Facilitators and barriers to the implementation of Community-Based Medication Adherence Support for Aging Individuals with HIV and Hypertension in western Kenya

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However, as PLWH age, they often experience comorbidities, necessitating multiple medications, resulting in increased medication adherence challenges. Patient-tailored community-based medication adherence programs can improve adherence in this population. We explored facilitators of and barriers to the implementation of community health volunteer (CHV)-led medication adherence (CBA) support programs for older people living with HIV (OALWH). Methods This qualitative study involved 166 purposefully sampled participants. In-depth interviews (IDIs) were held with 27 healthcare providers (HCPs), 28 CHVs, and 25 older adults’ caregivers. Six focus group discussions (FGDs) were held with 86 OALWH affiliated with three health facilities in western Kenya. The IDIs and FGDs covered topics on perceived barriers and facilitators to having a CHV visit OALWH’s home to offer medication adherence support. The data were analyzed thematically and organized using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Results The findings revealed various factors that could influence the implementation of a CBA intervention for OALWH and hypertension. Facilitators included the relative advantage and adaptability of the intervention, the enhanced collaboration between facility and community care providers, and the potential to promote patient-centered care. However, participants voiced several factors that may impede the intervention, such as the complexity of the intervention, increased workload and costs for CHVs, limited knowledge of hypertension management, unmet patient needs, and limited health financing for NCD medications. Fears of decreased cognitive ability, low cardiovascular risk perception, and medication side effects among OALWH were perceived to pose challenges. Furthermore, trust and empathy between CHVs and patients were identified as critical personal attributes that foster patient empowerment. Conclusion This study identified barriers, highlighting the complexities of tailoring community support services to the needs of OALWH. The findings underscore the necessity for a holistic, multidimensional approach to addressing medication adherence by providing OALWH with the requisite hypertension management messaging, revisiting health system barriers (NCD care financing), and facilitating CHVs with knowledge, skills, and remuneration to enable them to efficiently support CBA intervention. Background Globally, healthcare systems are experiencing significant change, driven by medical advancements that have greatly increased the life expectancy of people living with HIV (PLHIV) [ 1 , 2 ]. Advances in HIV care and treatment have accompanied an increase in the prevalence of multimorbidity, i.e., the coexistence of two or more chronic health conditions within one individual [ 3 – 6 ]. These intertwined developments of chronic diseases in the HIV population have given rise to a new and complex challenge: the management of medication adherence for multiple chronic conditions in PLHIV, particularly those who are older than 50 years of age. Adherence to medication regimens is the cornerstone of effective management of chronic diseases. For aging PLHIV with an added burden of multiple comorbidities, adherence is not only crucial but also particularly complex. The confluence of aging, HIV, and multimorbidity presents a complex healthcare scenario in which individuals must navigate a challenging network of treatment regimens, potential drug toxicities and interactions, medical appointments, lifestyle adjustments, and psychosocial factors [ 7 – 14 ]. Adherence support for older adults living with HIV (OALWH) and comorbid chronic diseases targeted at the above barriers may help improve their quality of life and extend their lifespan. Task shifting in healthcare has been advocated as one of the strategies for alleviating the shortage of and workload for healthcare providers [ 15 ]. Community health volunteers (CHVs), also known as community health promoters (CHPs), are nonclinical frontline healthcare workers who have been successfully integrated into community-based health systems [ 16 – 18 ]. CHVs, who are based on the communities they serve, undergo relatively little training in the specific health areas that they support [ 19 , 20 ]. The delivery of health services in the community offers several advantages. These include being able to contextualize health information and materials, enhancing cultural relevance, encouraging goodwill due to established trust, and working within established communication networks within the community. CHVs can also tailor healthcare services to suit community needs, and this workforce alternative is relatively cost-effective in providing care [ 21 , 22 ]. While CHVs may face several challenges, such as the complex nature of tasks like disease diagnosis and the need for regular supportive supervision and training, evidence for their role in alleviating workforce shortages in resource-limited settings is accumulating [ 23 , 24 ]. Despite their potential to benefit overall patient health and well-being, many healthcare models underutilize CHVs. The use of CHVs to support medication adherence for OALWH and other chronic conditions can increase adherence rates while fostering stronger collaboration among healthcare providers, community care systems, and patients. The Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH) is a large HIV treatment program in western Kenya that serves more than 127,000 people living with HIV [ 25 , 26 ]. Despite the program's ability to improve access to HIV care, preliminary studies revealed challenges faced by OALWH, including limited time for detailed discussions with clinicians due to high patient volumes [ 12 ]. OALWH who have additional chronic diseases often navigate multiple providers with limited care coordination, resulting in increased pill burden and a higher risk of drug‒drug interactions that may affect adherence and overall health [ 27 ]. HIV-related stigma and limited social support further challenge adherence for OALWH [ 28 ]. Additionally, logistical barriers such as distance to clinics and the need for accompaniment during visits are barriers to medication adherence. Given these complexities, CHVs have emerged as potentially valuable resources for supporting medication adherence and providing basic education for OALWH in community settings. The community-based medication adherence support model (CBA), led by CHVs, ideally consists of the following proposed core components: regular home visits, blood pressure (BP) measurements, data recording, medication arrangement in a pill box, psychosocial support, health education, and teleconsultations and referrals where necessary. In this study, we sought to explore the facilitators of and barriers to the successful implementation of a CBA intervention for OALWH with hypertension in western Kenya. Methods Study Design We adopted a qualitative exploratory research design [ 29 ]. We aimed to understand the perceived facilitators of and barriers to the implementation of a CVH-led CBA intervention from the perspective of healthcare providers, OALWH, community members, and CHVs. We also sought to document their preferences and suggestions for improving the proposed CBA intervention. Study setting This project was conducted in three facilities within the AMPATH program and their catchment areas in western Kenya. The AMPATH program provides comprehensive HIV care services in more than 500 Ministry of Health facilities in western Kenya that serve a catchment population of nearly 20 million people. AMPATH is the largest programme providing HIV care and treatment in Kenya; it has enrolled over 200,000 people living with HIV and currently provides antiretroviral therapy (ART) to over 127,000 patients [ 30 ] [ 25 ]. The selected facility is located at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital (MTRH), the second largest referral hospital in Kenya, based in Eldoret. The AMPATH-MTRH clinic provides HIV care services for more than 45,000 PLHIV, approximately 33% of whom are aged ≥ 50 years. The Turbo Clinic is a rural health facility serving more than 10,000 PLHIV, 22% of whom are older adults, whereas Kitale Hospital, a peri-urban facility, provides HIV care services to more than 28,000 people, 17% of whom are older adults. The three facilities are equipped with an electronic tablet-based decision support interface called “point-of-care (POC)”, which allows healthcare providers to enter clinical visit information that is uploaded into the AMPATH medical records system (AMRS). At MTRH, noncommunicable disease (NCD) and HIV services are provided in separate buildings and by different providers. However, both Turbo and Kitale have integrated care for HIV and NCD within their HIV clinics. Several community-based programs, including home-based HIV testing and counseling services, chronic disease screening and referral services using CHVs, have been successfully implemented by AMPATH in the catchment area [ 31 – 33 ]. Each CHV serves approximately 100 households within a defined geographical location, conducting home visits to provide basic health promotion and prevention services. Each community unit consists of 10 CHVs overseen by a community health extension worker. Study population We recruited the following groups for our project: OALWH and comorbid conditions, healthcare providers, CHVs, and older adults’ caregivers. Using purposive sampling, we aimed to capture a diverse range of perspectives from key stakeholders. For the older adult participants, a list of participants meeting the inclusion criteria of age 50 years or older, HIV-positive status, at least one comorbid condition, and active patient at the clinic was generated from the AMRS. Recruitment occurred during clinic visits to ensure representation across different conditions and included participants who lived at varying distances from the health facility. We requested that older adults refer their caregivers to our research assistants. Healthcare providers who had provided care for older people living with HIV and other comorbid conditions were purposively selected for participation. AMPATH has established a longstanding relationship with communities in its catchment area, which we leveraged to identify and recruit community health volunteers. Collaborating with community leadership, we engaged local representatives, including village elders, religious leaders, and older adults themselves. Through the Trans Nzoia and Uasin Gishu County Directors of Health, we identified community units (consisting of 100 households) that allowed us to recruit CHVs heading these community units. We recruited CHVs from community units surrounding the three health facilities. Data collection All in-depth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted by three research assistants experienced in qualitative interview methods. Data were collected between November 2022 and March 2023. Table 1 shows the categories of the participants involved in this qualitative study. Table 1 Categories of participants in FGDs and IDIs Data collection method Participants Number of participants Number of participants per Facility FGDs OALWH with chronic comorbid conditions 56 MTRH − 20 Turbo − 17 Kitale − 19 Community health volunteers 25 MTRH − 9 Turbo − 8 Kitale − 8 Healthcare providers 27 MTRH − 10 Turbo − 8 Kitale- 9 Community members (8 village elders, 5 religious leaders, 8 caregivers of older adults and 7 older adults) 28 MTRH − 9 Turbo − 9 Kitale − 10 IDIs OALWH with chronic comorbid conditions 30 MTRH − 10 Turbo − 10 Kitale − 10 IDIs Research assistants utilized a semi structured IDI guide to conduct the interviews (Supplementary file 1). The guide was pretested for face validity with 2 OALWH—a male and a female—and the questions were revised to improve clarity. The guide included questions focusing on the challenges that OALWH face with respect to medication adherence, with a focus on individual barriers to and facilitators of medication adherence. A follow-up question was posed to gain a more in-depth understanding of their perceptions and thoughts about having a CHV visit their home to provide medication adherence support and to educate them on medication and general health. The interview sessions were held in a private room within the three health facilities. On average, the IDIs lasted between 45 and 60 minutes. IDI sessions were audio-recorded, and notes were taken by the research assistant for use during data analysis. FGD : We conducted six sex-disaggregated FGDs with OALWH. Prior studies [ 12 ] with OALWH in our setting have yielded limited open discussions among a mix of older women and men, hence our choice to separate FGDs for males and females. The FGDs with OALWH were used to triangulate the data and complement insights obtained from the IDIs. Six FGDs—three with healthcare providers and three with CHVs—assessed organizational and individual readiness to implement a community strategy for adherence support. An additional three FGDs with community members assessed contextual factors that may influence the implementation of the intervention, including their views on services offered by CHVs in the community and their perceptions of factors associated with medication adherence among older adults. The FGD guide (Supplementary file 1) was pilot tested for face validity with 10 individuals: OALWH (2 males, 2 females), 2 healthcare providers, 2 CHVs, and 2 community members; then, revisions to clarify the questions were made. In a confidential setting, trained moderators led the FGDs and facilitated the discussion, with a scribe taking notes. FGDs lasted between 90 and 120 minutes and were audio-recorded. To facilitate interactions between and among group members, the moderator ensured that each member had an opportunity to contribute. After each FGD, the moderator and the notetaker had a debrief session to summarize findings and compare notes. Participants were reimbursed for transport and served refreshments after the FGD. Data analysis All audio recordings from our FGDs and IDIs were transcribed verbatim, and those in Kiswahili were translated into English by translators proficient in both languages. The data analysis followed an iterative approach consisting of four key stages. First, data familiarization was conducted through a thorough reading of the transcripts multiple times. Second, a coding framework was developed via NVivo 8.0, incorporating both deductive codes based on the consolidated framework for implementation research (CFIR)’s five domains (intervention characteristics, outer setting, inner setting, characteristics of the individuals, and the implementation process) and inductive codes emerging from the data [ 34 ]. A subset of transcripts, including two IDIs with OALWH and FGDs involving OALWH (2—one male, one female), CHVs (1), community members (1), and healthcare providers (1), was independently double-coded by the lead researcher (JK) and a research assistant at the AMPATH Qualitative Research Core. Any discrepancies in coding were resolved through discussion and consensus. Analytical framework We adopted the CFIR as a guiding deductive analytical framework in our quest to identify the facilitators and barriers to implementing the proposed CBA, a patient-centered healthcare intervention [ 35 ]. Coded data were synthesized into CFIR domains and constructs, allowing for systematic comparisons among coders. Finally, the data were interpreted, methodologically synthesized, and compiled into the final report. The findings are structured within the CFIR, categorizing perceived facilitators and barriers into five key domains and mapped within 14 of the 39 CFIR constructs (Appendix 1). Results We interviewed 166 participants, 84 (50.6%) females and 82 (49.4%) males, whose ages ranged between 25 and 80 years. The participant characteristics are summarized in Table 2 . Table 2 Characteristics of the study participants Categories of Participants Number of participants Female Male OALWH 56 31 25 Community health volunteers 