Influence of Interparental Conflict on Teen Dating Violence: A Review

Influence of Interparental Conflict on Teen Dating Violence: A Review | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Systematic Review Influence of Interparental Conflict on Teen Dating Violence: A Review Ms. Shanta Kumari, Dr. Smita Gupta This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4374414/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Research indicates a significant impact of parenting on adolescents’ (teens’) psychological health. Furthermore, the effect of interparental conflict on adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing behavior has been well researched. However, the effect of interparental conflict (in intact families) on teen dating violence is underresearched. Using a literature review, the present study is an attempt to examine the emerging trends in dating relationships among adolescents . With the help of existing studies, the present paper aims to analyze the association between interparental conflict and dating relationships among teens. This systematic study revealed significant findings. It was found that those teens who perceived interparental conflicts at home, showed maladjustment behavior in their dating relationships. Even the study proposes the relevance of certain interventions that can help teenagers improvise their romantic/partner relationships as well as their parents. Psychology adolescent mental health interparental conflict teen dating violence relationship abuse parenting styles Figures Figure 1 Introduction Modern-day living, economic reforms, globalization, changes in the family system, increasing divorce rates, and single parenting have resulted in various emotional, social, vocational, and mental health problems in India over the last decade. These tremendous economic and social changes have had adverse effects on school-going children and adolescents, leading to an increase in suicidal rates, enormous academic competitiveness, and, peer and parental pressure (Arulmani, 2007 ; Kodas & Kazi, 2014). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), adolescence is defined as “the period in human growth and development that occurs after childhood and before adulthood, between the ages of 10 and 19 years”. The United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) states that adolescence represents one of the critical transitions in the life span and is characterized by a tremendous pace of growth and change that is second only to infancy. According to leading health organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and American Psychological Association (APA), the terms ‘adolescents’ and ‘teenagers’ refer to distinct but overlapping age ranges during the transitional period from childhood to adulthood. “Adolescent” is a broader term encompassing the entire age range of approximately 10–19 years, while “teenagers” or “teens” refer more specifically to the latter portion of adolescence, typically approximately 13–19 years old. Furthermore, the APA has interchangeably used the terms ‘adolescents’ and ‘teens’ in terms of age range. Therefore, considering the age range, the present article also used the term “alternatively”. Research indicates that disturbed family functioning affects adolescents’ functioning in different ways. Furthermore, studies show that parents often struggle to balance warmth and control, accepting adolescents’ autonomy and deviant behavior. Research indicates that interparental conflict is associated with poor parenting practices (cox et al., 2001 ). Furthermore, adolescents who reside in urban communities where they experience high levels of poverty, unemployment and single-parent households, are at high risk for teen dating violence (Ali, Swahn, & Hamburger, 2011 ). It could be speculated that the reasons behind emerging teen dating trends could be a lack of love and acceptance. Adolescents tend to tend toward dating relationships in search of emotional needs such as love, warmth and connectedness, as they perceive a lack of support and care from their parents. An increase in dating trends can be observed among adolescents, as can an increase in the number of dating sites available. Technology-savvy adolescents find these very attractive. They tend to have accounts on these social networking sites that offer mate relationships. Recent surveys in newspapers and magazines have shown the growth of people’s indulgence on these sites, and the rate of involvement is quite high in India. One of these reports suggests that people are more comfortable while interacting virtually and tend to share and connect more strongly and emotionally over chatting than in person. One such survey was conducted by an online dating site organization named Bumble in 2021, and a nationwide survey revealed that 40% of single Indians opt for virtual dating. (Etimes, Times of India, Mumbai). Such research reviews create an ardent need to understand the influence of teen dating violence on adolescents’ mental health and wellbeing. Therefore, the present review attempts to outline the emerging trends in dating culture among adolescents in relation to their perception of interparental conflict. Marital studies have repeatedly demonstrated that parents’ marital discord is associated with greater discord and lower satisfaction in their offspring’s marital relationships (e.g., Amato & Booth, 2001 ; Duggan, O’Brien, & Kennedy, 2001). Numerous studies have also suggested that there are associations between interparental violence and dating violence among adolescents (Johnson & Ferraro, 2000 ; Lewis &Fremouw, 2001 ). Therefore, the present systematic literature review attempted to determine the impact of adolescents’ perceived interparental conflict on their romantic relationships. Teen dating relationship The present study attempts to review the area of teen dating violence , which is referred to as “different kind of aggressions between romantic partners, related to physical, sexual, and psychological abuse and stalking” (Johnson et al., 2014 ). The term ‘teen dating violence’ has been used interchangeably, such as ‘adolescent dating violence’ (Offenhauer & Buchalter, 2011 ), ‘adolescents’ relationship abuse’ (Miller & Levenson, 2013 ), ‘teen dating abuse’(Herrman, 2009 ) and ‘intimate partner violence’ (Abbott et al., 1995 ). Reviews reflect that adolescence is a very critical developmental phase of life. Along with physical changes, their emotional and social preferences also start to differ. They tend to move from homosexual friendship to heterosexual friendship. Attraction and infatuation are common at this age, but the acceptance of dating and romantic involvement at this stage varies from culture to culture. According to Furman ( 2002 ), romantic relationships can have both positive and negative impacts on adolescents’ health. It depends on the healthy and unhealthy relationships they have with their partner. Research has highlighted the related risk factors for adolescents in different areas of life, including decreased academic performance, unsteadiness of mental health characterized by depression, antisocial behaviors, and dating violence (Barber &Eccles, 2003 ; Sivagurunathan et. al., 2015 ; Monahan et. al., 2014 ; Quatman et. al., 2001 ). In this phase, adolescents explore their sexuality as heterosexuals, bisexuals, lesbians, gay people and transgender adolescents. Many adolescents, particularly girls, whether single or in a relationship, tend to spend more time discussing romantic relationships and pondering past or future relationships. Indeed, romantic relationships at this stage play a crucial role in the development of close relationships, a sense of intimacy, sexual health, and a sense of self or identity (e.g., self-esteem, gender-role identity) and can potentially influence academic achievement (Furman & Shaffer, 2003 ). Moreover, it is observed that adolescents do not enter into a relationship with commitment. Mostly, they find the initial phase of the relationship to be very bright and joyful but tend to experience conflicts later. A number of longitudinal studies have been conducted in the area of teen dating violence (TDV), which clearly demonstrated that TDV is associated with a host of physical and emotional consequences (Exner-Cortens, Eckenrode, & Rothman, 2013 ). In addition to physical injury, TDV is associated with several serious short- and long-term emotional outcomes, including a heightened risk of internalizing and externalizing problems such as depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, substance use, and risky sexual behavior (Rothman, Reyes, Johnson, &LaValley, 2012 ; Silverman, Raj, Mucci, & Hathaway, 2001 ; Temple & Freeman, 2011 ; Temple, Shorey, Fite, Stuart, & Le, 2013 ; Wolitzky-Taylor et al., 2008 ). Dating relationships among teens are becoming so common among Indian students that school counselors often have cases related to mental health issues because of their unmanageable relationship status. Basavaraju and Navaneetham ( 2019 ) reviewed Indian manuals regarding adolescent mental health in India, with a special focus on adolescent romantic relationships, indicating that training manuals for teachers, counselors, parents, and students are available for the target population. Their review revealed that those manuals were informative and field tested. The focus was on providing psychoeducation to adolescents in the context of interpersonal relationships with peers and the opposite sex. The participatory methodology was chosen for providing life skill training to adolescents. Perceived Interparental Conflict and Adolescents’ C onflicting Behavior The negative implications of interparental conflict for adolescents’ adjustment are well established in the empirical literature (e.g., Cummings, Goeke-Morey, & Dukewich, 2001 ; Dadds, Atkinson, Turner, Blums&Lendich, 1999 ; Grych&Fincham, 1990 ). A literature review highlighted the theoretical concepts that suggest the association between interparental conflict and teen dating violence (Table 2 ). Table 1 Theoretical concepts associated with TDV Researchers and Year Theory-hypothesis-Model How it is related to TDV Bandura ( 1977 ) Social learning theory Adolescents learn to be violent toward dating partners by observing the behavior of important others (models such as parents, friends) and its positive consequences. Thibaut & Kelley ( 1959 ) Interdependence theory This theory posits that interaction behaviors are strongly influenced by beliefs and expectations about what a relationship should be like, or a comparison level. Behavioral standards for dating relationships are likely to be influenced by one’s own past experiences with dating relationships. Belsky ( 1984 ) The intergenerational transmission hypothesis This hypothesis posits that children may later become violent as adults either because they were abused as children or because they witnessed interparental abuse. Bowen ( 1986 ) The family systems theory This theory asserts that family structure, roles, and dynamics impact relational frameworks and the repetition of these in the child’s future relationships. Grych and Fincham ( 1990 ) Cognitive-contextual framework Hypothesis This framework states that the impact of conflict on children depends on both how it is expressed and how children interpret its meaning, as well as their perceptions of its implications on their well-being. Davies and cummings ( 1994 ) Emotional Security Theory This theory suggests that a child's sense of ‘emotional security’ is threatened in the context of interparental conflict. Research has indicated that adolescents’ appraisals of interparental conflict, such as perceived threat and self-blame, are important for understanding how interparental conflict influences adolescents’ behavior (Cummings, Davies, & Simpson, 1994 ; Grych, Harold, & Miles, 2003 ). Self-blame appraisals are those in which adolescents blame themselves for their parents’ marital conflict. Perceived threat appraisals include a threatened feeling, an endangered status, or the ability to cope with parents’ marital conflict (Cummings et al. 1994 ; Grych et al. 1990). Appraisals of self-blame and threat have frequently been found to mediate links between interparental conflict and children’s psychological maladjustment (e.g., internalizing and externalizing behaviors) (Dadds, et al., 1999 ). Cummings et al. ( 1994 ) found that perceived threat was linked to adjustment problems for boys, and, for girls, self-blame was linked to internalizing problems. Whereas, negative appraisals mediate links to psychological adjustment, they appear to moderate the association between interparental conflict and adolescents’ romantic conflict behavior (Simon & Furman, 2010 ). Researchers have observed that, especially children’s maltreatment and harsh parenting practices set the stage for similar patterns of abuse in subsequent relationships with peers and romantic partners (Collins & Sroufe, 1999 ; Kosterman, Graham, Hawkins, Catalano, & Herrenkohl, 2001).Kinsfogel and Grych ( 2004 ) found that adolescents from more conflictual homes experienced and expressed more anger in their dating relationships. Moreover, the relationship between interparental conflict and male romantic conflict was mediated by anger regulation and perceptions of peers’ dating aggression. Prior to adolescence, children share a special close bond with their parents. They develop emotional connections with caregivers/parents. In an analysis of the contribution of parents’ role in child development, Huston & Ripke ( 2006 ) referred to parents as ‘gatekeepers’ and concluded that “parents provide scaffolding as children assume more responsibility for themselves and… regulate their own lives” (Huston & Ripke, 2006 , p.422). However, the stage of adolescence typically alters the relationship between parents and children. Mostly, parents find dealing with adolescents challenging as their preferences change. In one study, high levels of trust, acceptance and quality were found to be the main ingredients of healthy parent-child relationships. Furthermore, it was noted that adolescents share their personal stories with their parents when they have healthy relationships with them (Daddis & Randolph, 2010 ; Keijsers & others, 2010). In adolescence, adolescents’ attitude change, as does their relationships with their parents. Sullivan & Sullivan ( 1980 ) commented that conflict with parents often escalates during adolescents’ years, especially during everyday events When parents become preoccupied with their conflicts, their relationship with their children weakens, eventually resulting in a negative parent - child relationship. Parenting style and interparental conflict Scholars have indicated that children from single parent homes tend to have more childish behavior and adjustment problems than children from intact families (Hetherington, Cox & Cox; 1982 ; Portes, Howell, Brown, Eichenberger, & Mas, 1992 ). Moreover, children often have a very difficult time adjusting after separation of their parents. Research has indicated that such difficulty often begins prior to the separation or break-up of parents (Block, Block, & Gjerde, 1986; Clarke-Stewart, Vandell, McCartney, Owen & Boothe, 2000; Sun, 2001).Many factors significantly contribute to children’s maladjustment after parental separation. However, overall, children from single parent homes tend to have more internalizing, externalizing, social, and academic problems than children from intact families (Hetherington, Cox & Cox; 1982 ; Portes, Howell, Brown, Eichenberger, & Mas, 1992 ). Research also indicates that behavioral and emotional problems tend to be greater for children who have experienced parental divorce or separation more recently than for those who have experienced these events in the more distant past (Harland et al., 2002 ). Studies carried out on openly expressed and unexpressed conflicts have concluded that openly expressed marital conflict is more closely associated with child problems than is marital dissatisfaction (Hetherington, Cox, & Cox, 1982 ). Research in the area of parenting suggests that parenting styles are associated with adolescent children’s adjustment outcomes such as psychological well-being and emotional well-being (Lockett & Harrell, 2003 ; Mounts, 2004 ), and these factors significantly contribute to adolescents’ academic adjustment. Parents who engage in significant interparental conflict are more likely to have negative relationships with their teens (Mash & Dozois, 2003 , p.27). Furthermore, a consistent link has been observed between parenting and teens’ behavioral adjustment. For instance, a mother’s parenting behaviors, including the extent to which she displays affection toward and exerts behavioral and psychological control over her child, when that child is five years of age, are