Impedance Spectroscopic Analysis of Relaxation and Charge Transport in MnO₂-Doped Sodium–Zinc Phosphate Glasses

Impedance Spectroscopic Analysis of Relaxation and Charge Transport in MnO₂-Doped Sodium–Zinc Phosphate Glasses | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Impedance Spectroscopic Analysis of Relaxation and Charge Transport in MnO₂-Doped Sodium–Zinc Phosphate Glasses Hanumantharaju N, Veeranna Gowda V. C, Jayasheelan A, Sriprakash G This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8574080/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Sodium–zinc phosphate glasses with a fixed sodium oxide content were prepared with varying MnO₂ concentrations using the melt-quenching technique. The Davidson–Cole model was employed to analyze the distribution of relaxation times associated with the conduction mechanism over the temperature range 453–573 K and frequency range 100 Hz–5 MHz. Impedance, conductivity, electric modulus and dielectric constant were evaluated from the experimental data. The conductivity behavior was examined using the Cole–Cole and power-law models and the results were found to be mutually consistent. Grain and grain-boundary conductivities were determined by fitting the impedance spectra with constant phase elements (CPEs) in an equivalent circuit model. Nyquist plots of impedance and electric modulus confirmed the non-Debye relaxation behavior. The asymmetrical nature of the relaxation process was investigated using the Kohlrausch stretched exponent and shape parameters through the KWW and modified KWW models. The temperature-dependent power-law exponent (S) was observed to decrease with increasing temperature, indicating a correlated barrier hopping (CBH) mechanism for AC conductivity. Overall, the results demonstrate that the glasses exhibit semiconducting behavior, which is dependent on the manganese content in the glass matrix. Davidson-Cole model Manganese Relaxation Hopping mechanism Grain boundary Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 27 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Jan, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 26 Jan, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 18 Jan, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 18 Jan, 2026 First submitted to journal 11 Jan, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8574080","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":581058429,"identity":"39e1c78c-227a-470a-a00b-0699e422883f","order_by":0,"name":"Hanumantharaju N","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA30lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAxDxweB//f7jDSCuBXFaGGdUMDM2nDkA4koQp4WZ5wxQy40EEJ8ILebsZ49J8LaxMTPOfH51w48CCQb+9u4EvFose/LSJCTbeNiYpXPKbvYAHSZx5uwG/A47kGMmYdgmwcMmnZN2gweoxUAil4CW82/MJBLbDCR4JM+k3fxDlJYbQFsOnEkwkJBgP3abOFtuvDG2bKg4kGDAk8N2WwZoG2G/nM8xvP3HAKiF/fizm2/+2Mjxt/fi14IEeMApgYdY5SDA/oAU1aNgFIyCUTCCAACT50cA3zezQgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Maharani Science College for women","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hanumantharaju","middleName":"","lastName":"N","suffix":""},{"id":581058430,"identity":"8e54f536-9bf4-41b3-bff1-1b5dd10f2eeb","order_by":1,"name":"Veeranna Gowda V. 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The Davidson–Cole model was employed to analyze the distribution of relaxation times associated with the conduction mechanism over the temperature range 453–573 K and frequency range 100 Hz–5 MHz. Impedance, conductivity, electric modulus and dielectric constant were evaluated from the experimental data. The conductivity behavior was examined using the \u0026nbsp;Cole–Cole and power-law models and the results were found to be mutually consistent. Grain and grain-boundary conductivities were determined by fitting the impedance spectra with constant phase elements (CPEs) in an equivalent circuit model. Nyquist plots of impedance and electric modulus confirmed the non-Debye relaxation behavior. The asymmetrical nature of the relaxation process was investigated using the Kohlrausch stretched exponent and shape parameters through the KWW and modified KWW models. The temperature-dependent power-law exponent (S) was observed to decrease with increasing temperature, indicating a correlated barrier hopping (CBH) mechanism for AC conductivity. Overall, the results demonstrate that the glasses exhibit semiconducting behavior, which is dependent on the manganese content in the glass matrix.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Impedance Spectroscopic Analysis of Relaxation and Charge Transport in MnO₂-Doped Sodium–Zinc Phosphate Glasses","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-28 07:58:11","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8574080/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-27T10:01:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"93225459065946132291978216515576958783","date":"2026-01-27T07:07:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"21918118646102890447016428848041457028","date":"2026-01-27T06:01:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-27T01:33:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-01-19T03:37:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-01-19T03:37:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Ionics","date":"2026-01-11T14:05:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"ionics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":" Learn more about [Ionics](https://www.springer.com/journal/11581) ","snPcode":"11581","submissionUrl":"https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ionics","title":"Ionics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"cc943c21-5f3a-4d6e-acbd-1bc8dafd9deb","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 28th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-18T08:40:42+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-28 07:58:11","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8574080","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8574080","identity":"rs-8574080","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}