Imaging biological tissue with high-throughput single-pixel compressive holography

Imaging biological tissue with high-throughput single-pixel compressive holography | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Imaging biological tissue with high-throughput single-pixel compressive holography Wu Daixuan, Luo Jiawei, Huang Guoqiang, Yuanhua Feng, Feng Xiaohua, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-129598/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 05 Aug, 2021 Read the published version in Nature Communications → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Single-pixel holography (SPH) is capable of generating holographic images with rich spatial information by employing only a single-pixel detector. Thanks to the relatively low dark-noise production, high sensitivity, large bandwidth, and cheap price of single-pixel detectors in comparison to pixel-array detectors, SPH is becoming an attractive imaging modality at wavelengths where pixel-array detectors are not available or prohibitively expensive. Moreover, SPH is particularly advantageous when imaging through scattering media or in scarce illumination with compressive sensing. In the current practice of SPH, the throughput of the system is mainly limited by the phase-encoded illumination and the ways to realize phase stepping. In this work, we developed a high-through single-pixel compressive holography, achieving a space-bandwidth- time product (SBP- T ) of 41,667 pixels/s. This result indicates that by using a single-pixel detector, information of holographic images containing up to 65,536 pixels can be collected within only 3 seconds. The high-throughput was realized by enabling phase stepping naturally in time and abandoning the need for phase-encoded illumination. We further show that compressive sensing can be conveniently adapted to significantly reduce the acquisition time. Besides being high throughput, we also show that this holographic system is scalable to provide either a large field of view (~83 mm 2 ) or a high resolution (5.8 μm × 4.3 μm). In particular, high-resolution holographic images of a piece of rat tail were presented, exhibiting rich information of mussel, cortical bone, and cancellous bone. Given that microscopic images of biological tissue has rarely been explored in the current practice of SPH, we anticipate the developed high-throughput SPH is promising to nourish the development of multi-spectrum imaging by providing high-quality holographic images for biological tissues. Photonics/optics Optics/Lasers Optical Materials and Devices Single-pixel holography (SPH) holographic images Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Supplementary Files dataandsupportingfiles.zip Raw Data Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 05 Aug, 2021 Read the published version in Nature Communications → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-129598","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":7491533,"identity":"74007fb8-3bd5-4bab-b390-4a6c1e340d65","order_by":0,"name":"Wu Daixuan","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9232-3442","institution":"Sun Yat-Sen University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wu","middleName":"","lastName":"Daixuan","suffix":""},{"id":7491534,"identity":"fbdda1f6-e5fc-436c-99fb-f3f54c9f0800","order_by":1,"name":"Luo Jiawei","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sun Yat-sen University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Luo","middleName":"","lastName":"Jiawei","suffix":""},{"id":7491535,"identity":"a8baf574-a243-4402-9fc2-5b40a5b91832","order_by":2,"name":"Huang Guoqiang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sun Yat-sen University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Huang","middleName":"","lastName":"Guoqiang","suffix":""},{"id":7491536,"identity":"4afe6a89-e47b-41df-9b42-dbda5cf79638","order_by":3,"name":"Yuanhua Feng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jinan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yuanhua","middleName":"","lastName":"Feng","suffix":""},{"id":7491537,"identity":"edc99a51-e0b1-4dc9-9756-223b2e5c3d51","order_by":4,"name":"Feng Xiaohua","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of California","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Feng","middleName":"","lastName":"Xiaohua","suffix":""},{"id":7491538,"identity":"3b770297-a8b0-4545-960d-7b0bab4e49cf","order_by":5,"name":"Shen Yuecheng","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Sun Yat-sen University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shen","middleName":"","lastName":"Yuecheng","suffix":""},{"id":7491539,"identity":"63b88f78-9d6c-429d-b8f2-a12eedc3e461","order_by":6,"name":"Zhao-Hui Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sun Yat-sen University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhao-Hui","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2020-12-16 06:35:33","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-129598/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-129598/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24990-0","type":"published","date":"2021-08-05T04:00:00+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":4750622,"identity":"30c5fe64-4448-44a9-b489-8ebae4ca7ac8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-01-06 15:39:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":137728,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePrinciple diagram of the high-throughput single-pixel compressive holography. A complex-valued object 𝑂(𝑟⃑)=𝐴(𝑟⃑)𝑒𝑖𝜙(𝑟⃑) can be expressed as the superposition of a complete set of orthogonal Hadamard basis 𝐻𝑛(𝑟⃑) with corresponding coefficients. To retrieve these coefficients, one can illuminate the 31 object with a series of Hadamard-like patterns 𝐻̃𝑛(𝑟⃑) (with components \u0026ldquo;0\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;1\u0026rdquo;) generated by the DMD. To implement heterodyne holography, a beat frequency \u0026Delta;𝑓 is introduced between the signal beam and the reference beam, enabling a time-varying signal that can be measured by the photodiode. The simple 1 linear transformation between 𝐻̃𝑛(𝑟⃑) and 𝐻𝑛(𝑟⃑) allows the reconstruction of holographic images with pure amplitude patterns. DMD: digital micromirror device; 2 BS: beam splitter; PD: photodiode.