25 11 14 Healthcare providers Clinical Officers 18 8 10 Nurses 9 6 3 Community Members Village elders 8 2 6 Religious leaders 5 2 3 Caregivers 8 6 2 Older adults 7 3 4 OALWH with chronic comorbid conditions 30 15 15 Perceived barriers to and facilitators of the implementation of community-based medication adherence support programs Our findings are structured around the five domains of the CFIR framework described below and categorized within 14 of the 39 CFIR constructs shown in Table 3 . Table 3 Perceived facilitators of and barriers to the implementation of CBA interventions categorized within CFIR domains and constructs CIFR Domain Constructs Factors influencing the implementation of CBA intervention Facilitator Barrier Intervention characteristics Relative advantage and adaptability • Better than the current practice • Can be modified to fit the context Complexity • Multiple components of the intervention Cost • Increased cost for CHVs Process of implementing the intervention Planning • Identification of the CHVs Engaging • Capacity building for CHVs Executing • Supportive supervision • Lack of clear referral protocol Outer setting Patient needs and resources • Engagement of treatment supporter • Patient's basic needs External policies and incentives • Policies and incentives for CHVs Healthcare financing Inner setting Team Culture • Enhanced collaboration • Poor communication Mission alignment • Patient-centered care Characteristics of individuals involved Beliefs • Low CVD risk perception Knowledge • Low levels of knowledge on hypertension medications • Declining cognitive ability in older adults Other Personal attributes • Trust between CHVs and older adults • Empathy Domain 1: Intervention characteristics Perceived relative advantage and adaptability Intervention is better than the current practice our intervention, which entailed regular home visits whereby blood pressure measurements were taken and recorded, was perceived as effective and useful in providing immediate feedback on the effectiveness of medications and lifestyle changes while also reinforcing the importance of adherence. OALWH perceived that this intervention would reduce the cost of accessing blood pressure monitoring services, as this would be available to them from the comfort of their home. Healthcare providers view the collection and recording of quality BP data as a valuable tool for assessing and determining whether treatment adjustments are needed. They suggested that such regular monitoring could contribute to improved hypertension management. “… because at times you are forced to go pay at the chemist to be checked (blood pressure measurement) if there is no hospital close by… so, if they will be checking it at home, it will be much better. It will be better because it will have saved on transport, saved on time, you will be able to take care of other things instead.” CBA_IDI_OALWH_F_ELD (59 years) The participants also perceived the use of teleconsultation as a tool that breaks geographical barriers and enhances access to healthcare services while improving patient–provider communication and providing timely support. OALWH felt that phone access to a clinician when needed would allow the patient to receive medical advice, consultations, and follow-ups without the need to travel, which was viewed as particularly beneficial for older adults with mobility issues or with transportation challenges. “... I will also get to talk to the doctor if my (blood) pressure is not good since the health worker will give me the phone to talk to the doctor. It will really help those who are not able to get to the clinic because they are too old and need to travel long distances to get to the clinic” CBA_IDI_OALWH_M_KTL_08 (62 years) Modification to fit context : While participants perceived the CBA intervention components as necessary, they felt that they could be tailored to patients depending on their needs. The frequency of visits to the patient’s home was viewed to be easily adaptable to suit the participant's needs. For example, participants noted that not all patients will need teleconsultations with healthcare providers or medication refills by community health volunteers. One of the participants responded: “Not everyone will need all the things that have been listed. For some people, home visits can be performed every two weeks; for others, visits can be monthly. There are also those who do not want to put all their medicines in the pillbox because they do not want anyone to see their ARVs, so those ones can be called to be reminded. I think the project can be flexible to allow one to choose what works best for them.” CBA_FGD_CHV_TUR The participants viewed the use of pill boxes as a simple way to reduce the cognitive load for those who struggled with remembering when and how to take multiple medications. They suggested that this could be modified to have simple instructions that minimize confusion and the risk of missing doses while offering healthcare providers a way to track medication use, as cited by a participant. “… it will also assist us in pill count because we have clients who have high viral loads, and one of our interventions that we do is pill count. Therefore, some are so…they’ve mastered they know how many they should bring back. When you need two, they will always bring two. So, I think on that aspect also this arrangement will assist us.” CBA_FGD_HCP_ELD Cost The participants viewed engaging CHVs stationed within the community to support medication adherence as a relatively cost-effective model that could be easily implemented. They noted that CHV home visits could reduce transportation costs for older adults who would otherwise need to travel to healthcare facilities for services such as blood pressure monitoring. However, CHVs expressed concerns that the intervention might increase their own expenses, particularly for traveling to assist older adults who require frequent check-ups and additional support. “This will be costly for a CHV. If I have to visit an older patient regularly because they need close monitoring, it means I have to make more visits. The government is not even compensating enough to take a motorbike, and that means I will have to dig into my pocket and pay for the visits.” CBA_FGD_CHV_KTL “I will not need to travel to the facility for regular checkups for my blood pressure. I will not need to look for transport.” CBA_IDI_OALWH_F_TRB (72 years) Complexity Multiple components of the intervention The intervention, which includes home visits, medication organization, blood pressure monitoring, electronic data capture, and psychosocial support for OALWH provided by CHVs, was perceived as complex because of its multiple components. The participants frequently expressed concerns that complexity could lead to confusion among implementers. To address this, they recommended providing a clearer outline of CHV responsibilities and simplifying the intervention to focus on one or two key components for better feasibility and effectiveness. “There are too many proposed components in the prototype , especially for a CHV. This seems to be complicated . It would be nice to make it simple, by maintaining easy things that the CHVs are already doing in the commuity and that will be easily continued even after the study. CBA_FGD_HCP_ELD Domain 2: Process of implementing the intervention Planning Identification of the CHVs During the planning phase of the intervention, participants emphasized the importance of selecting CHVs who are knowledgeable about medication adherence and, ideally, share the same HIV status as the participants. They suggested that CHVs with similar experiences could be more empathetic and provide effective support. OALWH indicated that shared experiences foster understanding and trust, enabling CHVs to better address their unique needs. One participant observed this “For me, I would be comfortable with a CHV who is living with this disease (HIV) like me because I can discuss many things that we share in common whenever she visits, how they are managing it and laugh together. She must know about heart medicine too, so we can discuss more. I recently started using it myself. I have not had much experience.” CBA_FGD_OALWH_KTL Engaging Capacity building needs of CHVs Participants emphasized the importance of training CHVs in key areas such as medication adherence, motivational interviewing, data collection, and blood pressure measurement to equip them with the necessary skills to effectively support older adults in the community. They also highlighted the need to provide CHVs with essential tools, including blood pressure machines, adequate batteries, and pillboxes, to ensure that they can perform their roles efficiently. “This can be truly great to help continue care to the community and, in a way, help get more information about the patient. If the CHVs are trained on antihypertensives, including common side effects, they can help identify any issues early. Our clients always wait until they return to the clinic for us to know what happened if they still remember. Therefore, this is nice. …… Additionally, since PIC4C (a project that implemented an NCD screening at the community using CHVs) trained most of them to conduct screening, they should be competent with BP measurements and data collection. may be just a refresher” CBA_FGD_HCP_KTL Executing Supportive Supervision Participants highlighted the critical role of supportive supervision—an approach that emphasizes mentorship, collaboration, and continuous learning for CHVs—as a facilitator of the successful implementation of CBA intervention. Regular supervision, the availability of HCPs for consultations, and ongoing education to address areas where CHVs need clarification were viewed as essential to enhancing CHVs' knowledge and confidence in supporting OALWH. “CHVs will need to be supported regularly by someone going to the field to ensure they are confident in doing what they are meant to do, say taking BP measurements… Additionally, if they have a go to person in the facility, that they can always call to get one or two clarifications, it will truly improve this project” CBA_FGD_HCP_ELD Lack of a clear referral protocol Participants were concerned about the referral process for patients needing advanced clinical care by specialists or emergency hospitalization. They identified a poorly designed referral process that lacks clarity on the role of CHVs in the process and a lack of clear referral protocols as a barrier to the effectiveness of the intervention. This lack of clarity was cited as a challenge for CHVs in ensuring that critical cases receive timely and appropriate care. “I may go to the household and find that the person I am visiting is very sick or is now just weak and sleeping in the house. Maybe they have not even eaten, let alone taken their medicines. If the clinician says that we refer this person to the facility, knowing where to tell them to go if not specified by the clinician can be difficult. Then, sometimes they do not have transport or means to reach the hospital. Now, the family will think it is my responsibility to take them to the hospital, and I have my own struggles. This can be very challenging.” CBA_FGD_CHV_TRB Domain 3: Outer setting Patient needs and resources The participants identified patients’ unmet needs as potential barriers to implementing the proposed intervention. The needs that were mentioned included social support, food, and money to cover the costs of NCD medication or purchase medical insurance. In addition, participants perceived having treatment supporters other than CHVs, such as family members or friends, to be an important component of the intervention. The need for older adults’ caregivers as additional support to patients was cited as key to enhancing medication adherence among OALWH, with the proposal of incorporating them into interventions for sustainability. “Since the client is taking medication, they require food. We will go and see how they are doing, but probably the person has no supper. Since morning, they have not taken breakfast and have to take medications such as five tablets…. Money is another need. They may not have money to buy medicines for hypertension….” CBA_FDG_CHV_KTL “… I think in addition to CHVs, the treatment supporters in the household should also be engaged. That way, even if the CHV is not around, they are able to arrange medication for the patient.” CBA_FGD_CM_ELD External policies and incentives Policies and incentives for CHVs Participants perceived the stipend received by CHVs from the Kenyan government as a factor that may limit visits to older adults’ households for medication adherence support. The logistical constraints faced by CHVs, such as incurring personal transport costs in reaching patients, particularly in remote areas, were cited as an impediment to intervention implementation. The participants suggested the reimbursement of personal costs incurred to implement the intervention to mitigate against CHVs using personal funds to supplement project activities. “The government remunerates them (CHVs), but 2000 shillings a month is so little to cover frequent visits.” CBA_FGD_HCP_ELD Health financing Participants also identified the lack of dedicated funding for chronic diseases, in comparison with the free provision of HIV services, as a significant barrier to implementing the CBA intervention. Specifically, they mentioned challenges such as medication stockouts and the inability of patients to afford treatment. Enrolling patients in the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) was perceived as a key strategy to reduce out-of-pocket expenses for hypertension medications. By covering a substantial portion of medication costs, the NHIF was seen as an enabling factor for older adults to adhere more consistently to their prescribed treatment regimens, making care more financially accessible. “Drugs for NCDs are not free. One has to buy them. If you don’t have NHIF, you pay out of pocket. If the issue of stock outs for NCD medication is not sorted, this is going to affect medication adherence.” CBA_FGD_HCP_KTL Domain 4: Inner setting Mission alignment Patient-centered care – Participants perceived the delivery of the intervention to be in line with the needs of OALWH. Healthcare providers shared their aspirations of offering patient-centered care and perceived interventions that allowed coordinated care delivery to reduce missed appointments among patients while ensuring regular follow-ups and increased adherence to medication. OALWH alluded that a reliable supply of NCD medications in the facility and minimizing supply chain disruptions were crucial to the successful implementation of CBA intervention. “Clinic visits for all the services for the patient can be scheduled for one day so that they don’t have to come to the hospital multiple times. That way, it will be helpful even for the CHV to remind the patient on when to come to the clinic next” CBA_FGD_CHP_TRB Team culture Enhanced collaboration between CHVs and healthcare providers Participants indicated that devising a clear channel of communication and coordination will ensure that all members of the healthcare team are aligned in their approach to the care of the patient. The alignment helps create a seamless care continuum where CHVs can relay important patient information to HCPs and vice versa. This, they said, would ensure that any issues related to medication adherence are promptly addressed. In addition, the supportive supervision of CHVs through training and mentorship by facility HCPs will increase their capacity and enhance their skills in managing medication adherence. “…the doctors at the facility will help us with continuous learning. Let us say, I am not sure of something; I can call him/her and will get clarification. This will truly help a lot.” CBA_FGD_CHV_KTL Poor Communication with Providers Participants raised concerns about inadequate instructions provided by healthcare workers, which they felt could result in incomplete, incorrect, or conflicting information about medications. Older adults expressed that the information given by HCPs is often confusing or difficult to understand, potentially affecting proper treatment dosing. One participant observed the following “They don’t give you time to explain. Therefore, they tell you, ‘Go divide this drug into two and take one in the evening and another the next day.’ They don’t explain very well. You can go home not having clear information on how to do things.” CBA_FGD_OALWH_KTL Domain 5: Characteristics of the individuals involved Beliefs Low CVD risk perception Participants expressed concerns that individuals with a low-risk perception of cardiovascular disease would not fully appreciate the importance of adhering to prescribed medications. This underestimation of health risks could lead to complacency, reducing their willingness to engage with CHVs or accept home-based support. One participant illustrated this challenge “I know some people who can truly benefit from this support. However, even visiting them can be difficult because they believe that they will not experience stroke or other conditions that are likely to occur if they do not take the medicines. They tell you, I am taking my medicine well; I don’t need someone to remind me, but when you check their viral load, it is not going down. Here you know this is a problematic patient.” CBA_FGD_CHP_TRB Knowledge Low levels of knowledge on medication for hypertension Participants were concerned that the low levels of knowledge about hypertension medication among OALWH and CHVs would lead to inaccurate dosing and timing of medication intake. They were concerned that when CHVs do not feel adequately informed, they may struggle to correctly educate patients, address concerns, or manage complex medication schedules, which may lead to misinformation, confusion, and ultimately, poor adherence to prescribed regimens. A participant expressed this concern “I don’t know the drugs that people living with hypertension are given and how they are taken. Sometimes drugs may have certain effects that I cannot explain or even relate it to that drug. In truth, the person you are going to visit may even know more about the medicine than you do and can’t even help them after all. If I have to do this, I will truly need to be educated and ensure I have someone I can consult if I find something that is challenging.’ CBA_FGD_CHV_ELD Declining cognitive ability Participants reported that declining neurocognitive function among OALWH makes it increasingly challenging for them to understand complex medication regimens and instructions. Healthcare providers expressed concerns that many OALWH might struggle to remember to take their medications consistently, potentially resulting in missed doses or incorrect administration, even when CHVs assist with medication organization at home. Furthermore, the growing burden of chronic comorbidities among older adults was seen as a significant challenge to implementing the intervention. Managing multiple conditions often involves complex medication regimens with varying schedules and instructions, which participants perceived as overwhelming for some patients, increasing the risk of confusion and nonadherence. A participant highlighted this concern “Older patients forget things very fast. We encourage them to come with someone to the clinic so that we can give them instructions on drugs and how and when to take them. Although the CHV will help in reminding them on adherence, they might still forget, as CHVs will not be present every day to perform direct observed therapy . ” CBA_FGD_HCP_TRB Personal attributes Trust between CHVs and older patients Participants reported that when older adults trust CHVs, they are more likely to engage openly in discussions about their health, share concerns, and ask questions about their medications. This open communication was perceived to be vital in identifying barriers to adherence and tailoring support for OALWH. Additionally, participants indicated that open communication may foster a proactive approach to patients’ management of their health and prescriptions, as exemplified by this participant “I want someone I can trust to come to my home so that I can talk to them freely. Someone who is patient with me, and I can share my personal information. I do not want someone who will go and gossip about me, and they are not helping to solve my issues.” CBA_IDI_OALWH_F_KTL_05 (61 years) Empathy Participants emphasized that engaging with CHVs provides a valuable opportunity to offer psychological support to OALWH, particularly those living alone. This empathetic support was seen as instrumental in helping patients cope with the emotional stress and challenges associated with managing chronic diseases, fostering a sense of connection and understanding in their care journey. A participant observed as follows “It will be of benefit because, like I am telling you, there are people who are living lonely lives. They feel like they have been neglected because they are sick. But if you have someone who feels for you, comes to encourage you and tell you that there is still life, and life will still continue, you see with that even if you were losing hope you will start to gain faith slowly by slowly.” CHV_IDI_OALWH_M_ELD_02 (77 years) Discussion This formative study explored the perceptions of key stakeholders in the possible implementation of a CHV-led medication adherence support program (CBA) for older adults living with HIV and hypertension. Overall, our findings revealed that, when examined through the CFIR domains, CBA holds promise for improving health outcomes, particularly for people living with HIV and managing other chronic conditions. Leveraging the facilitators, which included the perception that CBA intervention is better than the current practice, its adaptability, a well- laid out implementation plan, and trust among CBA stakeholders while mitigating barriers such as the potential increased cost of implementation and the complexity of the intervention, in addition to the low levels of hypertension knowledge, CBA has the potential to promote medication adherence and contribute to the improved health outcomes of older adults living with HIV and hypertension. The intervention characteristics domain, which emphasizes the importance of tailoring interventions to align with the specific context, was identified as a pivotal factor in the successful implementation of CBA. Both the adaptability and the relative advantage of the intervention were identified as facilitators, whereas the complexity and costs emerged as significant barriers to the effective delivery of the CHV-led intervention. A potential barrier to CBA intervention is its complexity, which is due to its multiple components. Research on intervention characteristics suggests that simpler interventions are more effective, as they improve user satisfaction and enable quicker mastery of their components [ 36 ]. Therefore, simplifying CBA intervention components and establishing clear, standardized guidelines could enhance usability and promote fidelity to the intervention [ 37 , 38 ]. On the positive side, our study highlighted that CBA is better than the current practice is, with the potential for tailoring it to meet the needs of older adults, a factor that has been documented to increase the adoption of an intervention [ 39 ]. The integration of electronic data capture within the intervention provides the opportunity for immediate feedback on medication effectiveness, thereby supporting better management of hypertension. The use of pill boxes was also recognized as a simple yet effective tool for reducing cognitive load, helping patients remember to take their medications correctly. Additionally, teleconsultations are perceived as valuable for improving access to healthcare services and enhancing communication between patients and providers while overcoming distance barriers [ 40 , 41 ]. These facilitators, coupled with the development of standard operating procedures, could simplify the intervention and improve its adoption. Similar to our findings, other studies have shown that engaging CHVs and offering short training programs can be a cost-effective and sustainable model, leveraging their familiarity with the community to support medication adherence for OALWH [ 42 , 43 ]. However, to ensure the long-term sustainability of the intervention, compensating CHVs at a rate beyond government-established guidelines is necessary, as documented in other studies utilizing CHVs to implement interventions in SSA [ 44 – 46 ]. In our study, the implementation process domain was recognized as a critical factor in the successful planning and execution of the intervention. A potential barrier identified by participants was the lack of clear referral protocols that would facilitate older adults needing this support. This issue aligns with findings from other studies, which emphasize the importance of clear guidelines in the implementation of interventions to improve fidelity [ 37 , 38 ]. Dysfunctional referral systems, coupled with delays in accessing facilities, can result in a lack of timely intervention and poor health outcomes, as highlighted in previous research on community-based health interventions [ 47 ]. Despite this barrier, our study identified several facilitators within the planning, engaging, and execution phases of the intervention. The process of carefully selecting CHVs who are familiar with the community context was recognized as essential for improving engagement and trust with patients. Capacity-building initiatives, such as training CHVs on medication adherence and the provision of ongoing supportive supervision, were also key to the successful implementation of the intervention. These findings are consistent with the literature, which suggests that well-trained and supported CHVs are more effective at delivering healthcare interventions, as they are better equipped to address the diverse needs of patients and ensure adherence to treatment regimens [ 48 , 49 ]. By addressing the identified barriers and enhancing the capacities of CHVs through training and supervision, the intervention’s sustainability and impact can be significantly improved. Within the outer and inner setting domains of the CFIR framework, our study revealed several barriers and facilitators impacting the success of the intervention. Unmet patient needs, such as a lack of social support and basic necessities, were identified as key challenges, which aligns with the literature suggesting that socioeconomic factors significantly influence the effectiveness of health interventions, particularly for older adults managing multiple chronic conditions [ 50 ]. Limited health financing for noncommunicable disease (NCD) medications was an additional barrier that hindered the intervention’s success. Studies in SSA have revealed a relative lack of financial protection for access to medications for managing NCDs [ 51 ]. Furthermore, poor communication and increased workload for CHVs were also identified as barriers, echoing findings from other studies that highlight how strained resources and ineffective communication can compromise healthcare delivery [ 49 ]. In a fragmented care system, proper scheduling and follow-up systems can help manage the complex healthcare needs of OALWH, making it easier for them to adhere to their treatments. Integrated care models that combine HIV and NCD management provide a holistic approach to patient health [ 52 , 53 ], a factor that was perceived as key to the successful implementation of CBA intervention. On the other hand, leveraging facilitators that include enhanced collaboration among stakeholders, the engagement of treatment supporters, and a mission to provide patient-centered care, all of which have been documented in previous research as strategies that improve the implementation and sustainability of health interventions [ 54 , 55 ], may optimize the delivery of care and medication adherence support for OALWH. Within the characteristics of the individuals engaged in the intervention domain, our study identified low levels of medication knowledge, declining cognitive ability, and treatment preferences due to side effects as barriers to implementing the intervention. Patients with a limited understanding of medication purposes and regimens, coupled with low cardiovascular disease risk perception, have been associated with poor adherence to hypertension medication [ 56 ]. Enhancing patients’ and medication supporters’ education and knowledge of potential complications as a result of nonadherence is essential for improving adherence. The literature suggests that modifying interventions to account for cognitive impairments by incorporating simplified instructions, instituting reminders, and providing caregiver support, such as CHVs, enhances adherence [ 57 , 58 ]. However, trust between CHVs and older patients and empathy by CHVs were identified as vital facilitators that may foster the open communication and empowerment of OALWH. When CHVs approach patients with genuine empathy and understanding, it creates a safe and supportive environment where OALWH feel more comfortable disclosing personal health information and discussing challenges they may face in adhering to their medication regimen [ 48 ]. This emotional connection can enhance patient–provider relationships and empower OALWH to actively participate in their care, ultimately improving treatment adherence and health outcomes [ 59 ]. Empathetic interactions also build trust, encouraging OALWH to seek help and follow medical advice, knowing that their concerns will be listened to and addressed respectfully. Study strengths and limitations This qualitative study included diverse voices captured through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with OALWH, healthcare providers, CHVs, and community members, allowing for an in-depth exploration of contextual factors that may influence community-based medication adherence support interventions for older adults. Combining in-depth interviews with focus group discussions allowed for the triangulation of data, enhancing the credibility and validity of the findings. The application of the CFIR framework allowed for a systematic identification of both facilitators and barriers across the five key domains. This comprehensive framework ensured that our analysis was grounded in a well-established theoretical model, enhancing the rigor and generalizability of our findings. However, the study's participant selection process may have introduced selection bias. While efforts were made to ensure a diverse sample, the purposive sample, reliance on the AMPATH networks within the community and recruitment during clinic visits may have resulted in the inclusion of participants who are more motivated or have stronger opinions about the CHV-led intervention, potentially skewing the results. Conclusion Our study sheds light on the factors that may influence the implementation of patient-tailored community-based medication adherence support programs for OALWH, particularly in the context of emerging challenges associated with comorbidities and complex chronic disease medication regimens. The identified facilitators and barriers within CIFR highlight the complexities of tailoring community support services to the needs of patients. By acknowledging and mitigating the identified barriers while leveraging facilitators, healthcare systems can strive for more patient-centered, community-driven strategies that are not only acceptable but also more sustainable in enhancing medication adherence in older adults living with HIV and comorbidities. Abbreviations AMPATH Academic model providing access to healthcare AMRS AMPATH medical records system CBA community–based medication adherence support CFIR Consolidated framework for implementation research CHVs Community health volunteers CVD cardiovascular disease ELD Eldoret FGD Focused group discussion HCP Healthcare providers IDI in–depth interviews KTL Kitale MTRH Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital NCDs noncommunicable diseases NHIF National Hospital Insurance Fund OALWH older adults living with HIV PLHIV People living with HIV POC point of care SSA Sub–Saharan Africa TUR Turbo Declarations Ethical approval and consent to participate Our study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. We received ethical approval from the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital/Moi University Institutional Research Ethics Committee (FAN:0004209). Research clearance was obtained from Kenya’s National Council for Science Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI/P/22/19819) before initiating the study. Prior to initiating the interviews and discussions, written informed consent was obtained from each participant. Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials Data from this study contain information that may compromise the confidentiality and privacy of the participants. However, requests made by the corresponding author are considered and available as appropriate. Requests can be submitted to the corresponding author at [email protected] Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding The research reported herein was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Fogarty International Center and National Heart Lung and Blood Institute grant #K43TW009345 and the Consortium of Advanced Research Training in Africa (CARTA). The CARTA is jointly led by the African Population and Health Research Center and the University of the Witwatersrand and funded by the Carnegie Corporation of New York (Grant No. G-19--57145), Sida (Grant No. 54100113), the Uppsala Monitoring Center, Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad), and the Wellcome Trust [reference no. 107768/Z/15/Z] and the UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office, with support from the Developing Excellence in Leadership, Training and Science in Africa (DELTAS Africa). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH or the CARTA Program. Author contributions JK conceptualized the idea and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. RN, HZ, KWK, and VN provided critical input on all drafts and approved the final version of the manuscript. Acknowledgments We wish to thank all the participants for their willingness to share their opinions and perspectives on the proposed CBA intervention. We are also grateful to the research assistants, who conducted in-depth interviews, and the AMPATH Qualitative Research Core team, who transcribed all the audio recordings and supported the development of the initial codebook and the coding of the transcripts. References Negin J, Mills EJ, Bärnighausen T. Aging with HIV in Africa: the challenges of living longer. AIDS (London, England), 2012. 26(0 1): p. S1. Mills EJ, Barnighausen T, Negin J. HIV and aging–preparing for the challenges ahead. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(14):1270–3. Morin L, et al. The epidemiology of polypharmacy in older adults: register-based prospective cohort study. Clin Epidemiol. 2018;10:289. Kocurek B. Promoting medication adherence in older adults… and the rest of us. Diabetes Spectr. 2009;22(2):80–4. Wastesson JW, et al. 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Quinn K, Sanders C, Petroll AE. HIV Is Not Going to Kill Me, Old Age Is! The Intersection of Aging and HIV for Older HIV-Infected Adults in Rural Communities. AIDS Educ Prev. 2017;29(1):62–76. Hunter D, McCallum J, Howes D. Defining exploratory-descriptive qualitative (EDQ) research and considering its application to healthcare. J Nurs Health Care, 2019. 4(1). Kenya USAID. Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare . 2014. Vedanthan R, et al. Community health workers improve linkage to hypertension care in Western Kenya. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(15):1897–906. Selke HM, et al. Task-shifting of antiretroviral delivery from health care workers to persons living with HIV/AIDS: clinical outcomes of a community-based program in Kenya. JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;55(4):483–90. Kimaiyo S, et al. Home-based HIV counselling and testing in western Kenya. East Afr Med J. 2010;87(3):100–8. Fereday J, Muir-Cochrane E. Demonstrating Rigor Using Thematic Analysis: A Hybrid Approach of Inductive and Deductive Coding and Theme Development. Int J Qualitative Methods. 2006;5:1–11. Damschroder LJ, et al. The updated Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research based on user feedback. Implement Sci. 2022;17(1):75. Lyon AR, Koerner K. User-centered design for psychosocial intervention development and implementation. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2016;23(2):180. Ginsburg LR, et al. Fidelity is not easy! Challenges and guidelines for assessing fidelity in complex interventions. Trials. 2021;22(1):372. Gearing RE, et al. Major ingredients of fidelity: A review and scientific guide to improving quality of intervention research implementation. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31(1):79–88. McHugh SM, et al. Understanding tailoring to support the implementation of evidence-based interventions in healthcare: the CUSTOMISE research programme protocol. HRB Open Res. 2023;6:7. Almathami HKY, Win KT, Vlahu-Gjorgievska E. Barriers and facilitators that influence telemedicine-based, real-time, online consultation at patients’ homes: systematic literature review. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(2):e16407. Catapan SdC, Calvo MCM. Teleconsultation: an integrative review of the doctor-patient interaction mediated by technology. Revista Brasileira de Educação Médica. 2020;44(01):e002. Morris-Paxton AA, et al. Detection, referral and control of diabetes and hypertension in the rural Eastern Cape Province of South Africa by community health outreach workers in the rural primary healthcare project: Health in Every Hut. Afr J Prim Health Care Family Med. 2018;10(1):1–8. Ndou T, et al. A rapid assessment of a community health worker pilot programme to improve the management of hypertension and diabetes in Emfuleni sub-district of Gauteng Province, South Africa. Global health action. 2013;6(1):19228. Ogutu MO, et al. 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Front Public Health. 2023;11:1038062. Safary E, et al. Role of community health volunteers in identifying people with elevated blood pressure for diagnosis and monitoring of hypertension in Malawi: a qualitative study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2021;21:1–13. Schultz WM, et al. Socioeconomic status and cardiovascular outcomes: challenges and interventions. Circulation. 2018;137(20):2166–78. Manji I, et al. The Revolving Fund Pharmacy Model: backing up the Ministry of Health supply chain in western Kenya. Int J Pharm Pract. 2016;24(5):358–66. Duffy M, et al. Non-communicable diseases and HIV care and treatment: models of integrated service delivery. Tropical Med Int Health. 2017;22(8):926–37. Kwarisiima D, et al. Hypertension control in integrated HIV and chronic disease clinics in Uganda in the SEARCH study. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):511. Adler AJ, et al. Barriers and facilitators to the implementation of a community-based hypertension improvement project in Ghana: a qualitative study of ComHIP. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020;20:1–13. Goldstein D, et al. Person-centred care for older adults living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet HIV. 2024;11(8):e552–60. Dhar L, Dantas J, Ali M. A systematic review of factors influencing medication adherence to hypertension treatment in developing countries. Open J Epidemiol. 2017;7(3):211–50. Newman PM, et al. Community health workers improve disease control and medication adherence among patients with diabetes and/or hypertension in Chiapas, Mexico: an observational stepped-wedge study. BMJ global health. 2018;3(1):e000566. Flor LS, et al. Community-based interventions for detection and management of diabetes and hypertension in underserved communities: a mixed-methods evaluation in Brazil, India, South Africa and the USA. BMJ Global Health. 2020;5(6):e001959. Wachira J, et al. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6897280","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":477570871,"identity":"957f6692-19da-4e4e-9c0b-8dc8b935f3f2","order_by":0,"name":"Jepchirchir Kiplagat","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCcYGhoQKGx5+9gYgz8CCWC1n0uQkew6AtEgQowWIGdsOGxvcSIBxCQD+2c1tHx6wpSVuuPn86oYfBRIM/O3dCfgtuXOweUYCj03izNs5ZTd7gA6TOHN2A14tBhKJzQwJEmmJfbdz0m7wALUYSOQSo8XgcGLDzTNpN/8QryXhsLHADfZjt4myReIGSMsBUCDnsN2WMZDgIegX/hnpjxl//gNF5fFnN9/8sZHjb+/FrwUJ8BiASWKVgwD7A1JUj4JRMApGwQgCAIdDSuHRQ+sEAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Moi University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jepchirchir","middleName":"","lastName":"Kiplagat","suffix":""},{"id":477570872,"identity":"b73e132c-3359-4299-81ac-42f2e039932a","order_by":1,"name":"Violet Naanyu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Violet","middleName":"","lastName":"Naanyu","suffix":""},{"id":477570873,"identity":"7a450f7b-15fb-4359-9ffb-af01b2f5ebba","order_by":2,"name":"Ruth Nehema","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ruth","middleName":"","lastName":"Nehema","suffix":""},{"id":477570874,"identity":"54625f9f-d063-408e-8b27-11aca29bb066","order_by":3,"name":"Henry Zakumumpa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Makerere University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Henry","middleName":"","lastName":"Zakumumpa","suffix":""},{"id":477570875,"identity":"f3c21e34-517a-4117-a4ca-9ad7ffa2f468","order_by":4,"name":"Kara Wools-Kaloustian","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kara","middleName":"","lastName":"Wools-Kaloustian","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-15 08:38:27","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6897280/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6897280/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":85691568,"identity":"68b04566-1ca5-477d-bfbd-7e255044a33e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-30 17:05:14","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1249497,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6897280/v1/be9d5b96-1e7a-4b86-bd34-993269a1b612.pdf"},{"id":85691277,"identity":"26a900ce-f195-47f0-a0bd-614ab5f86502","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-30 16:57:13","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":18077,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Appendix1AnalysisCode.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6897280/v1/fa25e78c444161d0336b9eb9.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Facilitators and barriers to the implementation of Community-Based Medication Adherence Support for Aging Individuals with HIV and Hypertension in western Kenya","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eGlobally, healthcare systems are experiencing significant change, driven by medical advancements that have greatly increased the life expectancy of people living with HIV (PLHIV) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Advances in HIV care and treatment have accompanied an increase in the prevalence of multimorbidity, i.e., the coexistence of two or more chronic health conditions within one individual [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR4 CR5\" citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. These intertwined developments of chronic diseases in the HIV population have given rise to a new and complex challenge: the management of medication adherence for multiple chronic conditions in PLHIV, particularly those who are older than 50 years of age.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdherence to medication regimens is the cornerstone of effective management of chronic diseases. For aging PLHIV with an added burden of multiple comorbidities, adherence is not only crucial but also particularly complex. The confluence of aging, HIV, and multimorbidity presents a complex healthcare scenario in which individuals must navigate a challenging network of treatment regimens, potential drug toxicities and interactions, medical appointments, lifestyle adjustments, and psychosocial factors [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR8 CR9 CR10 CR11 CR12 CR13\" citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Adherence support for older adults living with HIV (OALWH) and comorbid chronic diseases targeted at the above barriers may help improve their quality of life and extend their lifespan.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTask shifting in healthcare has been advocated as one of the strategies for alleviating the shortage of and workload for healthcare providers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Community health volunteers (CHVs), also known as community health promoters (CHPs), are nonclinical frontline healthcare workers who have been successfully integrated into community-based health systems [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR17\" citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. CHVs, who are based on the communities they serve, undergo relatively little training in the specific health areas that they support [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. The delivery of health services in the community offers several advantages. These include being able to contextualize health information and materials, enhancing cultural relevance, encouraging goodwill due to established trust, and working within established communication networks within the community. CHVs can also tailor healthcare services to suit community needs, and this workforce alternative is relatively cost-effective in providing care [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. While CHVs may face several challenges, such as the complex nature of tasks like disease diagnosis and the need for regular supportive supervision and training, evidence for their role in alleviating workforce shortages in resource-limited settings is accumulating [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite their potential to benefit overall patient health and well-being, many healthcare models underutilize CHVs. The use of CHVs to support medication adherence for OALWH and other chronic conditions can increase adherence rates while fostering stronger collaboration among healthcare providers, community care systems, and patients.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH) is a large HIV treatment program in western Kenya that serves more than 127,000 people living with HIV [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite the program's ability to improve access to HIV care, preliminary studies revealed challenges faced by OALWH, including limited time for detailed discussions with clinicians due to high patient volumes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. OALWH who have additional chronic diseases often navigate multiple providers with limited care coordination, resulting in increased pill burden and a higher risk of drug‒drug interactions that may affect adherence and overall health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. HIV-related stigma and limited social support further challenge adherence for OALWH [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, logistical barriers such as distance to clinics and the need for accompaniment during visits are barriers to medication adherence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGiven these complexities, CHVs have emerged as potentially valuable resources for supporting medication adherence and providing basic education for OALWH in community settings. The community-based medication adherence support model (CBA), led by CHVs, ideally consists of the following proposed core components: regular home visits, blood pressure (BP) measurements, data recording, medication arrangement in a pill box, psychosocial support, health education, and teleconsultations and referrals where necessary. In this study, we sought to explore the facilitators of and barriers to the successful implementation of a CBA intervention for OALWH with hypertension in western Kenya.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe adopted a qualitative exploratory research design [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. We aimed to understand the perceived facilitators of and barriers to the implementation of a CVH-led CBA intervention from the perspective of healthcare providers, OALWH, community members, and CHVs. We also sought to document their preferences and suggestions for improving the proposed CBA intervention.