 1.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Left Side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.43298969072165%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.09 \u0026plusmn; 1.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.19 - 2.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.43298969072165%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.90 \u0026plusmn; 1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.62 - 3.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95 \u0026plusmn; 0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61 - 1.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Total\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.43298969072165%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.15 \u0026plusmn; 1.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.53 - 3.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.43298969072165%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.83 \u0026plusmn; 1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.98 - 3.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.92\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67 - 1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" width=\"53.06122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaudal projection of the anterior loop\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Right Side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.43298969072165%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.20 \u0026plusmn; 1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.22 \u0026ndash; 3.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.43298969072165%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.30 \u0026plusmn; 1.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.88 \u0026ndash; 5.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.05 \u0026plusmn; 1.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.32 \u0026plusmn; 6.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.626\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Left Side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.43298969072165%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.95 \u0026plusmn; 1.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.15 - 6.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.43298969072165%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.09 \u0026plusmn; 1.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.73 - 5.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.00 \u0026plusmn; 1.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.01 - 8.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Total\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.43298969072165%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.58 \u0026plusmn; 1.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.76 - 3.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.43298969072165%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.20 \u0026plusmn; 1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.91 - 6.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.52 \u0026plusmn; 1.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.72 - 6.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.580\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" width=\"66.3265306122449%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDistance of the anterior loop to the alveolar ridge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Right Side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.43298969072165%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.85 \u0026plusmn; 2.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.65 - 17.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.43298969072165%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.27 \u0026plusmn; 2.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.64 - 15.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.85 \u0026plusmn; 0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.67 - 15.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.786\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Left Side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.43298969072165%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.29 \u0026plusmn; 1.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.27 - 16.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.43298969072165%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.38 \u0026plusmn; 2.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.84 - 15.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.75 \u0026plusmn; 2.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.21 - 14.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Total\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.43298969072165%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.58 \u0026plusmn; 2.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.37 - 16.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.43298969072165%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.30 \u0026plusmn; 2.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.47 - 16.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.86 \u0026plusmn; 1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.03 - 14.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDistance of the anterior loop to the buccal plate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Right Side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.43298969072165%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.98 \u0026plusmn; 1.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.25 \u0026ndash; 5.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.43298969072165%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.91 \u0026plusmn; 1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.57 \u0026ndash; 5.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00 \u0026plusmn; 1.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.90 - 6.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.663\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Left Side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.43298969072165%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.10 \u0026plusmn; 1.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.26 - 5.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.43298969072165%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.99 \u0026plusmn; 1.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.69 - 5.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.01 \u0026plusmn; 2.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.87 - 8.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.544\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Total\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.43298969072165%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.03 \u0026plusmn; 1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.11- 6.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.43298969072165%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.94 \u0026plusmn; 1.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.15 - 5.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00 \u0026plusmn; 1.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.12 - 6.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.610\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD: Standard deviation; CI: confidence interval.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* ANOVA test\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Anterior loop, Dental implant, Inferior alveolar nerve, Cone Beam Tomography","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2303869/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2303869/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground: \u003c/strong\u003eThe anterior loop is the extension of the inferior dental nerve which is one of the most important anatomical landmarks to consider when placing dental implants or any other surgical procedure that involves the chin region. Determining the frequency and characteristics of the anterior loop is important to reduce the risk of complications in the chin region as a result of the implant or regenerative surgeries. For this reason, the objective of the study was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of the anterior loop in adult patients using Cone Beam computed tomography.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003e A Cross-sectional study of 93 Cone Beam computed topographies (CBCT) obtained from patients of the Faculty of Dentistry of the UNMSM during the period 2016-2017. CBCTs were analyzed and measurements of the anterior projection (AP) and caudal projection (CP) of the anterior loop were performed. In addition, the distance of the anterior loop to the alveolar ridge (D-AR) and the buccal table (D-BP) was evaluated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e The prevalence of the anterior loop was 95.1% (n=177) and with an average AP of 2.67 ± 1.36 mm. In AP and CP, a significant difference was evidenced concerning dental status on the right side (p \u0026lt;0.05). The CP of the anterior loop was 5.27 ± 1.69 mm; the rods presented a higher value on the side with 5.94 ± 2.01 mm (p = 0.01); the completely edentulous patients presented a higher value on the side with 7.00 ± 1.13 mm (p = 0.036). The D-AR was 15.33 ± 2.45 mm and the D-BP was 4.97 ± 1.40 mm.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions:\u003c/strong\u003e In this study, it was found that there is a high prevalence of the anterior loop (95.1%) with an average length of 2.67 mm. In addition, some characteristics associated with the anterior loop were found, such as its anterior projection with dental status and its caudal projection with gender and dental status.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Prevalence and characteristics of the anterior loop in adult patients using Cone Beam computed tomography: A Cross-sectional study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-12-14 15:40:02","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2303869/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"27008967-2939-479f-ab6e-a8b5f9b99ef8","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 14th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-01-04T05:29:21+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-12-14 15:40:02","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2303869","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2303869","identity":"rs-2303869","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}