New record of Velvety Black Tyrant Knipolegus Nigerrimus (Vieillot, 1818) (Passeriformes, Tyrannidae) at low altitude, in a Caatinga area, Paraíba, Brazil

New record of Velvety Black Tyrant Knipolegus Nigerrimus (Vieillot, 1818) (Passeriformes, Tyrannidae) at low altitude, in a Caatinga area, Paraíba, Brazil | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Short Report New record of Velvety Black Tyrant Knipolegus Nigerrimus (Vieillot, 1818) (Passeriformes, Tyrannidae) at low altitude, in a Caatinga area, Paraíba, Brazil Ricardo Henrique Pereira Silva, José Alan Sales Souza, Bruno Pinho de Lucena, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4006769/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Knipolegus nigerrimus is a widely distributed species in the Caatinga and has been recorded at altitudes between 560 and 1000 m. Here, we describe the occurrence of K. nigerrimus at an altitude lower than that recorded in the literature. A male individual was recorded during an avifauna study conducted in 2022 in the municipality of Passagem, Paraíba, Brazil. The individual was observed making short flights near a rocky wall and landing on rocks in the vicinity. At that time, the individual was photographed and photographs were used to identify the species. One possible explanation for what happened is that it moved to a low-altitude environment in search of a watercourse present at the site. However, the observed behaviour is described in the literature as parental care behaviour, which may indicate the presence of a nest at the site. This record is important because it shows a possible behavioural adaptation. Brazilian semi-arid region Geographical distribution Parental care Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Full Text The genus Knipolegus (Passeriformes: Tyrannidae) comprises 12 described species, which inhabit a wide variety of environments in South America (Hosner and Moyle, 2012 ; Schultz, 2022 ). Ten species occur in Brazil, seven of which are residents (Las-Casas and Azevedo-Junior, 2008 ). Three species have been recorded in the Caatinga domain: K. lophotes (Boie, 1828), K. franciscanus (Snethlage, 1928), and K. nigerrimus (Vieillot, 1818), with K. nigerrimus showing the largest distribution in the region (Silva, 2017 ). In the Caatinga, a phytogeographic domain that predominantly covers the semi-arid Northeast, extending as far north as Minas Gerais (Silva et al., 2017), K. nigerrimus has been recorded in the following states: Bahia, Alagoas, Ceará, Pernambuco and Paraíba (Sick, 1997 ; Farias et al. 2006 ; Las-Casas and Azevedo-Junior, 2008 ; Araujo et al., 2012 ) at altitudes between 560m and 1000m. Here, however, we describe a new record of K. nigerrimus in the Caatinga at a lower altitude than previously reported in the literature. K. nigerrimus was recorded during bird sampling studies conducted at Fazenda Aba (Fig. 1), a private property located in the Depressão Sertaneja Setentrional (IBGE, 2021 ), in the municipality of Passagem, Paraíba, Brazil (07°05 ̓50"S, 37°01 ̓34"W). This location is characterised by its Caatinga vegetation, the presence of rocky walls at altitudes ranging from 300 to 810m, as well as springs and perennial water bodies (Fernando et al., 2021 ; 2022 ; Medeiros, 2022 ). The climate of the region is hot and dry, with an average annual temperature of 25°C (Francisco et al., 2015 ). The individual was recorded during a morning excursion at approximately 8:12am on 23 October 2022. An adult male was observed near a rocky wall in a canyon at an altitude of approximately 290 m. Its behaviour consisted of short flights, followed by immediate landings on the rocky surfaces where it was. The specimen was identified based on its morphological and vocalisation characteristics. During the observation period, a photographic record of the individual was taken for documentation (Fig. 2), which was essential for subsequent analysis. A Canon PowerShot SX50 HS camera was used as the photographic equipment. The individual K. nigerrimus , identified as an adult male, was making short-distance flights in the vicinity of rocky walls, located in a canyon region, taking off and landing on the same rocks. In addition, this location is approximately 290 m above the sea level. Several diagnostic characteristics were analysed to identify the species in question. The plumage, which consists of a predominantly black colouration, is its most distinctive feature: the presence of a hidden white band on the remiges, observed in flight, the rudimentary crest, tonal variations of the beak, lighter at the base and darker at the tip, and body size, as few species in the region have the same dimensions and colouration. The determination of the individual's sex was made by the absence of a brown spot in the gular area, which is exclusive to females of this species (Fig. 3). K. nigerrimus is distributed across states in the southern, southeastern, and northeastern regions of Brazil, where it inhabits forested areas and high-altitude grasslands, transitioning between these habitats (Sick, 1997 ). It is a bird that exhibits a dependency on high altitudes, ranging from 700 to 2,700 meters, and is even classified as endemic to these regions (Sigrist, 2006 ). The present record describes an individual at an altitude of 290 meters, which constitutes an atypical occurrence for the species. The specimen in question was found near a perennial watercourse that crosses Fazenda Aba. One possibility for this distribution at an unusual altitude could be the search for water, following the individual's descent from higher elevations in the region. Another possible explanation for the event described here is related to the reproductive biology of the species, as the observed behaviour in our study resembles that described by Pichorim et al. ( 1996 ). In their description, despite the female being responsible for egg care, the male remains perched on rocks or shrubs nearby, approximately 8–15 m away from the nest, occasionally flying to ward off individuals from other species. The date of our record aligns with that of the reproductive period of the species recorded by Pichorim et al. ( 1996 ), which occurs between October and November. Although some crevices were observed along the rocky wall, we did not observe other K. nigerrimus individuals near the recording location, making it impossible to confirm the presence of a nest in the area. The fact that the reported event is based on a single record, coupled with the lack of information in the literature regarding the biology, ecology, and behaviour of K. nigerrimus , limits the possible conclusions regarding the occurrence of the species at such an atypical altitude, as observed in our study. This singular record is, therefore, of great significance as it offers a unique perspective on possible adaptive behaviours of K. nigerrimus and expands the species' distribution in the Caatinga. However, further studies involving the responses of species to seasonal fluctuations, as well as reproductive behaviours, are necessary, not only in the Caatinga, but throughout Brazil. Declarations Ethics approval : None. Financing statement: None. Consent to participate: All the authors consent to participate in this study. Consent for publication: All the authors consent to publish this study. Availability of data and materials: The authors declare that the data used can be accessed. Conflict of interest : The authors declare no competing interests. References Araujo HFP, Vieira-Filho AH, Cavalcanti TA, Barbosa MRV (2012) As aves e os ambientes em que elas ocorrem em uma reserva particular no Cariri paraibano, nordeste do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 20(3):365–377 Farias GB, Silva WAG, Albano CG (2006) Diversidade de aves em áreas prioritárias para conservação da Caatinga. Ministério do Meio Ambiente: Análise das variações da biodiversidade do bioma caatinga. Suporte a estratégias regionais de conservação, pp 204–226 Velvety Black-Tyrant (Knipolegus nigerrimus) (2020) Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.vebtyr1.01 Fernando EMP, Costa SL, Campos KG, Mamede MDL, Lohmann LG, Lucena MFA (2021) Flora of Fazenda ABA, Paraíba, Brazil: Bignoniaceae. Rodriguésia, 72: 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860202172118 Fernando EMP, Campos KG, Mamede MDL, Lucena MFA (2022) Floristic survey of a Caatinga area of high biological importance in the Mesoregion of Paraíba backlands, Northeast Brazil. Hoehnea 49:1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-64/2021 Francisco PRM, Medeiros RM, Santos D, Matos RM (2015) Classificação climática de Köppen e Thornthwaite para o estado da Paraíba. Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 8(4):1006–1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1984-2295.20150049 Hosner PA, Moyle RG (2012) A Molecular Phylogeny of Black-Tyrants (Tyrannidae: Knipolegus ) Reveals Strong Geographic Patterns and Homoplasy in Plumage and Display Behavior. Auk 129(1):156–167. https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2012.11101 IBGE (2021) Instituto Brasileiro Geografia e Estatística. https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/pb/passagem/panorama . Acesso em: 2023/08/22. Las-Casas FMG, Azevedo-Junior SM (2008) Ocorrência de Knipolegus nigerrimus (Vieillot, 1818) (Aves, Tyrannidae) no Distrito do Pará, Santa Cruz do Capibaribe. Pernambuco Brasil Ornithologia 3(1):18–20 Maria-preta-de-garganta-vermelha (2021) https://www.wikiaves.com.br/wiki/maria-preta-de-garganta-vermelha . Accessed on: 2023/09/02. Medeiros AP (2022) Uso do espaço por aves insetívoras de sub-bosque em área de Caatinga: Sazonalidade do uso de habitat e relações de coexistência. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, Brasil Pichorim M, Bornschein MR, Reinert BL (1996) Aspectos da biologia reprodutiva de Knipolegus nigerrimus (Tyrannidae). Ararajuba 4(1):29–31 Schultz ED (2022) História biogeográfica de aves especializadas em diferentes ambientes amazônicos: incorporando afinidades ambientais para entender padrões idiossincráticos. Tese de Doutorado, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brasil Sick H (1997) Ornitologia Brasileira. Nova Fronteira, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Sigrist T (2006) Aves do Brasil: uma visão artística. Editora Avis Brasilis, São Paulo, Brasil Silva MVA (2017) Modelagem de distribuição geográfica das aves endêmicas da Caatinga, status de conservação e possíveis efeitos de mudanças climático-ambientais. Tese de Mestrado, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4006769","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Short Report","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":282254614,"identity":"775a03c8-fdb9-47aa-8b2e-33783c8b0343","order_by":0,"name":"Ricardo Henrique Pereira Silva","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Zoologia e Conservação","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ricardo","middleName":"Henrique Pereira","lastName":"Silva","suffix":""},{"id":282254615,"identity":"9a6729cf-ac61-4aa0-a4ff-5916acdb6859","order_by":1,"name":"José Alan Sales Souza","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Zoologia e Conservação","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"José","middleName":"Alan Sales","lastName":"Souza","suffix":""},{"id":282254616,"identity":"be520f8a-b925-451e-b085-175ab0d8f38c","order_by":2,"name":"Bruno Pinho de Lucena","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Zoologia e Conservação","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bruno","middleName":"Pinho","lastName":"de Lucena","suffix":""},{"id":282254617,"identity":"b3883aec-4b07-4c7d-9b24-d07e9387ec24","order_by":3,"name":"Erich de Freitas Mariano","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Campina Grande","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Erich","middleName":"de Freitas","lastName":"Mariano","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-02 15:35:40","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4006769/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4006769/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":53419582,"identity":"87205f3d-7917-47d0-9255-42c74c625e2b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-25 18:12:45","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":455098,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution of Knipolegus nigerrimus in Caatinga, Brazil. The green markers represent known occurrences of the species in the region, according to the records available on Wikiaves (wikiaves.com.br). The red marker represents the new records described here. Illustration of species: Farnsworth et al. (2020).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figura1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4006769/v1/897b01d78823f34ed86650ab.jpeg"},{"id":53419579,"identity":"26f3eb50-3899-4572-86c3-543da9756825","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-25 18:12:44","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":915362,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eIndividual \u003cem\u003eK. nigerrimus\u003c/em\u003e recorded at Fazenda Aba, Passagem, Paraíba, Brazil.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figura2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4006769/v1/0d9566735f7a10a2fca12e7d.png"},{"id":53419581,"identity":"6648308e-d3eb-4f34-aad1-422525dfb4de","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-25 18:12:44","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2065258,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDiagnostic characteristics for the identification of K. nigerrimus: A = Tonal variations of the beak; B = White band on the remiges; C = Gular region; D = Rudimentary crest.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figura3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4006769/v1/ddb879eb72650405f1aa780d.png"},{"id":53759674,"identity":"c991225e-006c-4fc8-87c2-81c57c52f9db","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-29 19:37:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4098396,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4006769/v1/7a6528cb-ee8e-48a8-969e-9c3fa4fb4fd3.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"New record of Velvety Black Tyrant Knipolegus Nigerrimus (Vieillot, 1818) (Passeriformes, Tyrannidae) at low altitude, in a Caatinga area, Paraíba, Brazil","fulltext":[{"header":"Full Text","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe genus \u003cem\u003eKnipolegus\u003c/em\u003e (Passeriformes: Tyrannidae) comprises 12 described species, which inhabit a wide variety of environments in South America (Hosner and Moyle, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Schultz, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Ten species occur in Brazil, seven of which are residents (Las-Casas and Azevedo-Junior, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Three species have been recorded in the Caatinga domain: \u003cem\u003eK. lophotes\u003c/em\u003e (Boie, 1828), \u003cem\u003eK. franciscanus\u003c/em\u003e (Snethlage, 1928), and \u003cem\u003eK. nigerrimus\u003c/em\u003e (Vieillot, 1818), with \u003cem\u003eK. nigerrimus\u003c/em\u003e showing the largest distribution in the region (Silva, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). In the Caatinga, a phytogeographic domain that predominantly covers the semi-arid Northeast, extending as far north as Minas Gerais (Silva et al., 2017), \u003cem\u003eK. nigerrimus\u003c/em\u003e has been recorded in the following states: Bahia, Alagoas, Cear\u0026aacute;, Pernambuco and Para\u0026iacute;ba (Sick, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; Farias et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Las-Casas and Azevedo-Junior, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Araujo et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) at altitudes between 560m and 1000m. Here, however, we describe a new record of \u003cem\u003eK. nigerrimus\u003c/em\u003e in the Caatinga at a lower altitude than previously reported in the literature.