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy setting\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis project was conducted in three facilities within the AMPATH program and their catchment areas in western Kenya. The AMPATH program provides comprehensive HIV care services in more than 500 Ministry of Health facilities in western Kenya that serve a catchment population of nearly 20\u0026nbsp;million people. AMPATH is the largest programme providing HIV care and treatment in Kenya; it has enrolled over 200,000 people living with HIV and currently provides antiretroviral therapy (ART) to over 127,000 patients [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. The selected facility is located at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital (MTRH), the second largest referral hospital in Kenya, based in Eldoret. The AMPATH-MTRH clinic provides HIV care services for more than 45,000 PLHIV, approximately 33% of whom are aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;50 years. The Turbo Clinic is a rural health facility serving more than 10,000 PLHIV, 22% of whom are older adults, whereas Kitale Hospital, a peri-urban facility, provides HIV care services to more than 28,000 people, 17% of whom are older adults. The three facilities are equipped with an electronic tablet-based decision support interface called \u0026ldquo;point-of-care (POC)\u0026rdquo;, which allows healthcare providers to enter clinical visit information that is uploaded into the AMPATH medical records system (AMRS). At MTRH, noncommunicable disease (NCD) and HIV services are provided in separate buildings and by different providers. However, both Turbo and Kitale have integrated care for HIV and NCD within their HIV clinics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral community-based programs, including home-based HIV testing and counseling services, chronic disease screening and referral services using CHVs, have been successfully implemented by AMPATH in the catchment area [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR32\" citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. Each CHV serves approximately 100 households within a defined geographical location, conducting home visits to provide basic health promotion and prevention services. Each community unit consists of 10 CHVs overseen by a community health extension worker.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy population\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe recruited the following groups for our project: OALWH and comorbid conditions, healthcare providers, CHVs, and older adults\u0026rsquo; caregivers. Using purposive sampling, we aimed to capture a diverse range of perspectives from key stakeholders. For the older adult participants, a list of participants meeting the inclusion criteria of age 50 years or older, HIV-positive status, at least one comorbid condition, and active patient at the clinic was generated from the AMRS. Recruitment occurred during clinic visits to ensure representation across different conditions and included participants who lived at varying distances from the health facility. We requested that older adults refer their caregivers to our research assistants. Healthcare providers who had provided care for older people living with HIV and other comorbid conditions were purposively selected for participation.\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMPATH has established a longstanding relationship with communities in its catchment area, which we leveraged to identify and recruit community health volunteers. Collaborating with community leadership, we engaged local representatives, including village elders, religious leaders, and older adults themselves. Through the Trans Nzoia and Uasin Gishu County Directors of Health, we identified community units (consisting of 100 households) that allowed us to recruit CHVs heading these community units. We recruited CHVs from community units surrounding the three health facilities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll in-depth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted by three research assistants experienced in qualitative interview methods. Data were collected between November 2022 and March 2023. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the categories of the participants involved in this qualitative study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategories of participants in FGDs and IDIs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eData collection method\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of participants per Facility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFGDs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOALWH with chronic comorbid conditions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMTRH \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTurbo \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKitale \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity health volunteers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMTRH \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTurbo \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKitale \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealthcare providers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMTRH \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTurbo \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKitale- 9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity members (8 village elders, 5 religious leaders, 8 caregivers of older adults and 7 older adults)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMTRH \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTurbo \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKitale \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIDIs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOALWH with chronic comorbid conditions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMTRH \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTurbo \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKitale \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eIDIs\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch assistants utilized a semi structured IDI guide to conduct the interviews (Supplementary file 1). The guide was pretested for face validity with 2 OALWH\u0026mdash;a male and a female\u0026mdash;and the questions were revised to improve clarity. The guide included questions focusing on the challenges that OALWH face with respect to medication adherence, with a focus on individual barriers to and facilitators of medication adherence. A follow-up question was posed to gain a more in-depth understanding of their perceptions and thoughts about having a CHV visit their home to provide medication adherence support and to educate them on medication and general health. The interview sessions were held in a private room within the three health facilities. On average, the IDIs lasted between 45 and 60 minutes. IDI sessions were audio-recorded, and notes were taken by the research assistant for use during data analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFGD\u003c/b\u003e: We conducted six sex-disaggregated FGDs with OALWH. Prior studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] with OALWH in our setting have yielded limited open discussions among a mix of older women and men, hence our choice to separate FGDs for males and females. The FGDs with OALWH were used to triangulate the data and complement insights obtained from the IDIs. Six FGDs\u0026mdash;three with healthcare providers and three with CHVs\u0026mdash;assessed organizational and individual readiness to implement a community strategy for adherence support. An additional three FGDs with community members assessed contextual factors that may influence the implementation of the intervention, including their views on services offered by CHVs in the community and their perceptions of factors associated with medication adherence among older adults. The FGD guide (Supplementary file 1) was pilot tested for face validity with 10 individuals: OALWH (2 males, 2 females), 2 healthcare providers, 2 CHVs, and 2 community members; then, revisions to clarify the questions were made. In a confidential setting, trained moderators led the FGDs and facilitated the discussion, with a scribe taking notes. FGDs lasted between 90 and 120 minutes and were audio-recorded. To facilitate interactions between and among group members, the moderator ensured that each member had an opportunity to contribute. After each FGD, the moderator and the notetaker had a debrief session to summarize findings and compare notes. Participants were reimbursed for transport and served refreshments after the FGD.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll audio recordings from our FGDs and IDIs were transcribed verbatim, and those in Kiswahili were translated into English by translators proficient in both languages. The data analysis followed an iterative approach consisting of four key stages. First, data familiarization was conducted through a thorough reading of the transcripts multiple times. Second, a coding framework was developed via NVivo 8.0, incorporating both deductive codes based on the consolidated framework for implementation research (CFIR)\u0026rsquo;s five domains (intervention characteristics, outer setting, inner setting, characteristics of the individuals, and the implementation process) and inductive codes emerging from the data [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. A subset of transcripts, including two IDIs with OALWH and FGDs involving OALWH (2\u0026mdash;one male, one female), CHVs (1), community members (1), and healthcare providers (1), was independently double-coded by the lead researcher (JK) and a research assistant at the AMPATH Qualitative Research Core. Any discrepancies in coding were resolved through discussion and consensus.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAnalytical framework\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe adopted the CFIR as a guiding deductive analytical framework in our quest to identify the facilitators and barriers to implementing the proposed CBA, a patient-centered healthcare intervention [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. Coded data were synthesized into CFIR domains and constructs, allowing for systematic comparisons among coders. Finally, the data were interpreted, methodologically synthesized, and compiled into the final report. The findings are structured within the CFIR, categorizing perceived facilitators and barriers into five key domains and mapped within 14 of the 39 CFIR constructs (Appendix 1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe interviewed 166 participants, 84 (50.6%) females and 82 (49.4%) males, whose ages ranged between 25 and 80 years. The participant characteristics are summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of the study participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategories of Participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOALWH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity health volunteers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealthcare providers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Officers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNurses\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity Members\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVillage elders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligious leaders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaregivers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOlder adults\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOALWH with chronic comorbid conditions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePerceived barriers to and facilitators of the implementation of community-based medication adherence support programs\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur findings are structured around the five domains of the CFIR framework described below and categorized within 14 of the 39 CFIR constructs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerceived facilitators of and barriers to the implementation of CBA interventions categorized within CFIR domains and constructs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCIFR Domain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstructs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors influencing the implementation of CBA intervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFacilitator\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBarrier\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervention characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelative advantage and adaptability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Better than the current practice\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Can be modified to fit the context\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComplexity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Multiple components of the intervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCost\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Increased cost for CHVs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcess of implementing the intervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlanning\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Identification of the CHVs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEngaging\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Capacity building for CHVs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExecuting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Supportive supervision\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Lack of clear referral protocol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOuter setting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatient needs and resources\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Engagement of treatment supporter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Patient's basic needs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExternal policies and incentives\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Policies and incentives for CHVs\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealthcare financing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInner setting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeam Culture\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Enhanced collaboration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Poor communication\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMission alignment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Patient-centered care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of individuals involved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeliefs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Low CVD risk perception\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Low levels of knowledge on hypertension medications\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Declining cognitive ability in older adults\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Personal attributes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Trust between CHVs and older adults\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Empathy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDomain 1: Intervention characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePerceived relative advantage and adaptability\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eIntervention is better than the current practice\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eour intervention, which entailed regular home visits whereby blood pressure measurements were taken and recorded, was perceived as effective and useful in providing immediate feedback on the effectiveness of medications and lifestyle changes while also reinforcing the importance of adherence. OALWH perceived that this intervention would reduce the cost of accessing blood pressure monitoring services, as this would be available to them from the comfort of their home. Healthcare providers view the collection and recording of quality BP data as a valuable tool for assessing and determining whether treatment adjustments are needed. They suggested that such regular monitoring could contribute to improved hypertension management.