Preparation and Characterization of Polyaniline-Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid-Cadmium Oxide (PANI-DBSA-CdO) Composites: As an Electrode Material for Energy Storage Applications

Preparation and Characterization of Polyaniline-Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid-Cadmium Oxide (PANI-DBSA-CdO) Composites: As an Electrode Material for Energy Storage Applications | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Preparation and Characterization of Polyaniline-Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid-Cadmium Oxide (PANI-DBSA-CdO) Composites: As an Electrode Material for Energy Storage Applications Nadeem Anwar, Abdul Shakoor, Ghulam Ali, Haseeb Ahmad, Niaz Ahmad Niaz, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4963897/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 23 Jan, 2025 Read the published version in Polymer Bulletin → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Earlier we have reported PANI-CdO composite electrodes which exhibited excellent supercapacitive performance at lower concentration of dopant (CdO) but failed to perform at higher concentrations. It could be considered that the limited conductivity of PANI-CdO composites at higher concentrations of dopant CdO might be associated with its poor solubility and lower dispersion into the PANI matrix. Therefore, a surfactant like dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) has introduced for the protonation to make long chain PANI-CdO composites that might help to enhance their electrochemical performance. Therefore, PANI-DBSA, and PANI-DBSA-CdO nanocomposites with cadmium oxide (CdO) as a dopant have been synthesized using In-situ chemical polymerization route and characterized to be used as an electrode material for supercapacitive applications. The physical and chemical properties have investigated through XRD, FTIR, and SEM analysis. The electrical properties have estimated from the obtained IV curves while electrochemical properties are tested through (CV, GCD, and EIS-develop) analysis. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) results of PANI-DBSA-CdO composites don’t exhibit any progress at higher concentrations of dopant CdO. However, PANI-DBSA composite electrode has exhibited a greater specific capacity of 569 F g − 1 , with maximum energy density of 12.3 Wh kg − 1, and a higher power density of 812 W kg − 1 at 8.33 A g − 1 current density as compared to rest of all the samples. It also retained more than 85% of its initial capacity after the 20,000th charge–discharge cycle. Highly achieved capacity, excellent reversibility, large (energy and power) densities, and lower (ohmic, charge transfer & diffusion) resistance, suggesting PANI-DBSA composite to be a useful supercapacitive electrode material. Polyaniline Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid Current Density Power Density Energy Density Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 1. Introduction Conducting Polymers (CPs) have extensively studied pseudocapacitive materials due to their ease of processing, low environmental mitigation, cost-effectiveness, broad potential window, high capacitance, high extrinsic conductivity, and chemically tunable redox properties. CPs can store the charge not only at the interface between the electrode and electrolyte but also in the bulk, as no phase/structural changes are involved during the charge/discharge process. Therefore, CPs possess high capacitive values, high conductivity, and low ESR values as compared to carbon-based SC materials, thereby owing to their redox storage characteristics and high surface area [ 1 ]. However, the electrode stability is limited due to mechanical stresses developed during the charge/discharge cycles of the redox reaction [ 2 ]. As the ions diffuse into the bulk, therefore slow kinetics affect the power densities, which are the main disadvantages of CPs. The CPs commonly include (PANI) polyaniline, (PTh) polythiophene, (PPy) polypyrrole, and their derivatives [ 3 ]. Polyaniline (PANI) is an eminent polymer electrode for its ease of synthesis, high conductivity, mechanical stability, large storage capacity, low cost, and environmental stability. However, the successive charging/discharging causes the degradation of PANI electrode performance practically. Researchers are trying to synthesize PANI-based composite electrodes to improve their electrochemical properties. PANI has a flexible structure resulting in better casting between two components at the nanoscale. This can be accompanied by a better synergic effect in the nanocomposite architecture. Therefore, PANI has been mixed with carbon materials and metal oxides/hydroxides [ 4 ]. The EDLCs have greater storage capability as highly porous materials such as activated carbon, graphene, and CNTs have been used, which increase the electrolyte accessibility due to their relatively high specific surface area [ 5 ]. The EDLCs possess good electrical properties due to large charge deposition at the electrode surface, good mechanical strength, large specific area, and excellent cyclic stability. Both the stability and the conductivity of activated carbon materials compromised with the increasing surface area as the material became highly porous [ 6 ]. It is considered that the high electrical conductivity and the suitable morphology of TMOs significantly impact on their electrochemical performances. Moreover, TMOs exist in two or more oxidation states are considered more suitable for electrochemical supercapacitor application. Owing to their outstanding electrical & electrochemical responses and cost-effectiveness, TMOs can be used in the preparation of advanced HECs for green energy systems. TMOs have oxygen vacancies on their surfaces that can help to enhance their surface reactivity [ 7 ]. Ruthenium oxide (RuO 2 ) was the first material to show pseudocapacitive behavior and possessed high specific capacity of 720 F g − 1 and excellent cyclic retention, but it was too expansive to be commercially viable [ 8 , 9 ]. In recent years, various TMO-based prepared SC electrode materials exhibited different specific capacitances such as MnO 2 [ 10 ], Fe 2 O 3 [ 11 ], V 2 O 5 [ 12 ], CoOx [ 10 ], NiOx [ 12 ], and so on. Among the various TMOs, CdO is a promising candidate for SC electrode material due to its pseudocapacitive characteristics, high electrical conductivity, high capacity, large surface area, ease of availability, thermal & chemical stability, two oxidation states, and low cost [ 13 ]. Cadmium Oxide has achieved high conductivity by the virtue of shallow donors, generated by intrinsic cadmium atom interstitials and the oxygen vacancies. The intrinsic dopability of CdO accompanied by tremendous Hall mobility results in excellent electrical conductivity. Thus, cadmium oxide (CdO) and its composites can be an effective low-cost SC electrode material [ 14 ]. Earlier, we have reported the synthesis and electrochemical performance of PANI-CdO composites which have exhibited remarkable electrochemical properties up to 5% concentration of CdO dopant and recommended to be used as an electrode material for supercapacitor applications [ 15 ]. However, the electrochemical properties of PANI-CdO nanocomposites are observed to be suppressed heavily under the higher (10 & 20) % concentration of CdO dopant. It could be considered that the limited conductivity of PANI-CdO composites at higher concentrations of dopant CdO may be associated with the poor solubility and the low dispersion of CdO nanoparticles into the PANI matrix. Therefore, a surfactant like dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) has introduced for the protonation to make long chain PANI-CdO composites. The surfactant is considered to provide some extra charge carriers that might result in an enhanced processability and more uniform dispersion of CdO nanoparticles into the PANI matrix. In this work, PANI-DBSA and PANI-DBSA-CdO composites have been synthesized using an In-situ polymerization process, whereas their structural, morphological, and compound identification studies have investigated through XRD, SEM, and FTIR analysis, electrical properties through IV curves, and electrochemical properties tested through (CV, GCD, and EIS-develop) analysis. 2. Experimental route 2.1. Material Resources All the materials of analytical grade were taken and consumed without any further purification except Aniline. Aniline (monomer) liquid was taken from Raidel-de-Haen and was further purified to remove the traces of polyaniline through a vacuum distillation process under reduced pressure until it became colorless. Cadmium Oxide powder was taken from chemical reagents (UNI-CHϵM), Ammonium persulfate (APS) powder was taken from Duksan Reagents, whereas, Hydrocloric acid (HCl) liquid was provided by Sacharlu. 2.2. Polyaniline (PANI) Synthesis Polyaniline (PANI) was synthesized using In-situ polymerization method at room temperature in an open atmosphere. Aniline (monomer) to APS (oxidant) molar ratio was kept at 2:1. For this, 6.125 g APS (oxidant) and 5 ml aniline (monomer) were poured in 150 ml de-ionizing water and stirred magnetically in the open atmosphere for 10 min and then 5 ml HCl was poured dropwise into this solution for protonation. The pH of the solution was strictly maintained at 1 and stirred vigorously for an hour. The solution was left free in the open atmosphere for 12 hours to complete the polymerization process. The PANI solution was turned into greenish-black, which was then filtered and washed thrice with distilled water and once with methanol to remove HCl. Finally, the obtained paste like PANI solution was dried and minced to form powder [ 16 ]. 2.3. Polyaniline-Dodecyl benzene Sulfonic Acid (PANI-DBSA) Synthesis Process Aniline (monomer) 5 ml was poured into 100 ml de-ionizing water and stirred magnetically in an open atmosphere at room temperature. The aqueous DBSA (8.76 ml) was slowly poured into the aniline solution under continuous magnetic stirring. The APS (oxidant) 6.125 g was dissolved in 50 ml de-ionizing water in another beaker and poured into the Aniline/DBSA solution by keeping the Aniline/DBSA/APS molar ratio 2:1:1. After this, 5 ml HCl was poured dropwise into this solution by keeping its pH equal to 1 and stirred magnetically for an hour. Finally, the obtained greenish-black solution was placed in an open atmosphere for 12 hours to complete the polymerization process. The obtained Paste-like PANI-DBSA solution was filtered and washed with distilled water & acetone. Which was then dried at 70 o C in an oven and minced to form powder [ 17 ]. 2.4. Polyaniline-Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid-Cadmium Oxide (PANI-DBSA-CdO) Nanocomposite Synthesis Process PANI-DBSA-CdO composites were also synthesized with (10, & 20) weight percentages of CdO dopant using In-situ polymerization route. The monomer/DBSA/Oxidant molar ratio was kept at 2:1:1 and CdO was varied by (10 & 20) weight percent of PANI. For this, 5 ml Aniline (monomer), 8.76 ml DBSA, 6.125 g APS, and (0.689, & 1.378) g CdO dopant were poured into 200 ml de-ionizing water and stirred magnetically in an open atmosphere at room temperature. After this, 5 ml HCl was poured dropwise into this solution by keeping its pH equal to 1 and stirred further for an hour. Finally, the obtained greenish-black solution was kept in an open atmosphere for 12 hours to complete the polymerization process. The Paste-like (PANI-DBSA-CdO) solution was filtered and washed with distilled water and ethanol to remove HCl and other impurities (such as byproducts related to doping, oxidant traces, or oligomers of aniline). Which was then dried at 70 o C in an oven and minced to form powder [ 18 , 19 ]. 3. Measurements 3.1. Physical Characterization The surface morphology of prepared materials was studied using MAIA 3 TESCAN (HV 20.0 kV, SEM MAG: 5.00 kx, View Field: 41.5 µm) SEM. The structural parameters were estimated using Bruker X-ray diffractometer (D8, with specifications CuKα: λ = 1.54 Å, 2θ = 10 o -90 o , scan rate = 1 o /min: operating voltage/current = 40 kV/35 mA). For molecular structural identification and functional group analysis, the KBr pellets were scanned in (500–4000) cm − 1 wavenumber using Bruker Tensor 27 FTIR spectrometer at room temperature. The electrical response of the prepared materials was estimated using (Keithley-2400) electrometer. The temperature was monitored and controlled using a FENWAL-AR44L1 digital bimetallic thermometer. 3.2. Electrometrical testing The electrochemical parameters were estimated using an Auto-lab instrument (Model: CHI760E). A three-electrode cell {(comprised of Ag/AgCl reference electrode (RE), Pt counter electrode (CE), and the prepared materials working electrodes (WEs)} was used. Whereas, KOH (3.0 M concentration) was used as an electrolyte. The Ni-foam-based WEs were prepared by loading 1.2 mg of synthesized materials and dried in a vacuum oven at 70 o C. The CV measurements were carried out in the potential range (-0.6 to + 0.4) V at (5, 10, 20, 50, and 100) mVs − 1 scan rate. The GCD test was carried out at current densities (8.33; 12.5; 16.7; 20.8; 25.0; 29.2; 33.3; and 41.7) Ag − 1 . The EIS measurements were carried out at potential (0.7 V) with amplitude (0.005 V rms ) whereas the frequency ranges from (10 0 to 10 5 ) Hz. 4. Results and Discussion 4.1. Structural Analysis Two typical diffraction peaks at angle 2θ = 17.9 o (d = 4.9 Å), and 22.5 o (d = 3.9 Å) are observed in the XRD pattern of pure PANI, confirming its semi-crystalline nature due to repetition of benzenoid and quinoid rings in PANI chains [ 20 ]. PANI-DBSA composite XRD displayed two distinguish peaks at angle 2θ = 16.28 o (d = 5.44 Å) due to parallel periodicity to PANI chains, and at 2θ = 21.98 o (d = 4.04 Å) due to perpendicular periodicity to PANI chains [ 21 ]. XRD pattern of pristine CdO showed the characteristic peaks at angle 2θ = 32.99 o , 38.28 o , 55.25 o , 65.87 o , and 69.28 o corresponding to \(\:\:\text{h}\text{k}\text{l}\) (111), (200), (220), (311), and (222) respectively [ 22 ]. The appeared sharp and narrow peaks describe the crystalline nature and the agglomeration of CdO nanoparticles. The observed reflection peaks of CdO are matched well with the reference patterns of (JCPDS file:01-073-2245, phase = Cubic (FCC), space group = Fm-3m, Space group no.225) with monoclinic structure. XRD images of PANI-DBSA–CdO composites reflect the broad PANI peaks between angles 2θ = 15 o –25 o and all the diffraction peaks of pristine CdO. The increasing concentration of CdO content in the hybrid composites, makes CdO peaks more prominent thereby increasing their intensity and suppressing the amorphous phase of PANI peaks. A slight decrease in the lattice parameters creates lattice compression which leads to minute drift of XRD peaks towards higher angle 2θ values. Moreover, PANI-DBSA-CdO