linked to subsequent child internalizing and externalizing behaviors (Aunola & Nurmi, 2005 ). Furthermore, research shows that interparental conflict influences children’s well-being because it affects parenting styles/ parent-child relationships (Fauber & Long, 1991 ). Studies also show that adolescents from families with high marital conflict perceive less acceptance and responsiveness from their parents and develop more fearful attachment styles than do those from families with low marital conflict. Additionally, adolescents who come from families with high marital conflict feel that they receive less social support from their parents, from the special person in their lives, and, in general, from their environment, as well as that they display more problematic behavior and possess low levels of self-esteem (Ozen. D, 2008). Parents are role models for their teens in many aspects of their life. Adolescents also learn about violence from their parents’ conflict. In the words of Downs and colleagues ( 1992 ), “Children become party to the cycle of violence when they learn from their family of origin that violence between intimate partners is acceptable and that the stronger family members are allowed to perpetrate violence as a means to control behaviors of the physically weaker members in the family.” Furthermore, they added that this cycle manifests in the lives of teens when they witness abuse between their caretakers or experience abuse in the hands of those who are expected to protect them and take care of them. Researchers have noted that slowly and gradually, adolescents inculcate violence in their personalities, either as perpetrators of abuse or as victims of abuse in intimate relationships (Downs, Miller, Testa, &Panek, 1992 ). Another study also reported similar results. In a study performed by McCloskey and Lichter ( 2003 ), exposure to higher levels of marital violence in early childhood was found to be associated with more dating aggression perpetration during adolescence. Furthermore, they found that adolescents from conflicting homes are more likely to be depressed. Moreover, it was observed that elevated depression partially mediated the impact of marital violence on peer aggression and was associated with dating aggression among girls. In a study, conducted on 99 undergraduate males at Midwestern University, Carr and Vandeusen ( 2002 ) examined the association between “witnessing interpersonal violence as a child, being victim of parental physical violence, and perpetrating violence in dating relationships”. The results showed that along with witnessing violence, attitudes supporting intimate partner violence were significant predictors of sexual aggression among the participants. Childhood experience of witnessing or receiving abuse could be predictor of aggression in later years (Carr &Vandeusen, 2002 ; McCloskey &Lichter, 2003 ). Current Study Considering the above literature reviews, the present study examined the dynamics of teen dating violence. This review explores how adolescents are affected by dating violence. Furthermore, this paper highlights the influence of teen dating violence-perpetration and victimization on adolescents’ perceptions of interparental conflict. The prior literature has shown the adverse effects of poor parenting, unhealthy parent-child relationships and poor family environments on teen dating relationships. A review of the literature has also shown that these adolescents are at high-risk of experiencing dating violence. However, the effect of inter-parental conflict (in intact families) on teen dating violence has been under-researched. The present study attempts to fill that research gap. For this purpose, the following research methodology was employed. Methods To analyze the current trends in adolescents’ dating romantic relationships and perceived interparental conflict, the present research proposed the following objectives: To understand the emerging trends of dating culture among adolescents in relation to their perceptions of interparental conflict. To understand the impact of adolescents’ perceived interparental conflict on their romantic relationships. The current review research followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria Studies were included in the review analysis if they met the following criteria: They examined either teen dating violence (perpetration and/or victimization) or interparental conflict The sample included adolescents Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were considered The study was conducted after 2000 The study was written in English. Studies were excluded if: (1) They were conducted before 2000 (2)Studies were conducted on adult samples or on special populations (e.g., pregnant adolescents, juveniles, adolescents with mental disorders or adolescents from divorced families/separated families). Table 2 Literature review on teen dating violence Authors (year) Aim Sample size Measure Used Types of analysis Findings Bianchi et al., 2018 To investigate the association between three sexting motivation (sexual purposes, instrumental/aggravated reasons and body image reinforcement) and teen dating violence Data were collected via. online survey from 171 adolescents (M age = 17.1; Sd = 1.7; 46.8% females). Participants were aged from 13 to 20 years from early to late adolescence. Motivation for sexting Sexting Motivation Questionnaire (SMQ; Bianchi et al., 2017) Dating violence Conflict in Adolescent dating Relationships Inventory (Wolfe et al., 2001) Hierarchical regression analysis Findings depict that boys showed more instrumental/aggravated reasons than girls. It was found that sexual purposes increase with age. Furthermore, dating violence (perpetration and victimization) was found to be positively and significantly related with sexual purposes and instrumental/aggravated reasons. The results indicated that an individual's biological sex was a significant predictor of perpetrating electronic dating violence, but not of being a victim. Conversely, younger age was significantly associated with increased likelihood of being a victim of electronic dating violence, but did not predict perpetration. Moreover, the relationship duration was positively related to both perpetration and victimization. Bonache et al., 2017 To examine the association between insecure attachment styles, destructive conflict resolution strategies, self-reported and perceived in the partner, and psychological and physical victimization by a dating partner among adolescents. Final sample included 1298 adolescents (638 females, 660 males) aged from 13 to 18 years. 37.4% of participants had an opposite-sex romantic partner at the time of the study while 62.6% had been in at least one romantic relationship in the past. • Attachment styles Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised Scale (ECR-R; Fraley et al., 2000) • Conflict resolution strategies Conflict Resolution Styles Inventory (CRSI; Kurdek, 1994) • Teen dating violence victimization Safe Dates-Psychological Abuse Victimization (Foshee et al., 1998) Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS; Straus and Douglas, 2004) Means and Standard deviations One-way Analysis of variance Structural equation modeling Insecure attachment and teen dating violence victimization were found to be linked. Anxious attachment was related to victimization via conflict engagement strategies (self- reported and perceived in the partner) among adolescents. Both anxious and avoidant attachment styles were indirectly linked to victimization via self-reported withdrawal and conflict engagement perceived in the partner only among boys. Brooks-Russell et al. 2013 To examine gender differences in trajectory classes of dating violence victimization and the risk factors associated with each trajectory class. Data were collected from longitudinal study spanning 8th through 12th grade (N = 2,566). The average age at wave one was 14.6 years old. Physical Dating Violence Victimization Safe Dates Victimization and Perpetration Scale (Dahlberg et al. 2005) Scale on Substance use Low Parental Monitoring Low Parental Monitoring (Jackson et al. 1998) Anxiety Anxiety Scale (Reynolds and Richmond, 1979) Depression Depression Scale (Angold et al. 1995) Body Image Body Image Scale (Petersen et al. 1994 ) Tool on Victimization by Peers Family Conflict Scale by Bloom (1985) Latent Growth Curve Model Significant gender differences were observed in developmental patterns of dating violence victimization, both in terms of number of classes and the shape of the trajectories. Alcohol use and Anxiety contribute to vulnerability to physical dating violence victimization among girls. Whereas victimization by peers was the only factors distinguishing the victimized from the non-involved class for both the gender. Cascardi ( 2016 ) To examine whether psychological distress in mid-adolescence mediated the link between child maltreatment and witnessing violence in early adolescence and dating violence victimization in young adulthood. Female participants (N = 532) From the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well Being. Mean age of participants were 12.81 (SD = 1.23) years old during the entry into the study. In the fifth and final wave of data collection, participants’ age was 18 years. Child maltreatment Conflict Tactics Scale Parent-Child(CTS-PC; Straus et al. 1998) Witnessing Violence Violence Exposure Scale for Children (VEX-R; Fox 1995) Internalizing Symptoms Youth Self Report (YSR; Achenbach, 1991) Depressive Symptoms Children’s Depressive Inventory (CDI; Kovacs, 1992) PTSD and Dissociation Symptoms Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (Briere, 1996) Dating Violence Victimization Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS; Straus et al. 1996) Longitudinal study Data were analyzed using Structure Equation Modeling Females experiencing dating violence victimization reported more frequent experiences of child maltreatment and witnessing violence and significantly more severe psychological distress was observed among those females. Choi and Temple ( 2016 ) To investigate the development, change and stability of TDV victimization over time. A total of ethnically diverse 1042 adolescents with average age of 15.1 years. Ninth and tenth grade adolescents participated in the survey from 2010 (wave 1) to 2013 (wave 4). TDV victimization The Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory (Wolfe et al. 2001) Longitudinal study Data were analyzed using Latent Class/Transition Analysis (LCA/LTA). Following three latent victimization statuses were identified: Non- victims, emotional/verbal victims, and physical and psychological victims. LTA showed that majority of adolescents stayed in the same status over time. It was found that female youths who had experienced interparental violence generally had a higher transition probability of changing to a more severe victim status compared to non-exposed youth. Moreover, they are more likely to move into a violent relationship. East and Hokoda ( 2015 ) To identify the risk and protective factors evident in early adolescence that are associated with sexual and dating violence victimization in late adolescence. Sample consists of 236 low-incomed Latino and African American youth, their elder sisters and mothers. Data were collected twice with the gap of five years. The average age of participants during data collection Time 1 was Youth (M = 13.6 years; SD = 1.7), mothers (M = 39 years; SD = 4.90). Sexual victimization Dating violence Victimization Youth’s Risky Behaviors Shared activities with older sister Sibling Relationship Questionnaire (SRQ; Furman and Buhrmester, 1985) Perception of Friends’ Risky Behaviors Older Sister’s risky behaviors Mother’s knowledge of youth’s whereabouts Scale by Brown et al. 1993 Mother’s Strictness (Miller et al. 1986) Mothers’ Conservative Attitudes about teenage sex (Miller et al. 1986) Logistic Regression analysis was used for data analysis Finding showed significant early adolescent risks for dating violence victimization were: being female, being older, risky behaviors (substance abuse, going to parties where there was alcohol or teens indulge in sexual activities), perceiving many friends who engage in risky behaviors and having older sister having who engage in risky behaviors. Furthermore, findings indicated that involvement in high- risk behaviors during early adolescence is associated with a greater likelihood of sexual and dating violence victimization by late adolescence. Study identified protective factors such as mother’s knowledge of their child’s whereabouts, high strictness, and conservative sexual attitudes were found to be associated with youth’s lower likelihood of victimization. Mother’s vigilant parenting and conservative attitudes were found to be protective despite having older sister’s risk behaviors. However, these were not protective in the presence of high risk friends. Galende et al., 2020 To describe and analyze the effectiveness of Universal cyber dating violence prevention programs. Relevant studies were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Four studies were included for systematic review of universal cyber dating violence prevention program The effective of following prevention programs were analyzed: The DARSI program , The Dat-e Adolescence program, and , The Brief Incremental Theory of Personality (ITP) adolescent dating violence prevention programs Review Analysis was conducted using PRISMA method Review analysis showed that the Dat-e and the Brief ITP program have included a theoretical explanation on which they base their intervention, unlike DARSI. Furthermore, it showed that DARSI and Dat-e programs have included a skill-building component to promote the behavioral change. However, no significant results were found for aggressive behaviors at post-test in Dat-e program. It was suggested in the review that cyber violence prevention programs need to include activities that aim to modify potentially dangerous attitudes , such as those related to the myths of romantic love, sexist attitudes, self-esteem and cognitions linked to beliefs about the possibility of changing people and situations. Furthermore, emphasis was put on the importance of time lapses in behavior modification. Therefore, follow-up measurements have been suggested in the review. Furthermore, inclusion of skill-building components such as emotion regulation, communication skills, and coping and conflict-resolution strategies has also been advised. From the implementation point of view, authors suggested to train school-staff to apply the programs in their classrooms. Furthermore, they discarded the idea of early implementation of program for preventing problem behavio r. Analyses showed that adolescents begun to involve in dating relationship in late adolescence which is why implementing programs for early adolescence is not recommended. Jaskulska et al. 2022 To explore the association of dating and dating violence with happiness among adolescents in Europe. A sample of 1528 European students from secondary schools (age 13–16 years). Subjective happiness scale (SHS; Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999) Bullying and Cyber bulling Lodz Electronic Aggression Questionnaire (LEAQ; Pyzalski, 2012) The Child and Adolescent social Support scale (CASSS; Malecki & Demary, 2002) The Social Problem Solving Inventory- Revised Scale (SPI-R, D’Zurilla et al., 1998) Cross-sectional research design was employed. Multiple regression was used for data analysis Mean value of happiness was found to be lower for teens who reported physical and sexual violence in their dating relationship. However, no significant difference was observed in case of teens who reported non-violent relationship and those who have never been dating. Perceived support and problem-solving skills were found to be insufficient to maintain happiness for teens who witnessed domestic violence against their mother or was a victim of bullying. In contrast to this, mean value of happiness was higher for teens that were not being a victim of bullying and not witnesses violence against mother. Jouriles et al., 2012 Presented a conceptual model of cognitive and emotional processes hypothesized to be responsible for links between youth experiences of family violence and teen dating violence perpetration. Review research Dating violence perpetration is a result of youth exposure to family violence, which in turn negatively influences adolescents’ explicit beliefs, implicit knowledge structures and executive functions (cognitive processes). Karlsson et al., 2015 To investigate the association between witnessing mother-to- father or father-to-mother violence and TDV victimization for adolescent males and females. 