Phase Angle as a Nutritional Assessment Method in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Phase Angle as a Nutritional Assessment Method in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Cross-Sectional Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Phase Angle as a Nutritional Assessment Method in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Cross-Sectional Study Wei LI, Jing Zhang, Jing Liu, Fang Xu, Chao Hua, Qiong Qiu, Hua Xie This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6499406/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background and Objectives: The phase angle, which is associated with cellular health, has garnered increasing attention as a noninvasive and objective method for nutritional assessment. However, the association between malnutrition and phase angle in patients with acute myeloid leukemia remains unreported. Therefore, this study investigated this association in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and established a cut-off phase angle for identifying malnutrition. Methods and Study Design: This cross-sectional study retrospectively analysed the data of 74 impatients with acute myeloid leukemia (66.21% male; mean age, 52.68±16.31 years). Nutritional status was assessed via the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA). Bioelectrical impedance analysis was employed to measure phase angles. Results: The phase angle was negatively associated with malnutrition (B=-0.436; p<0.001). Logistic regression analysis revealed that a low skeletal muscle index (SMI) (p=0.016, OR=5.021, 95% CI 1.347--18.716) and hemoglobin deficiency (p=0.009, OR=6.133, 95% CI 1.582--23.770) were risk factors for a low phase angle (PA) in acute myeloid leukemia inpatients. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.705. The cut-off phase angle for identifying malnutrition was 3.65° (sensitivity, 0.926; specificity, 0.553). Conclusions: The phase angle may serve as an indicator of malnutrition in impatients with acute myeloid leukemia. These findings may aid in the formulation of nutritional strategies for these patients. Phase angle Body composition Acute myeloid leukemia Nutritional assessment Skeletal muscle index Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 1 Introduction Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common form of acute leukemia in adults [1] . Across all age groups, the incidence of AML is greater in males than in females. The median age at diagnosis is approximately 70 years [2] . Nearly 80% of AML patients in the USA are aged 65 years or older [3] . Therefore, effective nutritional measures are essential for older adults with AML. Given that elderly individuals are at high risk for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and that the prognosis for elderly AML patients is generally poor [4] , this is related not only to the increased risk of leukemia in elderly AML patients but also to the presence of multiple comorbidities and compromised nutritional status, which are key factors affecting prognosis [5, 6] . Several factors, including age, sex, and comorbidities, can hinder recovery in patients with AML, with malnutrition being a crucial modifying factor [7] . Malnutrition further increases the risk of institutionalization and mortality among older impatients with cancer [8] . Therefore, accurate assessment of the nutritional status of older inpatients with AML and the provision of appropriate interventions are essential. Nutritional risk screening is usually recommended for hospitalized cancer patients [9] , and the Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS-2002) and the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) are used to assess whether patients are malnourished [10] . The GLIM criteria have gradually become the primary method of clinical nutrition evaluation in recent years [11] . GLIM takes into account muscle loss and inflammation in patients, which are particularly pronounced in those with tumors [12] . Differences among nutritional status assessment tools impact the identification and interpretation of nutritional status in cancer patients from different populations, thereby affecting early intervention [13] . The phase angle (PhA) is an indicator of membrane integrity and function [14] and has been suggested to be an important prognostic indicator of mortality in patients [15] . Higher PhA values indicate greater cell membrane integrity and better cell function [15] . Because of this characteristic, PhA has been suggested as a nutritional screening tool for various diseases, such as pancreatic head cancer [16] , hip fractures [17] , and liver cirrhosis [18] . Phase angles can be obtained through bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), which is a noninvasive, simple, low-cost, and reproducible method. The phase angle (PhA) indicates the relationship between the resistance (R) and capacitive reactance (Xc) generated by BIA devices [19] . However, cut-off values for PhA in clinical assessment vary, which may be attributed to differences in disease physiology, race, and measurement devices. To date, no published studies have reported the value of PhA in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Therefore, we aimed to assess the association between the phase angle (PhA) measured via bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and malnutrition in inpatients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and to determine the optimal cut-off PhA for identifying malnutrition. 2 Materials and methods 2.1 Setting, design, and participants This retrospective cross-sectional study enrolled impatients with acute myeloid leukemia between March 2023 and February 2024. Data were collected from the medical records of hospitalized patients. We included 222 participants who were diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The inclusion criteria included patients with acute myeloid leukemia confirmed by bone marrow aspiration, those receiving first-line chemotherapy, and those who were able and willing to provide informed consent. The exclusion criteria included the presence of stroke, spinal cord injury, or other diseases that significantly impaired physical function; inability to undergo bioelectrical impedance analysis; prior to chemotherapy; or receipt of a bone marrow transplant. Data from 74 participants were ultimately collected and analysed (Figure 1). 2.2 Procedure We collected demographic and clinical data, including age, sex, height, weight, and muscle mass, from the patients' medical records. Additionally, we extracted data on the length of hospital stay; clinical outcomes; phase angle; and serum levels of albumin, haemoglobin, glucose, creatinine, uric acid, and superoxide dismutase. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing weight (kg) by the square of height (m²). The skeletal muscle index (SMI) was calculated on the basis of the skeletal muscle mass of the limbs and was measured via bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). The SMI was computed by dividing the total skeletal muscle mass of the limbs by the square of the patient’s height (m²). For bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), we used InBody S10 devices (InBody Inc., Korea) and performed the measurements according to the manufacturer's instructions. The participants were assessed in a supine position, with their legs and arms apart, after fasting for 4 h and emptying their bladders. For the control group, participants refrained from intense physical activity for 8 h before the test. The electrodes were attached to the thumbs, middle fingers, and ankles. All the metal objects were removed from the patients to avoid measurement errors. Arm circumference (AC) and arm muscle circumference (AMC) were also obtained from bioelectrical impedance analysis. The phase angle was calculated from the resistance and reactance values obtained from the nonfractured limbs and trunk via bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) at a frequency of 50 kHz. The phase angle reflects cellular health; higher values indicate better cellular conditions. The phase angle typically ranges from 8° to 15° and decreases with poor health and disease. The phase angle was computed via the following equation: Phase angle (°) = PhA = arctan(Xc/R) × 180/π [19] . 