composites have a higher degree of crystallinity as compared to pure PANI and PANI-DBSA composites. This may be attributed to the ordered growth of PANI chains on the larger surface area provided by the CdO nanoparticles. The appearance of additional small peaks in the PANI-DBSA-20%CdO composite may be due to the regular re-arrangement of PANI chains in more ordered fashion in the composite [ 23 ]. The lattice constant \(\:{\prime\:}\text{a}{\prime\:}\) is calculated using the relation, \(\:\text{a}={\text{d}}_{\text{h}\text{k}\text{l}}\sqrt{{\text{h}}^{2}+{\text{k}}^{2}+{\text{l}}^{2}}\) for cubic structures [ 24 ], and d hkl (d-spacing) using Bragg’s equation [ 25 ]. Whereas \(\:\text{h}\text{k}\text{l}{\prime\:}\text{s}\) are the corresponding Miller indices as shown in Table 1 . The percentage crystallinity is estimated using the XRD (WAXS) formula [ 26 ]. Table 1 Microstructural parameter of pure and synthesized samples. Material \(\:\mathbf{a}=\mathbf{b}=\mathbf{c}\) (Å) \(\:\mathbf{h}\mathbf{k}\mathbf{l}\) ’s d-spacing (Å) Calculated Percentage Crystallinity Pristine CdO 4.69 111 200 220 311 222 400 2.71 2.35 1.66 1.42 1.36 1.17 98.5 PANI-DBSA-10%CdO 4.68 111 200 220 311 222 400 2.71 2.33 1.64 1.39 1.32 1.13 75.05 PANI-DBSA-20%CdO 4.68 111 200 220 311 222 400 2.71 2.33 1.64 1.39 1.32 1.13 95.54 Table 2 Average crystallite size, lattice strain, and dislocation density are estimated from the Debye-Scherrer, Williamson-Hall, and Size-Strain plot methods. Material Average particle size (nm) Lattice strain ε × 10 − 3 Dislocation Density δ × 10 − 3 (nm − 2 ) D-S S-P W–H SSP W–H SSP Pure PANI 0.50 - - - - - - PANI-DBSA 0.32 - - - - - 108.6 Pristine CdO 28.9 28.5 29 28 0.6 0.8 1.7 PANI-DBSA-10%CdO 31 33 45 36 5.8 2 1.3 PANI-DBSA-20%CdO 34 36 43 47 6.3 3 5.3 Furthermore, four different XRD data methods have deployed to estimate the particle sizes namely (D-S) Debye- Scherrer formula [ 27 ], (S-P) Scherrer-plot [ 28 ], (W-H) Williamson-Hall plot [ 29 ], and (SSP) Size-Strain plot [ 27 ], also the results have mentioned in Table 2 above. The estimated results depicted a decrease in particle size of the synthesized composites as compared to pristine CdO, and an increase in their lattice strain and dislocation density. The increasing trend of lattice strain and the dislocation density of PANI-DBSA-CdO composites may be attributed to an improved surface-to-volume ratio [ 23 ]. 4.2. Functional Group Analysis FTIR spectra of the synthesized electrode materials are investigated in the range (500 to 4000) cm − 1 wavenumber as shown in Fig. 3 . C = C stretching vibrations are appeared at 1534 cm − 1 and 1456 cm − 1 owing to aromatic (quinoid and benzenoid) units, C-N stretching vibrations are observed at 1295 cm − 1, and NH–Q–NH bonds are appeared at 1194 cm − 1 in pure PANI [ 30 ]. PANI-DBSA IR bands are witnessed at wavenumber 2918 cm − 1 and 2845 cm − 1 that may be attributed to –CH 2 or –CH 3 stretching mode of vibrations, whereas the presence of C = C stretching bands (1534 cm − 1 and 1456 cm − 1 ) may be assigned to (benzenoid & quinoid) units that also confirmed the nanocomposite formation [ 31 ]. C-H in-plane IR peaks are observed at 1136 cm − 1 whereas the R-SO 3 − associated IR bands are seen at 1042 cm − 1 in PANI-DBSA composite [ 32 , 33 ]. A broad C-H out-of-plane IR peak is appeared at 823 cm − 1 and S = O stretching peak is observed at 656 cm − 1 that may describe the existence of DBSA in the PANI matrix [ 34 , 35 ]. Pristine CdO is exhibiting the Cd-O stretching mode of vibrations at 656 and 856 cm − 1 as well as the C–H wagging mode of vibrations at 1386 cm − 1 [ 36 ]. PANI-DBSA-CdO composites spectra contain not only all the characteristic bands of PANI and PANI-DBSA but also contain the characteristic band 1386 cm − 1 of pristine CdO at 1211 cm − 1 . The increasing concentration of CdO in the PANI-DBSA composite results in a reduction of peak intensity that confirms the formation of the PANI-DBSA-CdO nanocomposite. The stretching vibrations of C = O are appeared at 1655.5 cm − I which indicate the presence of over oxidized carbonyl group due to the powerful oxidant APS [ 37 ]. 4.3. Surface Morphological analysis The electrochemical properties and the kinetics of the electroactive materials can be affected by their morphologies and particle sizes. The materials with small particle sizes are considered better for electrochemical performance [ 38 ]. SEM image of pure PANI reveals the fluffy, flaky, fibrous heaps of PANI nanoparticles of indefinite shapes and sizes. Pristine CdO SEM image depicts the agglomerations of tiny crystallites that are randomly oriented in a variety of morphologies (like cylinders, cones, cuboids, and spheres) along with deep pores [ 22 ]. SEM image of PANI-DBSA composite shows immersed rods in the gel-like structure of different lengths and diameters. Whereas PANI-DBSA-CdO composites SEM images depict a random dispersion of CdO nanomaterials in the PANI-DBSA network with fibrous rods like morphology of indefinite sizes and shapes, immersed in the sauce-like architecture. The smooth, regular, and homogeneous surface of PANI-DBSA composite with rods of greater (diameter and length), gesturing a good diffusive network. Whereas PANI-DBSA-CdO composites have rough, irregular & inhomogeneous surfaces of scattered and pointed rod edges of shorter (length & diameter) along with clusters of CdO NPs, thereby providing greater voids and disrupted pathways for charge transportation. Therefore, PANI-DBSA composite can be considered to have better charge transportation due to the enlarged surface-to-volume ratio thereby exposing more binding sites for interaction [ 39 ]. 5. Electrical Response (dc) Room temperature dc conductivity values can be estimated from the slope of (Current vs Voltage) characteristic curves using the relation [ 40 ] $$\:\varvec{\sigma\:}=\frac{\mathbf{I}\mathbf{L}}{\mathbf{V}\mathbf{A}}$$ 1 Where L and A are the thickness and cross-sectional area of the prepared pellets. The obtained IV characteristic curves of pure PANI, PANI-DBSA, and PANI-DBSA-CdO nanocomposites at different weight percentages of dopant CdO at room temperature are shown in Fig. 5 . The estimated conductivity values are (2.5 x 10 − 6 , 9.7 x 10 − 3 , 5.0 x 10 − 3 , 3.5 x 10 − 3 ) S m − 1 for pure PANI, PANI-DBSA, PANI-DBSA-10%CdO, and PANI-DBSA-20%CdO composites respectively. An increase in the conductivity is observed for PANI-DBSA nanocomposite as compared to pure PANI whereas it decreases for higher concentrations of dopant CdO (10 and 20)%. The increase in dc conductivity may be attributed to the development of more diffusive and paved particle pathways that may contribute to fast electronic transportation [ 41 ]. The insertion of surfactant (DBSA) into the PANI matrix organized the PANI chains network in a greater order thereby, decreasing the porosity of PANI chains and increasing the density of PANI-DBSA nanocomposite. As a consequence, the weak links between the grains of PANI are greatly improved and strongly coupled through the grain boundaries resulting in the improvement of the macroscopic conductivity. The decremented dc conductivity at higher concentrations of CdO dopant in PANI-DBSA-CdO composites may be ascribed to the blockage of conducting pathways and due to the dominant poor conductivity of metal oxides [ 42 ]. The observed enhanced conductivity of PANI-DBSA composite might refer it be a potential material for SC electrode preparation. Hence it can be concluded that the electrical performance of the prepared electrodes increases up to a certain level of CdO doping concentration into the PANI matrix and then high surface area begins to decline it under further loading of CdO content. 6. Electrochemical Properties for Supercapacitor Applications 6.1. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) Electrochemical redox performances of prepared material electrodes were investigated through CV profile curves that were carried out in a potential range of (-0.6 to 0.4) V using a 3-electrode cell with KOH (3.0 M) electrolytic solution. The CV profile curves of all the prepared electrodes describe nearly the same peak potentials and the increasing peak currents as the scan rate increases from (5 to 100) mV s − 1 that may indicate their good capacitive and steady reversible behavior. The quasi-rectangular shapes of pure PANI CV profile curves and increasing integrated area with the increasing scan rate describe its pseudocapacitive nature and enhanced charge mobility per unit time. The CV profile curves of the PANI-DBSA and PANI-DBSA-CdO composite electrodes are close to rectangular shapes and exhibit mirror-image characteristics for both positive and negative sweep potential. These profile curves demonstrate relatively better reversibility and pseudocapacitive behavior of the composite electrodes. The synergic effect of PANI-DBSA composite results in the enhancement of PANI electrochemical performance as observed from increased redox peak current. This can be attributed to the change in morphology of PANI NPs into PANI Nanorods, short ion diffusion, transport pathways, porosity as well as high specific area. Whereas, the declination of redox performance in PANI-DBSA-CdO composites (at higher concentrations of dopant CdO) deteriorates the diffusion pathways and decreases the redox peak current. This emphasizes that the synergistic effect does not favor the weak chains of PANI-matrix to arrange themselves in long-chained polymer, also the agglomeration of large surface area CdO NPs favors the formation of small oligomers of PANI chains rather than long chains. Therefore, their electrochemical performance is greatly suppressed as the dopant concentration increases. The specific capacitance can be estimated by the relation (2) [ 43 ]. C s = \(\:\frac{\int\:\:\mathbf{i}\left(\mathbf{V}\right)\mathbf{d}\mathbf{V}}{\mathbf{m}\mathbf{k}\varvec{\Delta\:}\mathbf{V}}\) ………………………(F g − 1 ) (2) Where, ∫ i(V) dV, ΔV, and m are the area of the CV loop, potential range, and the working electrode’s active mass. Using the above Eq. (2), the estimated specific capacitance values of pure PANI, pristine CdO, PANI-DBSA, PANI-DBSA-10%CdO, and PANI-DBSA-20%CdO composites are (143, 102, 565, 238, and 103) F g − 1 respectively, based on CV profile curves as shown in Fig. 6 . However, the enhanced CV integration area of PANI-DBSA composite as compared to pure PANI, pristine CdO, and PANI-DBSA-CdO composites may be due to the availability of more electrochemical active sites, and better charge transportation [ 44 ]. The decreasing trend of specific capacitance with the increasing scan rate indicates that the redox reactions are not completely supported by the inner redox-active centers [ 45 ]. Therefore, maximum redox-active sites are accessible only at low scan rates for the fast transportation of electrolytic ions. The fast ion transportation increases the rate of oxidation-reduction reactions resulting in higher capacitance values [ 46 ]. Therefore, the capacitance values at low scan rates are the true values. 6.2. Galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) The GCD profile curves of prepared material electrodes were carried out in (3.0 M) KOH electrolyte solution at current densities (8.33, 12.5, 16.7, 20.8, 25.0, 29.2, 33.3, 41.7) A g − 1 in (-0.6 to 0.4) V potential range as shown in Fig. 7 . The symmetric and non-linear shapes of pure and synthesized material electrodes describe the reversibility and pseudocapacitive behavior of redox reactions. The slope of the GCD discharge curve is usually comprised of two portions: a portion parallel to the y-axis describes the IR drop whereas the non-linear portion describes its pseudocapacitive nature. It is obvious from our obtained GCD profile curves that the composite electrodes have smaller IR drops than pure PANI and pristine CdO therefore, offer small contact resistance. The non-linear portion of GCD profile curves confirms their pseudocapacitive nature [ 47 ]. Morphology is considered to be the measure of the redox kinetics of a material that describes whether the material is capacitive or not. The porous fibrous rod-like network of PANI-DBSA composite provides more ion diffusion trails, making it a capacitive material due to its enhanced ion transportation. For the estimation of specific capacity, energy density, and power density of the pure and prepared materials, the following equations have been employed [ 43 ]. Cs = \(\:\frac{\mathbf{I}\varvec{\Delta\:}\mathbf{T}}{\mathbf{m}\varDelta\:\mathbf{V}}\) …………………….(F g −1 ) (3) E = \(\:\frac{0.5\:\mathbf{C}\mathbf{s}\:({\mathbf{V}\mathbf{m}\mathbf{a}\mathbf{x}\mathbf{i}}^{2}-{\mathbf{V}\mathbf{m}\mathbf{i}\mathbf{n}\mathbf{i}}^{2})}{3.6}\) ……………..(Wh kg −1 ) (4) \(\:\mathbf{P}=\:\frac{3600\mathbf{E}}{\mathbf{T}}\:\:\:\) ………………….(W kg −1 ) (5) Where I, ΔT, ΔV = Vmaxi-Vmimi, and m, are the discharge current, discharge time, High-low potential limits, and deposited mass of active material, respectively. It has been observed from the GCD profile curves that PANI-DBSA composite has the smallest IR drop and better electrochemical properties, making it the most promising material for SC electrode preparation than the rest of pure and composite materials. The higher electrical conductivity of the PANI-DBSA composite also contributes to its excellent electrochemical performance. The Ragone plot is also considered to demonstrate the overall electrochemical performance of a superconductor. It is observed from Ragone plots that the PANI-DBSA composite has better electrochemical performance than the others. Table 3 Electrochemical parameters of prepared samples. Composition Cs (F g − 1 ) E (Wh kg − 1 ) P (W kg − 1 ) Pristine CdO Pure PANI PANI-DBSA PANI-DBSA-10%CdO PANI-DBSA-20%CdO 105 143 569 248 132 1.2 1.5 12.3 5.5 1.3 607 564 812 994 375 Moreover, the PANI-DBSA composite has excellent cyclic stability, even after 20,000 cycles it retains over 85% of its redox peak area at a 5 mV s − 1 scan rate as illustrated in Fig. 9 . This reduction in capacity may be attributed to the fact that a large degree of insertion and de-insertion of ions into the PANI backbone develop defects that will reduce the charge-storing capability and the stability of the composite. Significantly, the PANI-DBSA composite exhibits excellent cyclic stability and reversibility, suggesting it to be an excellent SC electrode material. Similar results have been published by some other researchers like PANI-DBSA-Fe 3 O 4 composite electrodes possessing a specific capacity of 180 F g − 1 and energy density of 6.33 Wh kg − 1 . Furthermore, it has 97% coulombic efficiency and 407 W kg − 1 power density at 0.44 A g − 1 current density [ 48 ]. PANI-NiCoO 4 nanocomposite demonstrated 439.4 Fg − 1 specific capacity and retained almost 66.11% of it after 1000 cycles [ 49 ]. PANI-RGO-SiO 2 composite demonstrated 780 F g − 1 specific capacity and retained almost 85% of it [ 50 ]. A careful literature review emphasizes that the electrical and electrochemical performances of the composite electrodes increase with the increasing concentration of oxide up to a certain level and then the high surface area structure begins to destroy with subsequent oxide loading [ 51 ]. Similarly in our case, the electrical and electrochemical properties are observed to improve with increasing concentration of CdO dopant in the composite (up to 5% weight of dopant CdO) as previously reported but with further CdO loading, the IR drop becomes higher, and high surface area architecture begins to destroy which results in the decrement of electrical and electrochemical properties and follow up our CV results. 