918 participants were recruited from seven high schools. The mean age of participants was 15 years with majority in 9th and 10th grade. Witnessing interparental violence Dichotomous mother-to-father and father-to-mother variables were measured Acceptance of dating violence The Acceptance of Couple Violence Scale (ACV; Foshee et al. 1996) Dating violence victimization The Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory (CADRI; Wolfe et al., 2001) Hierarchical Regression Analyses Findings revealed that witnessing interparental violence and acceptance of dating violence were significant predictors of TDV victimization. Furthermore, it was noted that witnessing mother-to-father violence was the only significant predictor of male physical victimization. Additionally, witnessing interparental violence (mother-to-father and father-to-mother) and acceptance of female-perpetrated dating violence as well as acceptance of general dating violence were significant predictors of psychological TDV victimization. It was noted that while exposure to either parent's violence had negative impacts, violence by the mother was linked to both physical and mental trauma for the child, whereas the father's violence was associated more specifically with psychological issues rather than physical ones. Kinsfogel and Grych ( 2004 ) To examine an integrative model exploring how inter- parental conflict influence the dating behaviors of their adolescent children. Data were collected from 391 diverse sample of school going adolescents of age group 14–20 years (205 girls, 186 boys). Interparental aggression The Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS; Straus, 1979) Dating aggression The Conflict in Relationships Scale (CIR; Wolfe et al., 1994) Conflict in dating relationships was also assessed Beliefs about aggression Attitudes about Dating Index (ADI; Foo & Margolin, 1995) Anger regulation Trait Anger Scale (TAS; Spielberger et al., 1983) Peer dating aggression was also measured. Structural Equation Modeling The findings suggest that interparental conflicts shape boys' cognitive beliefs and peer influences in ways that increase dating aggression , while the mechanisms differ for girls. Girls did not report higher levels of aggression toward their dating partners as a result of greater inter- parental conflict. Further it was found that boys exposed to higher levels of aggressive conflicts between parents were more likely to view aggression as justifiable in romantic relationships, which in turn predicted increased hostile and abusive behavior toward dating partners. Furthermore, adolescents from high-conflict homes reported their friends exhibited more verbal and physical aggression in dating relationships compared to those from low-conflict homes, regardless of gender. Makin-Byrd et al. 2013 To examine aggressive family dynamics in both childhood and early adolescent predictors of emerging dating violence assessed in late adolescence. After a rigorous screening of sample, 401 children were followed from kindergarten to age of 18 years. Parent harsh punishment Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS; Straus, 1979) Child/Adolescent Aggression at Home Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)- Parent Report Form (Achenbach 1991) Parent-Child Relationship Quality Developmental History questionnaire (Dodge et al. 1990) Child-Adolescent Aggression at school Teacher’s Report Form (TRF; Achenbach, 1991) Dating Violence Conflict Tactics Scale (Dodge et al. 1997) Longitudinal study data was analyzed using One way ANOVA and Regression Analysis Child aggressive-disruptive behavior at home in childhood uniquely predicted later perpetration of dating violence. Children who exhibited elevated rates of aggressive-oppositional behavior both at home and at school were significantly more likely to engage in dating violence as compared to children who were not aggressive. Mennicke et al., 2021 To investigate whether a bystander intervention program, Green Dot , reduces teen dating violence among youth exposed to parental IPV To examine how Green Dot works by assessing the mediating roles of amount of training received and violence acceptance. Data were collected from selected 26 high schools. Randomization occurred at school level; 13 schools were randomized to the treatment condition (Green Dot intervention) and 13 schools were randomized to the control condition. 71,797 high school students (14–18 years old) participated in the study. Questionnaires were used for following variables: Witnessed Parental IPV Psychological and Physical DV (Black et al., 2011) Rape Myth (Payne et al., 1999) Dating Violence Acceptance (Foshee et al., 1998) Multigroup path analysis Analysis showed significant reduction in dating violence for students in intervention schools. Those who witnessed parental IPV showed reduction in psychological (p < .001) and physical DV (p < .01) perpetration and psychological DV victimization (p < .01) in phase 2. Violence acceptance was positively associated with dating violence (victimization and perpetration). Finding showed lower levels of violence victimization for adolescents receiving training, who previously witnessed parental IPV. Orpinas et al. 2013 To identify the developmental trajectories of physical dating violence victimization and perpetration that adolescents follow from middle to high school. To examine the association with caring partner relationships and acceptability of dating aggression. The final sample included 303 girls and 285 boys. The mean age of this cohort was 14.8 years (SD = 0.57) during final wave (ninth grade) Physical Dating Violence Physical Dating Violence (PDV; Foshee, 1996) Caring Partner Relationship Caring Partner Relationship Scale (CPRS; Constantine and Benard, 2001) Acceptability of Dating Aggression Scale used for assessing dating aggression acceptance (ADA; Foshee et al. 1998) Longitudinal study Data were analyzed using Latent class mixture modeling, ANOVA and Bonferroni Correction Two-third of the sample showed very low or no physical dating violence perpetration or victimization over seven years of assessment. Furthermore, these trajectories were found to be stable over time. Study shows significant difference in caring partner relationship between the low and increasing trajectories of dating violence. Joint trajectories of victimization and perpetration were found to be positively associated with acceptance of dating aggression. Pereda et al., 2022 To identify distal relationship between risk factors in childhood and subsequent dating violence in middle adolescence. To address different patterns of perpetration and victimization in teen romantic relationships. To examine the gender differences among teen dating violence adolescents Data were drawn from the zurich Project on the Social Development from Childhood to Adulthood (z-proso, n = 644). Data were collected from children, their parents, and, their teachers. Participants were M = 7.45 years, SD = 0.40 and M = 17.44 years, SD = 0.37 during first wave (T1) and seventh wave (T7) respectively. Physical dating violence victimization and perpetration was assessed by youth at T7 using self-reported questionnaire. Parental monitoring was measured at T1using Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ, Shelton et al., 1996). Corporal punishment was assessed at T1 using four –point Likert-type scale. Bullying variable was converted into categorical, on the basis of assessment of teachers at T1. Following categories were formed: • Incipient perpetrator • Victimization • Bullying Overlap Anger, Anxiety and depression were measured at T1 through self-report, Tremblay’s Social Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ; Tremblay et al., 1991) Longitudinal study. Data were analyzed using Latent Class Analysis (LCA) Following three classes were formed based on LCA: • Controlling behavior overlap • No violence • Controlling and physical violence overlap “Controlling behavior overlap” class was found to be most prevalent among adolescents with 38.8% of boys and 49.7% of girls. Furthermore, gender, family structure and parents’ level of education were found to be the only significant predictors for belonging to this category. Findings indicated that girls were 1.61 times more likely to be a part of this class as compared to boys. It was found that children who had experienced corporal punishment by the age of 7 were almost twice more likely to both perform and suffer physical and controlling dating violence at the age of 17. Findings showed that both the gender engage in mutual controlling behavior and physical aggression in early romantic relationships. Reyes et al., (2018) To examine the association between distinct patterns of peer and dating aggression and victimization Data were collected from (n = 3068) school going adolescents who were in 8th to 10th standard Peer violence and involvement in dating aggression Safe Dates dating Abuse Scale (Foshee, 1996) Depressive symptoms Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (Angold et al., 1995) Anxiety Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (Reynolds and Richmond,1979) Body Image Self-Image Scale for Young Adolescents (Petersen et al. 1984) Substance use was also assessed Number of delinquent acts Problem Behavior Frequency Scale (Farrell et al. 2000) Academic aspirations, number of close friends and social status were also assessed Latent class analysis Findings revealed that adolescents who were involved in both peer and dating violence as aggressors and victims are particularly at high risk for negative impacts as compared to adolescents who were involved in any pattern of violence. Furthermore, it was found that, in particular, girls are at risk negative impacts across a range of developmental domains. Reyes et al., 2016 To examine the interactions between injunctive and descriptive normative beliefs and traditional gender role attitudes in predicting adolescent boys dating violence perpetration At baseline (T1), data was collected (n = 976) when male students were in 8th and 9th grades. Later, in follow up waves (T2), study was carried out with adolescent boys (n = 577; 14% Black, 5% other race/ethnicity) Physical Dating Violence (DV) Perpetration The Safe Dates Dating Violence perpetration scale (Foshee et al. 1996) Traditional Gender Role Attitudes Attitudes toward Women Scale for Adolescents (AWSA; Galambos et al. 1985) was used to measure gender role attitudes while Gunter and Wober’s (1982) measured female stereotyping Descriptive and Injunctive norms were also measured SAS PROC MI and PROC MIANALYZE (SAS institute 2003) was used to combine parameter estimates and standard errors. Furthermore, logistic regression was employed The study found that beliefs about the acceptability of dating violence (injunctive normative beliefs) and beliefs about the prevalence of dating violence (descriptive normative beliefs) were strongly positively correlated with each other. Additionally, both types of normative beliefs showed a strong positive correlation with holding traditional attitudes about gender roles. Furthermore, it was found that descriptive norms did not moderate the effect of gender role attitudes on dating violence perpetration. However, descriptive norms did have a significant main effect predicting increased risk of dating violence perpetration. Spencer et al. 2020 To examine risk factors for physical teen dating violence victimization using Dutton’s nested ecological model as a framework through the use of a meta-analysis. A total of 50 studies met the inclusion criteria and yielded 221 unique effect sizes, Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 3.0 software (Borenstein et al. 2014) was used to enter and analyze the data. Meta-Analysis A total of 29 risk markers were identified. Ontogenetic system (18 risk markers) Microsystem (nine risk markers) Exosystem (two risk markers). It was found that the strongest risk markers for physical teen dating violence victimization were in the microsystem level. Microsystem includes such as abused as a child, emotional teen dating violence victimization, parent support, physical teen dating violence perpetration, poor parenting, and positive relationship with parents, sexual teen dating violence victimization, violence toward peers, and witnessed parental intimate partner violence. Furthermore, it was found that high-risk behaviors, such as externalizing behaviors, being violent toward peers, risky sexual behaviors, having carried a weapon, and substance use were all significant risk markers for physical teen dating violence victimization. Two exosystem-level factors, low socioeconomic status and neighborhood disorganization were found to be significantly related to teen dating violence. No statistically significant differences in the strength of risk markers were observed on the basis of gender. Temple et al., 2013 To extend understanding of the relationship between exposure to interparental violence and TDV perpetration among adolescents Data were collected from the first wave (spring, 2010) of a school-based longitudinal study on teen dating violence. It includes large ethnically diverse school-based sample of male and female adolescents (n = 917) of age group 14 to 16 years (M = 15.1; SD = .79) The conflict in Adolescent Dating and Relationship Inventory (CADRI; Wolfe et al., 2001) The Acceptance of Couple Violence (ACV; Foshee et al., 1996) Exposure to interparental conflict(mother-to-father and father-to-mother) was also assessed. Structural equation modeling (SEM) using Mplus Version 5.0 Findings showed that exposure to interparental conflict are associated with physical and psychological teen dating violence (TDV) perpetration. Specifically, findings indicated that adolescents who witnessed interparental conflict were at higher risk of going on to commit psychological abuse , such as verbal aggression, coercive control, or emotional mistreatment, against their own romantic partners. Notably, witnessing mother-to-father violence predicted physical and psychological TDV perpetration across genders, exposure to violence by fathers-to-mothers specifically predicted psychological TDV perpetration like emotional abuse or coercive control, but only for adolescent girls and not for adolescent boys. Thulin et al., 2021 To examine linear and non-linear trajectories of electronic dating violence across time and identify period(s) of higher risk. To examine trajectories of three unique forms of electronic dating violence: electronic harassment, coercion and monitoring. The data for this study was drawn from the longitudinal Strengthening Healthy Adolescent Relationships and Environments (SHARE) study. It involves two cohorts of adolescents surveyed annually for four years from 2013–2017. One cohort (n = 543, 48.3% female) was surveyed from ages 12–15, initially when they were in 6th grade. The other cohort (n = 597, 46.6% female) was surveyed from ages 15–18, starting when they were in 9th grade. All electronic dating violence were adapted based on Safe dates program, Engagement with electronic monitoring, Electronic coercion dating violence, Electronic harassment dating violence, dating behaviors were evaluated using self-report questionnaires. Drug and alcohol use was assessed using scale by Elliot et al., 1985 Adverse childhood experiences were computed using scale by Felitti et al., 1998 Parental monitoring, parental knowledge of electronic accounts/passwords to electronic accounts and social support were also assessed. Latent growth model The study found that electronic dating violence tended to increase from early adolescence, peaking around ages 16–17, before leveling off. Threat-based adverse childhood experiences (like exposure to physical abuse and parental intimate partner violence) and earlier initiation of dating behaviors increased long-term risk across both age cohorts. Furthermore, it was found that protective factors like parental monitoring decreased risk, but appeared to only have a protective effect during specific developmental periods like early adolescence. Risk factors such as threat-based adverse experiences (physical abuse rather than deprivation-based experiences like neglect) and earlier dating found to increase consistent long-term risk. Findings suggests that understanding the risk and protective factors influencing the rise of electronic dating violence in adolescence is crucial for developing effective, age-appropriate prevention and intervention strategies. Tschann et al., 2008 To examine if nonviolent aspect of interparental conflict, in addition to interparental violence, could predict adolescents’ dating violence. 