Optimization of Cr/SBA-15 Catalysts for CO₂-Assisted Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane to Propylene

Optimization of Cr/SBA-15 Catalysts for CO₂-Assisted Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane to Propylene | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Optimization of Cr/SBA-15 Catalysts for CO₂-Assisted Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane to Propylene Armin Moniri, Sandeep Badoga, Mohamed Ali, Jinwen Chen, Mohsen Shakouri This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7585968/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 20 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Journal of Porous Materials → Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Cr/SBA-15 catalysts were optimized for CO₂-assisted oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (ODH-CO₂) using a Taguchi L9(3³) design spanning temperature (550–650°C), Cr loading (5–10 wt %), and W/F (0.010–0.020 g min mL⁻¹). Signal-to-noise analysis and ANOVA ranked factor importance as temperature ≫ W/F > Cr loading. The confirmation run at 600°C, 7 wt % Cr, and W/F = 0.015 achieved 37.1% propane conversion with 84.0% propylene selectivity. Characterization linked this window to an intermediate loading that preserved SBA-15 mesostructural order and maximized redox-accessible chromate species. XANES linear-combination fitting showed that the 7 wt % catalyst retained a higher Cr⁶⁺ fraction in both fresh and spent states than the 5 or 10 wt % analogues, while H₂-TPR revealed the largest reducible population at 7 wt %. The catalytic and spectroscopic evidence supports a Mars–van Krevelen mechanism operating on dispersed Cr⁶⁺=O sites, with CO₂ re-oxidizing reduced Cr to sustain selective ODH. At higher temperatures and/or loadings, increased reduction and aggregation shifted products toward cracking and deep oxidation. Integration of DOE with spectroscopy thus identified an intermediate Cr loading/contact-time regime on SBA-15 that optimized redox selectivity and enhanced process-relevant performance in CO₂-assisted ODH of propane. Oxidative dehydrogenation Taguchi design Propylene CO₂ Cr/SBA-15 Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Tables 1 to 4 are available in the Supplementary Files section. Supplementary Files Tables.docx SupplementaryMaterials.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 20 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Journal of Porous Materials → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 22 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 12 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 08 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 22 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 14 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 11 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 11 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 10 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7585968","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":516315876,"identity":"cdf667e3-70bd-4bd1-bae8-d000c6d471e1","order_by":0,"name":"Armin Moniri","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Natural Resources Canada","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Armin","middleName":"","lastName":"Moniri","suffix":""},{"id":516315877,"identity":"be1556ed-4035-4a48-a7bc-ab356c674aa6","order_by":1,"name":"Sandeep Badoga","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Natural Resources Canada","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sandeep","middleName":"","lastName":"Badoga","suffix":""},{"id":516315878,"identity":"07a57e90-f179-4492-8916-b2fcdf757f91","order_by":2,"name":"Mohamed Ali","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Natural Resources Canada","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohamed","middleName":"","lastName":"Ali","suffix":""},{"id":516315879,"identity":"7b95828c-70c0-471f-8368-0303d7d3a858","order_by":3,"name":"Jinwen Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Natural Resources Canada","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jinwen","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":516315880,"identity":"290f67e4-a0de-4c66-a4f8-76d21b34d990","order_by":4,"name":"Mohsen Shakouri","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Canadian Light Source","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohsen","middleName":"","lastName":"Shakouri","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-09-10 20:38:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7585968/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7585968/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-025-01886-8","type":"published","date":"2026-02-20T15:59:30+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":91804329,"identity":"9d844424-c59a-4599-99d6-2110a9eac6d7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:48:45","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":61309,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/8fc02d71427c5bfe4f9ccd21.docx"},{"id":91804578,"identity":"c620da33-8185-433d-acbd-3af6a614372b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:56:45","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2431660,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Figures.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/17bf862b5730bf09f4408602.docx"},{"id":91804577,"identity":"2fe59068-4561-4f3e-b791-e0d1cee1c0db","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:56:45","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":24885,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Tables.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/d2477aab5fe9d16652b9b971.docx"},{"id":91804332,"identity":"19836426-8143-45da-af29-c26a3021e605","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:48:45","extension":"json","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6926,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"642892863dae43fbba351238b83b1ceb.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/629dd53db791da8778dcd02d.json"},{"id":91804334,"identity":"4702d24d-4f33-41a1-b85c-f216507bda11","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:48:45","extension":"docx","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":392592,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryMaterials.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/7c53840b6511cfabb999732a.docx"},{"id":91804343,"identity":"f1cc01f0-9858-476e-8dd4-63f73ae048dd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:48:46","extension":"xml","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":153481,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"642892863dae43fbba351238b83b1ceb1enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/809fbe4dd633057b89688064.xml"},{"id":91804579,"identity":"7ca5b86a-7d94-4615-acba-b1bccea2c61b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:56:45","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":82315,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/964af6d41f2f218542855e79.png"},{"id":91804580,"identity":"f27842dd-78b1-4901-8699-2fa9385db88d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:56:45","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":15796,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/3737d4846cecb4913c1915a5.png"},{"id":91804339,"identity":"96ee4264-fb02-43d5-9970-4c35050fd03c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:48:45","extension":"jpeg","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":225013,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/ef0fb407c66d32f814399e74.jpeg"},{"id":91804342,"identity":"5fb666f7-e663-4cec-84eb-21225750e4e1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:48:46","extension":"jpeg","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":743731,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/a24534522178eb3433430da1.jpeg"},{"id":91804362,"identity":"f483599a-455e-4283-91c1-2c7512254335","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:48:46","extension":"jpeg","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":763966,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/93ba5101d5af2ad6ed0def05.jpeg"},{"id":91804335,"identity":"8c4d33ff-c8c1-4f3f-8a4c-3e0e01bcd52f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:48:45","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":43959,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/1f2d40d1d0b235b8a17b0efd.png"},{"id":91804581,"identity":"f970b4a6-f84b-4692-8880-37adbeb9de9d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:56:46","extension":"jpeg","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":253936,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/946e6ff78934954dc1ddb40d.jpeg"},{"id":91804351,"identity":"35b9458a-1a61-4cc6-acdf-57a270c30987","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:48:46","extension":"jpeg","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":397677,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/7b0dd4531abe234bb9a5c703.jpeg"},{"id":91804361,"identity":"e0448869-686a-4b1c-8619-7b778d56633b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:48:46","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":26704,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/271187a836a6e9b927f410b6.png"},{"id":91804357,"identity":"cc4bb207-253e-4630-a0fb-346a93af2558","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:48:46","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":18964,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/ef35bfb794e2dfc3f63df85f.png"},{"id":91804336,"identity":"17b8c901-f154-4038-85c9-089088186286","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:48:45","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":967401,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/83760e0040796273cfcdd1dd.png"},{"id":91804344,"identity":"3f7bec8e-a509-4c24-9d41-8b5eca003cc9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:48:46","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":271214,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/ea63379ce17fc916fab76c61.png"},{"id":91804584,"identity":"8e600a0b-93f0-4135-aadd-6091e32758d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:56:46","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":115573,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/13900b520dab44d95314f35a.png"},{"id":91804355,"identity":"e9659013-a7fb-4782-8706-b1049646d193","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:48:46","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":37881,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/72294cf676263c1b4cdf07d4.png"},{"id":91804341,"identity":"61cbeaef-c510-4d10-b183-b58a27d5abe4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:48:45","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":7437,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/e65f5b528872251cb6c27e51.png"},{"id":91804348,"identity":"30fce99c-ef7a-4bdd-9313-c182ef72d56a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:48:46","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":54670,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/fb0fa150d15c5bc1f6f8df88.png"},{"id":91804346,"identity":"40c0889a-0112-489d-aa6e-a6776616d38a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:48:46","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":97058,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/a39c758cfac480310ca221b6.png"},{"id":91804586,"identity":"fe32490e-ca61-43e2-8073-39bde59a0fdb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:56:46","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":112386,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/5743b28b936462937c74c85b.png"},{"id":91804353,"identity":"5c2502be-8ff0-45ef-8638-5d807037733a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:48:46","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":21251,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/035f49e3e1996a67f7a5dd6a.png"},{"id":91804585,"identity":"7ba0dace-0f79-4163-ada3-441aa818456c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:56:46","extension":"png","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":136026,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/9b59453851ffefb5eb4b2c5a.png"},{"id":91804863,"identity":"f4eae1c6-3957-4461-9ff8-24f305a9fc02","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 02:04:46","extension":"png","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":78642,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/b5af1deba50569a30766ad18.png"},{"id":91804350,"identity":"2cf2b438-b53d-481b-b0ab-655e6c9c7b27","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:48:46","extension":"png","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":12759,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/30410dfcb04cccba8b8aea02.png"},{"id":91804352,"identity":"dda9910a-e378-4f36-8290-fb84aeafd52d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:48:46","extension":"png","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":8607,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/01475591a69efae65bfd02b3.png"},{"id":91804359,"identity":"87b2430f-27bf-47d4-a30b-dc449bec084d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:48:46","extension":"png","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":179251,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/6db3428b4ccb6f1032e5d94c.png"},{"id":91804587,"identity":"caab0150-5892-4ca5-be82-d35e8dcf2b85","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:56:46","extension":"png","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30484,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/e030d96ecfe335bc8184038c.png"},{"id":91804583,"identity":"85aef0b7-696d-4467-9ede-bf8585fbe280","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:56:46","extension":"png","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":24056,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/6248400b1cc9c4d9f3f3be18.png"},{"id":91804364,"identity":"7e9acbf2-b675-4f8b-8b1e-569e52ca2d01","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:48:46","extension":"xml","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":151319,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"642892863dae43fbba351238b83b1ceb1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/61fcc548f3709a903b0a417a.xml"},{"id":91804356,"identity":"126ceb27-2f7a-4e65-8a1d-34b8ebcd0012","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:48:46","extension":"html","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":159712,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/676013d851356f1c4e349c89.html"},{"id":103251460,"identity":"dbe1b77d-6e6d-4c34-8ae8-141188b9ddf2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-23 