2.3 Statistical analysis Patient characteristics were described via descriptive statistics. First, we analysed the relationships between the phase angle and other factors via Spearman rank correlation coefficients. Then, we used univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to assess the associations between PA and nutritional indices. We subsequently performed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to determine the cut-off phase angle for malnutrition and calculated the area under the ROC curve (AUC) as an indicator of model accuracy, with values ≥0.7 indicating acceptable accuracy. The cut-off value was defined as the point on the ROC curve closest to 1 for sensitivity and closest to 0 for 1–specificity. Statistical analyses were performed via SPSS version 26 (IBM SPSS Statistics, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. 2.4 Ethical considerations This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Shanghai Tongren Hospital (Approval No. 2023-025-02). All study procedures conformed to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The results were reported in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement. 3 Results 3.1 Patient characteristics A total of 74 patients with acute myeloid leukemia were eligible for the study. The enrolled participants had a mean age of 52.68±11.26 years, and 66.21% were male. The BIA results revealed that the PhA value among female participants was 4.44 ± 1.35. In addition, other body composition parameters, such as TBW, skeletal muscle, and FFM, are summarized in the demographic characteristics of the patients in Table 1. Among patients with acute myeloid leukemia, we observed significant negative correlations between PhA and age (p = 0.022) and significant positive correlations between PhA and BMI (p < 0.001), SMI (p < 0.001), AMC (p < 0.001), and ALB (p < 0.001). These results are presented in Tables 2 and 3. 3.2 Association between PhA and nutritional status The results of univariate analysis revealed that the phase angle (PhA) of inpatients with hematologic malignancies was correlated with sex, age, BMI, SMI, hemoglobin (HB), and albumin (Alb) (p 0.05) (Table 4). Sex, age > 60 years, low SMI, hemoglobin deficiency, and albumin deficiency were included as independent variables. The presence of low PhA in AML inpatients was used as the dependent variable (absent = 0, present = 1). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that low SMI (p = 0.016, OR = 5.021) and hemoglobin deficiency (p = 0.009, OR = 6.133) were risk factors for low PhA in AML inpatients (p < 0.05), indicating a significant positive relationship (Table 5). 3.3 The ROC curves for PhA The ROC curves for PhA in predicting malnutrition status in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients are shown in Figure 2. According to the NRS-2002 assessment, the cut-off PhA value for diagnosing malnutrition was 3.65, with 92.6% sensitivity and 55.3% specificity (Youden index = 0.705). PhA values less than 3.65 were considered low, indicating malnutrition. 4 Discussion In this study, we examined the relationship between the phase angle (PhA) and nutritional status in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The results revealed two key findings regarding PhA in this population: PhA was associated with malnutrition in AML patients, and a low skeletal muscle index (SMI) and hemoglobin deficiency were risk factors for low PhA in AML inpatients. Furthermore, we determined that the cut-off PhA value for malnutrition in AML patients was 3.65°. Most published studies evaluating the relationship between nutrition and cancer have focused on patients with solid tumors [20, 21] , and few studies have examined patients with hematopoietic malignancies [22] , particularly AML. However, the nutritional status of patients with hematologic cancers is not different from that of general oncology patients. Identifying nutritional status, providing nutritional support, and establishing the main objectives for patients with AML are essential. Nutritional risk screening and assessment should be performed immediately after diagnosis in patients with hematologic malignancies [23] . The NRS-2002 and PG-SGA are two recommended nutritional assessment tools widely used in clinical practice [12] . Yilmaz M et al. evaluated the nutritional status of 120 hospitalized patients with hematologic malignancies via the NRS-2002 and the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria [22] . The cohort included patients with lymphoma (34.2%), leukemia (34.2%), and myeloma (31.6%), and the risk of malnutrition according to the NRS-2002 was established in 82% of patients. Malnutrition according to the GLIM criteria was observed in 25.8% of patients. However, current nutritional assessment tools are subjective. The BIA method, a noninvasive, rapid, accurate, and practical approach for assessing body composition, has been used to evaluate nutritional status [24] . The PhA generated by BIA serves as an index of cell membrane integrity and vitality. PhA describes the angular shift (phase difference) between voltage and current sinusoidal waveforms; in the human body, the current reaches its maximum/minimum peaks after the voltage (positive values), likely due to the presence of cell membranes and tissue interfaces [25] . PhA decreases with disease, inflammation, malnutrition, and prolonged physical inactivity and is associated with impaired quality of life and poor prognosis in various chronic diseases [26] . Thus, high PhA suggests greater cellularity, cellular integrity, and cell function. Our results are consistent with these findings, as PhA was negatively correlated with age and positively correlated with SMI. In addition, different studies have used various cut-off values for PhA, possibly to account for the pathophysiology of the disease. These differences in pathophysiology may have distinct effects on cell membrane integrity and cellular hydration. Thus, the PhA values used to evaluate nutritional status may differ between groups of patients with different clinical conditions [17, 27] . Therefore, this study, which evaluated a simple method to screen for malnutrition, will help facilitate the development of strategies to promote recovery in inpatients with AML. The AUC in this study was 0.705, indicating acceptable diagnostic accuracy, although it was not ideal. Therefore, the ability of the phase angle to identify malnutrition is limited. Because the phase angle is affected by age, sex, and body mass composition (BMC), a detailed nutritional assessment may more accurately identify patients with malnutrition who fall below the phase angle cut-off for screening. There were several limitations in this study. First, we used the NRS-2002 and PG-SGA to assess malnutrition but did not include the GLIM; thus, nutritional assessments should be performed in conjunction with other tools. Another consideration is that the phase angle is affected by age and sex. Some scholars recommend the use of a standardized phase angle (SPA), which is calculated from the observed PhA and a reference PhA value adjusted for age, sex, and BMI. Owing to the limited sample size, this study did not distinguish between sex and age. In the absence of reference PhA values from a large sample of the Chinese population, we cannot determine the