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eK. nigerrimus\u003c/em\u003e was recorded during bird sampling studies conducted at Fazenda Aba (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1), a private property located in the Depress\u0026atilde;o Sertaneja Setentrional (IBGE, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), in the municipality of Passagem, Para\u0026iacute;ba, Brazil (07\u0026deg;05 ̓50\"S, 37\u0026deg;01 ̓34\"W). This location is characterised by its Caatinga vegetation, the presence of rocky walls at altitudes ranging from 300 to 810m, as well as springs and perennial water bodies (Fernando et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Medeiros, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The climate of the region is hot and dry, with an average annual temperature of 25\u0026deg;C (Francisco et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe individual was recorded during a morning excursion at approximately 8:12am on 23 October 2022. An adult male was observed near a rocky wall in a canyon at an altitude of approximately 290 m. Its behaviour consisted of short flights, followed by immediate landings on the rocky surfaces where it was. The specimen was identified based on its morphological and vocalisation characteristics. During the observation period, a photographic record of the individual was taken for documentation (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2), which was essential for subsequent analysis. A \u003cem\u003eCanon PowerShot SX50 HS\u003c/em\u003e camera was used as the photographic equipment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe individual \u003cem\u003eK. nigerrimus\u003c/em\u003e, identified as an adult male, was making short-distance flights in the vicinity of rocky walls, located in a canyon region, taking off and landing on the same rocks. In addition, this location is approximately 290 m above the sea level. Several diagnostic characteristics were analysed to identify the species in question. The plumage, which consists of a predominantly black colouration, is its most distinctive feature: the presence of a hidden white band on the remiges, observed in flight, the rudimentary crest, tonal variations of the beak, lighter at the base and darker at the tip, and body size, as few species in the region have the same dimensions and colouration. The determination of the individual's sex was made by the absence of a brown spot in the gular area, which is exclusive to females of this species (Fig.\u0026nbsp;3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eK. nigerrimus\u003c/em\u003e is distributed across states in the southern, southeastern, and northeastern regions of Brazil, where it inhabits forested areas and high-altitude grasslands, transitioning between these habitats (Sick, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e). It is a bird that exhibits a dependency on high altitudes, ranging from 700 to 2,700 meters, and is even classified as endemic to these regions (Sigrist, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe present record describes an individual at an altitude of 290 meters, which constitutes an atypical occurrence for the species. The specimen in question was found near a perennial watercourse that crosses Fazenda Aba. One possibility for this distribution at an unusual altitude could be the search for water, following the individual's descent from higher elevations in the region.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother possible explanation for the event described here is related to the reproductive biology of the species, as the observed behaviour in our study resembles that described by Pichorim et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e). In their description, despite the female being responsible for egg care, the male remains perched on rocks or shrubs nearby, approximately 8\u0026ndash;15 m away from the nest, occasionally flying to ward off individuals from other species. The date of our record aligns with that of the reproductive period of the species recorded by Pichorim et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e), which occurs between October and November. Although some crevices were observed along the rocky wall, we did not observe other \u003cem\u003eK. nigerrimus\u003c/em\u003e individuals near the recording location, making it impossible to confirm the presence of a nest in the area.