6.3. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) The capacitive performances of prepared samples were estimated through the EIS technique and the obtained Nyquist plots are shown in Fig. 10 . The non-zero intercept on the impedance real axis (Z) is the quantitative measure of ohmic resistance (Rs), whereas the semicircular part is linked to the charge-transfer resistance (Rct) of all the material electrodes at a high-frequency region that may be attributed to ions exchange at the electrode/electrolyte boundary. The smallest semi-circular diameter of the PANI-DBSA composite electrode in comparison to all other electrode materials may be attributed to its lowest Rs value at the electrode/electrolyte boundary and reflects its conductive nature. Additionally, almost all the electrode materials show a nearly vertical profile and the deviations of straight lines from 90 o at the low-frequency region correspond to Warburg diffusion resistance that may be attributed to the diffusion of protons at the electrode/electrolyte boundary. The least steep line of the PANI-DBSA electrode at the low-frequency region may be attributed to the fast adsorption of ions at the electrode surface and reveals its pseudocapacitive nature [ 52 ]. The inset equivalent circuit was used to fit Nyquist plots using Randle’s model. In contrast to the contents used here, an infinite series of simple electrical elements are required to estimate the results. Thus, the synergic effect of PANI-DBSA hybrid material results in lower (Rs, Rct & diffusion) resistances as compared to pure and higher weight% CdO composites which support our CV and GCD results and demonstrates its robustness for making stretchable, wearable, and portable supercapacitor electrodes. 7. Conclusion In-situ polymerization route was chosen to synthesize the electrode materials. The structural (physical & chemical), and surface morphological analysis of all the pure and prepared samples were characterized through XRD, FTIR, and SEM techniques. The CV results of the PANI-DBSA composite showed a higher specific capacitance (565 F g − 1 ) than Pure PANI (143 F g − 1 ) and Pristine CdO (102 F g − 1 ) at a 5 mV s − 1 scan rate. The GCD results follow up the same trend as CV and showed a higher specific capacity for PANI-DBSA composite (569 F g − 1 ) at 8.33 A g − 1 with higher (12.3 Wh kg − 1 ) energy density and higher (812 W kg − 1 ) power density respectively. The obtained high capacity, excellent reversibility, higher (energy & power) densities, and lower (Rs, Rct, & diffusion) resistances, make it a robust material for developing stretchable, wearable, and portable supercapacitor electrodes. It has also been observed that the addition of surfactant (DBSA) in PANI-CdO nanocomposites didn’t effectively pave the diffusion pathways in the PANI-DBSA-CdO network for higher concentrations of CdO dopant and results in the blockage of charge carriers and a heavy suppression of their electrical & electrochemical performances. Abbreviations Polyaniline PANI Pseudocapacitance PC Cadmium Oxide CdO Electrochemical Capacitor EC Dodecyl Benzene sulphonic Acid DBSA Hybrid Supercapacitor HSC Camphor sulphonic Acid CSA Conducting Polymer CP X-ray Diffraction XRD Equivalent Series Resistance ESR Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation FTIR Polypyrrole PPY Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM Polythiophene PTh Debye-Scherrer D-S Polyaniline/Nickle Hydroxide PANI/Ni(OH) 2 Williamson-Hall W-H Polyaniline/Molybdenum dioxide PANI/MoS 2 Size-Strain S-S Polyaniline/Molybdenum Trioxide/Graphene PANI/MoO 3 /GN Cyclic Voltammetry CV Polypyrrole/Carbon nanotubes/Manganese dioxide PPy/CNT/MnO 2 Galvanostatic Charge-Discharge GCD Cobalt (II) Oxide CoO Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy EIS Ferric Oxide Fe 2 O 3 Supercapacitor SC Vanadium Pentoxide V 2 O 5 Specific Capacitance Cs Metal Oxides Mos Amine Group -NH- Asymmetric Supercapacitor ASSC Transition Metal Oxide TMO Symmetric Supercapacitor SSC Manganese dioxide MnO 2 Manganese Nickle Cobalt MNCO Molybdenum trioxide MoO 3 Sulfuric Acid H 2 SO 4 Copper Oxide CuO Sodium Sulfate Na 2 SO 4 Zinc Oxide ZnO Molarity M Titanium dioxide TiO 2 Nickle Molybdenum Tetroxide NiMoO 4 Ruthenium oxide RuO 2 Graphene Oxide GO Nano Particles NPs Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards JCPDS Current-Voltage IV Wide Angle Diffraction Scattering WAXS Ammonium Persulfate APS Space Charge Limited Current SCLC Hydrochloric acid HCl Indium Tin Oxide ITO Platinum Pt Angstrom Å Silver/Silver Chloride Ag/AgCl Lattice Strain ε Potassium hydroxide KOH Dislocation Density δ Nickel Ni Polyaniline/Carbon/Titanium Nitride PANI/C/TiN Face Centered Cubic FCC Nickel Terephthalate Ni-Tp Wide angle X-ray scattering WAXS Potassium Nitrate KNO 3 Electric Double Layer Capacitance EDLC Nickle Cobalt Phosphide NiCoP Nickel Cobaltite NiCo 2 O 4 Nickle Cobalt Sulfide NiCo 2 S 4 Farad per gram F g −1 Phosphating Cobalt Molybdate P-CoMoO 4 Watt-hour per kilogram Wh kg −1 Polyaniline-Reduced Graphene Oxide-Silicon Dioxide PANI-RGO-SiO 2 Watt per kilogram W kg −1 Potassium Nitrate KNO 3 Polyaniline-Reduced Graphene Oxide-Manganese Oxide PANI-GR-Mn 3 O 4 Sodium Sulfate Na 2 SO 4 Polyaniline-SA Titanium Dioxide-Tin Oxide PANI-SA*TiO 2 -SnO 2 Sodium Hydroxide NaOH Declarations Author Contribution Credit authorship contribution statementNadeem Anwar, Abdul Shakoor: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources. Haseeb Ahmad, Muhammad Irfan, Ariba Bibi: Data curation, Software, Visualization, Writing - original draft. Ghulam Ali, Niaz Ahmad Niaz: Supervision, Validation, Writing - review & editing. Declaration of Interest statement We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this manuscript and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome. We confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved by all named authors and that there are no other persons who satisfied the criteria for authorship but are not listed. We further confirm that the order of authors listed in the manuscript has been approved by all of us. References Cheng, Q.; Tang, J.; Ma, J.; Zhang, H.; Shinya, N.; and Qin, L. C. Carbon 2011 , 49, 2917–2925. Sharma, R. K.; Rastogi, A.C.; Desu, S.B. Electrochimica Acta, 2008 , 53, 7690–7695. Liu, P.; Wang, Y.; Wang, X.; Yang, C.; Yi, Y. J. Nanoparticle Res. 2012 , 14, 1. Xu, J. J.; Wang, K.; Zu, S. Z.; Han, B. H.; Wei, Z. X. ACS Nano 2010 , 4, 5019–5026. Frackowiak, E.; Beguin, F. Carbon 2001 , 39, 937-950. Chen, J. H.; Li, W. Z.; Wang, D. Z. Carbon 2002 ,40, 1193–7. Wu,; Wenling,; Yang, L.; Chen, S.; Shao, Y.; Jing, L.; Zhao, G.; Wei. H. RSC Advances 2015 , 5, 91645–91653. Ji, W. J.; Ji, J. Y.; Cui, X. H.; Chen, J. J.; Liu, D. J.; Deng, H.; Fu, Q. Chem. Commun. 2015 , 51 7669–7672. Zheng, J. P.; Jow, T. R. Journal of Power Source 1996 , 62, 155–159. Chang, J.; Todkar, V. V.; Mane, R. S.; Ham, D.; Ganesh, T.; Han, S.H. Physica E 2009 , 41, 1741-1745. Ahn, Y. R.; Park, C. R.; Jo, S. M.; Kim, D. Y. Applied Physics Letters 2007 , 90, 122106. Wang, G.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, J. Chemical Society Review 2012 , 41, 797–828. Conway, B. E. Electrochemical Supercapacitors: Scientific Fundamentals and Technological Applications, Springer 1999 . Rosario, A. V.; Bulhoes, L. O. S.; Pereira, E. C. Journal of Power Sources 2006 , 158, 795–800. Anwar, N.; Shakoor, A.; Ali, G.; Ahmad, H.; Niaz, N. A.; Arooj, S.; Mahmood, A. Journal of Energy Storage 2022 , 55, 105446. Zhu, J. X.; Sun, W.P.; Yang, D.; Zhang, Y.; Hoon, H.H.; Zhang, H.; Yan, Q.Y. Small 2015 ,11, 4123–4129. Bakhtiarian, E.; Foot, P. J. S.; Tate, P. C. M. Rubber Blends Prepared in Solution. Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology 2016 , 32, 183–200. Radhakrishnan, S.; Prakash, S.; Rao, C. R. K.; Vijayan, M. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 2009 , 12, A84. Long, Y.; Chen, Z.; Wang, N.; Li, J.; Wan, M. Physica B. Condensed Matter 2004 , 4, 82–87. Shi, L.; Wang, X.; Lu, L.; Yang, X.; Wu, X. Synthetic Metals 2009 ,159, 2525–2529. Ullah, R.; Bibi, N.; Haseeba, Khan, A.; Shah, A. A. Physical Chemistry 2018 ,18, 24-29. Walmsley, H.P. Proc. Phys. Soc. London 1928 , 40, 7. Patterson, A. L. The Scherrer Formula for X-Ray Particle Size Determination Phys. Rev. American Physical Society, 1939 ,56, 978-982. Thamri, S.; Sta, I.; Jlassi, M.; Hajji, M.; Ezzaouia, H. Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 2017 , 71, 310–320. Cullity, B.D. Elements of X-ray Diffraction, Addison-Wesley Publishing. 1956 , 56-62. Patterson, A.L. The Scherrer Formula for X-Ray Particle Size Determination Phys. Rev. American Physical Society 1939 ,56, 978-982. Munawar, T.; Mukhtar, F.; Nadeem, M. S.; Mahmood, K.; Hasan, M.; Hussain, A.; Ali, A.; Arshad, M. I.; Iqbal, F. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2020 , 253. Mukhtar, F.; Munawar, T.; Shahid, M.; Murtaza, N.; Fayyaz, H. Appl. Phys. A 2020 . Munawar, T.; Iqbal, F.; Yasmeen, S.; Mahmood, K.; Hussain, A. Ceram. Int. 2019 , 1–17. Lee H. T.; Yang, S. J. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2010 ,116, 934. Basavaraja, C.; Kim, W. J.; Kim, D. G.; Huh, D. S. Polym. Compos. 2012 , 33, 3. Saini, P.; Choudhary, V.; Sood, K. N.; Dhawan, S. K. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2009 ,113, 3146. Oh, M.; Kim, S. Electrochim. Acta 2012 ,59, 196. Wang, X.; Ray, S.; Gizdavic-Nikolaidis, M.; Easteal, A. J. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2012 ,50, 353. Lu, X.; Ng, H. Y.; Xu, J.; He, C. Synth. Met. 2002 ,128, 167. Gao, Y.; Yao, S.; Gong, J.; Qu, L. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2007 ,28, 286. Smith, B. C. Spectroscopy 2015 , 30, 16-23. Aamir, A.; Ahmad, A.; Shah, S. K.; Ain, N. ul; Mehmood, M.; Khan, Y.; Rehman, Z. Ur. J. Mater Sci: Mater Electron. 2020 . Yadav, A.; Agarwal, A.; Agarwal, P. B.; Saini, P. Journal of Nanoparticles 2015 , 1-6. Zhang, W.; Ma, C.; Fang, J.; Cheng, J.; Zhang, X.; Dongb, S.; Zhang, L. RSC Adv. 2013 ,3, 2483-2490. Batool, A.; Kanwal, F.; Imran, M.; Jamil, T.; Siddiqi, S. A. Synthetic Metals 2012 , 161, 2753–2758. Bhende, M. S.; Bobade, R. S.; Yawale, S. P.; Yawale, S. S. Sci. Revs. Chem. Commun. 2012 , 2, 413-418. Das, A. K.; Maiti, S.; Khatua, B.B. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2015 ,739, 10. Fan, W.; Zhang, C.; Tjiu, W. W.; Pramoda, K. P.; He, C.; Liu, T. ACS Appl, Mater. Interfaces 2013 ,5, 3382. Jin, Y.; Jia, M. Coll. Surf. A 2015 ,464, 17. Stoller, M. D.; Park, S.; Zhu, Y.; An, J.; Ruof, R.S. Nano Lett. 2008 ,8, 3498. Girija, T.C.; Sangaranarayanan, M.V. Synth. Met. 2006 , 156, 244–250. Shao, L.; Jeon, J.; Lutkenhaus, J.L. Chem. Mater. 2012, 24, 181-189. Xu, H.; Wu, J.X.; Chen, Y.; Zhang, J.L.; Zhang, B.Q. Ionics 2015 ,21, 2615–2622. Bolagam, R.; Boddula, R.; Srinivasan, P. International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials 2016 , 65, 835-840. Aaditya, V. B.; Prabhu, A. D.; Bharathesh, B. M.; Chaluvaraju, B. V.; Raghavendra, U. P.; Thipperudrappa, J.; Murugendrappa, M. V. Materials Today: Proceedings 2018 , 5, 20874–20881. Asen, P.; Shahrokhian, S.; Zad, A.I. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2017 ,42, 21073. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 23 Jan, 2025 Read the published version in Polymer Bulletin → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 04 Nov, 2024 Reviews received at journal 13 Oct, 2024 Reviews received at journal 04 Oct, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Sep, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Sep, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Sep, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 23 Sep, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 24 Aug, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 24 Aug, 2024 First submitted to journal 23 Aug, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4963897","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":357836466,"identity":"a5b3b2b5-84c6-4521-b106-48bae99a0428","order_by":0,"name":"Nadeem Anwar","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACAwjFznzwwQcgzcZOtBZmtmTDGSAtzMRr4TGT5gEzCKg3Zz+88cHHnFp5/ma2BGmbX9vk+ZgZGD98zMGtxbInrdhw5rbjhjMOMx8wzu27bdjGzMAsOXMbHlcdyDGT5t12LMGAmS0hObfnNiNQCxszLz4t59+Y//4L1sJjcNiy57Y9YS03csyYGbfVgLQYNjP8uJ1IhJZnxZK92w4A/cKWzNjbcDu5jZmxGb9fzidv/PBzW508f3vz8R8//ty2nd/efPDDRzxaoOAwhGJsA5MNBNUDQR2U/kOM4lEwCkbBKBhpAACBrVHQRU8uiAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nadeem","middleName":"","lastName":"Anwar","suffix":""},{"id":357836467,"identity":"1720529e-5861-4df5-a3f5-dd4c647a9e85","order_by":1,"name":"Abdul Shakoor","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdul","middleName":"","lastName":"Shakoor","suffix":""},{"id":357836472,"identity":"8a11ff10-9615-49cf-88a1-3252d83fea65","order_by":2,"name":"Ghulam Ali","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National University of Sciences and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ghulam","middleName":"","lastName":"Ali","suffix":""},{"id":357836473,"identity":"69b553ee-fb61-43d4-a05d-bcbdf6a49167","order_by":3,"name":"Haseeb Ahmad","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National University of Sciences and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Haseeb","middleName":"","lastName":"Ahmad","suffix":""},{"id":357836474,"identity":"beb1c377-8381-4524-8d0f-ca2a8e8b66eb","order_by":4,"name":"Niaz Ahmad Niaz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Niaz","middleName":"Ahmad","lastName":"Niaz","suffix":""},{"id":357836475,"identity":"48526fa5-5440-4d23-87df-494ef53aca78","order_by":5,"name":"Muhammad Irfan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhammad","middleName":"","lastName":"Irfan","suffix":""},{"id":357836476,"identity":"03acbd40-2110-4540-bd07-a780c61330dd","order_by":6,"name":"Ariba Bibi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ariba","middleName":"","lastName":"Bibi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-08-23 11:23:57","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4963897/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4963897/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-024-05632-z","type":"published","date":"2025-01-23T15:57:47+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":65145534,"identity":"2a25fc41-3f26-4d45-b0f7-66fc47499c02","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-24 06:09:40","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":853476,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eXRD patterns of pure PANI, PANI-DBSA, PANI-DBSA-10%CdO, PANI-DBSA-20%CdO composites and pristine CdO.