corresponding SPA values. Therefore, it is important to establish and compare reference PhA values from different populations in future studies. Third, this study did not distinguish whether patients were receiving chemotherapy for the first time. Chemotherapy may have influenced the results, as it can affect nutritional status and serum ALB levels. Finally, the sample size was limited due to the use of strict inclusion criteria, preventing separate analysis of each cancer stage. This limitation could be addressed by increasing the sample size. Nonetheless, this study proposes a simple and objective malnutrition index for inpatients with AML, with potential for clinical application. In conclusion, this study investigated the utility of the phase angle (PhA) as an objective nutritional assessment index in inpatients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Our results showed that PhA is a potentially useful screening tool for malnutrition, with a cut-off value of 3.65° in older individuals. Our findings will contribute to the development of rehabilitation strategies for adult patients with AML. In other words, monitoring PhA during rehabilitation may prevent or reduce malnutrition and promote recovery in patients with AML if it is indicative of malnutrition. Future studies should focus on the effectiveness of PhA for assessing perioperative nutritional interventions to improve outcomes. Declarations Funding: The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript. Competing Interests：The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Author Contributions：All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by WL, JL, CH, and QQ. The first draft of the manuscript was written by WL, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. JZ supervised data collection and participated in writing the manuscript. FX participated in data analysis and critical revisions of the manuscript, and reviewed the relevant literature. HX conceived the study question, revised important content, provided logistical and administrative support, ensured compliance with ethical standards, and reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Institutional Review Board Statement: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Shanghai Tongren Hospital. Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all the subjects involved in the study. Data availability statement: The data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author. Acknowledgements: We gratefully acknowledge all the participating subjects. References Jani CT, Ahmed A, Singh H et al (2023) Burden of AML, 1990-2019: Estimates From the Global Burden of Disease Study. JCO global oncology 9:e2300229. https://doi.org/10.1200/go.23.00229 Heuser M, Ofran Y, Boissel N et al (2020) Acute myeloid leukaemia in adult patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. 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Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif) 125:112468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2024.112468 Jiang N, Zhang J, Cheng S, Liang B (2022) The Role of Standardized Phase Angle in the Assessment of Nutritional Status and Clinical Outcomes in Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Nutrients 15(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010050 Tables Table 1. Demographic characteristics of the patients (n=74) Characteristic Value Age（y） 52.68±16.31 Sex，male（%） 49（66.21） Height（cm） 167.72±7.91 weight（kg） 62.05±13.14 BMI（kg/m²） 21.92±3.75 SMI（kg/m2） 6.65±1.29 Phase angle（°） 4.44±1.35 AC（cm） 28.26±3.51 AMC（cm） 24.93±2.75 Hb（g/l） 90.48±32.98 Glucose(mmol/l) 6.29±2.55 Creatinine(μmol/l) 62.38±29.00 Uric acid (μmol/l) 343.68±127.37 Serum albumin（g/l） 38.76±4.99 SOD（μ/ml） 165.80±26.74 NRS 2002 3(2,5) PG-SGA 2(1,2.25) 90-d survival(%) 9(87.8%) Length of hospital（d） 23（14,31 ） Note: The values are presented as the means±standard deviations, numbers (%) or medians (interquartile ranges, IQRs). BMI, body mass index; SMI, skeletal muscle index; AC, arm circumference; AMC arm muscle circumference; Hb, haemoglobin; SOD, superoxide dismutase; Table 2. Analysis of the correlations of PA with age, BMI, NRS2002 score and PGSGA score in AML patients age BMI NRS2002 PGSGA Length of time r -0.265 0.631 -0.467 -0.427 -0.370 p 0.022 ＜0.001 ＜0.001 ＜0.001 0.001 Table 3. Analysis of the correlations between PAs and nutritional indexes RBC Hb Cr Alb SOD SMI AMC r 0.583 0.680 0.036 0.597 0.682 0.705 0.763 p ＜0.001 ＜0.001 0.759 ＜0.001 ＜0.001 ＜0.001 ＜0.001 Table 4. Univariate analysis of the phase angle in inpatients with AML Normal PA (n=25） Low PA (n=49) Sex 4.652 0.031* male female 21(84.00) 29(59.18) 4(16.00) 20(40.82) age 5.696 0.017* ≤60y >60y 19(76.00) 23(46.94) 6(24.00) 26(53.06) BMI 6.592 0.010* <18.5 0(0.00) 11(22.45) ≥18.5 25(100.00) 38(77.55) NRS2002 2.160 0.142 ＜3 ≥3 12(48.00) 15(30.61) 13(52.00) 34(69.39) PG-SGA 3.233 0.199 A B C 12(48.00) 17(34.69) 10(40.00) 17(34.69) 3(12.00) 15(30.61) survival 0.612 0.434 death no death 2(8.00) 7(14.29) 23(92.00) 42(85.71) SMI 10.209 0.001** normal(n=37) low(n=37) 19(76.00) 18(36.73) 6(24.00) 31(63.27) HB 19.759 <0.001** ≥110 g/l 17(68.00) 8(16.33) <110 g/l 8(32.00) 41(83.67) ALB 4.783 0.029* ≥35 g/l 23(92.00) 34(69.39) <35 g/l 2(8.00) 15(30.61) * p<0.05 ** p60y 0.746 0.664 1.262 0.261 2.109 0.574 ~ 7.756 SMI 1.614 0.671 5.778 0.016 5.021 1.347 ~ 18.716 HB<110 g/l 1.814 0.691 6.885 0.009 6.133 1.582 ~ 23.770 ALB<35 g/l 0.075 0.959 0.006 0.938 1.078 0.165 ~ 7.056 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6499406","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":466094376,"identity":"19ba2db5-309f-4e1d-a065-19d59fe1fffe","order_by":0,"name":"Wei LI","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wei","middleName":"","lastName":"LI","suffix":""},{"id":466094377,"identity":"be8fb20a-10e1-42e0-818e-f14e4f254c2c","order_by":1,"name":"Jing Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jing","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":466094378,"identity":"6c6fb61f-383c-4779-8f90-93a1b44dfec8","order_by":2,"name":"Jing Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jing","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":466094379,"identity":"cde00978-3283-4506-94fe-d88fe02270e1","order_by":3,"name":"Fang Xu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fang","middleName":"","lastName":"Xu","suffix":""},{"id":466094380,"identity":"1cc31c75-6ce2-42ac-86d0-d1a8dccb6bf0","order_by":4,"name":"Chao Hua","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chao","middleName":"","lastName":"Hua","suffix":""},{"id":466094381,"identity":"ee62528e-e46a-4e11-8c9d-5bed5132a2f4","order_by":5,"name":"Qiong Qiu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qiong","middleName":"","lastName":"Qiu","suffix":""},{"id":466094382,"identity":"1f588ed0-dc39-46e2-b2f9-d585a36cf761","order_by":6,"name":"Hua Xie","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAx0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZgY2EMXYwN7Y+PADaVp4DjcbSxBpD1SLRHqbAA8x6g2OMx97zFPDILt95sM2BgkGOzndBgJaJJvZ0o15jjEYz7md2PaggCHZ2OwAAS38zDxm0jxsDIkzpBPbDSQYDiRuI6SFjZn/mzTPP6AWyYNtEjzEaAHawibN2wbUIsFIpBagX8wk5/YxGM/gSQQGsgERfjE4f/iZxJtvDLIz2I8/fPihwk6OoBYo+A8zgTjlo2AUjIJRMAoIAAAiWDlFUsrDqQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hua","middleName":"","lastName":"Xie","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-22 02:08:06","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6499406/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6499406/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":84201914,"identity":"2396c4c4-ea4c-4064-a948-06b1e475e1ff","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-09 08:36:50","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":43457,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStudy flowchart\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6499406/v1/3f84683043b624bec06da958.png"},{"id":84201915,"identity":"66f0f8dc-b225-4406-a816-f2ee031dc84c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-09 08:36:50","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":43605,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eReceiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to estimate the phase angle cut-off for malnutrition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: the phase angle cut-off was 3.65° (sensitivity = 0.926, specificity = 0.553, 95% CI = 0.585–0.825, p = 0.003, AUC = 0.705).