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;\u0026hellip; because at times you are forced to go pay at the chemist to be checked (blood pressure measurement) if there is no hospital close by\u0026hellip; so, if they will be checking it at home, it will be much better. It will be better because it will have saved on transport, saved on time, you will be able to take care of other things instead.\u0026rdquo; CBA_IDI_OALWH_F_ELD (59 years)\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThe participants\u003c/b\u003e also perceived the use of teleconsultation as a tool that breaks geographical barriers and enhances access to healthcare services while improving patient\u0026ndash;provider communication and providing timely support. OALWH felt that phone access to a clinician when needed would allow the patient to receive medical advice, consultations, and follow-ups without the need to travel, which was viewed as particularly beneficial for older adults with mobility issues or with transportation challenges.\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;... I will also get to talk to the doctor if my (blood) pressure is not good since the health worker will give me the phone to talk to the doctor. It will really help those who are not able to get to the clinic because they are too old and need to travel long distances to get to the clinic\u0026rdquo; CBA_IDI_OALWH_M_KTL_08 (62 years)\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eModification to fit context\u003c/b\u003e: While participants perceived the CBA intervention components as necessary, they felt that they could be tailored to patients depending on their needs. The frequency of visits to the patient\u0026rsquo;s home was viewed to be easily adaptable to suit the participant's needs. For example, participants noted that not all patients will need teleconsultations with healthcare providers or medication refills by community health volunteers. One of the participants responded:\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;Not everyone will need all the things that have been listed. For some people, home visits can be performed every two weeks; for others, visits can be monthly. There are also those who do not want to put all their medicines in the pillbox because they do not want anyone to see their ARVs, so those ones can be called to be reminded. I think the project can be flexible to allow one to choose what works best for them.\u0026rdquo; CBA_FGD_CHV_TUR\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe participants viewed the use of pill boxes as a simple way to reduce the cognitive load for those who struggled with remembering when and how to take multiple medications. They suggested that this could be modified to have simple instructions that minimize confusion and the risk of missing doses while offering healthcare providers a way to track medication use, as cited by a participant.\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;\u0026hellip; it will also assist us in pill count because we have clients who have high viral loads, and one of our interventions that we do is pill count. Therefore, some are so\u0026hellip;they\u0026rsquo;ve mastered they know how many they should bring back. When you need two, they will always bring two. So, I think on that aspect also this arrangement will assist us.\u0026rdquo; CBA_FGD_HCP_ELD\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCost\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe participants viewed engaging CHVs stationed within the community to support medication adherence as a relatively cost-effective model that could be easily implemented. They noted that CHV home visits could reduce transportation costs for older adults who would otherwise need to travel to healthcare facilities for services such as blood pressure monitoring. However, CHVs expressed concerns that the intervention might increase their own expenses, particularly for traveling to assist older adults who require frequent check-ups and additional support.\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;This will be costly for a CHV. If I have to visit an older patient regularly because they need close monitoring, it means I have to make more visits. The government is not even compensating enough to take a motorbike, and that means I will have to dig into my pocket and pay for the visits.\u0026rdquo; CBA_FGD_CHV_KTL\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;I will not need to travel to the facility for regular checkups for my blood pressure. I will not need to look for transport.\u0026rdquo; CBA_IDI_OALWH_F_TRB (72 years)\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eComplexity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eMultiple components of the intervention\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe intervention, which includes home visits, medication organization, blood pressure monitoring, electronic data capture, and psychosocial support for OALWH provided by CHVs, was perceived as complex because of its multiple components. The participants frequently expressed concerns that complexity could lead to confusion among implementers. To address this, they recommended providing a clearer outline of CHV responsibilities and simplifying the intervention to focus on one or two key components for better feasibility and effectiveness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;There are too many proposed components in the prototype\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eespecially for a CHV. This seems to be complicated\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eIt would be nice to make it simple, by maintaining easy things that the CHVs are already doing in the commuity and that will be easily continued even after the study. CBA_FGD_HCP_ELD\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDomain 2: Process of implementing the intervention\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePlanning\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eIdentification of the CHVs\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring the planning phase of the intervention, participants emphasized the importance of selecting CHVs who are knowledgeable about medication adherence and, ideally, share the same HIV status as the participants. They suggested that CHVs with similar experiences could be more empathetic and provide effective support. OALWH indicated that shared experiences foster understanding and trust, enabling CHVs to better address their unique needs. One participant observed this\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;For me, I would be comfortable with a CHV who is living with this disease (HIV) like me because I can discuss many things that we share in common whenever she visits, how they are managing it and laugh together. She must know about heart medicine too, so we can discuss more. I recently started using it myself. I have not had much experience.\u0026rdquo; CBA_FGD_OALWH_KTL\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEngaging\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCapacity building needs of CHVs\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants emphasized the importance of training CHVs in key areas such as medication adherence, motivational interviewing, data collection, and blood pressure measurement to equip them with the necessary skills to effectively support older adults in the community. They also highlighted the need to provide CHVs with essential tools, including blood pressure machines, adequate batteries, and pillboxes, to ensure that they can perform their roles efficiently.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;This can be truly great to help continue care to the community and, in a way, help get more information about the patient. If the CHVs are trained on antihypertensives, including common side effects, they can help identify any issues early. Our clients always wait until they return to the clinic for us to know what happened if they still remember. Therefore, this is nice. \u0026hellip;\u0026hellip; Additionally, since PIC4C (a project that implemented an NCD screening at the community using CHVs) trained most of them to conduct screening, they should be competent with BP measurements and data collection. may be just a refresher\u0026rdquo; CBA_FGD_HCP_KTL\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExecuting\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eSupportive Supervision\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants highlighted the critical role of supportive supervision\u0026mdash;an approach that emphasizes mentorship, collaboration, and continuous learning for CHVs\u0026mdash;as a facilitator of the successful implementation of CBA intervention. Regular supervision, the availability of HCPs for consultations, and ongoing education to address areas where CHVs need clarification were viewed as essential to enhancing CHVs' knowledge and confidence in supporting OALWH.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;CHVs will need to be supported regularly by someone going to the field to ensure they are confident in doing what they are meant to do, say taking BP measurements\u0026hellip; Additionally, if they have a go to person in the facility, that they can always call to get one or two clarifications, it will truly improve this project\u0026rdquo; CBA_FGD_HCP_ELD\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eLack of a clear referral protocol\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants were concerned about the referral process for patients needing advanced clinical care by specialists or emergency hospitalization. They identified a poorly designed referral process that lacks clarity on the role of CHVs in the process and a lack of clear referral protocols as a barrier to the effectiveness of the intervention. This lack of clarity was cited as a challenge for CHVs in ensuring that critical cases receive timely and appropriate care.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;I may go to the household and find that the person I am visiting is very sick or is now just weak and sleeping in the house. Maybe they have not even eaten, let alone taken their medicines. If the clinician says that we refer this person to the facility, knowing where to tell them to go if not specified by the clinician can be difficult. Then, sometimes they do not have transport or means to reach the hospital. Now, the family will think it is my responsibility to take them to the hospital, and I have my own struggles. This can be very challenging.\u0026rdquo; CBA_FGD_CHV_TRB\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDomain 3: Outer setting\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePatient needs and resources\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe participants identified patients\u0026rsquo; unmet needs as potential barriers to implementing the proposed intervention. The needs that were mentioned included social support, food, and money to cover the costs of NCD medication or purchase medical insurance. In addition, participants perceived having treatment supporters other than CHVs, such as family members or friends, to be an important component of the intervention. The need for older adults\u0026rsquo; caregivers as additional support to patients was cited as key to enhancing medication adherence among OALWH, with the proposal of incorporating them into interventions for sustainability.\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;Since the client is taking medication, they require food. We will go and see how they are doing, but probably the person has no supper. Since morning, they have not taken breakfast and have to take medications such as five tablets\u0026hellip;. Money is another need. They may not have money to buy medicines for hypertension\u0026hellip;.\u0026rdquo; CBA_FDG_CHV_KTL\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;\u0026hellip; I think in addition to CHVs, the treatment supporters in the household should also be engaged. That way, even if the CHV is not around, they are able to arrange medication for the patient.\u0026rdquo; CBA_FGD_CM_ELD\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExternal policies and incentives\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ePolicies and incentives for CHVs\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants perceived the stipend received by CHVs from the Kenyan government as a factor that may limit visits to older adults\u0026rsquo; households for medication adherence support. The logistical constraints faced by CHVs, such as incurring personal transport costs in reaching patients, particularly in remote areas, were cited as an impediment to intervention implementation. The participants suggested the reimbursement of personal costs incurred to implement the intervention to mitigate against CHVs using personal funds to supplement project activities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;The government remunerates them (CHVs), but 2000 shillings a month is so little to cover frequent visits.\u0026rdquo; CBA_FGD_HCP_ELD\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eHealth financing\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants also identified the lack of dedicated funding for chronic diseases, in comparison with the free provision of HIV services, as a significant barrier to implementing the CBA intervention. Specifically, they mentioned challenges such as medication stockouts and the inability of patients to afford treatment. Enrolling patients in the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) was perceived as a key strategy to reduce out-of-pocket expenses for hypertension medications. By covering a substantial portion of medication costs, the NHIF was seen as an enabling factor for older adults to adhere more consistently to their prescribed treatment regimens, making care more financially accessible.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;Drugs for NCDs are not free. One has to buy them. If you don\u0026rsquo;t have NHIF, you pay out of pocket. If the issue of stock outs for NCD medication is not sorted, this is going to affect medication adherence.\u0026rdquo; CBA_FGD_HCP_KTL\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDomain 4: Inner setting\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMission alignment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePatient-centered care \u0026ndash;\u003c/b\u003eParticipants perceived the delivery of the intervention to be in line with the needs of OALWH. Healthcare providers shared their aspirations of offering patient-centered care and perceived interventions that allowed coordinated care delivery to reduce missed appointments among patients while ensuring regular follow-ups and increased adherence to medication. OALWH alluded that a reliable supply of NCD medications in the facility and minimizing supply chain disruptions were crucial to the successful implementation of CBA intervention.\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;Clinic visits for all the services for the patient can be scheduled for one day so that they don\u0026rsquo;t have to come to the hospital multiple times. That way, it will be helpful even for the CHV to remind the patient on when to come to the clinic next\u0026rdquo; CBA_FGD_CHP_TRB\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTeam culture\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEnhanced collaboration between CHVs and healthcare providers\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e Participants indicated that devising a clear channel of communication and coordination will ensure that all members of the healthcare team are aligned in their approach to the care of the patient. The alignment helps create a seamless care continuum where CHVs can relay important patient information to HCPs and vice versa. This, they said, would ensure that any issues related to medication adherence are promptly addressed. In addition, the supportive supervision of CHVs through training and mentorship by facility HCPs will increase their capacity and enhance their skills in managing medication adherence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;\u0026hellip;the doctors at the facility will help us with continuous learning. Let us say, I am not sure of something; I can call him/her and will get clarification. This will truly help a lot.