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4963897/v1/6bf5541fa9dcf6f7f138a6ce.png"},{"id":65144120,"identity":"1a392842-3bf2-4390-b5d4-e61fefbcbc43","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-24 06:01:40","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":840147,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe Scherrer Plots are drawn between lnβ and ln(1/cosθ), Williamson-Hall analysis plots drawn between 4sinθ and β\u003csub\u003ehkl\u003c/sub\u003e cosθ, Size–Strain plots between (d\u003csub\u003ehkl\u003c/sub\u003e β\u003csub\u003ehkl\u003c/sub\u003e cosθ)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e and (d\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003ehkl\u003c/sub\u003e β\u003csub\u003ehkl\u003c/sub\u003e cosθ) for all XRD peaks of\u0026nbsp; PANI-10%CdO, PANI-20%CdO composites, and pristine CdO.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4963897/v1/17e78fe181fd1b00084bb9e7.png"},{"id":65145535,"identity":"00e8d3e3-f029-487c-b1fd-d12bf7c3eaf6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-24 06:09:40","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":649448,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFTIR spectra of pure PANI, PANI-DBSA, PANI-DBSA-10%CdO, PANI-DBSA-20%CdO and pristine CdO.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4963897/v1/c01af66f4736a0d2464aa94d.png"},{"id":65144123,"identity":"abbaa981-ee45-48d8-8a77-f439a8ea0208","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-24 06:01:40","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":628257,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSEM images of pure PANI, pristine CdO, PANI-DBSA, PANI-DBSA-10%CdO, and PANI-DBSA-20%CdO composite.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4963897/v1/a92ef2fe3cb679e322205f3d.png"},{"id":65146809,"identity":"2db29067-def8-4c53-9f9e-144c78a26035","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-24 06:25:40","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":824325,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCurrent vs Voltage (IV) characteristic curves of pure PANI, PANI-DBSA, PANI-DBSA-10%CdO, and PANI-DBSA-20%CdO.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4963897/v1/332cd370e9a3e5a7601e5609.png"},{"id":65144126,"identity":"8b82e3c9-04ce-4482-8222-90645bf78caa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-24 06:01:40","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1303897,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCyclic Voltammetry (CV) curves and Specific Capacitance vs Scan Rate of pure PANI, pristine CdO, PANI-DBSA, PANI-DBSA-10%CdO, and PANI-DBSA-20%CdO composite electrodes.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4963897/v1/6165baad4a5443b10e1329d7.png"},{"id":65144128,"identity":"ee2a436b-9713-4fb0-a929-047a8b9e6113","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-24 06:01:40","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2006365,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCyclic Charge Discharge (GCD) profile of pure PANI, pristine CdO, PANI-DBSA, PANI-DBSA-10%CdO, and PANI-DBSA-20%CdO composite electrodes.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4963897/v1/b2bef19f1ad37768b3d94c1e.png"},{"id":65144130,"identity":"8a4cac96-df8e-4119-9724-a30219d6fbec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-24 06:01:40","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1721286,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCapacitance vs Current Density and Ragone plot of pure PANI, pristine CdO, PANI-DBSA, PANI-DBSA-10%CdO, and PANI-DBSA-20%CdO composite electrodes.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4963897/v1/17e4673da3ee5c07141848dd.png"},{"id":65145728,"identity":"9afd3109-8a6c-48e7-ac53-be855f5ff694","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-24 06:17:40","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":741139,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStability of PANI-DBSA after 20,000\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e cycles.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4963897/v1/0c353737eee7ab4f90ed0a64.png"},{"id":65145537,"identity":"7953e827-f5e7-4748-859e-9367a6eea583","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-24 06:09:40","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":877766,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eNyquist plots for pristine CdO, pure PANI, PANI-DBSA, PANI-DBSA-10%CdO, PANI-DBSA-20%CdO nanocomposites.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4963897/v1/970714b6d4020978de03b405.png"},{"id":74858473,"identity":"9a37714f-e98b-4d82-90d2-11c85ab874e7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-27 16:10:05","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":8729881,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4963897/v1/06451f1b-d212-4f2c-9b51-aa4c4fa13d4a.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Preparation and Characterization of Polyaniline-Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid-Cadmium Oxide (PANI-DBSA-CdO) Composites: As an Electrode Material for Energy Storage Applications","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConducting Polymers (CPs) have extensively studied pseudocapacitive materials due to their ease of processing, low environmental mitigation, cost-effectiveness, broad potential window, high capacitance, high extrinsic conductivity, and chemically tunable redox properties. CPs can store the charge not only at the interface between the electrode and electrolyte but also in the bulk, as no phase/structural changes are involved during the charge/discharge process. Therefore, CPs possess high capacitive values, high conductivity, and low ESR values as compared to carbon-based SC materials, thereby owing to their redox storage characteristics and high surface area [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the electrode stability is limited due to mechanical stresses developed during the charge/discharge cycles of the redox reaction [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. As the ions diffuse into the bulk, therefore slow kinetics affect the power densities, which are the main disadvantages of CPs. The CPs commonly include (PANI) polyaniline, (PTh) polythiophene, (PPy) polypyrrole, and their derivatives [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolyaniline (PANI) is an eminent polymer electrode for its ease of synthesis, high conductivity, mechanical stability, large storage capacity, low cost, and environmental stability. However, the successive charging/discharging causes the degradation of PANI electrode performance practically. Researchers are trying to synthesize PANI-based composite electrodes to improve their electrochemical properties. PANI has a flexible structure resulting in better casting between two components at the nanoscale. This can be accompanied by a better synergic effect in the nanocomposite architecture. Therefore, PANI has been mixed with carbon materials and metal oxides/hydroxides [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe EDLCs have greater storage capability as highly porous materials such as activated carbon, graphene, and CNTs have been used, which increase the electrolyte accessibility due to their relatively high specific surface area [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. The EDLCs possess good electrical properties due to large charge deposition at the electrode surface, good mechanical strength, large specific area, and excellent cyclic stability. Both the stability and the conductivity of activated carbon materials compromised with the increasing surface area as the material became highly porous [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is considered that the high electrical conductivity and the suitable morphology of TMOs significantly impact on their electrochemical performances. Moreover, TMOs exist in two or more oxidation states are considered more suitable for electrochemical supercapacitor application. Owing to their outstanding electrical \u0026amp; electrochemical responses and cost-effectiveness, TMOs can be used in the preparation of advanced HECs for green energy systems. TMOs have oxygen vacancies on their surfaces that can help to enhance their surface reactivity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Ruthenium oxide (RuO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) was the first material to show pseudocapacitive behavior and possessed high specific capacity of 720 F g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and excellent cyclic retention, but it was too expansive to be commercially viable [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. In recent years, various TMO-based prepared SC electrode materials exhibited different specific capacitances such as MnO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e], Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], V\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], CoOx [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e], NiOx [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], and so on. Among the various TMOs, CdO is a promising candidate for SC electrode material due to its pseudocapacitive characteristics, high electrical conductivity, high capacity, large surface area, ease of availability, thermal \u0026amp; chemical stability, two oxidation states, and low cost [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Cadmium Oxide has achieved high conductivity by the virtue of shallow donors, generated by intrinsic cadmium atom interstitials and the oxygen vacancies. The intrinsic dopability of CdO accompanied by tremendous Hall mobility results in excellent electrical conductivity. Thus, cadmium oxide (CdO) and its composites can be an effective low-cost SC electrode material [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarlier, we have reported the synthesis and electrochemical performance of PANI-CdO composites which have exhibited remarkable electrochemical properties up to 5% concentration of CdO dopant and recommended to be used as an electrode material for supercapacitor applications [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the electrochemical properties of PANI-CdO nanocomposites are observed to be suppressed heavily under the higher (10 \u0026amp; 20) % concentration of CdO dopant. It could be considered that the limited conductivity of PANI-CdO composites at higher concentrations of dopant CdO may be associated with the poor solubility and the low dispersion of CdO nanoparticles into the PANI matrix. Therefore, a surfactant like dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) has introduced for the protonation to make long chain PANI-CdO composites. The surfactant is considered to provide some extra charge carriers that might result in an enhanced processability and more uniform dispersion of CdO nanoparticles into the PANI matrix.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this work, PANI-DBSA and PANI-DBSA-CdO composites have been synthesized using an In-situ polymerization process, whereas their structural, morphological, and compound identification studies have investigated through XRD, SEM, and FTIR analysis, electrical properties through IV curves, and electrochemical properties tested through (CV, GCD, and EIS-develop) analysis.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Experimental route","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Material Resources\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll the materials of analytical grade were taken and consumed without any further purification except Aniline. Aniline (monomer) liquid was taken from Raidel-de-Haen and was further purified to remove the traces of polyaniline through a vacuum distillation process under reduced pressure until it became colorless. Cadmium Oxide powder was taken from chemical reagents (UNI-CHϵM), Ammonium persulfate (APS) powder was taken from Duksan Reagents, whereas, Hydrocloric acid (HCl) liquid was provided by Sacharlu.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Polyaniline (PANI) Synthesis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolyaniline (PANI) was synthesized using In-situ polymerization method at room temperature in an open atmosphere. Aniline (monomer) to APS (oxidant) molar ratio was kept at 2:1. For this, 6.125 g APS (oxidant) and 5 ml aniline (monomer) were poured in 150 ml de-ionizing water and stirred magnetically in the open atmosphere for 10 min and then 5 ml HCl was poured dropwise into this solution for protonation. The pH of the solution was strictly maintained at 1 and stirred vigorously for an hour. The solution was left free in the open atmosphere for 12 hours to complete the polymerization process. The PANI solution was turned into greenish-black, which was then filtered and washed thrice with distilled water and once with methanol to remove HCl. Finally, the obtained paste like PANI solution was dried and minced to form powder [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Polyaniline-Dodecyl benzene Sulfonic Acid (PANI-DBSA) Synthesis Process\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAniline (monomer) 5 ml was poured into 100 ml de-ionizing water and stirred magnetically in an open atmosphere at room temperature. The aqueous DBSA (8.76 ml) was slowly poured into the aniline solution under continuous magnetic stirring. The APS (oxidant) 6.125 g was dissolved in 50 ml de-ionizing water in another beaker and poured into the Aniline/DBSA solution by keeping the Aniline/DBSA/APS molar ratio 2:1:1. After this, 5 ml HCl was poured dropwise into this solution by keeping its pH equal to 1 and stirred magnetically for an hour. Finally, the obtained greenish-black solution was placed in an open atmosphere for 12 hours to complete the polymerization process. The obtained Paste-like PANI-DBSA solution was filtered and washed with distilled water \u0026amp; acetone. Which was then dried at 70 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC in an oven and minced to form powder [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Polyaniline-Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid-Cadmium Oxide (PANI-DBSA-CdO) Nanocomposite Synthesis Process\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePANI-DBSA-CdO composites were also synthesized with (10, \u0026amp; 20) weight percentages of CdO dopant using In-situ polymerization route. The monomer/DBSA/Oxidant molar ratio was kept at 2:1:1 and CdO was varied by (10 \u0026amp; 20) weight percent of PANI. For this, 5 ml Aniline (monomer), 8.76 ml DBSA, 6.125 g APS, and (0.689, \u0026amp; 1.378) g CdO dopant were poured into 200 ml de-ionizing water and stirred magnetically in an open atmosphere at room temperature. After this, 5 ml HCl was poured dropwise into this solution by keeping its pH equal to 1 and stirred further for an hour. Finally, the obtained greenish-black solution was kept in an open atmosphere for 12 hours to complete the polymerization process. The Paste-like (PANI-DBSA-CdO) solution was filtered and washed with distilled water and ethanol to remove HCl and other impurities (such as byproducts related to doping, oxidant traces, or oligomers of aniline). Which was then dried at 70 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC in an oven and minced to form powder [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Measurements","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Physical Characterization\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe surface morphology of prepared materials was studied using MAIA 3 TESCAN (HV 20.0 kV, SEM MAG: 5.00 kx, View Field: 41.5 \u0026micro;m) SEM. The structural parameters were estimated using Bruker X-ray diffractometer (D8, with specifications CuKα: λ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.54 \u0026Aring;, 2θ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e-90\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e, scan rate\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e/min: operating voltage/current\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40 kV/35 mA). For molecular structural identification and functional group analysis, the KBr pellets were scanned in (500\u0026ndash;4000) cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e wavenumber using Bruker Tensor 27 FTIR spectrometer at room temperature. The electrical response of the prepared materials was estimated using (Keithley-2400) electrometer. The temperature was monitored and controlled using a FENWAL-AR44L1 digital bimetallic thermometer.