150 Mexican American and European American male and female adolescents of age range 16 to 20 years. Interparental conflict Multidimentional Assessment of Interparental conflict (MAIC; Tschann et al., 1999) Adolescents’ appraisals Adolescents’ threat and self-blame were assessed using scale by Tschann et al., 2002 Adolescents’ emotional distress Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CESD; Radloff, 1977) State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Form Y (Spielberger, Gorsuch, & Lushene, 1970) Dating verbal aggression and physical violence Psychological aggression and physical Assault were assessed. Longitudinal study Ordinary least squares multiple regression equations and path analysis was obtained for analysis. The findings showed that interparental conflict and verbal aggression appeared to increase the risk of adolescents becoming perpetrators or victims of dating violence. Furthermore, the findings indicated that adolescents were more likely to exhibit verbal and physical aggression in their dating relationships when their parents modeled poor conflict resolution skills, frequent conflicts, verbal aggression, and physical violence within the parental relationship. More specifically, it was observed that adolescents were more likely to experience mutual verbal aggression in dating relationships if their mothers were physically violent toward their spouses. They were also more prone to being victims of physical dating violence if their fathers were overly demanding during conflicts. Furthermore, adolescents tended to perpetrate more physical violence against dating partners when their parents engaged in physical violence with each other. Adolescents’ appraisals and emotional distress were found to mediate the effects of nonviolent parental conflict on adolescents’ dating violence involvement. It was noted that negative cognitive appraisals appeared to increase adolescents' vulnerability, making them more likely to experience victimization from violence by their dating partners. Vagi et al., 2013 To produce a comprehensive list of risk and protective factors for adolescent dating violence perpetration. 20 longitudinal studies which were published between 2000 and 2010. The mean age of the sample was between 10 and 24 years at outcome. - Review Analysis A total of 53 risk factors and 6 protective factors were identified, which were further cluster into individual and relationship level of social ecology. Four individual level risk factors were: Depression, General aggression, Prior dating violence and race. Three other occur at the relationship level of the social ecology were engagement in peer violence, friends perpetrating adolescent dating violence , and parental marital conflict. Four protective factors identified at individual level of the social ecology were high cognitive dissonance about perpetrating dating violence, high empathy, better grade-point-average and verbal IQ. Two additional protective factors found at the relationship level of the social ecology were having a positive relationship with one’s mother and feeling a sense of attachment to one’s school. Findings and suggestions The above literature reviews show that dating violence among adolescents has become a common emerging trend. Research has shown that various risk factors influence relationship qualities, especially with respect to romantic partners. This paper attempted to understand the influence of interparental conflict on adolescents’ dating violence. The literature has shown that parental conflict is a significant risk factor for teen dating violence- perpetration or victimization. On the other hand, research has also pointed out that a positive relationship with parents, especially with mothers, can be considered a protective factor, as this provides a sense of attachment to the adolescent. According to the background-situational model of dating violence (Riggs and O’Leary, 1989), background risk factors for violence are useful for identifying who is at risk for perpetrating violence, whereas situational risk factors are useful for identifying when violence is likely to occur. Extensive literature is available on interparental conflict and its adverse effects on children’s emotional and behavioral adjustment. Marital discord has been associated with a number of indices of maladjustment in children, including externalizing behavioral problems such as aggression and internalizing behavioral problems such as depression and anxiety (Cummings and Davies 1994 ; Davies and Cummings 1994 ; Emery 1982 ; Gottman and Fainsilber-Katz 1989; Grych and Fincham 1990 ; Lindahl and Malik 1999 ). This suggests that adolescents who perceive IPC are at high-risk of experiencing dating violence. Theoretical concepts (refer to Table 1 ) indicate that adolescents’ future romantic relationships depend immensely on their parents’ marital relationships. Adolescents learn by observing their parents (refer to Bandura social learning theory, 1977). Adolescents learn to be violent by observing their parents’ conflicts. Additionally, their behavior is reinforced when they witness positive consequences of being violent. Furthermore, research based on Grych and Fincham’s cognitive-contextual framework indicated that witnessing interparental conflict (IPC) is not bad for adolescents. It depends on the frequency, intensity, content and resolution of conflict. Moreover, it depends on adolescents’ appraisal of the conflict. Adolescents learn the skills of maintaining relationships through IPC, which has resolution techniques, problem solving and decision making components. In contrast, IPC, which is a hostile and frequent IPC, induces fear, self-blaming and triangulation for adolescents. As a consequence, they inculcate that attitude in their behaviors, causing relationship problems later in their lives. Studies have shown that adolescents from high -IPC families tend to show more behavioral problems in their relationships. Furthermore, emotional security theory (1994) highlights that repeated exposure to marital hostility is associated with adolescents’ emotional reactivity, which is further displayed in their own romantic relationships. Literature reviews (Table 2 ) have underscored the profound influence of exposure to family violence, interparental conflict, and adverse childhood experiences on the perpetration and victimization of adolescent dating violence (TDV). Witnessing violence perpetrated by mothers against fathers emerged as a robust predictor of both physical and psychological TDV perpetration across genders. Conversely, exposure to father-to-mother violence was associated with psychological TDV perpetration exclusively among adolescent females. Furthermore, the findings indicated that exposure to interparental physical violence may influence the perpetration of psychological abuse in adolescent romantic relationships. The evidence suggests that interparental conflicts shape cognitive beliefs and peer influences in a manner that increases dating aggression among males, albeit through disparate mechanisms for females. Adolescents from high-conflict familial environments reported higher rates of verbal and physical aggression within their peers' dating relationships, irrespective of gender. Individual-level factors such as insecure attachment styles, depression, general aggression, prior dating violence involvement, and racial background were identified as risk factors. Conversely, high cognitive dissonance about perpetrating TDV, heightened empathy, superior academic performance, and positive maternal relationships emerged as protective factors. Intervention programs (such as the Green Dot intervention program) aimed at reducing the acceptance of violence and addressing parental intimate partner violence (IPV) have resulted in promising reductions in psychological and physical TDV perpetration and victimization. Moreover, to acknowledge that children are affected by parental factors, the DSM-V also included certain conditions related to ‘Relational Problems’ included in Chapter, ‘Other Conditions that may be a Focus of Clinical Attention’, under the subtopic ‘Problems related to family upbringing’. The listed conditions or problems are not mental disorders but can be a leading cause of future mental health problems if not treated at the right time. These conditions are associated with impaired functioning in behavioral, cognitive or affected domains in relation to the parent-child relationship. Furthermore, these conditions indicate that parental relationship discord (e.g., high level of conflict, distress or disparagement) has a negative effect on a child’s wellbeing. The inclusion of these conditions in the DSM-V suggested considering the quality of the parent-child relationship, especially during the course of children’s development years. Most of the parents are unaware of the impact they can have in developing their child into a fully functioning individual by just having a healthy relationship with their children. Often, parents fail to devote time and care to their adolescents, developing insecure attachment with them. Furthermore, the literature review has highlighted situations in which parents create unfavorable environments for adolescents through their disputes. Triangulation and isolation are two such situations resulting from interparental conflict (Bukhari&Masood, 2019 ). Unfortunately, when adolescents do not obtain quality time with their parents, they believe that they can compensate through relationships, which can subsequently become more complicated for various reasons. Research has shown an association between insecure attachment and teen dating violence victimization, which is further, linked to destructive conflict resolution patterns. It was suggested that intervention programs focusing on emotional regulation might help adolescents address conflict communication patterns and attachment schemas to reduce dating violence victimization (Bonache et al. 2017 ). This intervention program on emotional regulation might be helpful in improving the effects of both teen dating violence and interparental conflict on adolescents’ well-being. The emotional security hypothesis model by Davies and Cummings ( 1994 ) asserts that interparental conflict poses a risk to children's adjustment by directly undermining their emotional security in the interparental relationship and compromising parent-child attachment processes through its association with parenting disturbances. Furthermore, Kinsfogel and Grych ( 2004 ) found that anger regulation mediates the association between exposure to interparental conflict and dating violence perpetration. This research review helps explain how exposure to family violence influences adolescents’ emotional and cognitive processes, which triggers dating violence. These findings showed that female adolescents are highly affected by family violence and are at risk of being victimized later in their romantic relationships. Hence, interventions need to be designed, especially for adolescents who perceive high interparental conflict, as they are more vulnerable to staying in or transitioning to an abusive relationship. Usually, adolescents do not seek help in such circumstances, and often, parents fail to identify the support needs that their adolescents require. In most cases, adolescents have weak parent-child relationships because of the consequences of interparental conflict. Adolescents even hesitate to disclose their problems related to dating violence with counselors. Therefore, to increase awareness, mental health professionals and school consolers need to offer psycho-educational awareness programs to parents , such as those related to parenting skills in the modern Indian family system, healthy relationships with family and friends, understanding of academic pressure, and skills and interest in future career choices. Facilitating such workshops and awareness programs will help parents understand children’s emotional, mental, social, and academic needs. Even in addressing concerns related to romantic relationships among adolescents, school counselors and awareness programs can play a vital role. There is also a need to invest in research , especially evidence-based practices, to identify effective modalities and approaches to address the unique issues of children and adolescents. In India, as a part of school mental health programs, primary attention is given to developmental needs; the prevention of high-risk behaviors such as substance abuse, sexuality, and HIV/AIDS; and the promotion of mental health through life skills education, mental health orientation to teachers, and student enrichment programs (Kumar et al., 2015 ). However, it is estimated that only 1% of adolescents receive quality counseling, health, and medical services in India (National Health Mission, n.d.). Many of these issues are being addressed through various government programs, policies, school mental health programs, and adolescent education programs (Sivagurunathan et al., 2015 ). Conclusion Using the related literature and reviews, the current study aimed to investigate the dynamics of teen dating violence. This review sought to explore how adolescents are impacted by dating violence victimization and perpetration. Additionally, the paper highlighted the influence of teen dating violence experiences, both as perpetrators and victims, on adolescents' perceptions of interparental conflict. Previous research has demonstrated the adverse effects of poor parenting, unhealthy parent-child relationships, and dysfunctional family environments on teen dating relationships. Prior literature reviews have shown that adolescents in such family contexts are at heightened risk of becoming involved in dating violence. However, the specific effect of interparental conflict within intact families on teen dating violence has been understudied. The present study attempted to address this gap in the literature. In essence, while summarizing findings from previous reviews about factors such as parenting and family environments contributing to teen dating violence risks, this study identified a need to examine how witnessing interparental conflict more specifically may influence dating violence experiences among adolescents from intact families. This review highlights the need to design interventions for adolescents, parents and teachers that promote mental health awareness and life skills to address daily challenges. The main aim of this review was to explore the current trends in adolescent dating culture. The research concluded that interparental conflicts not only affect the relationships between spouses but also hamper their relationships with their children. Children learn on the basis of observation. As discussed, adolescents witness conflicting behavioral patterns from their parents and adapt to similar patterns in their relationships. Exceptions could be treating partners in different ways, but majorly negative consequences have been reported in the literature. Another aspect is that adolescents might feel the need to have romantic relationships because of not receiving involvement and attention from their families. Individuals who are disturbed because of negative perceptions of interparental conflicts might feel emotionally vulnerable and become attracted to their relationships. A secure and healthy relationship might be beneficial for adolescents, but they lack maturity and often face challenges in maintaining a relationship. Moreover, their maladjustment behavior (as a result of interparental conflict) disturbs both adolescents in a relationship. 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(2001).Dating violence: A critical review of the literature.Clinical psychology review. 21. 105-27. 10.1016/S0272-7358(99)00042-2. Lindahl, K.M., & Malik, N.M. (1999).Marital conflict, family processes, and boys' externalizing behavior in Hispanic American and European American families. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28(1), 12-24. Lockett, C., & Harrell, J. (2003). Racial identity, self-esteem, and academic achievement: Too much interpretation, too little supporting data. Journal of Black Psychology, 29, 325- 336. doi:10.2466/PR0.93.7.823 Makin-Byrd, K., Bierman, K. L., & Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group (2013). Individual and family predictors of the perpetration of dating violence and victimization in late adolescence. Journal of youth and adolescence , 42 (4), 536–550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9810-7 Mash, E. J. &Dozois, D. J. A. (2003). Child psychopathology: A developmental- systems perspective. In E. J. Mash & R. A. Barkley (Eds.), Child Psychopathology (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press. McCloskey, L.A., &Lichter, E.L. (2003).The contribution of marital violence to adolescent aggression across different relationships. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18(4), 390-412. McNaughton Reyes, H. L., Foshee, V. A., Chen, M. S., Gottfredson, N. C., & Ennett, S. T. (2018). Consequences of Involvement in Distinct Patterns of Adolescent Peer and Dating Violence. Journal of youth and adolescence , 47 (11), 2371–2383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0902-x Mennicke, A., Bush, H. M., Brancato, C. J., & Coker, A. L. (2021). Bystander Intervention Efficacy to Reduce Teen Dating Violence Among High School Youth Who Did and Did Not Witness Parental Partner Violence: A Path Analysis of A Cluster RCT. Journal of family violence , 36 (7), 755–771. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-021-00297-y Miller, E., &Levenson, R. (2013). Adolescent relationship abuse: A review of the literature and implications for practice. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(4), 431-442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.06.014 Monahan, K. C., Dmitrieva, J., &Cauffman, E. (2014). Bad romance: Sex differences in the longitudinal association between romantic relationships and deviant behavior. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 24(1), 12-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12047 Mounts, N. S. (2004).Contributions of parenting and campus climate to freshmen adjustment in a multiethnic sample. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19(4), 468-491. National Health Mission.(n.d.).Adolescent health. Retrieved from http://www.nhm.gov.in/nrhmcomponnets/reproductive-child-health/adolescent-health.html Nuria Galende, Naiara Ozamiz-Etxebarria, Joana Jaureguizar & Iratxe Offenhauer, P., &Buchalter, A. (2011). Teen dating violence: A literature review and annotated bibliography. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice. Orpinas, P., Hsieh, H. L., Song, X., Holland, K., & Nahapetyan, L. (2013). Trajectories of physical dating violence from middle to high school: association with relationship quality and acceptability of aggression. Journal of youth and adolescence , 42 (4), 551–565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9881-5 Ozen, D. S. (2008).Effects of Marital Conflict on Adolescent Children. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 137-157. doi:10.1300/J087v41n01_09 Pereda, N., Greco, A. M., Díaz-Faes, D. A., Eisner, M., & Ribeaud, D. (2022). Early Childhood Predictors of Teen Dating Violence Involvement at Age 17. Journal of youth and adolescence , 51 (11), 2219–2234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-022-01664-8 Portes, P. R., Howell, S. C., Brown, J. H., Eichenberger, S., & Mas, C. A. (1992). Family functions and children's postdivorce adjustment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 62(4), 613-617. Quatman, T., Sampson, K., Robinson, C., & Watson, C. M. (2001).Academic, motivational, and emotional correlates of adolescent dating. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 127(2), 211-234. Redondo (2020) Cyber Dating Violence Prevention Programs in Universal Populations: A Reyes, H. L., Foshee, V. A., Niolon, P. H., Reidy, D. E., & Hall, J. E. (2016). Gender Role Attitudes and Male Adolescent Dating Violence Perpetration: Normative Beliefs as Moderators. Journal of youth and adolescence , 45 (2), 350–360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0278-0 Riggs, D.S., & O'Leary, K.D. (1989).A theoretical model of courtship aggression. In M.A. Pirog-Good & J.E. Stets (Eds.), Violence in dating relationships: Emerging social issues (pp. 53-71). New York: Praeger. Rothman, E. F., Reyes, L. M., Johnson, R. M., &LaValley, M. (2012). Does the alcohol make them do it? Dating violence perpetration and problem drinking among youth. Epidemiologic Reviews, 34(1), 103-119. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxr027 Silverman, J. G., Raj, A., Mucci, L. A., & Hathaway, J. E. (2001).Dating violence against adolescent girls and associated substance use, unhealthy weight control, sexual risk behavior, pregnancy, and suicidality. JAMA, 286(5), 572-579. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.286.5.572 Simon, V. A., & Furman, W. (2010).Interparental Conflict and Adolescents' Romantic Relationship Conflict. Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence, 20(1), 188–209. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2009.00635 Sivagurunathan, C., Umadevi, R., Rama, R., & Gopalakrishnan, S. (2015). Adolescent health: Present status and its related programmes in India. Are we in the right direction? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 9(LE01-LE06).https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2015/11342.5664 Spencer, C. M., Anders, K. M., Toews, M. L., & Emanuels, S. K. (2020). Risk Markers for Physical Teen Dating Violence Victimization in the United States: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of youth and adolescence , 49 (3), 575–589. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01194-1 Sullivan, K., &Sulliivan , A.(1980). Adolescemt – parent sepration. Developmental Psychology 16, 93-99. Temple, J. R., & Freeman, D. H., Jr. (2011). Dating violence and substance use among ethnically diverse adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(4), 701-718. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260510365858 Temple, J. R., Shorey, R. C., Fite, P., Stuart, G. L., & Le, V. D. (2013).Substance use as a longitudinal predictor of the perpetration of teen dating violence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(4), 596-606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9794-9 Thibaut, J. W., & Kelley, H. H. (1959).The social psychology of groups.John Wiley & Sons. Thulin, E. J., Zimmerman, M. A., Kusunoki, Y., Kernsmith, P., Smith-Darden, J., & Heinze, J. E. (2022). Electronic Teen Dating Violence Curves by Age. Journal of youth and adolescence , 51 (1), 45–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-021-01517-w Thulin, E. J., Zimmerman, M. A., Kusunoki, Y., Kernsmith, P., Smith-Darden, J., & Heinze, J. E. (2022). Electronic Teen Dating Violence Curves by Age. Journal of youth and adolescence , 51 (1), 45–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-021-01517-w Vagi, K. J., Rothman, E. F., Latzman, N. E., Tharp, A. T., Hall, D. M., & Breiding, M. J. (2013). Beyond correlates: A review of risk and protective factors for adolescent dating violence perpetration. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(4), 633-649. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9907-7 Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Ruggiero, K. J., Danielson, C. K., Resnick, H. S., Hanson, R. F., Smith, D. W., Saunders, B. E., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2008). Prevalence and correlates of dating violence in a national sample of adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(7), 755-762. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e318172ef5f World Health Organization. (n.d.). Adolescent health. https://www.who.int/health-topics/adolescent-health Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4374414","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Systematic Review","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":299076279,"identity":"506e644a-fb59-484b-9092-b8956e18bf2e","order_by":0,"name":"Ms. Shanta Kumari","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABC0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCTCZACYPfjCokQMxDjwgpOUAVMthiYpjxmAtCcRqYeA5w5zYgLAVO5Cf3fzs8YeatMS17WcfHpBsY0ufH3b4IdAWOzndBuxaDO4cMzc4cCwncduZdIMDhW0yuRtvpxkAtSQbmx3AoUUiwUziAFtF4rYDaQwgW3I3zk4AaTkAFMHhsBnp3yQO/ANqOf+M4QBvG3O64ez0D3i1MNzIMZM42AZ02A2gLUDvJ8hL5+C3xeBGTpnE2b404203noED2XCDdE7BgQQD3H4BOmybRMW3ZNlt59OYPwKjUl5+dvrmDx8q7ORwacFiL1ilAbHKwfY2kKJ6FIyCUTAKRgIAAIzybI2B7gGgAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1932-429X","institution":"Indira Gandhi National Open University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"Ms.","firstName":"Shanta","middleName":"","lastName":"Kumari","suffix":""},{"id":299076280,"identity":"a8324380-8421-4e7a-9ed3-aa400930bebf","order_by":1,"name":"Dr. Smita Gupta","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4115-6007","institution":"Indira Gandhi National Open University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"Dr.","firstName":"Smita","middleName":"","lastName":"Gupta","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-06 06:15:00","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":true,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4374414/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4374414/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":55974715,"identity":"f554a10d-0306-4363-8c1f-9b40eb8ca915","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-07 04:58:06","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":353951,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLegend not included with this version.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4374414/v1/616947f90eabf143db04b7c2.jpeg"},{"id":55974717,"identity":"89f2d217-3ec4-48db-b522-7ac5a6615e39","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-07 04:58:11","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1047958,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4374414/v1/f27a3d32-c89a-4764-a953-afc382e2b7a7.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfluence of Interparental Conflict on Teen Dating Violence: A Review\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eModern-day living, economic reforms, globalization, changes in the family system, increasing divorce rates, and single parenting have resulted in various emotional, social, vocational, and mental health problems in India over the last decade. These tremendous economic and social changes have had adverse effects on school-going children and adolescents, leading to an increase in suicidal rates, enormous academic competitiveness, and, peer and parental pressure (Arulmani, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Kodas \u0026amp; Kazi, 2014).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the World Health Organization (WHO), adolescence is defined as \u0026ldquo;the period in human growth and development that occurs after childhood and before adulthood, between the ages of 10 and 19 years\u0026rdquo;. The United Nations International Children\u0026rsquo;s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) states that adolescence represents one of the critical transitions in the life span and is characterized by a tremendous pace of growth and change that is second only to infancy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to leading health organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and American Psychological Association (APA), the terms \u0026lsquo;adolescents\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;teenagers\u0026rsquo; refer to distinct but overlapping age ranges during the transitional period from childhood to adulthood. \u0026ldquo;Adolescent\u0026rdquo; is a broader term encompassing the entire age range of approximately 10\u0026ndash;19 years, while \u0026ldquo;teenagers\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;teens\u0026rdquo; refer more specifically to the latter portion of adolescence, typically approximately 13\u0026ndash;19 years old. Furthermore, the APA has interchangeably used the terms \u0026lsquo;adolescents\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;teens\u0026rsquo; in terms of age range. Therefore, considering the age range, the present article also used the term \u0026ldquo;alternatively\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch indicates that disturbed family functioning affects adolescents\u0026rsquo; functioning in different ways. Furthermore, studies show that parents often struggle to balance warmth and control, accepting adolescents\u0026rsquo; autonomy and deviant behavior. Research indicates that interparental conflict is associated with poor parenting practices (cox et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, adolescents who reside in urban communities where they experience high levels of poverty, unemployment and single-parent households, are at high risk for teen dating violence (Ali, Swahn, \u0026amp; Hamburger, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt could be speculated that the reasons behind emerging teen dating trends could be a lack of love and acceptance. Adolescents tend to tend toward dating relationships in search of emotional needs such as love, warmth and connectedness, as they perceive a lack of support and care from their parents. An increase in dating trends can be observed among adolescents, as can an increase in the number of dating sites available. Technology-savvy adolescents find these very attractive. They tend to have accounts on these social networking sites that offer mate relationships. Recent surveys in newspapers and magazines have shown the growth of people\u0026rsquo;s indulgence on these sites, and the rate of involvement is quite high in India. One of these reports suggests that people are more comfortable while interacting virtually and tend to share and connect more strongly and emotionally over chatting than in person. One such survey was conducted by an online dating site organization named Bumble in 2021, and a nationwide survey revealed that 40% of single Indians opt for virtual dating. (Etimes, Times of India, Mumbai).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuch research reviews create an ardent need to understand the influence of teen dating violence on adolescents\u0026rsquo; mental health and wellbeing. Therefore, the present review attempts to outline the emerging trends in dating culture among adolescents in relation to their perception of interparental conflict. Marital studies have repeatedly demonstrated that parents\u0026rsquo; marital discord is associated with greater discord and lower satisfaction in their offspring\u0026rsquo;s marital relationships (e.g., Amato \u0026amp; Booth, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Duggan, O\u0026rsquo;Brien, \u0026amp; Kennedy, 2001). Numerous studies have also suggested that there are associations between interparental violence and dating violence among adolescents (Johnson \u0026amp; Ferraro, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Lewis \u0026amp;Fremouw, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the present systematic literature review attempted to determine the impact of adolescents\u0026rsquo; perceived interparental conflict on their romantic relationships.