\u0026rdquo; CBA_FGD_CHV_KTL\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ePoor Communication with Providers\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants raised concerns about inadequate instructions provided by healthcare workers, which they felt could result in incomplete, incorrect, or conflicting information about medications. Older adults expressed that the information given by HCPs is often confusing or difficult to understand, potentially affecting proper treatment dosing. One participant observed the following\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;They don\u0026rsquo;t give you time to explain. Therefore, they tell you, \u0026lsquo;Go divide this drug into two and take one in the evening and another the next day.\u0026rsquo; They don\u0026rsquo;t explain very well. You can go home not having clear information on how to do things.\u0026rdquo; CBA_FGD_OALWH_KTL\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDomain 5: Characteristics of the individuals involved\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBeliefs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eLow CVD risk perception\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants expressed concerns that individuals with a low-risk perception of cardiovascular disease would not fully appreciate the importance of adhering to prescribed medications. This underestimation of health risks could lead to complacency, reducing their willingness to engage with CHVs or accept home-based support. One participant illustrated this challenge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;I know some people who can truly benefit from this support. However, even visiting them can be difficult because they believe that they will not experience stroke or other conditions that are likely to occur if they do not take the medicines. They tell you, I am taking my medicine well; I don\u0026rsquo;t need someone to remind me, but when you check their viral load, it is not going down. Here you know this is a problematic patient.\u0026rdquo; CBA_FGD_CHP_TRB\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec27\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKnowledge\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eLow levels of knowledge on medication for hypertension\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants were concerned that the low levels of knowledge about hypertension medication among OALWH and CHVs would lead to inaccurate dosing and timing of medication intake. They were concerned that when CHVs do not feel adequately informed, they may struggle to correctly educate patients, address concerns, or manage complex medication schedules, which may lead to misinformation, confusion, and ultimately, poor adherence to prescribed regimens. A participant expressed this concern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;I don\u0026rsquo;t know the drugs that people living with hypertension are given and how they are taken. Sometimes drugs may have certain effects that I cannot explain or even relate it to that drug. In truth, the person you are going to visit may even know more about the medicine than you do and can\u0026rsquo;t even help them after all. If I have to do this, I will truly need to be educated and ensure I have someone I can consult if I find something that is challenging.\u0026rsquo; CBA_FGD_CHV_ELD\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eDeclining cognitive ability\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants reported that declining neurocognitive function among OALWH makes it increasingly challenging for them to understand complex medication regimens and instructions. Healthcare providers expressed concerns that many OALWH might struggle to remember to take their medications consistently, potentially resulting in missed doses or incorrect administration, even when CHVs assist with medication organization at home. Furthermore, the growing burden of chronic comorbidities among older adults was seen as a significant challenge to implementing the intervention. Managing multiple conditions often involves complex medication regimens with varying schedules and instructions, which participants perceived as overwhelming for some patients, increasing the risk of confusion and nonadherence. A participant highlighted this concern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;Older patients forget things very fast. We encourage them to come with someone to the clinic so that we can give them instructions on drugs and how and when to take them. Although the CHV will help in reminding them on adherence, they might still forget, as CHVs will not be present every day to perform direct observed therapy\u003c/em\u003e.\u003cb\u003e\u0026rdquo;\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003eCBA_FGD_HCP_TRB\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec28\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePersonal attributes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eTrust between CHVs and older patients\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants reported that when older adults trust CHVs, they are more likely to engage openly in discussions about their health, share concerns, and ask questions about their medications. This open communication was perceived to be vital in identifying barriers to adherence and tailoring support for OALWH. Additionally, participants indicated that open communication may foster a proactive approach to patients\u0026rsquo; management of their health and prescriptions, as exemplified by this participant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;I want someone I can trust to come to my home so that I can talk to them freely. Someone who is patient with me, and I can share my personal information. I do not want someone who will go and gossip about me, and they are not helping to solve my issues.\u0026rdquo; CBA_IDI_OALWH_F_KTL_05 (61 years)\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEmpathy\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e Participants emphasized that engaging with CHVs provides a valuable opportunity to offer psychological support to OALWH, particularly those living alone. This empathetic support was seen as instrumental in helping patients cope with the emotional stress and challenges associated with managing chronic diseases, fostering a sense of connection and understanding in their care journey. A participant observed as follows\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;It will be of benefit because, like I am telling you, there are people who are living lonely lives. They feel like they have been neglected because they are sick. But if you have someone who feels for you, comes to encourage you and tell you that there is still life, and life will still continue, you see with that even if you were losing hope you will start to gain faith slowly by slowly.\u0026rdquo; CHV_IDI_OALWH_M_ELD_02 (77 years)\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis formative study explored the perceptions of key stakeholders in the possible implementation of a CHV-led medication adherence support program (CBA) for older adults living with HIV and hypertension. Overall, our findings revealed that, when examined through the CFIR domains, CBA holds promise for improving health outcomes, particularly for people living with HIV and managing other chronic conditions. Leveraging the facilitators, which included the perception that CBA intervention is better than the current practice, its adaptability, a well- laid out implementation plan, and trust among CBA stakeholders while mitigating barriers such as the potential increased cost of implementation and the complexity of the intervention, in addition to the low levels of hypertension knowledge, CBA has the potential to promote medication adherence and contribute to the improved health outcomes of older adults living with HIV and hypertension.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe intervention characteristics domain, which emphasizes the importance of tailoring interventions to align with the specific context, was identified as a pivotal factor in the successful implementation of CBA. Both the adaptability and the relative advantage of the intervention were identified as facilitators, whereas the complexity and costs emerged as significant barriers to the effective delivery of the CHV-led intervention. A potential barrier to CBA intervention is its complexity, which is due to its multiple components. Research on intervention characteristics suggests that simpler interventions are more effective, as they improve user satisfaction and enable quicker mastery of their components [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, simplifying CBA intervention components and establishing clear, standardized guidelines could enhance usability and promote fidelity to the intervention [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. On the positive side, our study highlighted that CBA is better than the current practice is, with the potential for tailoring it to meet the needs of older adults, a factor that has been documented to increase the adoption of an intervention [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. The integration of electronic data capture within the intervention provides the opportunity for immediate feedback on medication effectiveness, thereby supporting better management of hypertension. The use of pill boxes was also recognized as a simple yet effective tool for reducing cognitive load, helping patients remember to take their medications correctly. Additionally, teleconsultations are perceived as valuable for improving access to healthcare services and enhancing communication between patients and providers while overcoming distance barriers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. These facilitators, coupled with the development of standard operating procedures, could simplify the intervention and improve its adoption. Similar to our findings, other studies have shown that engaging CHVs and offering short training programs can be a cost-effective and sustainable model, leveraging their familiarity with the community to support medication adherence for OALWH [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. However, to ensure the long-term sustainability of the intervention, compensating CHVs at a rate beyond government-established guidelines is necessary, as documented in other studies utilizing CHVs to implement interventions in SSA [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR45\" citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our study, the implementation process domain was recognized as a critical factor in the successful planning and execution of the intervention. A potential barrier identified by participants was the lack of clear referral protocols that would facilitate older adults needing this support. This issue aligns with findings from other studies, which emphasize the importance of clear guidelines in the implementation of interventions to improve fidelity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. Dysfunctional referral systems, coupled with delays in accessing facilities, can result in a lack of timely intervention and poor health outcomes, as highlighted in previous research on community-based health interventions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite this barrier, our study identified several facilitators within the planning, engaging, and execution phases of the intervention. The process of carefully selecting CHVs who are familiar with the community context was recognized as essential for improving engagement and trust with patients. Capacity-building initiatives, such as training CHVs on medication adherence and the provision of ongoing supportive supervision, were also key to the successful implementation of the intervention. These findings are consistent with the literature, which suggests that well-trained and supported CHVs are more effective at delivering healthcare interventions, as they are better equipped to address the diverse needs of patients and ensure adherence to treatment regimens [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e]. By addressing the identified barriers and enhancing the capacities of CHVs through training and supervision, the intervention\u0026rsquo;s sustainability and impact can be significantly improved.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin the outer and inner setting domains of the CFIR framework, our study revealed several barriers and facilitators impacting the success of the intervention. Unmet patient needs, such as a lack of social support and basic necessities, were identified as key challenges, which aligns with the literature suggesting that socioeconomic factors significantly influence the effectiveness of health interventions, particularly for older adults managing multiple chronic conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e]. Limited health financing for noncommunicable disease (NCD) medications was an additional barrier that hindered the intervention\u0026rsquo;s success. Studies in SSA have revealed a relative lack of financial protection for access to medications for managing NCDs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, poor communication and increased workload for CHVs were also identified as barriers, echoing findings from other studies that highlight how strained resources and ineffective communication can compromise healthcare delivery [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn a fragmented care system, proper scheduling and follow-up systems can help manage the complex healthcare needs of OALWH, making it easier for them to adhere to their treatments. Integrated care models that combine HIV and NCD management provide a holistic approach to patient health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e], a factor that was perceived as key to the successful implementation of CBA intervention. On the other hand, leveraging facilitators that include enhanced collaboration among stakeholders, the engagement of treatment supporters, and a mission to provide patient-centered care, all of which have been documented in previous research as strategies that improve the implementation and sustainability of health interventions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e], may optimize the delivery of care and medication adherence support for OALWH.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin the characteristics of the individuals engaged in the intervention domain, our study identified low levels of medication knowledge, declining cognitive ability, and treatment preferences due to side effects as barriers to implementing the intervention. Patients with a limited understanding of medication purposes and regimens, coupled with low cardiovascular disease risk perception, have been associated with poor adherence to hypertension medication [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e]. Enhancing patients\u0026rsquo; and medication supporters\u0026rsquo; education and knowledge of potential complications as a result of nonadherence is essential for improving adherence. The literature suggests that modifying interventions to account for cognitive impairments by incorporating simplified instructions, instituting reminders, and providing caregiver support, such as CHVs, enhances adherence [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e]. However, trust between CHVs and older patients and empathy by CHVs were identified as vital facilitators that may foster the open communication and empowerment of OALWH. When CHVs approach patients with genuine empathy and understanding, it creates a safe and supportive environment where OALWH feel more comfortable disclosing personal health information and discussing challenges they may face in adhering to their medication regimen [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e]. This emotional connection can enhance patient\u0026ndash;provider relationships and empower OALWH to actively participate in their care, ultimately improving treatment adherence and health outcomes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e]. Empathetic interactions also build trust, encouraging OALWH to seek help and follow medical advice, knowing that their concerns will be listened to and addressed respectfully.