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe fact that the reported event is based on a single record, coupled with the lack of information in the literature regarding the biology, ecology, and behaviour of \u003cem\u003eK. nigerrimus\u003c/em\u003e, limits the possible conclusions regarding the occurrence of the species at such an atypical altitude, as observed in our study. This singular record is, therefore, of great significance as it offers a unique perspective on possible adaptive behaviours of \u003cem\u003eK. nigerrimus\u003c/em\u003e and expands the species' distribution in the Caatinga. However, further studies involving the responses of species to seasonal fluctuations, as well as reproductive behaviours, are necessary, not only in the Caatinga, but throughout Brazil.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u003c/strong\u003e: None.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFinancing statement: None.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;All the authors consent to participate in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;All the authors consent to publish this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare that the data used can be accessed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e: The authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAraujo HFP, Vieira-Filho AH, Cavalcanti TA, Barbosa MRV (2012) As aves e os ambientes em que elas ocorrem em uma reserva particular no Cariri paraibano, nordeste do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 20(3):365\u0026ndash;377\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFarias GB, Silva WAG, Albano CG (2006) Diversidade de aves em \u0026aacute;reas priorit\u0026aacute;rias para conserva\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o da Caatinga. Minist\u0026eacute;rio do Meio Ambiente: An\u0026aacute;lise das varia\u0026ccedil;\u0026otilde;es da biodiversidade do bioma caatinga. Suporte a estrat\u0026eacute;gias regionais de conserva\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o, pp 204\u0026ndash;226\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVelvety Black-Tyrant (Knipolegus nigerrimus) (2020) Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, USA. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.2173/bow.vebtyr1.01\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.2173/bow.vebtyr1.01\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFernando EMP, Costa SL, Campos KG, Mamede MDL, Lohmann LG, Lucena MFA (2021) Flora of Fazenda ABA, Para\u0026iacute;ba, Brazil: Bignoniaceae. 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Tese de Doutorado, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaz\u0026ocirc;nia, Manaus, Brasil\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSick H (1997) Ornitologia Brasileira. Nova Fronteira, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSigrist T (2006) Aves do Brasil: uma vis\u0026atilde;o art\u0026iacute;stica. Editora Avis Brasilis, S\u0026atilde;o Paulo, Brasil\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSilva MVA (2017) Modelagem de distribui\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o geogr\u0026aacute;fica das aves end\u0026ecirc;micas da Caatinga, status de conserva\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o e poss\u0026iacute;veis efeitos de mudan\u0026ccedil;as clim\u0026aacute;tico-ambientais. Tese de Mestrado, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Brazilian semi-arid region, Geographical distribution, Parental care","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4006769/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4006769/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eKnipolegus nigerrimus\u003c/em\u003e is a widely distributed species in the Caatinga and has been recorded at altitudes between 560 and 1000 m. Here, we describe the occurrence of \u003cem\u003eK. nigerrimus\u003c/em\u003e at an altitude lower than that recorded in the literature. A male individual was recorded during an avifauna study conducted in 2022 in the municipality of Passagem, Para\u0026iacute;ba, Brazil. The individual was observed making short flights near a rocky wall and landing on rocks in the vicinity. At that time, the individual was photographed and photographs were used to identify the species. One possible explanation for what happened is that it moved to a low-altitude environment in search of a watercourse present at the site. However, the observed behaviour is described in the literature as parental care behaviour, which may indicate the presence of a nest at the site. This record is important because it shows a possible behavioural adaptation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"New record of Velvety Black Tyrant Knipolegus Nigerrimus (Vieillot, 1818) (Passeriformes, Tyrannidae) at low altitude, in a Caatinga area, Paraíba, Brazil","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-25 18:12:39","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4006769/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"72402ef3-17d3-4f27-a388-90bcdd4d745a","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 25th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-03-29T19:29:48+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-25 18:12:39","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4006769","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4006769","identity":"rs-4006769","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}