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6499406/v1/e106e106e9bb23abeb0d1a4f.png"},{"id":84965234,"identity":"8b1e8cb8-ec55-4484-8f63-f70b072b25e8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-19 09:47:13","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":701736,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6499406/v1/17e381f3-493b-4cd9-bcdc-3597d2a2a5c7.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Phase Angle as a Nutritional Assessment Method in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Cross-Sectional Study","fulltext":[{"header":"1 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAcute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common form of acute leukemia in adults\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c/sup\u003e. Across all age groups, the incidence of AML is greater in males than in females. The median age at diagnosis is approximately 70 years\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c/sup\u003e. Nearly 80% of AML patients in the USA are aged 65 years or older\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, effective nutritional measures are essential for older adults with AML.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGiven that elderly individuals are at high risk for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and that the prognosis for elderly AML patients is generally poor\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c/sup\u003e, this is related not only to the increased risk of leukemia in elderly AML patients but also to the presence of multiple comorbidities and compromised nutritional status, which are key factors affecting prognosis\u003csup\u003e[5, 6]\u003c/sup\u003e. Several factors, including age, sex, and comorbidities, can hinder recovery in patients with AML, with malnutrition being a crucial modifying factor\u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c/sup\u003e. Malnutrition further increases the risk of institutionalization and mortality among older impatients with cancer\u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, accurate assessment of the nutritional status of older inpatients with AML and the provision of appropriate interventions are essential.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNutritional risk screening is usually recommended for hospitalized cancer patients\u003csup\u003e[9]\u003c/sup\u003e, and the Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS-2002) and the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) are used to assess whether patients are malnourished\u003csup\u003e[10]\u003c/sup\u003e. The GLIM criteria have gradually become the primary method of clinical nutrition evaluation in recent years\u003csup\u003e[11]\u003c/sup\u003e. GLIM takes into account muscle loss and inflammation in patients, which are particularly pronounced in those with tumors\u003csup\u003e[12]\u003c/sup\u003e. Differences among nutritional status assessment tools impact the identification and interpretation of nutritional status in cancer patients from different populations, thereby affecting early intervention\u003csup\u003e[13]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe phase angle (PhA) is an indicator of membrane integrity and function\u003csup\u003e[14]\u003c/sup\u003e and has been suggested to be an important prognostic indicator of mortality in patients\u003csup\u003e[15]\u003c/sup\u003e. Higher PhA values indicate greater cell membrane integrity and better cell function\u003csup\u003e[15]\u003c/sup\u003e. Because of this characteristic, PhA has been suggested as a nutritional screening tool for various diseases, such as pancreatic head cancer\u003csup\u003e[16]\u003c/sup\u003e, hip fractures\u003csup\u003e[17]\u003c/sup\u003e, and liver cirrhosis\u003csup\u003e[18]\u003c/sup\u003e. Phase angles can be obtained through bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), which is a noninvasive, simple, low-cost, and reproducible method. The phase angle (PhA) indicates the relationship between the resistance (R) and capacitive reactance (Xc) generated by BIA devices\u003csup\u003e[19]\u003c/sup\u003e. However, cut-off values for PhA in clinical assessment vary, which may be attributed to differences in disease physiology, race, and measurement devices. To date, no published studies have reported the value of PhA in patients with acute myeloid leukemia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, we aimed to assess the association between the phase angle (PhA) measured via bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and malnutrition in inpatients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and to determine the optimal cut-off PhA for identifying malnutrition.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 Materials and methods","content":"\u003ch2\u003e2.1 \u003cem\u003eSetting, design, and participants\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis retrospective cross-sectional study enrolled impatients with acute myeloid leukemia between March 2023 and February 2024. Data were collected from the medical records of hospitalized patients. We included 222 participants who were diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The inclusion criteria included patients with acute myeloid leukemia confirmed by bone marrow aspiration, those receiving first-line chemotherapy, and those who were able and willing to provide informed consent. The exclusion criteria included the presence of stroke, spinal cord injury, or other diseases that significantly impaired physical function; inability to undergo bioelectrical impedance analysis; prior to chemotherapy; or receipt of a bone marrow transplant. Data from 74 participants were ultimately collected and analysed (Figure 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.2 Procedure\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe collected demographic and clinical data, including age, sex, height, weight, and muscle mass, from the patients' medical records. Additionally, we extracted data on the length of hospital stay; clinical outcomes; phase angle; and serum levels of albumin, haemoglobin, glucose, creatinine, uric acid, and superoxide dismutase. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing weight (kg) by the square of height (m²). The skeletal muscle index (SMI) was calculated on the basis of the skeletal muscle mass of the limbs and was measured via bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). The SMI was computed by dividing the total skeletal muscle mass of the limbs by the square of the patient’s height (m²). For bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), we used InBody S10 devices (InBody Inc., Korea) and performed the measurements according to the manufacturer's instructions. The participants were assessed in a supine position, with their legs and arms apart, after fasting for 4 h and emptying their bladders. For the control group, participants refrained from intense physical activity for 8 h before the test. The electrodes were attached to the thumbs, middle fingers, and ankles. All the metal objects were removed from the patients to avoid measurement errors. Arm circumference (AC) and arm muscle circumference (AMC) were also obtained from bioelectrical impedance analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe phase angle was calculated from the resistance and reactance values obtained from the nonfractured limbs and trunk via bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) at a frequency of 50 kHz. The phase angle reflects cellular health; higher values indicate better cellular conditions. The phase angle typically ranges from 8° to 15° and decreases with poor health and disease. The phase angle was computed via the following equation: Phase angle (°) = PhA = arctan(Xc/R) × 180/π\u003csup\u003e[19]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.3 Statistical analysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatient characteristics were described via descriptive statistics. First, we analysed the relationships between the phase angle and other factors via Spearman rank correlation coefficients. Then, we used univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to assess the associations between PA and nutritional indices. We subsequently performed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to determine the cut-off phase angle for malnutrition and calculated the area under the ROC curve (AUC) as an indicator of model accuracy, with values ≥0.7 indicating acceptable accuracy. The cut-off value was defined as the point on the ROC curve closest to 1 for sensitivity and closest to 0 for 1–specificity. Statistical analyses were performed via SPSS version 26 (IBM SPSS Statistics, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Statistical significance was set at p \u0026lt; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.4 Ethical considerations\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Shanghai Tongren Hospital (Approval No. 2023-025-02). All study procedures conformed to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The results were reported in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3 Results","content":"\u003ch2\u003e3.1 \u003cem\u003ePatient characteristics\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 74 patients with acute myeloid leukemia were eligible for the study. The enrolled participants had a mean age of 52.68±11.26 years, and 66.21% were male. The BIA results revealed that the PhA value among female participants was 4.44 ± 1.35. In addition, other body composition parameters, such as TBW, skeletal muscle, and FFM, are summarized in the demographic characteristics of the patients in Table 1. Among patients with acute myeloid leukemia, we observed significant negative correlations between PhA and age (p = 0.022) and significant positive correlations between PhA and BMI (p \u0026lt; 0.001), SMI (p \u0026lt; 0.001), AMC (p \u0026lt; 0.001), and ALB (p \u0026lt; 0.001). These results are presented in Tables 2 and 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.2 \u003cem\u003eAssociation between PhA and nutritional status\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of univariate analysis revealed that the phase angle (PhA) of inpatients with hematologic malignancies was correlated with sex, age, BMI, SMI, hemoglobin (HB), and albumin (Alb) (p \u0026lt; 0.05) but not with the NRS-2002 score, PG-SGA score, or clinical outcome (p \u0026gt; 0.05) (Table 4). Sex, age \u0026gt; 60 years, low SMI, hemoglobin deficiency, and albumin deficiency were included as independent variables. The presence of low PhA in AML inpatients was used as the dependent variable (absent = 0, present = 1). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that low SMI (p = 0.016, OR = 5.021) and hemoglobin deficiency (p = 0.009, OR = 6.133) were risk factors for low PhA in AML inpatients (p \u0026lt; 0.05), indicating a significant positive relationship (Table 5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.3 The ROC curves for PhA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ROC curves for PhA in predicting malnutrition status in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients are shown in Figure 2. According to the NRS-2002 assessment, the cut-off PhA value for diagnosing malnutrition was 3.65, with 92.6% sensitivity and 55.3% specificity (Youden index = 0.705). PhA values less than 3.65 were considered low, indicating malnutrition.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4 Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we examined the relationship between the phase angle (PhA) and nutritional status in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The results revealed two key findings regarding PhA in this population: PhA was associated with malnutrition in AML patients, and a low skeletal muscle index (SMI) and hemoglobin deficiency were risk factors for low PhA in AML inpatients. Furthermore, we determined that the cut-off PhA value for malnutrition in AML patients was 3.65\u0026deg;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost published studies evaluating the relationship between nutrition and cancer have focused on patients with solid tumors\u003csup\u003e[20, 21]\u003c/sup\u003e, and few studies have examined patients with hematopoietic malignancies\u003csup\u003e[22]\u003c/sup\u003e, particularly AML. However, the nutritional status of patients with hematologic cancers is not different from that of general oncology patients. Identifying nutritional status, providing nutritional support, and establishing the main objectives for patients with AML are essential.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNutritional risk screening and assessment should be performed immediately after diagnosis in patients with hematologic malignancies\u003csup\u003e[23]\u003c/sup\u003e. The NRS-2002 and PG-SGA are two recommended nutritional assessment tools widely used in clinical practice\u003csup\u003e[12]\u003c/sup\u003e. Yilmaz M et al. evaluated the nutritional status of 120 hospitalized patients with hematologic malignancies via the NRS-2002 and the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria\u003csup\u003e[22]\u003c/sup\u003e. The cohort included patients with lymphoma (34.2%), leukemia (34.2%), and myeloma (31.6%), and the risk of malnutrition according to the NRS-2002 was established in 82% of patients. Malnutrition according to the GLIM criteria was observed in 25.8% of patients. However, current nutritional assessment tools are subjective. The BIA method, a noninvasive, rapid, accurate, and practical approach for assessing body composition, has been used to evaluate nutritional status\u003csup\u003e[24]\u003c/sup\u003e. The PhA generated by BIA serves as an index of cell membrane integrity and vitality. PhA describes the angular shift (phase difference) between voltage and current sinusoidal waveforms; in the human body, the current reaches its maximum/minimum peaks after the voltage (positive values), likely due to the presence of cell membranes and tissue interfaces\u003csup\u003e[25]\u003c/sup\u003e. PhA decreases with disease, inflammation, malnutrition, and prolonged physical inactivity and is associated with impaired quality of life and poor prognosis in various chronic diseases\u003csup\u003e[26]\u003c/sup\u003e. Thus, high PhA suggests greater cellularity, cellular integrity, and cell function. Our results are consistent with these findings, as PhA was negatively correlated with age and positively correlated with SMI. In addition, different studies have used various cut-off values for PhA, possibly to account for the pathophysiology of the disease. These differences in pathophysiology may have distinct effects on cell membrane integrity and cellular hydration. Thus, the PhA values used to evaluate nutritional status may differ between groups of patients with different clinical conditions\u003csup\u003e[17, 27]\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, this study, which evaluated a simple method to screen for malnutrition, will help facilitate the development of strategies to promote recovery in inpatients with AML.