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Electrometrical testing\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe electrochemical parameters were estimated using an Auto-lab instrument (Model: CHI760E). A three-electrode cell {(comprised of Ag/AgCl reference electrode (RE), Pt counter electrode (CE), and the prepared materials working electrodes (WEs)} was used. Whereas, KOH (3.0 M concentration) was used as an electrolyte. The Ni-foam-based WEs were prepared by loading 1.2 mg of synthesized materials and dried in a vacuum oven at 70 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. The CV measurements were carried out in the potential range (-0.6 to +\u0026thinsp;0.4) V at (5, 10, 20, 50, and 100) mVs\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e scan rate. The GCD test was carried out at current densities (8.33; 12.5; 16.7; 20.8; 25.0; 29.2; 33.3; and 41.7) Ag\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The EIS measurements were carried out at potential (0.7 V) with amplitude (0.005 V\u003csub\u003erms\u003c/sub\u003e) whereas the frequency ranges from (10\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e to 10\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e) Hz.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.1. Structural Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTwo typical diffraction peaks at angle 2\u0026theta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;17.9\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e (d\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.9 \u0026Aring;), and 22.5\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e (d\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.9 \u0026Aring;) are observed in the XRD pattern of pure PANI, confirming its semi-crystalline nature due to repetition of benzenoid and quinoid rings in PANI chains [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. PANI-DBSA composite XRD displayed two distinguish peaks at angle 2\u0026theta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16.28\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e (d\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.44 \u0026Aring;) due to parallel periodicity to PANI chains, and at 2\u0026theta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21.98\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e (d\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.04 \u0026Aring;) due to perpendicular periodicity to PANI chains [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. XRD pattern of pristine CdO showed the characteristic peaks at angle 2\u0026theta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;32.99\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e, 38.28\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e, 55.25\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e, 65.87\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e, and 69.28\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e corresponding to\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\:\\text{h}\\text{k}\\text{l}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (111), (200), (220), (311), and (222) respectively [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. The appeared sharp and narrow peaks describe the crystalline nature and the agglomeration of CdO nanoparticles. The observed reflection peaks of CdO are matched well with the reference patterns of (JCPDS file:01-073-2245, phase\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Cubic (FCC), space group\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Fm-3m, Space group no.225) with monoclinic structure.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eXRD images of PANI-DBSA\u0026ndash;CdO composites reflect the broad PANI peaks between angles 2\u0026theta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026ndash;25\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e and all the diffraction peaks of pristine CdO. The increasing concentration of CdO content in the hybrid composites, makes CdO peaks more prominent thereby increasing their intensity and suppressing the amorphous phase of PANI peaks. A slight decrease in the lattice parameters creates lattice compression which leads to minute drift of XRD peaks towards higher angle 2\u0026theta; values. Moreover, PANI-DBSA-CdO composites have a higher degree of crystallinity as compared to pure PANI and PANI-DBSA composites. This may be attributed to the ordered growth of PANI chains on the larger surface area provided by the CdO nanoparticles. The appearance of additional small peaks in the PANI-DBSA-20%CdO composite may be due to the regular re-arrangement of PANI chains in more ordered fashion in the composite [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. The lattice constant \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\prime\\:}\\text{a}{\\prime\\:}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is calculated using the relation, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{a}={\\text{d}}_{\\text{h}\\text{k}\\text{l}}\\sqrt{{\\text{h}}^{2}+{\\text{k}}^{2}+{\\text{l}}^{2}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e for cubic structures [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], and d\u003csub\u003ehkl\u003c/sub\u003e (d-spacing) using Bragg\u0026rsquo;s equation [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Whereas \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{h}\\text{k}\\text{l}{\\prime\\:}\\text{s}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e are the corresponding Miller indices as shown in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The percentage crystallinity is estimated using the XRD (WAXS) formula [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMicrostructural parameter of pure and synthesized samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaterial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\mathbf{a}=\\mathbf{b}=\\mathbf{c}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(\u0026Aring;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\mathbf{h}\\mathbf{k}\\mathbf{l}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u0026rsquo;s\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ed-spacing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(\u0026Aring;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCalculated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrystallinity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePristine CdO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e311\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e222\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePANI-DBSA-10%CdO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e311\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e222\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePANI-DBSA-20%CdO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e311\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e222\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAverage crystallite size, lattice strain, and dislocation density are estimated from the Debye-Scherrer, Williamson-Hall, and Size-Strain plot methods.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaterial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAverage particle size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(nm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLattice strain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026epsilon;\u0026thinsp;\u0026times;\u0026thinsp;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDislocation Density\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026delta;\u0026thinsp;\u0026times;\u0026thinsp;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e(nm \u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eD-S\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS-P\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eW\u0026ndash;H\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSSP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eW\u0026ndash;H\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSSP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePure PANI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePANI-DBSA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePristine CdO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePANI-DBSA-10%CdO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePANI-DBSA-20%CdO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, four different XRD data methods have deployed to estimate the particle sizes namely (D-S) Debye- Scherrer formula [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e], (S-P) Scherrer-plot [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], (W-H) Williamson-Hall plot [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e], and (SSP) Size-Strain plot [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e], also the results have mentioned in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e above. The estimated results depicted a decrease in particle size of the synthesized composites as compared to pristine CdO, and an increase in their lattice strain and dislocation density. The increasing trend of lattice strain and the dislocation density of PANI-DBSA-CdO composites may be attributed to an improved surface-to-volume ratio [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.2. Functional Group Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFTIR spectra of the synthesized electrode materials are investigated in the range (500 to 4000) cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e wavenumber as shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C stretching vibrations are appeared at 1534 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 1456 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e owing to aromatic (quinoid and benzenoid) units, C-N stretching vibrations are observed at 1295 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1,\u003c/sup\u003e and NH\u0026ndash;Q\u0026ndash;NH bonds are appeared at 1194 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in pure PANI [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePANI-DBSA IR bands are witnessed at wavenumber 2918 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 2845 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e that may be attributed to \u0026ndash;CH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e or \u0026ndash;CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e stretching mode of vibrations, whereas the presence of C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C stretching bands (1534 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 1456 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) may be assigned to (benzenoid \u0026amp; quinoid) units that also confirmed the nanocomposite formation [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. C-H in-plane IR peaks are observed at 1136 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e whereas the R-SO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e associated IR bands are seen at 1042 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in PANI-DBSA composite [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. A broad C-H out-of-plane IR peak is appeared at 823 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and S\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O stretching peak is observed at 656 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e that may describe the existence of DBSA in the PANI matrix [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. Pristine CdO is exhibiting the Cd-O stretching mode of vibrations at 656 and 856 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e as well as the C\u0026ndash;H wagging mode of vibrations at 1386 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. PANI-DBSA-CdO composites spectra contain not only all the characteristic bands of PANI and PANI-DBSA but also contain the characteristic band 1386 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e of pristine CdO at 1211 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The increasing concentration of CdO in the PANI-DBSA composite results in a reduction of peak intensity that confirms the formation of the PANI-DBSA-CdO nanocomposite. The stretching vibrations of C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O are appeared at 1655.5 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;I\u003c/sup\u003e which indicate the presence of over oxidized carbonyl group due to the powerful oxidant APS [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.3. Surface Morphological analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe electrochemical properties and the kinetics of the electroactive materials can be affected by their morphologies and particle sizes. The materials with small particle sizes are considered better for electrochemical performance [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. SEM image of pure PANI reveals the fluffy, flaky, fibrous heaps of PANI nanoparticles of indefinite shapes and sizes. Pristine CdO SEM image depicts the agglomerations of tiny crystallites that are randomly oriented in a variety of morphologies (like cylinders, cones, cuboids, and spheres) along with deep pores [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. SEM image of PANI-DBSA composite shows immersed rods in the gel-like structure of different lengths and diameters. Whereas PANI-DBSA-CdO composites SEM images depict a random dispersion of CdO nanomaterials in the PANI-DBSA network with fibrous rods like morphology of indefinite sizes and shapes, immersed in the sauce-like architecture. The smooth, regular, and homogeneous surface of PANI-DBSA composite with rods of greater (diameter and length), gesturing a good diffusive network. Whereas PANI-DBSA-CdO composites have rough, irregular \u0026amp; inhomogeneous surfaces of scattered and pointed rod edges of shorter (length \u0026amp; diameter) along with clusters of CdO NPs, thereby providing greater voids and disrupted pathways for charge transportation. Therefore, PANI-DBSA composite can be considered to have better charge transportation due to the enlarged surface-to-volume ratio thereby exposing more binding sites for interaction [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Electrical Response (dc)","content":"\u003cp\u003eRoom temperature dc conductivity values can be estimated from the slope of (Current vs Voltage) characteristic curves using the relation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]\u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\varvec{\\sigma\\:}=\\frac{\\mathbf{I}\\mathbf{L}}{\\mathbf{V}\\mathbf{A}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere L and A are the thickness and cross-sectional area of the prepared pellets.