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec2\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTeen dating relationship\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study attempts to review the area of \u003cb\u003eteen dating violence\u003c/b\u003e, which is referred to as \u0026ldquo;different kind of aggressions between romantic partners, related to physical, sexual, and psychological abuse and stalking\u0026rdquo; (Johnson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). The term \u0026lsquo;teen dating violence\u0026rsquo; has been used interchangeably, such as \u0026lsquo;adolescent dating violence\u0026rsquo; (Offenhauer \u0026amp; Buchalter, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e), \u0026lsquo;adolescents\u0026rsquo; relationship abuse\u0026rsquo; (Miller \u0026amp; Levenson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), \u0026lsquo;teen dating abuse\u0026rsquo;(Herrman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) and \u0026lsquo;intimate partner violence\u0026rsquo; (Abbott et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReviews reflect that adolescence is a very critical developmental phase of life. Along with physical changes, their emotional and social preferences also start to differ. They tend to move from homosexual friendship to heterosexual friendship. Attraction and infatuation are common at this age, but the acceptance of dating and romantic involvement at this stage varies from culture to culture. According to Furman (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e), romantic relationships can have both positive and negative impacts on adolescents\u0026rsquo; health. It depends on the healthy and unhealthy relationships they have with their partner. Research has highlighted the related risk factors for adolescents in different areas of life, including decreased academic performance, unsteadiness of mental health characterized by depression, antisocial behaviors, and dating violence (Barber \u0026amp;Eccles, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Sivagurunathan et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Monahan et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Quatman et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this phase, adolescents explore their sexuality as heterosexuals, bisexuals, lesbians, gay people and transgender adolescents. Many adolescents, particularly girls, whether single or in a relationship, tend to spend more time discussing romantic relationships and pondering past or future relationships. Indeed, romantic relationships at this stage play a crucial role in the development of close relationships, a sense of intimacy, sexual health, and a sense of self or identity (e.g., self-esteem, gender-role identity) and can potentially influence academic achievement (Furman \u0026amp; Shaffer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, it is observed that adolescents do not enter into a relationship with commitment. Mostly, they find the initial phase of the relationship to be very bright and joyful but tend to experience conflicts later. A number of longitudinal studies have been conducted in the area of teen dating violence (TDV), which clearly demonstrated that TDV is associated with a host of physical and emotional consequences (Exner-Cortens, Eckenrode, \u0026amp; Rothman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). In addition to physical injury, TDV is associated with several serious short- and long-term emotional outcomes, including a heightened risk of internalizing and externalizing problems such as depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, substance use, and risky sexual behavior (Rothman, Reyes, Johnson, \u0026amp;LaValley, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Silverman, Raj, Mucci, \u0026amp; Hathaway, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Temple \u0026amp; Freeman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Temple, Shorey, Fite, Stuart, \u0026amp; Le, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Wolitzky-Taylor et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDating relationships among teens are becoming so common among Indian students that school counselors often have cases related to mental health issues because of their unmanageable relationship status. Basavaraju and Navaneetham (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) reviewed Indian manuals regarding adolescent mental health in India, with a special focus on adolescent romantic relationships, indicating that training manuals for teachers, counselors, parents, and students are available for the target population. Their review revealed that those manuals were informative and field tested. The focus was on providing psychoeducation to adolescents in the context of interpersonal relationships with peers and the opposite sex. The participatory methodology was chosen for providing life skill training to adolescents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePerceived Interparental Conflict and Adolescents\u0026rsquo;\u003c/b\u003e C\u003cb\u003eonflicting Behavior\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe negative implications of interparental conflict for adolescents\u0026rsquo; adjustment are well established in the empirical literature (e.g., Cummings, Goeke-Morey, \u0026amp; Dukewich, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Dadds, Atkinson, Turner, Blums\u0026amp;Lendich, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e; Grych\u0026amp;Fincham, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA literature review highlighted the theoretical concepts that suggest the association between interparental conflict and teen dating violence (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTheoretical concepts associated with TDV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearchers and Year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTheory-hypothesis-Model\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow it is related to TDV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBandura (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial learning theory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdolescents learn to be violent toward dating partners by observing the behavior of important others (models such as parents, friends) and its positive consequences.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThibaut \u0026amp; Kelley (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1959\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterdependence theory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis theory posits that interaction behaviors are strongly influenced by beliefs and expectations about what a relationship should be like, or a comparison level. Behavioral standards for dating relationships are likely to be influenced by one\u0026rsquo;s own past experiences with dating relationships.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBelsky (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe intergenerational transmission hypothesis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis hypothesis posits that children may later become violent as adults either because they were abused as children or because they witnessed interparental abuse.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBowen (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe family systems theory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis theory asserts that family structure, roles, and dynamics impact relational frameworks and the repetition of these in the child\u0026rsquo;s future relationships.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrych and Fincham (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCognitive-contextual framework Hypothesis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis framework states that the impact of conflict on children depends on both how it is expressed and how children interpret its meaning, as well as their perceptions of its implications on their well-being.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDavies and cummings (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional Security Theory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis theory suggests that a child's sense of \u0026lsquo;emotional security\u0026rsquo; is threatened in the context of interparental conflict.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch has indicated that adolescents\u0026rsquo; appraisals of interparental conflict, such as perceived threat and self-blame, are important for understanding how interparental conflict influences adolescents\u0026rsquo; behavior (Cummings, Davies, \u0026amp; Simpson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e; Grych, Harold, \u0026amp; Miles, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Self-blame appraisals are those in which adolescents blame themselves for their parents\u0026rsquo; marital conflict. Perceived threat appraisals include a threatened feeling, an endangered status, or the ability to cope with parents\u0026rsquo; marital conflict (Cummings et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e; Grych et al. 1990). Appraisals of self-blame and threat have frequently been found to mediate links between interparental conflict and children\u0026rsquo;s psychological maladjustment (e.g., internalizing and externalizing behaviors) (Dadds, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e). Cummings et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e) found that perceived threat was linked to adjustment problems for boys, and, for girls, self-blame was linked to internalizing problems. Whereas, negative appraisals mediate links to psychological adjustment, they appear to moderate the association between interparental conflict and adolescents\u0026rsquo; romantic conflict behavior (Simon \u0026amp; Furman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearchers have observed that, especially children\u0026rsquo;s maltreatment and harsh parenting practices set the stage for similar patterns of abuse in subsequent relationships with peers and romantic partners (Collins \u0026amp; Sroufe, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e; Kosterman, Graham, Hawkins, Catalano, \u0026amp; Herrenkohl, 2001).Kinsfogel and Grych (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e) found that adolescents from more conflictual homes experienced and expressed more anger in their dating relationships. Moreover, the relationship between interparental conflict and male romantic conflict was mediated by anger regulation and perceptions of peers\u0026rsquo; dating aggression.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Prior to adolescence, children share a special close bond with their parents. They develop emotional connections with caregivers/parents. In an analysis of the contribution of parents\u0026rsquo; role in child development, Huston \u0026amp; Ripke (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e) referred to parents as \u0026lsquo;gatekeepers\u0026rsquo; and concluded that \u0026ldquo;parents provide scaffolding as children assume more responsibility for themselves and\u0026hellip; regulate their own lives\u0026rdquo; (Huston \u0026amp; Ripke, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e, p.422). However, the stage of adolescence typically alters the relationship between parents and children. Mostly, parents find dealing with adolescents challenging as their preferences change. In one study, high levels of trust, acceptance and quality were found to be the main ingredients of healthy parent-child relationships. Furthermore, it was noted that adolescents share their personal stories with their parents when they have healthy relationships with them (Daddis \u0026amp; Randolph, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Keijsers \u0026amp; others, 2010).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e In adolescence, adolescents\u0026rsquo; attitude change, as does their relationships with their parents. Sullivan \u0026amp; Sullivan (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e) commented that conflict with parents often escalates during adolescents\u0026rsquo; years, especially during everyday events When parents become preoccupied with their conflicts, their relationship with their children weakens, eventually resulting in a negative parent - child relationship.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParenting style and interparental conflict\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eScholars have indicated that children from single parent homes tend to have more childish behavior and adjustment problems than children from intact families (Hetherington, Cox \u0026amp; Cox; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e; Portes, Howell, Brown, Eichenberger, \u0026amp; Mas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, children often have a very difficult time adjusting after separation of their parents. Research has indicated that such difficulty often begins prior to the separation or break-up of parents (Block, Block, \u0026amp; Gjerde, 1986; Clarke-Stewart, Vandell, McCartney, Owen \u0026amp; Boothe, 2000; Sun, 2001).Many factors significantly contribute to children\u0026rsquo;s maladjustment after parental separation. However, overall, children from single parent homes tend to have more internalizing, externalizing, social, and academic problems than children from intact families (Hetherington, Cox \u0026amp; Cox; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e; Portes, Howell, Brown, Eichenberger, \u0026amp; Mas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch also indicates that behavioral and emotional problems tend to be greater for children who have experienced parental divorce or separation more recently than for those who have experienced these events in the more distant past (Harland et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Studies carried out on openly expressed and unexpressed conflicts have concluded that openly expressed marital conflict is more closely associated with child problems than is marital dissatisfaction (Hetherington, Cox, \u0026amp; Cox, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e). Research in the area of parenting suggests that parenting styles are associated with adolescent children\u0026rsquo;s adjustment outcomes such as psychological well-being and emotional well-being (Lockett \u0026amp; Harrell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Mounts, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e), and these factors significantly contribute to adolescents\u0026rsquo; academic adjustment. Parents who engage in significant interparental conflict are more likely to have negative relationships with their teens (Mash \u0026amp; Dozois, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e, p.27). Furthermore, a consistent link has been observed between parenting and teens\u0026rsquo; behavioral adjustment. For instance, a mother\u0026rsquo;s parenting behaviors, including the extent to which she displays affection toward and exerts behavioral and psychological control over her child, when that child is five years of age, are linked to subsequent child internalizing and externalizing behaviors (Aunola \u0026amp; Nurmi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, research shows that interparental conflict influences children\u0026rsquo;s well-being because it affects parenting styles/ parent-child relationships (Fauber \u0026amp; Long, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e). Studies also show that adolescents from families with high marital conflict perceive less acceptance and responsiveness from their parents and develop more fearful attachment styles than do those from families with low marital conflict. Additionally, adolescents who come from families with high marital conflict feel that they receive less social support from their parents, from the special person in their lives, and, in general, from their environment, as well as that they display more problematic behavior and possess low levels of self-esteem (Ozen. D, 2008).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Parents are role models for their teens in many aspects of their life. Adolescents also learn about violence from their parents\u0026rsquo; conflict. In the words of Downs and colleagues (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e), \u0026ldquo;Children become party to the cycle of violence when they learn from their family of origin that violence between intimate partners is acceptable and that the stronger family members are allowed to perpetrate violence as a means to control behaviors of the physically weaker members in the family.\u0026rdquo; Furthermore, they added that this cycle manifests in the lives of teens when they witness abuse between their caretakers or experience abuse in the hands of those who are expected to protect them and take care of them.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearchers have noted that slowly and gradually, adolescents inculcate violence in their personalities, either as perpetrators of abuse or as victims of abuse in intimate relationships (Downs, Miller, Testa, \u0026amp;Panek, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e). Another study also reported similar results. In a study performed by McCloskey and Lichter (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e), exposure to higher levels of marital violence in early childhood was found to be associated with more dating aggression perpetration during adolescence. Furthermore, they found that adolescents from conflicting homes are more likely to be depressed. Moreover, it was observed that elevated depression partially mediated the impact of marital violence on peer aggression and was associated with dating aggression among girls.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn a study, conducted on 99 undergraduate males at Midwestern University, Carr and Vandeusen (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e) examined the association between \u0026ldquo;witnessing interpersonal violence as a child, being victim of parental physical violence, and perpetrating violence in dating relationships\u0026rdquo;. The results showed that along with witnessing violence, attitudes supporting intimate partner violence were significant predictors of sexual aggression among the participants. Childhood experience of witnessing or receiving abuse could be predictor of aggression in later years (Carr \u0026amp;Vandeusen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; McCloskey \u0026amp;Lichter, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCurrent Study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsidering the above literature reviews, the present study examined the dynamics of teen dating violence. This review explores how adolescents are affected by dating violence. Furthermore, this paper highlights the influence of teen dating violence-perpetration and victimization on adolescents\u0026rsquo; perceptions of interparental conflict. The prior literature has shown the adverse effects of poor parenting, unhealthy parent-child relationships and poor family environments on teen dating relationships. A review of the literature has also shown that these adolescents are at high-risk of experiencing dating violence. However, the effect of inter-parental conflict (in intact families) on teen dating violence has been under-researched. The present study attempts to fill that research gap.