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe AUC in this study was 0.705, indicating acceptable diagnostic accuracy, although it was not ideal. Therefore, the ability of the phase angle to identify malnutrition is limited. Because the phase angle is affected by age, sex, and body mass composition (BMC), a detailed nutritional assessment may more accurately identify patients with malnutrition who fall below the phase angle cut-off for screening.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere were several limitations in this study. First, we used the NRS-2002 and PG-SGA to assess malnutrition but did not include the GLIM; thus, nutritional assessments should be performed in conjunction with other tools. Another consideration is that the phase angle is affected by age and sex. Some scholars recommend the use of a standardized phase angle (SPA), which is calculated from the observed PhA and a reference PhA value adjusted for age, sex, and BMI. Owing to the limited sample size, this study did not distinguish between sex and age. In the absence of reference PhA values from a large sample of the Chinese population, we cannot determine the corresponding SPA values. Therefore, it is important to establish and compare reference PhA values from different populations in future studies. Third, this study did not distinguish whether patients were receiving chemotherapy for the first time. Chemotherapy may have influenced the results, as it can affect nutritional status and serum ALB levels. Finally, the sample size was limited due to the use of strict inclusion criteria, preventing separate analysis of each cancer stage. This limitation could be addressed by increasing the sample size. Nonetheless, this study proposes a simple and objective malnutrition index for inpatients with AML, with potential for clinical application.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, this study investigated the utility of the phase angle (PhA) as an objective nutritional assessment index in inpatients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Our results showed that PhA is a potentially useful screening tool for malnutrition, with a cut-off value of 3.65\u0026deg; in older individuals. Our findings will contribute to the development of rehabilitation strategies for adult patients with AML. In other words, monitoring PhA during rehabilitation may prevent or reduce malnutrition and promote recovery in patients with AML if it is indicative of malnutrition. Future studies should focus on the effectiveness of PhA for assessing perioperative nutritional interventions to improve outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFunding: The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCompeting Interests：The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAuthor Contributions：All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by WL, JL, CH, and QQ. The first draft of the manuscript was written by WL, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. JZ supervised data collection and participated in writing the manuscript. FX participated in data analysis and critical revisions of the manuscript, and reviewed the relevant literature. HX conceived the study question, revised important content, provided logistical and administrative support, ensured compliance with ethical standards, and reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eInstitutional Review Board Statement: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Shanghai Tongren Hospital.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eInformed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all the subjects involved in the study.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eData availability statement: The data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAcknowledgements: We gratefully acknowledge all the participating subjects.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJani CT, Ahmed A, Singh H et al (2023) Burden of AML, 1990-2019: Estimates From the Global Burden of Disease Study. 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JPEN Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition 43(1):32-40. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpen.1440\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang Z, Wan Z, Zhu Y, Zhang L, Zhang L, Wan H (2021) Prevalence of malnutrition comparing NRS2002, MUST, and PG-SGA with the GLIM criteria in adults with cancer: A multi-center study. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif) 83:111072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2020.111072\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang KP, Tang M, Fu ZM et al (2021) Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition criteria as a nutrition assessment tool for patients with cancer. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif) 91-92:111379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2021.111379\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWard LC, Brantlov S (2023) Bioimpedance basics and phase angle fundamentals. Reviews in endocrine \u0026amp; metabolic disorders 24(3):381-391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-022-09780-3\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGarlini LM, Alves FD, Ceretta LB, Perry IS, Souza GC, Clausell NO (2019) Phase angle and mortality: a systematic review. European journal of clinical nutrition 73(4):495-508. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0159-1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhou S, Yu Z, Shi X, Zhao H, Dai M, Chen W (2022) The Relationship between Phase Angle, Nutrition Status, and Complications in Patients with Pancreatic Head Cancer. International journal of environmental research and public health 19(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116426\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKubo Y, Noritake K, Noguchi T, Hayashi T (2024) Phase Angle as a Nutritional Assessment Method in Patients with Hip Fractures: A Cross-Sectional Study. Annals of geriatric medicine and research 28(1):95-100. https://doi.org/10.4235/agmr.23.0140\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCasirati A, Crotti S, Raffaele A, Caccialanza R, Cereda E (2023) The use of phase angle in patients with digestive and liver diseases. Reviews in endocrine \u0026amp; metabolic disorders 24(3):503-524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-023-09785-6\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIrisawa H, Mizushima T (2022) Relationship between Nutritional Status, Body Composition, Muscle Strength, and Functional Recovery in Patients with Proximal Femur Fracture. Nutrients 14(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112298\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrown D, Loeliger J, Stewart J et al (2023) Relationship between global leadership initiative on malnutrition (GLIM) defined malnutrition and survival, length of stay and post-operative complications in people with cancer: A systematic review. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 42(3):255-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2023.01.012\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLaan J, van Lonkhuijzen L, Hinnen K, Pieters B, Dekker I, Stalpers L, Westerveld H (2024) Malnutrition is associated with poor survival in women receiving radiotherapy for cervical cancer. International journal of gynecological cancer : official journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society 34(4):497-503. https://doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2023-005024\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYilmaz M, Atilla FD, Sahin F, Saydam G (2020) The effect of malnutrition on mortality in hospitalized patients with hematologic malignancy. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer 28(3):1441-1448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-019-04952-5\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMuscaritoli M, Arends J, Bachmann P et al (2021) ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical Nutrition in cancer. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 40(5):2898-2913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2021.02.005\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXie H, Wei L, Ruan G et al (2024) Performance of anthropometry-based and bio-electrical impedance-based muscle-mass indicators in the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition criteria for predicting prognosis in patients with cancer. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 43(7):1791-1799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2024.05.039\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eda Silva BR, Orsso CE, Gonzalez MC, Sicchieri JMF, Mialich MS, Jordao AA, Prado CM (2023) Phase angle and cellular health: inflammation and oxidative damage. Reviews in endocrine \u0026amp; metabolic disorders 24(3):543-562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-022-09775-0\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYang J, Xie H, Wei L, Ruan G, Zhang H, Shi J, Shi H (2024) Phase angle: A robust predictor of malnutrition and poor prognosis in gastrointestinal cancer. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif) 125:112468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2024.112468\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJiang N, Zhang J, Cheng S, Liang B (2022) The Role of Standardized Phase Angle in the Assessment of Nutritional Status and Clinical Outcomes in Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Nutrients 15(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010050\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDemographic characteristics of the patients (n=74)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"102%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge（y）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.68\u0026plusmn;16.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex，male（%）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49（66.21）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeight（cm）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167.72\u0026plusmn;7.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eweight（kg）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.05\u0026plusmn;13.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI（kg/m\u0026sup2;）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.92\u0026plusmn;3.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSMI（kg/m2）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.65\u0026plusmn;1.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhase angle（\u0026deg;）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.44\u0026plusmn;1.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAC（cm）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.26\u0026plusmn;3.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAMC（cm）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.93\u0026plusmn;2.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHb（g/l）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.48\u0026plusmn;32.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGlucose(mmol/l)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.29\u0026plusmn;2.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCreatinine(\u0026mu;mol/l)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.38\u0026plusmn;29.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUric acid (\u0026mu;mol/l)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e343.68\u0026plusmn;127.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSerum albumin（g/l）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.76\u0026plusmn;4.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSOD（\u0026mu;/ml）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165.80\u0026plusmn;26.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNRS 2002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(2,5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePG-SGA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(1,2.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90-d survival(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(87.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength of hospital（d）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23（14,31\u0026nbsp;）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: The values are presented as the means\u0026plusmn;standard deviations, numbers (%) or medians (interquartile ranges, IQRs). BMI, body mass index; SMI, skeletal muscle index; AC, arm circumference; AMC arm muscle circumference; Hb, haemoglobin; SOD, superoxide dismutase;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAnalysis of the correlations of PA with age, BMI, NRS2002 score and PGSGA score in AML patients\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"74%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNRS2002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePGSGA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength of time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.265\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.631\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.467\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.427\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.370\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAnalysis of the correlations between PAs and nutritional indexes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"99%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRBC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSOD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAMC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.583\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.680\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.597\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.682\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.705\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.763\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.759\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eUnivariate analysis of the phase angle in inpatients with AML\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"596\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNormal PA (n=25）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow PA (n=49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.652\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.031*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 143px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(84.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29(59.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(16.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(40.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.696\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 143px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;60y\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;60y\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(76.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(46.94)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(24.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26(53.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.592\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.010*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;18.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(22.