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe obtained IV characteristic curves of pure PANI, PANI-DBSA, and PANI-DBSA-CdO nanocomposites at different weight percentages of dopant CdO at room temperature are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. The estimated conductivity values are (2.5 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/sup\u003e, 9.7 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e, 5.0 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e, 3.5 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e) S m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for pure PANI, PANI-DBSA, PANI-DBSA-10%CdO, and PANI-DBSA-20%CdO composites respectively. An increase in the conductivity is observed for PANI-DBSA nanocomposite as compared to pure PANI whereas it decreases for higher concentrations of dopant CdO (10 and 20)%. The increase in dc conductivity may be attributed to the development of more diffusive and paved particle pathways that may contribute to fast electronic transportation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. The insertion of surfactant (DBSA) into the PANI matrix organized the PANI chains network in a greater order thereby, decreasing the porosity of PANI chains and increasing the density of PANI-DBSA nanocomposite. As a consequence, the weak links between the grains of PANI are greatly improved and strongly coupled through the grain boundaries resulting in the improvement of the macroscopic conductivity. The decremented dc conductivity at higher concentrations of CdO dopant in PANI-DBSA-CdO composites may be ascribed to the blockage of conducting pathways and due to the dominant poor conductivity of metal oxides [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. The observed enhanced conductivity of PANI-DBSA composite might refer it be a potential material for SC electrode preparation. Hence it can be concluded that the electrical performance of the prepared electrodes increases up to a certain level of CdO doping concentration into the PANI matrix and then high surface area begins to decline it under further loading of CdO content.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. Electrochemical Properties for Supercapacitor Applications","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e6.1. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectrochemical redox performances of prepared material electrodes were investigated through CV profile curves that were carried out in a potential range of (-0.6 to 0.4) V using a 3-electrode cell with KOH (3.0 M) electrolytic solution.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe CV profile curves of all the prepared electrodes describe nearly the same peak potentials and the increasing peak currents as the scan rate increases from (5 to 100) mV s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e that may indicate their good capacitive and steady reversible behavior. The quasi-rectangular shapes of pure PANI CV profile curves and increasing integrated area with the increasing scan rate describe its pseudocapacitive nature and enhanced charge mobility per unit time. The CV profile curves of the PANI-DBSA and PANI-DBSA-CdO composite electrodes are close to rectangular shapes and exhibit mirror-image characteristics for both positive and negative sweep potential. These profile curves demonstrate relatively better reversibility and pseudocapacitive behavior of the composite electrodes. The synergic effect of PANI-DBSA composite results in the enhancement of PANI electrochemical performance as observed from increased redox peak current. This can be attributed to the change in morphology of PANI NPs into PANI Nanorods, short ion diffusion, transport pathways, porosity as well as high specific area. Whereas, the declination of redox performance in PANI-DBSA-CdO composites (at higher concentrations of dopant CdO) deteriorates the diffusion pathways and decreases the redox peak current. This emphasizes that the synergistic effect does not favor the weak chains of PANI-matrix to arrange themselves in long-chained polymer, also the agglomeration of large surface area CdO NPs favors the formation of small oligomers of PANI chains rather than long chains. Therefore, their electrochemical performance is greatly suppressed as the dopant concentration increases. The specific capacitance can be estimated by the relation (2) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eC\u003c/b\u003e \u003csub\u003e \u003cb\u003es\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/sub\u003e \u003cb\u003e=\u003c/b\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\frac{\\int\\:\\:\\mathbf{i}\\left(\\mathbf{V}\\right)\\mathbf{d}\\mathbf{V}}{\\mathbf{m}\\mathbf{k}\\varvec{\\Delta\\:}\\mathbf{V}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;(F g\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e) (2)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere, \u0026int; i(V) dV, ΔV, and m are the area of the CV loop, potential range, and the working electrode\u0026rsquo;s active mass.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing the above Eq.\u0026nbsp;(2), the estimated specific capacitance values of pure PANI, pristine CdO, PANI-DBSA, PANI-DBSA-10%CdO, and PANI-DBSA-20%CdO composites are (143, 102, 565, 238, and 103) F g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e respectively, based on CV profile curves as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. However, the enhanced CV integration area of PANI-DBSA composite as compared to pure PANI, pristine CdO, and PANI-DBSA-CdO composites may be due to the availability of more electrochemical active sites, and better charge transportation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe decreasing trend of specific capacitance with the increasing scan rate indicates that the redox reactions are not completely supported by the inner redox-active centers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, maximum redox-active sites are accessible only at low scan rates for the fast transportation of electrolytic ions. The fast ion transportation increases the rate of oxidation-reduction reactions resulting in higher capacitance values [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, the capacitance values at low scan rates are the true values.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e6.2. Galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe GCD profile curves of prepared material electrodes were carried out in (3.0 M) KOH electrolyte solution at current densities (8.33, 12.5, 16.7, 20.8, 25.0, 29.2, 33.3, 41.7) A g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in (-0.6 to 0.4) V potential range as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. The symmetric and non-linear shapes of pure and synthesized material electrodes describe the reversibility and pseudocapacitive behavior of redox reactions. The slope of the GCD discharge curve is usually comprised of two portions: a portion parallel to the y-axis describes the IR drop whereas the non-linear portion describes its pseudocapacitive nature. It is obvious from our obtained GCD profile curves that the composite electrodes have smaller IR drops than pure PANI and pristine CdO therefore, offer small contact resistance. The non-linear portion of GCD profile curves confirms their pseudocapacitive nature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorphology is considered to be the measure of the redox kinetics of a material that describes whether the material is capacitive or not. The porous fibrous rod-like network of PANI-DBSA composite provides more ion diffusion trails, making it a capacitive material due to its enhanced ion transportation. For the estimation of specific capacity, energy density, and power density of the pure and prepared materials, the following equations have been employed [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eCs =\u003c/b\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\frac{\\mathbf{I}\\varvec{\\Delta\\:}\\mathbf{T}}{\\mathbf{m}\\varDelta\\:\\mathbf{V}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;.(F g\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e) (3)\u003c/b\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eE =\u003c/b\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\frac{0.5\\:\\mathbf{C}\\mathbf{s}\\:({\\mathbf{V}\\mathbf{m}\\mathbf{a}\\mathbf{x}\\mathbf{i}}^{2}-{\\mathbf{V}\\mathbf{m}\\mathbf{i}\\mathbf{n}\\mathbf{i}}^{2})}{3.6}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;..(Wh kg\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e) (4)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\mathbf{P}=\\:\\frac{3600\\mathbf{E}}{\\mathbf{T}}\\:\\:\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;.(W kg\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/sup\u003e \u003cb\u003e) (5)\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere I, ΔT, ΔV\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Vmaxi-Vmimi, and m, are the discharge current, discharge time, High-low potential limits, and deposited mass of active material, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt has been observed from the GCD profile curves that PANI-DBSA composite has the smallest IR drop and better electrochemical properties, making it the most promising material for SC electrode preparation than the rest of pure and composite materials.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe higher electrical conductivity of the PANI-DBSA composite also contributes to its excellent electrochemical performance. The Ragone plot is also considered to demonstrate the overall electrochemical performance of a superconductor. It is observed from Ragone plots that the PANI-DBSA composite has better electrochemical performance than the others.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectrochemical parameters of prepared samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCs (F g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE (Wh kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP (W kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePristine CdO\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePure PANI\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePANI-DBSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePANI-DBSA-10%CdO\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePANI-DBSA-20%CdO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e569\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e248\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e607\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e564\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e812\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e994\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e375\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, the PANI-DBSA composite has excellent cyclic stability, even after 20,000 cycles it retains over 85% of its redox peak area at a 5 mV s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e scan rate as illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e. This reduction in capacity may be attributed to the fact that a large degree of insertion and de-insertion of ions into the PANI backbone develop defects that will reduce the charge-storing capability and the stability of the composite. Significantly, the PANI-DBSA composite exhibits excellent cyclic stability and reversibility, suggesting it to be an excellent SC electrode material.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilar results have been published by some other researchers like PANI-DBSA-Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e composite electrodes possessing a specific capacity of 180 F g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and energy density of 6.33 Wh kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore, it has 97% coulombic efficiency and 407 W kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e power density at 0.44 A g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e current density [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e]. PANI-NiCoO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposite demonstrated 439.4 Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e specific capacity and retained almost 66.11% of it after 1000 cycles [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e]. PANI-RGO-SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e composite demonstrated 780 F g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e specific capacity and retained almost 85% of it [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA careful literature review emphasizes that the electrical and electrochemical performances of the composite electrodes increase with the increasing concentration of oxide up to a certain level and then the high surface area structure begins to destroy with subsequent oxide loading [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly in our case, the electrical and electrochemical properties are observed to improve with increasing concentration of CdO dopant in the composite (up to 5% weight of dopant CdO) as previously reported but with further CdO loading, the IR drop becomes higher, and high surface area architecture begins to destroy which results in the decrement of electrical and electrochemical properties and follow up our CV results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e6.3. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe capacitive performances of prepared samples were estimated through the EIS technique and the obtained Nyquist plots are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e. The non-zero intercept on the impedance real axis (Z) is the quantitative measure of ohmic resistance (Rs), whereas the semicircular part is linked to the charge-transfer resistance (Rct) of all the material electrodes at a high-frequency region that may be attributed to ions exchange at the electrode/electrolyte boundary.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe smallest semi-circular diameter of the PANI-DBSA composite electrode in comparison to all other electrode materials may be attributed to its lowest Rs value at the electrode/electrolyte boundary and reflects its conductive nature. Additionally, almost all the electrode materials show a nearly vertical profile and the deviations of straight lines from 90\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e at the low-frequency region correspond to Warburg diffusion resistance that may be attributed to the diffusion of protons at the electrode/electrolyte boundary. The least steep line of the PANI-DBSA electrode at the low-frequency region may be attributed to the fast adsorption of ions at the electrode surface and reveals its pseudocapacitive nature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e]. The inset equivalent circuit was used to fit Nyquist plots using Randle\u0026rsquo;s model. In contrast to the contents used here, an infinite series of simple electrical elements are required to estimate the results. Thus, the synergic effect of PANI-DBSA hybrid material results in lower (Rs, Rct \u0026amp; diffusion) resistances as compared to pure and higher weight% CdO composites which support our CV and GCD results and demonstrates its robustness for making stretchable, wearable, and portable supercapacitor electrodes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"7. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn-situ polymerization route was chosen to synthesize the electrode materials. The structural (physical \u0026amp; chemical), and surface morphological analysis of all the pure and prepared samples were characterized through XRD, FTIR, and SEM techniques. The CV results of the PANI-DBSA composite showed a higher specific capacitance (565 F g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) than Pure PANI (143 F g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) and Pristine CdO (102 F g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) at a 5 mV s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e scan rate. The GCD results follow up the same trend as CV and showed a higher specific capacity for PANI-DBSA composite (569 F g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) at 8.33 A g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e with higher (12.3 Wh kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) energy density and higher (812 W kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) power density respectively. The obtained high capacity, excellent reversibility, higher (energy \u0026amp; power) densities, and lower (Rs, Rct, \u0026amp; diffusion) resistances, make it a robust material for developing stretchable, wearable, and portable supercapacitor electrodes. It has also been observed that the addition of surfactant (DBSA) in PANI-CdO nanocomposites didn\u0026rsquo;t effectively pave the diffusion pathways in the PANI-DBSA-CdO network for higher concentrations of CdO dopant and results in the blockage of charge carriers and a heavy suppression of their electrical \u0026amp; electrochemical performances.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"696\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolyaniline\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePANI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePseudocapacitance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCadmium Oxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCdO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElectrochemical Capacitor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDodecyl Benzene sulphonic Acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDBSA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHybrid Supercapacitor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHSC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCamphor sulphonic Acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCSA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConducting Polymer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX-ray Diffraction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eXRD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEquivalent Series Resistance\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFourier Transform Infrared Radiation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFTIR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolypyrrole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePPY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScanning Electron Microscopy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolythiophene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePTh\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDebye-Scherrer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD-S\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolyaniline/Nickle Hydroxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePANI/Ni(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWilliamson-Hall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW-H\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolyaniline/Molybdenum dioxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePANI/MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSize-Strain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-S\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolyaniline/Molybdenum Trioxide/Graphene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePANI/MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/GN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCyclic Voltammetry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolypyrrole/Carbon nanotubes/Manganese dioxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePPy/CNT/MnO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGalvanostatic Charge-Discharge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGCD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCobalt (II) Oxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElectrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEIS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFerric Oxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSupercapacitor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVanadium Pentoxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eV\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecific Capacitance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMetal Oxides\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMos\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmine Group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-NH-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsymmetric Supercapacitor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eASSC\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTransition Metal Oxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTMO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSymmetric Supercapacitor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSSC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManganese dioxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMnO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManganese Nickle Cobalt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMNCO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMolybdenum trioxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSulfuric Acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCopper Oxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCuO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSodium Sulfate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZinc Oxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZnO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMolarity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTitanium dioxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNickle Molybdenum Tetroxide\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNiMoO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRuthenium oxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRuO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGraphene Oxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNano Particles\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNPs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJoint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJCPDS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCurrent-Voltage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWide Angle Diffraction Scattering\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWAXS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmmonium Persulfate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAPS\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpace Charge Limited Current\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSCLC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHydrochloric acid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHCl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndium Tin Oxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eITO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlatinum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAngstrom\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026Aring;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSilver/Silver Chloride\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAg/AgCl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLattice Strain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026epsilon;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePotassium hydroxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKOH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDislocation Density\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026delta;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNickel\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Polyaniline/Carbon/Titanium\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/nitride\" title=\"Learn more about nitride from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages\"\u003eNitride\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePANI/C/TiN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFace Centered Cubic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFCC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNickel Terephthalate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNi-Tp\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWide angle X-ray scattering\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWAXS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePotassium Nitrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElectric Double Layer Capacitance\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEDLC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNickle Cobalt Phosphide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNiCoP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNickel Cobaltite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNiCo\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNickle Cobalt Sulfide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNiCo\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eS\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFarad per gram\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhosphating Cobalt Molybdate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-CoMoO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWatt-hour per kilogram\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWh kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolyaniline-Reduced Graphene Oxide-Silicon Dioxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePANI-RGO-SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWatt per kilogram\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePotassium Nitrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolyaniline-Reduced Graphene Oxide-Manganese Oxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePANI-GR-Mn\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSodium Sulfate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolyaniline-SA Titanium Dioxide-Tin Oxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.120689655172413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePANI-SA*TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-SnO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.442528735632184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSodium Hydroxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaOH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eCredit authorship contribution statementNadeem Anwar, Abdul Shakoor: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources. Haseeb Ahmad, Muhammad Irfan, Ariba Bibi: Data curation, Software, Visualization, Writing - original draft. Ghulam Ali, Niaz Ahmad Niaz: Supervision, Validation, Writing - review \u0026amp; editing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of Interest statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this manuscript and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome. We confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved by all named authors and that there are no other persons who satisfied the criteria for authorship but are not listed. We further confirm that the order of authors listed in the manuscript has been approved by all of us.