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor this purpose, the following research methodology was employed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo analyze the current trends in adolescents\u0026rsquo; dating romantic relationships and perceived interparental conflict, the present research proposed the following objectives:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo understand the emerging trends of dating culture among adolescents in relation to their perceptions of interparental conflict.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo understand the impact of adolescents\u0026rsquo; perceived interparental conflict on their romantic relationships.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe current review research followed the \u003cb\u003ePreferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInclusion and Exclusion Criteria\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies were included in the review analysis if they met the following criteria:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThey examined either teen dating violence (perpetration and/or victimization) or interparental conflict\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sample included adolescents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth qualitative and quantitative analyses were considered\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted after 2000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was written in English.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies were excluded if:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1) They were conducted before 2000\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2)Studies were conducted on adult samples or on special populations (e.g., pregnant adolescents, juveniles, adolescents with mental disorders or adolescents from divorced families/separated families).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiterature review on teen dating violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthors (year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasure Used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFindings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBianchi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo investigate the association between three sexting motivation (sexual purposes, instrumental/aggravated reasons and body image reinforcement) and teen dating violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were collected via. online survey from 171 adolescents (M\u003csub\u003eage\u003c/sub\u003e = 17.1; Sd\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.7; 46.8% females). Participants were aged from 13 to 20 years from early to late adolescence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMotivation for sexting\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexting Motivation Questionnaire (SMQ; Bianchi et al., 2017)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDating violence\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConflict in Adolescent dating Relationships Inventory (Wolfe et al., 2001)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHierarchical regression analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFindings depict that boys showed more instrumental/aggravated reasons than girls. It was found that sexual purposes increase with age. Furthermore, dating violence (perpetration and victimization) was found to be positively and significantly related with sexual purposes and instrumental/aggravated reasons.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results indicated that an individual's biological sex was a significant predictor of perpetrating electronic dating violence, but not of being a victim. Conversely, younger age was significantly associated with increased likelihood of being a victim of electronic dating violence, but did not predict perpetration. Moreover, the relationship duration was positively related to both perpetration and victimization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBonache et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo examine the association between insecure attachment styles, destructive conflict resolution strategies, self-reported and perceived in the partner, and psychological and physical victimization by a dating partner among adolescents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinal sample included 1298 adolescents (638 females, 660 males) aged from 13 to 18 years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.4% of participants had an opposite-sex romantic partner at the time of the study while 62.6% had been in at least one romantic relationship in the past.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; \u003cem\u003eAttachment styles\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiences in Close Relationships-Revised Scale (ECR-R; Fraley et al., 2000)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; \u003cem\u003eConflict resolution strategies\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConflict Resolution Styles Inventory (CRSI; Kurdek, 1994)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; \u003cem\u003eTeen dating violence victimization\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSafe Dates-Psychological Abuse Victimization (Foshee et al., 1998)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConflict Tactics Scale (CTS; Straus and Douglas, 2004)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeans and Standard deviations\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne-way Analysis of variance\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructural equation modeling\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsecure attachment and teen dating violence victimization were found to be linked.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnxious attachment was related to victimization via conflict engagement strategies (self- reported and perceived in the partner) among adolescents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth anxious and avoidant attachment styles were indirectly linked to victimization via self-reported withdrawal and conflict engagement perceived in the partner only among boys.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrooks-Russell et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo examine gender differences in trajectory classes of dating violence victimization and the risk factors associated with each trajectory class.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were collected from longitudinal study spanning 8th through 12th grade (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2,566).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe average age at wave one was 14.6 years old.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhysical Dating Violence Victimization\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSafe Dates Victimization and Perpetration Scale (Dahlberg et al. 2005)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eScale on Substance use\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLow Parental Monitoring\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow Parental Monitoring (Jackson et al. 1998)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnxiety\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnxiety Scale (Reynolds and Richmond, 1979)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDepression\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDepression Scale (Angold et al. 1995)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBody Image\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody Image Scale (Petersen et al. 1994\u003cem\u003e)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTool on Victimization by Peers\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFamily Conflict\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScale by Bloom (1985)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLatent Growth Curve Model\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant gender differences were observed in developmental patterns of dating violence victimization, both in terms of number of classes and the shape of the trajectories.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlcohol use and Anxiety contribute to vulnerability to physical dating violence victimization among girls. Whereas victimization by peers was the only factors distinguishing the victimized from the non-involved class for both the gender.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCascardi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo examine whether psychological distress in mid-adolescence mediated the link between child maltreatment and witnessing violence in early adolescence and dating violence victimization in young adulthood.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale participants (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;532)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well Being.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age of participants were 12.81 (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.23) years old during the entry into the study. In the fifth and final wave of data collection, participants\u0026rsquo; age was 18 years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChild maltreatment\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConflict Tactics Scale Parent-Child(CTS-PC; Straus et al. 1998)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWitnessing Violence\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eViolence Exposure Scale for Children (VEX-R; Fox 1995)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInternalizing Symptoms\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eYouth Self Report (YSR; Achenbach, 1991)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDepressive Symptoms\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChildren\u0026rsquo;s Depressive Inventory (CDI; Kovacs, 1992)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePTSD and Dissociation Symptoms\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrauma Symptom Checklist for Children (Briere, 1996)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDating Violence Victimization\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConflict Tactics Scale (CTS; Straus et al. 1996)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLongitudinal study\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were analyzed using Structure Equation\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModeling\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemales experiencing dating violence victimization reported more frequent experiences of child maltreatment and witnessing violence and significantly more severe psychological distress was observed among those females.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChoi and Temple (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo investigate the development, change and stability of TDV victimization over time.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of ethnically diverse 1042 adolescents with average age of 15.1 years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNinth and tenth grade adolescents participated in the survey from 2010 (wave 1) to 2013 (wave 4).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTDV victimization\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory (Wolfe et al. 2001)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLongitudinal study\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were analyzed using Latent Class/Transition Analysis (LCA/LTA).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollowing three latent victimization statuses were identified: Non- victims, emotional/verbal victims, and physical and psychological victims.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLTA showed that majority of adolescents stayed in the same status over time.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was found that female youths who had experienced interparental violence generally had a higher transition probability of changing to a more severe victim status compared to non-exposed youth. Moreover, they are more likely to move into a violent relationship.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEast and Hokoda (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo identify the risk and protective factors evident in early adolescence that are associated with sexual and dating violence victimization in late adolescence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample consists of 236 low-incomed Latino and African American youth, their elder sisters and mothers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were collected twice with the gap of five years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe average age of participants during data collection Time 1 was\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eYouth (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13.6 years; SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.7), mothers (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;39 years; SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.90).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSexual victimization\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDating violence Victimization\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYouth\u0026rsquo;s Risky Behaviors\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShared activities with older sister\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSibling Relationship Questionnaire (SRQ; Furman and Buhrmester, 1985)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePerception of Friends\u0026rsquo; Risky Behaviors\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOlder Sister\u0026rsquo;s risky behaviors\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMother\u0026rsquo;s knowledge of youth\u0026rsquo;s whereabouts\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScale by Brown et al. 1993\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMother\u0026rsquo;s Strictness\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Miller et al. 1986)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMothers\u0026rsquo; Conservative Attitudes about teenage sex\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Miller et al. 1986)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLogistic Regression analysis was used for data analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinding showed significant early adolescent risks for dating violence victimization were: being female, being older, risky behaviors (substance abuse, going to parties where there was alcohol or teens indulge in sexual activities), perceiving many friends who engage in risky behaviors and having older sister having who engage in risky behaviors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, findings indicated that involvement in high- risk behaviors during early adolescence is associated with a greater likelihood of sexual and dating violence victimization by late adolescence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy identified protective factors such as mother\u0026rsquo;s knowledge of their child\u0026rsquo;s whereabouts, high strictness, and conservative sexual attitudes were found to be associated with youth\u0026rsquo;s lower likelihood of victimization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMother\u0026rsquo;s vigilant parenting and conservative attitudes were found to be protective despite having older sister\u0026rsquo;s risk behaviors. However, these were not protective in the presence of high risk friends.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGalende et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo describe and analyze the effectiveness of Universal cyber dating violence prevention programs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelevant studies were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour studies were included for systematic review of universal cyber dating violence prevention program\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effective of following prevention programs were analyzed:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe DARSI program\u003c/em\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Dat-e Adolescence program, and\u003c/em\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Brief Incremental Theory of Personality (ITP) adolescent dating violence prevention programs\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview Analysis was conducted using PRISMA method\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview analysis showed that the Dat-e and the Brief ITP program have included a theoretical explanation on which they base their intervention, unlike DARSI. Furthermore, it showed that DARSI and Dat-e programs have included a skill-building component to promote the behavioral change. However, no significant results were found for aggressive behaviors at post-test in Dat-e program.