16:09:03","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1356223,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1_covered_de62bf18-6e1a-43c3-b990-06a1ea7f5ba3.pdf"},{"id":91804330,"identity":"4ac1476c-e716-4ff8-b43a-0beb747a09ea","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:48:45","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":24885,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Tables.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/a0b2d5be759b8673e2a60702.docx"},{"id":91804333,"identity":"2079f7e4-7143-4049-b731-403fef868a5e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 01:48:45","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":392592,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryMaterials.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7585968/v1/6a664f3ddfd09fc27daa00a4.docx"}],"financialInterests":"\u003cp\u003eNo competing interests reported.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTables 1 to 4 are available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e","formattedTitle":"Optimization of Cr/SBA-15 Catalysts for CO₂-Assisted Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane to Propylene","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-porous-materials","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jopo","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Porous Materials](http://link.springer.com/journal/10934)","snPcode":"10934","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10934/3","title":"Journal of Porous Materials","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Oxidative dehydrogenation, Taguchi design, Propylene, CO₂, Cr/SBA-15","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7585968/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7585968/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eCr/SBA-15 catalysts were optimized for CO₂-assisted oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (ODH-CO₂) using a Taguchi L9(3\u0026sup3;) design spanning temperature (550\u0026ndash;650\u0026deg;C), Cr loading (5\u0026ndash;10 wt %), and W/F (0.010\u0026ndash;0.020 g min mL⁻\u0026sup1;). Signal-to-noise analysis and ANOVA ranked factor importance as temperature ≫ W/F\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cr loading. The confirmation run at 600\u0026deg;C, 7 wt % Cr, and W/F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.015 achieved 37.1% propane conversion with 84.0% propylene selectivity. Characterization linked this window to an intermediate loading that preserved SBA-15 mesostructural order and maximized redox-accessible chromate species. XANES linear-combination fitting showed that the 7 wt % catalyst retained a higher Cr⁶⁺ fraction in both fresh and spent states than the 5 or 10 wt % analogues, while H₂-TPR revealed the largest reducible population at 7 wt %. The catalytic and spectroscopic evidence supports a Mars\u0026ndash;van Krevelen mechanism operating on dispersed Cr⁶⁺=O sites, with CO₂ re-oxidizing reduced Cr to sustain selective ODH. At higher temperatures and/or loadings, increased reduction and aggregation shifted products toward cracking and deep oxidation. Integration of DOE with spectroscopy thus identified an intermediate Cr loading/contact-time regime on SBA-15 that optimized redox selectivity and enhanced process-relevant performance in CO₂-assisted ODH of propane.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Optimization of Cr/SBA-15 Catalysts for CO₂-Assisted Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane to Propylene","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-22 01:48:40","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7585968/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-10-22T12:40:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-12T19:38:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-08T06:37:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-22T11:52:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"36947802374887111008195321620631839675","date":"2025-09-17T06:38:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"82728514263303289013518657535724640148","date":"2025-09-16T14:22:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"72281107894131370445894204617029681756","date":"2025-09-15T14:34:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"307992652127049078506484544357532792735","date":"2025-09-15T03:36:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"54914533040999024822204881014137241837","date":"2025-09-14T15:14:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-14T12:54:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-11T06:42:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-11T06:41:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Porous Materials","date":"2025-09-10T20:36:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-porous-materials","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jopo","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Porous Materials](http://link.springer.com/journal/10934)","snPcode":"10934","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10934/3","title":"Journal of Porous Materials","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"369a65cd-6d5d-408d-9504-68d731999d7d","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 22nd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-23T16:06:12+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7585968","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-025-01886-8","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-porous-materials","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Porous Materials"},"publishedOn":"2026-02-20 15:59:30","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 20th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-22 01:48:40","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10934-025-01886-8","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-025-01886-8","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7585968","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7585968","identity":"rs-7585968","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}