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-129598/v1/967e065968946914f46ced9e.jpg"},{"id":4750799,"identity":"425613a9-265a-4f47-b1f1-24408f7fd064","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-01-06 15:42:53","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":88615,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Experiment setup of the high-throughput single-pixel compressive holography system. A series of Hadamard-like patterns were generated and projected to the sample. HWP1-3: half-wave plate; M1-3: mirror; PBS: polarization beam splitter; AOM1-2: acousto-optic modulators that cause a frequency shift to the light passing through; L1-7, lenses (𝑓1=𝑓3=7.5 mm, 𝑓2=𝑓4=250 mm, 𝑓7=150 mm, 𝑓5 and 𝑓6 is scalable to be adapted for various demands); DMD: digital micromirror device that provides amplitude modulation with “0” and “1”; BS: beam splitter; PD: photodiode. The upper inset shows the detailed procedure of how a double-channel function generation generates a beating frequency to drive the AOMs (an electronic power amplifier is omitted here).","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-129598/v1/72821ef66428ffbe4aee0a91.jpg"},{"id":4750798,"identity":"4cd7fc38-351d-4a76-bab0-50b1970cf912","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-01-06 15:42:50","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":140854,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Performance of the high-throughput SPH in large FOV mode. A standard positive 1951-USAF resolution test target (Thorlabs R3L3S1P) is used as a testing sample. 3 × 3 pixels binning strategy was adopted for 768 × 768 pixels, leading to 256 × 256 superpixels. (a) Reconstructed amplitude image of the resolution target. The upper inset: the image captured by conventional microscopy; the lower inset: the corresponding one-dimensional (1D) profile of element 4 of group 3. (b) Reconstructed phase image of the resolution test target. The corresponding 1D profile is shown in the inset","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-129598/v1/77631aa341d09bab129bcd24.jpg"},{"id":4750625,"identity":"31147ba2-1943-4415-bb17-29a32b22e1e1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-01-06 15:39:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":197927,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Reconstruction of holographic images for the resolution target with compressive sensing. The amplitude and wrapped phase images are reconstructed with different sampling ratios of 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125%.","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-129598/v1/589f235b604a6ce1236ce019.jpg"},{"id":4750796,"identity":"ae5d0844-e8c6-4c77-9570-940db668f4cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-01-06 15:42:50","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":248410,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Performance of the high-throughput SPH in high-resolution mode. (a) Reconstructed amplitude image of a resolution target. The upper inset: the image of the resolution target (containing groups 6 and 7) captured by a conventional microscope; the lower inset: the corresponding one-dimensional (1D) profile of element 6 of group 6. (b) The image of a slice of stained tissue from rat tail, captured using a conventional microscope. Three diamond-shaped boxes represent the area being measured by the holographic system. (c)-(e) The reconstructed amplitude and phase images for different parts of the stained tissue.","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-129598/v1/3534216566a9d2fd72583111.jpg"},{"id":4750797,"identity":"16554216-a32c-4877-8dba-48a07c1ee6e3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-01-06 15:42:50","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":168542,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Reconstruction of holographic images for the piece of rat tail with compressive sensing. The amplitude and wrapped phase images are reconstructed with different sampling ratios of 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125%.","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-129598/v1/a03fac246478c86ae47614fc.jpg"},{"id":15779836,"identity":"d8bfa227-9a22-4d25-947a-74f7aa8afbc4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-11-22 15:39:26","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1547371,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Imagingbiologicaltissuewithhighthroughputsinglepixelcompressiveholography.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-129598/v1_covered.pdf"},{"id":13571651,"identity":"76322529-c162-417f-86d8-0bb1b42155da","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 03:48:16","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1542335,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Imagingbiologicaltissuewithhighthroughputsinglepixelcompressiveholography.