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;18.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(100.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38(77.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNRS2002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 143px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(48.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(30.61)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13(52.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34(69.39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePG-SGA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.233\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.199\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 143px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(48.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(34.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(40.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(34.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(12.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(30.61)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esurvival\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.612\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.434\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 143px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edeath\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eno death\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(8.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(14.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(92.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42(85.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.209\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 143px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003enormal(n=37)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elow(n=37)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(76.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(36.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(24.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31(63.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.759\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;110 g/l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(68.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(16.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;110 g/l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(32.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41(83.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eALB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.783\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.029*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;35 g/l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(92.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34(69.39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;35 g/l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(8.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(30.61)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 596px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e* p\u0026lt;0.05 ** p\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMultivariate analysis\u0026nbsp;of the low phase angle in inpatients with AML\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"600\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegression coefficient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandard error\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWald\u0026nbsp;\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.756\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.143\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.688 ~ 13.316\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u0026gt;60y\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.746\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.664\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.262\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.261\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.574 ~ 7.756\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.614\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.671\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.778\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.347 ~ 18.716\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHB\u0026lt;110 g/l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.814\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.691\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.885\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.133\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.582 ~ 23.770\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eALB\u0026lt;35 g/l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.959\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.938\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.165 ~ 7.056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Phase angle, Body composition, Acute myeloid leukemia, Nutritional assessment, Skeletal muscle index","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6499406/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6499406/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground and Objectives:\u003c/strong\u003e The phase angle, which is associated with cellular health, has garnered increasing attention as a noninvasive and objective method for nutritional assessment. However, the association between malnutrition and phase angle in patients with acute myeloid leukemia remains unreported. Therefore, this study investigated this association in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and established a cut-off phase angle for identifying malnutrition. \u003cstrong\u003eMethods and Study Design:\u003c/strong\u003e This cross-sectional study retrospectively analysed the data of 74 impatients with acute myeloid leukemia (66.21% male; mean age, 52.68±16.31 years). Nutritional status was assessed via the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA). Bioelectrical impedance analysis was employed to measure phase angles.\u003cstrong\u003e Results: \u003c/strong\u003eThe phase angle was negatively associated with malnutrition (B=-0.436; p\u0026lt;0.001). Logistic regression analysis revealed that a low skeletal muscle index (SMI) (p=0.016, OR=5.021, 95% CI 1.347--18.716) and hemoglobin deficiency (p=0.009, OR=6.133, 95% CI 1.582--23.770) were risk factors for a low phase angle (PA) in acute myeloid leukemia inpatients. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.705. The cut-off phase angle for identifying malnutrition was 3.65° (sensitivity, 0.926; specificity, 0.553).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions:\u003c/strong\u003e The phase angle may serve as an indicator of malnutrition in impatients with acute myeloid leukemia. These findings may aid in the formulation of nutritional strategies for these patients.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Phase Angle as a Nutritional Assessment Method in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Cross-Sectional Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-09 08:36:45","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6499406/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c041c350-9176-4071-82a4-a7c8fdd7f119","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 9th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-19T09:39:06+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-09 08:36:45","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6499406","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6499406","identity":"rs-6499406","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}