Bidimensional ZCC/MD in underwater free space optics

Bidimensional ZCC/MD in underwater free space optics | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Bidimensional ZCC/MD in underwater free space optics Rima Matem, Angela Amphawan, Mohanad Alayedi, Junita Mohd Nordin, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7311079/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The significance of non-terrestrial networks for ubiquitous connectivity in 6G systems has pro-voked substantial interest in underwater communication systems. Free space optics has garnered significant momentum in underwater communications owing to its high data rate. Nevertheless, it still faces restricted link distance, primarily driven by a notable increase in channel path loss attributed to absorption and scattering. These effects encompass factors such as chlorophyll, water-soluble salts, and minerals, and further compounded by fading induced by underwater optical turbulence. In our manuscript, a bidimensional ZCC/MD-OCDMA underwater free space optical system has been developed and evaluated under various underwater media. The assessment is conducted through the measurement of the bit error rate, Q-factor, and eye diagrams. free space optical system underwater communications optical code division multiple access bidimensional codes single-dimensional ZCC single-dimensional MD Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7311079","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":501740449,"identity":"349b4d48-71d9-46e2-a531-bc49a4c0e274","order_by":0,"name":"Rima Matem","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPACGx5+ZuYDQIaEDLFa0uQk29sSQFp4iNVy2NjgzBkDEIuwFvMZ2YmfC3ccTtxwI+fzqxs1FjwM7IePbsCnReZG7mbpmWfSE2feyN1mnXMM6DCetLQb+LRISORukOZts07sA2oxzmEDapHgMSOkZfNv3jbmxIYbOc+Mc/4Rp2Ub0BZnY4EzZ5gf57YRo4Xn7TZr3jZwIJsx5/ZJ8LAR9At77ubbvG3gqHz8OedbnRw/++FjeLUwCCTAmWwSYBKvchDgPwBnMn8gqHoUjIJRMApGJAAAncdHbqQxbR0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rima","middleName":"","lastName":"Matem","suffix":""},{"id":501740450,"identity":"583cd284-dd81-4270-8b6d-f817e4cb7fe7","order_by":1,"name":"Angela Amphawan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sunway University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Angela","middleName":"","lastName":"Amphawan","suffix":""},{"id":501740451,"identity":"d1f0d8d0-77e4-4c1b-b643-cc49dd495877","order_by":2,"name":"Mohanad Alayedi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Haliç University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohanad","middleName":"","lastName":"Alayedi","suffix":""},{"id":501740452,"identity":"102eddad-853f-428c-87e0-9e08c112bb28","order_by":3,"name":"Junita Mohd Nordin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Junita","middleName":"Mohd","lastName":"Nordin","suffix":""},{"id":501740453,"identity":"d10c61b5-3198-492f-b3e1-396a922688ad","order_by":4,"name":"Syed Alwee Aljunid","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Syed","middleName":"Alwee","lastName":"Aljunid","suffix":""},{"id":501740454,"identity":"b1dfe405-879e-40cd-a826-7ee9d5dddb59","order_by":5,"name":"Walid Sahraoui","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bejaia University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Walid","middleName":"","lastName":"Sahraoui","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-06 15:08:07","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7311079/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7311079/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":97668165,"identity":"49283114-9457-49ad-9bad-99e22a66669d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-08 09:24:56","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2401192,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"BidimensionalZCCMDinunderwaterfreespaceoptics.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7311079/v1_covered_91fe4936-5108-4c64-a9bf-fb2a7869d1f5.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Bidimensional ZCC/MD in underwater free space optics","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"free space optical system, underwater communications, optical code division multiple access, bidimensional codes, single-dimensional ZCC, single-dimensional MD","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7311079/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7311079/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe significance of non-terrestrial networks for ubiquitous connectivity in 6G systems has pro-voked substantial interest in underwater communication systems. 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