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-129598/v1_covered.pdf"},{"id":4750802,"identity":"8e91effe-9e4d-4624-a4e5-e3f497e69421","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-01-06 15:42:57","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1707141,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Imagingbiologicaltissuewithhighthroughputsinglepixelcompressiveholography.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-129598/v1_stamped.pdf"},{"id":4750803,"identity":"b2d4c456-44cd-4ac1-993b-9cea49190c8e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-01-06 15:42:57","extension":"zip","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":201903230,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Raw Data","description":"","filename":"dataandsupportingfiles.zip","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-129598/v1/1eaa493b2b12460d9db7bf8a.zip"}],"financialInterests":"There is \u003cb\u003eNO\u003c/b\u003e Competing Interest.","formattedTitle":"Imaging biological tissue with high-throughput single-pixel compressive holography","fulltext":[{"header":"Full Text","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis preprint is available for \u003ca href='/article/rs-129598/latest.pdf' target='_blank'\u003edownload as a PDF\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"nature-portfolio","isNatureJournal":true,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Nature Portfolio","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":false,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Single-pixel holography (SPH), holographic images","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-129598/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-129598/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Single-pixel holography (SPH) is capable of generating holographic images with rich spatial information by employing only a single-pixel detector. Thanks to the relatively low dark-noise production, high sensitivity, large bandwidth, and cheap price of single-pixel detectors in comparison to pixel-array detectors, SPH is becoming an attractive imaging modality at wavelengths where pixel-array detectors are not available or prohibitively expensive. Moreover, SPH is particularly advantageous when imaging through scattering media or in scarce illumination with compressive sensing. In the current practice of SPH, the throughput of the system is mainly limited by the phase-encoded illumination and the ways to realize phase stepping. In this work, we developed a high-through single-pixel compressive holography, achieving a space-bandwidth-\u003ci\u003etime\u003c/i\u003e product (SBP-\u003ci\u003eT\u003c/i\u003e) of 41,667 pixels/s. This result indicates that by using a single-pixel detector, information of holographic images containing up to 65,536 pixels can be collected within only 3 seconds. The high-throughput was realized by enabling phase stepping naturally in time and abandoning the need for phase-encoded illumination. We further show that compressive sensing can be conveniently adapted to significantly reduce the acquisition time. Besides being high throughput, we also show that this holographic system is scalable to provide either a large field of view (~83 mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) or a high resolution (5.8 μm × 4.3 μm). In particular, high-resolution holographic images of a piece of rat tail were presented, exhibiting rich information of mussel, cortical bone, and cancellous bone. Given that microscopic images of biological tissue has rarely been explored in the current practice of SPH, we anticipate the developed high-throughput SPH is promising to nourish the development of multi-spectrum imaging by providing high-quality holographic images for biological tissues.","manuscriptTitle":"Imaging biological tissue with high-throughput single-pixel compressive holography","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2021-01-06 15:39:45","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-129598/v1","editorialEvents":[],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"nature-communications","isNatureJournal":true,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"NCOMMS","sideBox":"Learn more about [Nature Communications](http://www.nature.com/ncomms/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://mts-ncomms.nature.com/","title":"Nature Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"Nature Communications","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b135fae8-ac6c-4afc-992c-4c0fe50f9e2e","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 6th, 2021","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":1742412,"name":"Photonics/optics"},{"id":1742413,"name":"Optics/Lasers"},{"id":1742414,"name":"Optical Materials and Devices"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-05-30T08:02:57+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-129598","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24990-0","journal":{"identity":"nature-communications","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Nature Communications"},"publishedOn":"2021-08-05 04:00:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"August 5th, 2021"},"versionCreatedAt":"2021-01-06 15:39:45","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41467-021-24990-0","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24990-0","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-129598","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-129598","identity":"rs-129598","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"_2-kVJe1T_tPrBINL-cwx","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}