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCheng, Q.; Tang, J.; Ma, J.; Zhang, H.; Shinya, N.; and Qin, L. C. Carbon \u003cstrong\u003e2011\u003c/strong\u003e, 49, 2917\u0026ndash;2925. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSharma, R. K.; Rastogi, A.C.; Desu, S.B. Electrochimica Acta, \u003cstrong\u003e2008\u003c/strong\u003e, 53, 7690\u0026ndash;7695.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiu, P.; Wang, Y.; Wang, X.; Yang, C.; Yi, Y. J. Nanoparticle Res. \u003cstrong\u003e2012\u003c/strong\u003e, 14, 1.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXu, J. J.; Wang, K.; Zu, S. Z.; Han, B. H.; Wei, Z. X. ACS Nano \u003cstrong\u003e2010\u003c/strong\u003e, 4, 5019\u0026ndash;5026.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFrackowiak, E.; Beguin, F. Carbon \u003cstrong\u003e2001\u003c/strong\u003e, 39, 937-950.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen, J. H.; Li, W. Z.; Wang, D. Z. Carbon \u003cstrong\u003e2002\u003c/strong\u003e,40, 1193\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWu,; Wenling,; Yang, L.; Chen, S.; Shao, Y.; Jing, L.; Zhao, G.; Wei. H. RSC Advances \u003cstrong\u003e2015\u003c/strong\u003e, 5, 91645\u0026ndash;91653. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJi, W. J.; Ji, J. Y.; Cui, X. H.; Chen, J. J.; Liu, D. J.; Deng, H.; Fu, Q. Chem. Commun. \u003cstrong\u003e2015\u003c/strong\u003e, 51 7669\u0026ndash;7672.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZheng, J. P.; Jow, T. R. Journal of Power Source \u003cstrong\u003e1996\u003c/strong\u003e, 62, 155\u0026ndash;159.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChang, J.; Todkar, V. V.; Mane, R. S.; Ham, D.; Ganesh, T.; Han, S.H. Physica E \u003cstrong\u003e2009\u003c/strong\u003e, 41, 1741-1745. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAhn, Y. R.; Park, C. R.; Jo, S. M.; Kim, D. Y. Applied Physics Letters \u003cstrong\u003e2007\u003c/strong\u003e, 90, 122106.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang, G.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, J. Chemical Society Review \u003cstrong\u003e2012\u003c/strong\u003e, 41, 797\u0026ndash;828.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eConway, B. E. Electrochemical Supercapacitors: Scientific Fundamentals and Technological Applications, Springer \u003cstrong\u003e1999\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRosario, A. V.; Bulhoes, L. O. S.; Pereira, E. C. Journal of Power Sources \u003cstrong\u003e2006\u003c/strong\u003e, 158, 795\u0026ndash;800.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAnwar, N.; Shakoor, A.; Ali, G.; Ahmad, H.; Niaz, N. A.; Arooj, S.; Mahmood, A. Journal of Energy Storage \u003cstrong\u003e2022\u003c/strong\u003e, 55, 105446.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhu, J. X.; Sun, W.P.; Yang, D.; Zhang, Y.; Hoon, H.H.; Zhang, H.; Yan, Q.Y. Small \u003cstrong\u003e2015\u003c/strong\u003e,11, 4123\u0026ndash;4129.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBakhtiarian, E.; Foot, P. J. S.; Tate, P. C. M. Rubber Blends Prepared in Solution. Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology \u003cstrong\u003e2016\u003c/strong\u003e, 32, 183\u0026ndash;200. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRadhakrishnan, S.; Prakash, S.; Rao, C. R. K.; Vijayan, M. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters \u003cstrong\u003e2009\u003c/strong\u003e, 12, A84.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLong, Y.; Chen, Z.; Wang, N.; Li, J.; Wan, M. Physica B. Condensed Matter \u003cstrong\u003e2004\u003c/strong\u003e, 4, 82\u0026ndash;87. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShi, L.; Wang, X.; Lu, L.; Yang, X.; Wu, X. Synthetic Metals \u003cstrong\u003e2009\u003c/strong\u003e,159, 2525\u0026ndash;2529.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUllah, R.; Bibi, N.; Haseeba, Khan, A.; Shah, A. A. Physical Chemistry \u003cstrong\u003e2018\u003c/strong\u003e,18, 24-29.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWalmsley, H.P. Proc. Phys. Soc. London \u003cstrong\u003e1928\u003c/strong\u003e, 40, 7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePatterson, A. L. The Scherrer Formula for X-Ray Particle Size Determination Phys. Rev. American Physical Society, \u003cstrong\u003e1939\u003c/strong\u003e,56, 978-982.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThamri, S.; Sta, I.; Jlassi, M.; Hajji, M.; Ezzaouia, H. Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. \u003cstrong\u003e2017\u003c/strong\u003e, 71, 310\u0026ndash;320.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCullity, B.D. Elements of X-ray Diffraction, Addison-Wesley Publishing. \u003cstrong\u003e1956\u003c/strong\u003e, 56-62.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePatterson, A.L. The Scherrer Formula for X-Ray Particle Size Determination Phys. Rev. American Physical Society \u003cstrong\u003e1939\u003c/strong\u003e,56, 978-982. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMunawar, T.; Mukhtar, F.; Nadeem, M. S.; Mahmood, K.; Hasan, M.; Hussain, A.; Ali, A.; Arshad, M. I.; Iqbal, F. Mater. Chem. Phys. \u003cstrong\u003e2020\u003c/strong\u003e, 253. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMukhtar, F.; Munawar, T.; Shahid, M.; Murtaza, N.; Fayyaz, H. Appl. Phys. A \u003cstrong\u003e2020\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMunawar, T.; Iqbal, F.; Yasmeen, S.; Mahmood, K.; Hussain, A. Ceram. Int. \u003cstrong\u003e2019\u003c/strong\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;17. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLee H. T.; Yang, S. J. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. \u003cstrong\u003e2010\u003c/strong\u003e,116, 934.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBasavaraja, C.; Kim, W. J.; Kim, D. G.; Huh, D. S. Polym. Compos. \u003cstrong\u003e2012\u003c/strong\u003e, 33, 3.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSaini, P.; Choudhary, V.; Sood, K. N.; Dhawan, S. K. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. \u003cstrong\u003e2009\u003c/strong\u003e,113, 3146.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOh, M.; Kim, S. Electrochim. Acta \u003cstrong\u003e2012\u003c/strong\u003e,59, 196.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang, X.; Ray, S.; Gizdavic-Nikolaidis, M.; Easteal, A. J. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. \u003cstrong\u003e2012\u003c/strong\u003e,50, 353.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLu, X.; Ng, H. Y.; Xu, J.; He, C. Synth. Met. \u003cstrong\u003e2002\u003c/strong\u003e,128, 167.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGao, Y.; Yao, S.; Gong, J.; Qu, L. Macromol. Rapid Commun. \u003cstrong\u003e2007\u003c/strong\u003e,28, 286.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSmith, B. C. Spectroscopy \u003cstrong\u003e2015\u003c/strong\u003e, 30, 16-23.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAamir, A.; Ahmad, A.; Shah, S. K.; Ain, N. ul; Mehmood, M.; Khan, Y.; Rehman, Z. Ur. J. Mater Sci: Mater Electron. \u003cstrong\u003e2020\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYadav, A.; Agarwal, A.; Agarwal, P. B.; Saini, P. Journal of Nanoparticles \u003cstrong\u003e2015\u003c/strong\u003e, 1-6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang, W.; Ma, C.; Fang, J.; Cheng, J.; Zhang, X.; Dongb, S.; Zhang, L. RSC Adv. \u003cstrong\u003e2013\u003c/strong\u003e,3, 2483-2490.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBatool, A.; Kanwal, F.; Imran, M.; Jamil, T.; Siddiqi, S. A. Synthetic Metals \u003cstrong\u003e2012\u003c/strong\u003e, 161, 2753\u0026ndash;2758.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBhende, M. S.; Bobade, R. S.; Yawale, S. P.; Yawale, S. S. Sci. Revs. Chem. Commun. \u003cstrong\u003e2012\u003c/strong\u003e, 2, 413-418.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDas, A. K.; Maiti, S.; Khatua, B.B. J. Electroanal. Chem. \u003cstrong\u003e2015\u003c/strong\u003e,739, 10.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFan, W.; Zhang, C.; Tjiu, W. W.; Pramoda, K. P.; He, C.; Liu, T. ACS Appl, Mater. Interfaces \u003cstrong\u003e2013\u003c/strong\u003e,5, 3382. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJin, Y.; Jia, M. Coll. Surf. A \u003cstrong\u003e2015\u003c/strong\u003e,464, 17.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStoller, M. D.; Park, S.; Zhu, Y.; An, J.; Ruof, R.S. Nano Lett. \u003cstrong\u003e2008\u003c/strong\u003e,8, 3498. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGirija, T.C.; Sangaranarayanan, M.V. Synth. Met. \u003cstrong\u003e2006\u003c/strong\u003e, 156, 244\u0026ndash;250. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShao, L.; Jeon, J.; Lutkenhaus, J.L. Chem. Mater. \u003cstrong\u003e2012, \u003c/strong\u003e24, 181-189.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXu, H.; Wu, J.X.; Chen, Y.; Zhang, J.L.; Zhang, B.Q. Ionics \u003cstrong\u003e2015\u003c/strong\u003e,21, 2615\u0026ndash;2622.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBolagam, R.; Boddula, R.; Srinivasan, P. International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials \u003cstrong\u003e2016\u003c/strong\u003e, 65, 835-840.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAaditya, V. B.; Prabhu, A. D.; Bharathesh, B. M.; Chaluvaraju, B. V.; Raghavendra, U. P.; Thipperudrappa, J.; Murugendrappa, M. V. Materials Today: Proceedings \u003cstrong\u003e2018\u003c/strong\u003e, 5, 20874\u0026ndash;20881.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAsen, P.; Shahrokhian, S.; Zad, A.I. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy \u003cstrong\u003e2017\u003c/strong\u003e,42, 21073.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"polymer-bulletin","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pobu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Polymer Bulletin](http://link.springer.com/journal/289)","snPcode":"289","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/289/3","title":"Polymer Bulletin","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Polyaniline, Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid, Current Density, Power Density, Energy Density","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4963897/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4963897/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eEarlier we have reported PANI-CdO composite electrodes which exhibited excellent supercapacitive performance at lower concentration of dopant (CdO) but failed to perform at higher concentrations. It could be considered that the limited conductivity of PANI-CdO composites at higher concentrations of dopant CdO might be associated with its poor solubility and lower dispersion into the PANI matrix. Therefore, a surfactant like dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) has introduced for the protonation to make long chain PANI-CdO composites that might help to enhance their electrochemical performance. Therefore, PANI-DBSA, and PANI-DBSA-CdO nanocomposites with cadmium oxide (CdO) as a dopant have been synthesized using In-situ chemical polymerization route and characterized to be used as an electrode material for supercapacitive applications. The physical and chemical properties have investigated through XRD, FTIR, and SEM analysis. The electrical properties have estimated from the obtained IV curves while electrochemical properties are tested through (CV, GCD, and EIS-develop) analysis. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) results of PANI-DBSA-CdO composites don\u0026rsquo;t exhibit any progress at higher concentrations of dopant CdO. However, PANI-DBSA composite electrode has exhibited a greater specific capacity of 569 F g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, with maximum energy density of 12.3 Wh kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1,\u003c/sup\u003e and a higher power density of 812 W kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e at 8.33 A g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e current density as compared to rest of all the samples. It also retained more than 85% of its initial capacity after the 20,000th charge\u0026ndash;discharge cycle. Highly achieved capacity, excellent reversibility, large (energy and power) densities, and lower (ohmic, charge transfer \u0026amp; diffusion) resistance, suggesting PANI-DBSA composite to be a useful supercapacitive electrode material.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Preparation and Characterization of Polyaniline-Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid-Cadmium Oxide (PANI-DBSA-CdO) Composites: As an Electrode Material for Energy Storage Applications","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-09-24 06:01:35","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4963897/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-11-04T10:23:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-10-13T14:28:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-10-04T10:06:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"249546278834334741880517247334827975378","date":"2024-09-25T07:26:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"109824789947595257338151094003175334357","date":"2024-09-23T09:47:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"82520261546158804590753015232318263753","date":"2024-09-23T08:13:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-09-23T06:59:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-08-24T07:58:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-08-24T07:05:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Polymer Bulletin","date":"2024-08-23T11:22:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"polymer-bulletin","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pobu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Polymer Bulletin](http://link.springer.com/journal/289)","snPcode":"289","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/289/3","title":"Polymer Bulletin","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6f53076f-e383-42dd-a40b-2ab7abe981f2","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 24th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-01-27T16:02:40+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4963897","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-024-05632-z","journal":{"identity":"polymer-bulletin","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Polymer Bulletin"},"publishedOn":"2025-01-23 15:57:47","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 23rd, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-09-24 06:01:35","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s00289-024-05632-z","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-024-05632-z","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4963897","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4963897","identity":"rs-4963897","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}