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy strengths and limitations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis qualitative study included diverse voices captured through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with OALWH, healthcare providers, CHVs, and community members, allowing for an in-depth exploration of contextual factors that may influence community-based medication adherence support interventions for older adults. Combining in-depth interviews with focus group discussions allowed for the triangulation of data, enhancing the credibility and validity of the findings. The application of the CFIR framework allowed for a systematic identification of both facilitators and barriers across the five key domains. This comprehensive framework ensured that our analysis was grounded in a well-established theoretical model, enhancing the rigor and generalizability of our findings. However, the study's participant selection process may have introduced selection bias. While efforts were made to ensure a diverse sample, the purposive sample, reliance on the AMPATH networks within the community and recruitment during clinic visits may have resulted in the inclusion of participants who are more motivated or have stronger opinions about the CHV-led intervention, potentially skewing the results.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eOur study sheds light on the factors that may influence the implementation of patient-tailored community-based medication adherence support programs for OALWH, particularly in the context of emerging challenges associated with comorbidities and complex chronic disease medication regimens. The identified facilitators and barriers within CIFR highlight the complexities of tailoring community support services to the needs of patients. By acknowledging and mitigating the identified barriers while leveraging facilitators, healthcare systems can strive for more patient-centered, community-driven strategies that are not only acceptable but also more sustainable in enhancing medication adherence in older adults living with HIV and comorbidities.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eAMPATH\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcademic model providing access to healthcare\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eAMRS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAMPATH medical records system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCBA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecommunity\u0026ndash;based medication adherence support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCFIR\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsolidated framework for implementation research\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCHVs\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity health volunteers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCVD\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecardiovascular disease\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eELD\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEldoret\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eFGD\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFocused group discussion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eHCP\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealthcare providers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eIDI\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ein\u0026ndash;depth interviews\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eKTL\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKitale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMTRH\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoi Teaching and Referral Hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eNCDs\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003enoncommunicable diseases\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eNHIF\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNational Hospital Insurance Fund\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eOALWH\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eolder adults living with HIV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePLHIV\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeople living with HIV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePOC\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epoint of care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSSA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSub\u0026ndash;Saharan Africa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eTUR\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTurbo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. We received ethical approval from the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital/Moi University Institutional Research Ethics Committee (FAN:0004209). Research clearance was obtained from Kenya\u0026rsquo;s National Council for Science Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI/P/22/19819) before initiating the study. Prior to initiating the interviews and discussions, written informed consent was obtained from each participant.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData from this study contain information that may compromise the confidentiality and privacy of the participants. However, requests made by the corresponding author are considered and available as appropriate. Requests can be submitted to the corresponding author at [email protected]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research reported herein was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Fogarty International Center and National Heart Lung and Blood Institute grant #K43TW009345 and the Consortium of Advanced Research Training in Africa (CARTA). The CARTA\u0026nbsp;is jointly led by the African Population and Health Research Center and the University of the Witwatersrand and funded by the Carnegie Corporation of New York (Grant No.\u0026nbsp;G-19--57145), Sida (Grant No. 54100113), the Uppsala Monitoring Center,\u0026nbsp;Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad), and the Wellcome Trust\u0026nbsp;[reference no.\u0026nbsp;107768/Z/15/Z]\u0026nbsp;and the UK Foreign, Commonwealth \u0026amp; Development Office, with support from the Developing Excellence in Leadership, Training and\u0026nbsp;Science\u0026nbsp;in Africa (DELTAS Africa). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH or the CARTA Program.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJK conceptualized the idea and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. RN, HZ, KWK, and VN provided critical input on all drafts and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe wish to thank all the participants for their willingness to share their opinions and perspectives on the proposed CBA intervention. We are also grateful to the research assistants, who conducted in-depth interviews, and the AMPATH Qualitative Research Core team, who transcribed all the audio recordings and supported the development of the initial codebook and the coding of the transcripts.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNegin J, Mills EJ, B\u0026auml;rnighausen T. \u003cem\u003eAging with HIV in Africa: the challenges of living longer.\u003c/em\u003e AIDS (London, England), 2012. 26(0 1): p. S1.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMills EJ, Barnighausen T, Negin J. 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Role of community health volunteers in identifying people with elevated blood pressure for diagnosis and monitoring of hypertension in Malawi: a qualitative study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2021;21:1\u0026ndash;13.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSchultz WM, et al. Socioeconomic status and cardiovascular outcomes: challenges and interventions. Circulation. 2018;137(20):2166\u0026ndash;78.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eManji I, et al. The Revolving Fund Pharmacy Model: backing up the Ministry of Health supply chain in western Kenya. Int J Pharm Pract. 2016;24(5):358\u0026ndash;66.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDuffy M, et al. Non-communicable diseases and HIV care and treatment: models of integrated service delivery. Tropical Med Int Health. 2017;22(8):926\u0026ndash;37.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKwarisiima D, et al. Hypertension control in integrated HIV and chronic disease clinics in Uganda in the SEARCH study. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):511.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdler AJ, et al. Barriers and facilitators to the implementation of a community-based hypertension improvement project in Ghana: a qualitative study of ComHIP. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020;20:1\u0026ndash;13.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGoldstein D, et al. Person-centred care for older adults living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet HIV. 2024;11(8):e552\u0026ndash;60.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDhar L, Dantas J, Ali M. A systematic review of factors influencing medication adherence to hypertension treatment in developing countries. Open J Epidemiol. 2017;7(3):211\u0026ndash;50.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNewman PM, et al. Community health workers improve disease control and medication adherence among patients with diabetes and/or hypertension in Chiapas, Mexico: an observational stepped-wedge study. BMJ global health. 2018;3(1):e000566.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFlor LS, et al. Community-based interventions for detection and management of diabetes and hypertension in underserved communities: a mixed-methods evaluation in Brazil, India, South Africa and the USA. BMJ Global Health. 2020;5(6):e001959.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWachira J, et al. Physician communication behaviors from the perspective of adult HIV patients in Kenya. Int J Qual Health Care. 2014;26(2):190\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-health-services-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bhsr","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Health Services Research](http://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/BHSR/default.aspx","title":"BMC Health Services Research","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6897280/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6897280/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART) remarkably improved the longevity and quality of life of people living with HIV (PLWH). However, as PLWH age, they often experience comorbidities, necessitating multiple medications, resulting in increased medication adherence challenges. Patient-tailored community-based medication adherence programs can improve adherence in this population. We explored facilitators of and barriers to the implementation of community health volunteer (CHV)-led medication adherence (CBA) support programs for older people living with HIV (OALWH).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis qualitative study involved 166 purposefully sampled participants. In-depth interviews (IDIs) were held with 27 healthcare providers (HCPs), 28 CHVs, and 25 older adults\u0026rsquo; caregivers. Six focus group discussions (FGDs) were held with 86 OALWH affiliated with three health facilities in western Kenya. The IDIs and FGDs covered topics on perceived barriers and facilitators to having a CHV visit OALWH\u0026rsquo;s home to offer medication adherence support. The data were analyzed thematically and organized using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings revealed various factors that could influence the implementation of a CBA intervention for OALWH and hypertension. Facilitators included the relative advantage and adaptability of the intervention, the enhanced collaboration between facility and community care providers, and the potential to promote patient-centered care. However, participants voiced several factors that may impede the intervention, such as the complexity of the intervention, increased workload and costs for CHVs, limited knowledge of hypertension management, unmet patient needs, and limited health financing for NCD medications. Fears of decreased cognitive ability, low cardiovascular risk perception, and medication side effects among OALWH were perceived to pose challenges. Furthermore, trust and empathy between CHVs and patients were identified as critical personal attributes that foster patient empowerment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study identified barriers, highlighting the complexities of tailoring community support services to the needs of OALWH. The findings underscore the necessity for a holistic, multidimensional approach to addressing medication adherence by providing OALWH with the requisite hypertension management messaging, revisiting health system barriers (NCD care financing), and facilitating CHVs with knowledge, skills, and remuneration to enable them to efficiently support CBA intervention.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Facilitators and barriers to the implementation of Community-Based Medication Adherence Support for Aging Individuals with HIV and Hypertension in western Kenya","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-30 16:49:09","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6897280/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-04-05T13:39:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-20T19:01:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"172646046973300302869682569851371326277","date":"2025-08-11T11:08:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"196327811640563356963559661657734632555","date":"2025-08-08T11:48:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-10T17:34:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-05T06:49:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"43068362911478678424003395406044655853","date":"2025-06-27T22:43:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"88326371519329047988440221553340188411","date":"2025-06-26T03:33:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-06-25T05:22:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-06-25T05:17:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-06-25T04:47:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-06-24T18:22:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Health Services Research","date":"2025-06-24T18:18:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-health-services-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bhsr","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Health Services Research](http://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/BHSR/default.aspx","title":"BMC Health Services Research","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b271440a-4ee7-4b4e-b378-7f8ffad5078b","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 30th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-16T17:38:31+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-30 16:49:09","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6897280","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6897280","identity":"rs-6897280","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}