A New Empirical Model for Evaluating the Swelling Rate Behaviour of Test Data Clay Soils Containing Different Amounts of NaCl and KCl Solutions

A New Empirical Model for Evaluating the Swelling Rate Behaviour of Test Data Clay Soils Containing Different Amounts of NaCl and KCl Solutions | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A New Empirical Model for Evaluating the Swelling Rate Behaviour of Test Data Clay Soils Containing Different Amounts of NaCl and KCl Solutions Uri Komornik, David Benoliel This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9129009/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Sodium and Potassium Chloride are used in several places worldwide to melt snow covering the ground. The site soil section may include clayey soils that are potentially volume-changing due to variations in water content. This phenomenon can cause the uplifting and settlement of structures and roads, resulting in considerable damage. Sodium- or Potassium-Chloride solutions that penetrate the ground influence the swelling and swelling pressure of clayey soil. A new mathematical model for describing the swelling rate of clayey soils was developed from test data observations and expressed as a function of the logarithm of time. The model is divided into two different consecutive sub-models corresponding to two modes of adsorption: (i) a first mode, shorter and rapid, (ii) a second mode, longer and slower. Those two modes may be confirmed by the matric/osmotic theory of clay swelling. The two sub-models have two different mathematical expressions. The research included a comparison of the new model analysis with laboratory test results. The tests were performed using two clayey soils, Ariel and Senneck clays, containing different amounts of Sodium and Potassium Chloride solutions. For the Ariel and Senneck clays, Potassium Chloride solutions are more effective at reducing swelling than Sodium solutions. The research results demonstrate that the new model accurately represents the time-dependent swelling behavior of clayey soils under various Sodium and Potassium Chloride solutions. Clays Suction Swelling rate Mathematical modeling Laboratory tests Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files AppendixA.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9129009","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":612541781,"identity":"92713669-b426-4281-9df2-dd7c6e3d95c0","order_by":0,"name":"Uri Komornik","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ariel University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Uri","middleName":"","lastName":"Komornik","suffix":""},{"id":612541782,"identity":"8bfacb05-4bf1-4049-90a4-684a4e73e224","order_by":1,"name":"David Benoliel","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1klEQVRIie3QIQsCMRTA8TcOvKRXvXL7ChtW8bO8Q9DidcHg5OCMVkH8EDbjZOHK8KpREWzCRaO7RRGnzbA/S2M/tjcAn+8fk2a1BSQARMC52QkC8RXpWYKWEDcBQ1J7zBJwkE6pubzv++PVRi3OCAMKoYPEesIOWz3K1sc0ZwhDLlwPY3KEql2oTGhSdBECdM7CqpslY6rJ8oEw/4KchrIhyMwtZnzlJvHpKptZ+E6TvIus5IWLdKo0r82P0USHl7qezmgUKfmRvL4ToPXLeZ/P5/O97wlOCEr/QiYyxgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Ariel University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"David","middleName":"","lastName":"Benoliel","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-15 13:39:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9129009/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9129009/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":105566911,"identity":"c30044a5-2ce0-4515-9f02-31ec58e49d93","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-27 12:57:41","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1732537,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ArticleModelNaClKCLIGGEFinal15032026.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9129009/v1_covered_9b2a98c4-fb85-4369-b952-2b3193e75b22.pdf"},{"id":105543813,"identity":"adf09a16-5e7a-4346-9405-110664a04abe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-27 08:42:58","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":31399,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"AppendixA.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9129009/v1/93634fdb081238ab0b2a3da2.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"A New Empirical Model for Evaluating the Swelling Rate Behaviour of Test Data Clay Soils Containing Different Amounts of NaCl and KCl Solutions","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Clays, Suction, Swelling rate, Mathematical modeling, Laboratory tests","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9129009/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9129009/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eSodium and Potassium Chloride are used in several places worldwide to melt snow covering the ground. The site soil section may include clayey soils that are potentially volume-changing due to variations in water content. This phenomenon can cause the uplifting and settlement of structures and roads, resulting in considerable damage. Sodium- or Potassium-Chloride solutions that penetrate the ground influence the swelling and swelling pressure of clayey soil. A new mathematical model for describing the swelling rate of clayey soils was developed from test data observations and expressed as a function of the logarithm of time. The model is divided into two different consecutive sub-models corresponding to two modes of adsorption: (i) a first mode, shorter and rapid, (ii) a second mode, longer and slower. Those two modes may be confirmed by the matric/osmotic theory of clay swelling. The two sub-models have two different mathematical expressions. The research included a comparison of the new model analysis with laboratory test results. The tests were performed using two clayey soils, Ariel and Senneck clays, containing different amounts of Sodium and Potassium Chloride solutions. For the Ariel and Senneck clays, Potassium Chloride solutions are more effective at reducing swelling than Sodium solutions. The research results demonstrate that the new model accurately represents the time-dependent swelling behavior of clayey soils under various Sodium and Potassium Chloride solutions.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A New Empirical Model for Evaluating the Swelling Rate Behaviour of Test Data Clay Soils Containing Different Amounts of NaCl and KCl Solutions","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-27 08:42:06","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9129009/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ca86fa80-2c30-4ab9-bb66-0a635716cbf5","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 27th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-14T10:14:00+00:00","index":34,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-07T22:35:24+00:00","index":33,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"199583988976307431893776459832926565414","date":"2026-05-05T04:53:21+00:00","index":31,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"200175234246496451054586970400093980467","date":"2026-05-03T21:14:06+00:00","index":30,"fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-27T08:42:06+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-27 08:42:06","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9129009","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9129009","identity":"rs-9129009","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}