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was suggested in the review that cyber violence prevention programs need to \u003cem\u003einclude activities that aim to modify potentially dangerous attitudes\u003c/em\u003e, such as those related to the myths of romantic love, sexist attitudes, self-esteem and cognitions linked to beliefs about the possibility of changing people and situations. Furthermore, emphasis was put on the importance of time lapses in behavior modification. Therefore, \u003cem\u003efollow-up measurements\u003c/em\u003e have been suggested in the review. Furthermore, inclusion of skill-building components such as emotion regulation, communication skills, and coping and conflict-resolution strategies has also been advised.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the implementation point of view, authors \u003cem\u003esuggested to train school-staff\u003c/em\u003e to apply the programs in their classrooms. Furthermore, they \u003cem\u003ediscarded the idea of early implementation of program for preventing problem behavio\u003c/em\u003er. Analyses showed that adolescents begun to involve in dating relationship in late adolescence which is why implementing programs for early adolescence is not recommended.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJaskulska et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo explore the association of dating and dating violence with happiness among adolescents in Europe.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA sample of 1528 European students from secondary schools (age 13\u0026ndash;16 years).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubjective happiness scale (SHS; Lyubomirsky \u0026amp; Lepper, 1999)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBullying and Cyber bulling\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLodz Electronic Aggression Questionnaire (LEAQ; Pyzalski, 2012)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Child and Adolescent social Support scale (CASSS; Malecki \u0026amp; Demary, 2002)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Social Problem Solving Inventory- Revised Scale (SPI-R, D\u0026rsquo;Zurilla et al., 1998)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional research design was employed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple regression was used for data analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean value of happiness was found to be lower for teens who reported physical and sexual violence in their dating relationship. However, no significant difference was observed in case of teens who reported non-violent relationship and those who have never been dating.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerceived support and problem-solving skills were found to be insufficient to maintain happiness for teens who witnessed domestic violence against their mother or was a victim of bullying. In contrast to this, mean value of happiness was higher for teens that were not being a victim of bullying and not witnesses violence against mother.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJouriles et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresented a conceptual model of cognitive and emotional processes hypothesized to be responsible for links between youth experiences of family violence and teen dating violence perpetration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview research\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDating violence perpetration is a result of youth exposure to family violence, which in turn negatively influences adolescents\u0026rsquo; explicit beliefs, implicit knowledge structures and executive functions (cognitive processes).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKarlsson et al., 2015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo investigate the association between witnessing mother-to- father or father-to-mother violence and TDV victimization for adolescent males and females.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e918 participants were recruited from seven high schools. The mean age of participants was 15 years with majority in 9th and 10th grade.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWitnessing interparental violence\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDichotomous mother-to-father and father-to-mother variables were measured\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcceptance of dating violence\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Acceptance of Couple Violence Scale (ACV; Foshee et al. 1996)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDating violence victimization\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory (CADRI; Wolfe et al., 2001)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHierarchical Regression Analyses\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFindings revealed that witnessing interparental violence and acceptance of dating violence were significant predictors of TDV victimization. Furthermore, it was noted that \u003cem\u003ewitnessing mother-to-father violence was the only significant predictor of male physical victimization.\u003c/em\u003e Additionally, witnessing interparental violence (mother-to-father and father-to-mother) and acceptance of female-perpetrated dating violence as well as acceptance of general dating violence were significant predictors of psychological TDV victimization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was noted that while \u003cem\u003eexposure to either parent's violence had negative impacts, violence by the mother was linked to both physical and mental trauma for the child, whereas the father's violence was associated more specifically with psychological issues rather than physical ones.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKinsfogel and Grych (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo examine an integrative model exploring how inter- parental conflict influence the dating behaviors of their adolescent children.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were collected from 391 diverse sample of school going adolescents of age group 14\u0026ndash;20 years (205 girls, 186 boys).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInterparental aggression\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS; Straus, 1979)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDating aggression\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Conflict in Relationships Scale (CIR; Wolfe et al., 1994)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eConflict in dating relationships\u003c/em\u003e was also assessed\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBeliefs about aggression\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitudes about Dating Index (ADI; Foo \u0026amp; Margolin, 1995)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnger regulation\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrait Anger Scale (TAS; Spielberger et al., 1983)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePeer dating aggression\u003c/em\u003e was also measured.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructural Equation Modeling\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings suggest that \u003cem\u003einterparental conflicts shape boys' cognitive beliefs and peer influences in ways that increase dating aggression\u003c/em\u003e, while the mechanisms differ for girls. Girls did not report higher levels of aggression toward their dating partners as a result of greater inter- parental conflict. Further it was found that boys exposed to higher levels of aggressive conflicts between parents were more likely to view aggression as justifiable in romantic relationships, which in turn predicted increased hostile and abusive behavior toward dating partners.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, \u003cem\u003eadolescents from high-conflict homes reported their friends exhibited more verbal and physical aggression in dating relationships compared to those from low-conflict homes, regardless of gender.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMakin-Byrd et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo examine aggressive family dynamics in both childhood and early adolescent predictors of emerging dating violence assessed in late adolescence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter a rigorous screening of sample, 401 children were followed from kindergarten to age of 18 years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eParent harsh punishment\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConflict Tactics Scale (CTS; Straus, 1979)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChild/Adolescent Aggression at Home\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChild Behavior Checklist (CBCL)- Parent Report Form (Achenbach 1991)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eParent-Child Relationship Quality\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopmental History questionnaire (Dodge et al. 1990)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChild-Adolescent Aggression at school\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeacher\u0026rsquo;s Report Form (TRF; Achenbach, 1991)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDating Violence\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConflict Tactics Scale (Dodge et al. 1997)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLongitudinal study data was analyzed using\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne way ANOVA and Regression Analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChild aggressive-disruptive behavior at home in childhood uniquely predicted later perpetration of dating violence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChildren who exhibited elevated rates of aggressive-oppositional behavior both at home and at school were significantly more likely to engage in dating violence as compared to children who were not aggressive.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMennicke et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo investigate whether a bystander intervention program, \u003cem\u003eGreen Dot\u003c/em\u003e, reduces teen dating violence among youth exposed to parental IPV\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo examine how Green Dot works by assessing the mediating roles of amount of training received and violence acceptance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were collected from selected 26 high schools.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRandomization occurred at school level; 13 schools were randomized to the treatment condition (Green Dot intervention) and 13 schools were randomized to the control condition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71,797 high school students (14\u0026ndash;18 years old) participated in the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestionnaires were used for following variables:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWitnessed Parental IPV\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological and Physical DV (Black et al., 2011)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRape Myth (Payne et al., 1999)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDating Violence Acceptance (Foshee et al., 1998)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultigroup path analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis showed significant reduction in dating violence for students in intervention schools. Those who \u003cem\u003ewitnessed parental IPV showed reduction in psychological (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001) and physical DV (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01) perpetration and psychological DV victimization (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01) in phase 2.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eViolence acceptance was positively associated with dating violence (victimization and perpetration). Finding showed lower levels of violence victimization for adolescents receiving training, who previously witnessed parental IPV.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrpinas et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo identify the developmental trajectories of physical dating violence victimization and perpetration that adolescents follow from middle to high school.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo examine the association with caring partner relationships and acceptability of dating aggression.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe final sample included 303 girls and 285 boys. The mean age of this cohort was 14.8 years (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.57) during final wave (ninth grade)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhysical Dating Violence\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical Dating Violence (PDV; Foshee, 1996)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCaring Partner Relationship\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaring Partner Relationship Scale (CPRS; Constantine and Benard, 2001)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcceptability of Dating Aggression Scale used for assessing dating\u003c/em\u003e aggression acceptance (ADA; Foshee et al. 1998)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLongitudinal study\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were analyzed using Latent class mixture modeling, ANOVA and Bonferroni Correction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo-third of the sample showed very low or no physical dating violence perpetration or victimization over seven years of assessment. Furthermore, these trajectories were found to be stable over time.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy shows significant difference in caring partner relationship between the low and increasing trajectories of dating violence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJoint trajectories of victimization and perpetration were found to be positively associated with acceptance of dating aggression.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePereda et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo identify distal relationship between risk factors in childhood and subsequent dating violence in middle adolescence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo address different patterns of perpetration and victimization in teen romantic relationships.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo examine the gender differences among teen dating violence adolescents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were drawn from the zurich Project on the Social Development from Childhood to Adulthood (z-proso, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;644).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were collected from children, their parents, and, their teachers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants were M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.45 years, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.40 and M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;17.44 years, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.37 during first wave (T1) and seventh wave (T7) respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhysical dating violence victimization and perpetration\u003c/em\u003e was assessed by youth at T7 using self-reported questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eParental monitoring\u003c/em\u003e was measured at T1using Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ, Shelton et al., 1996).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCorporal punishment\u003c/em\u003e was assessed at T1 using four \u0026ndash;point Likert-type scale.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBullying\u003c/em\u003e variable was converted into categorical, on the basis of assessment of teachers at T1. Following categories were formed:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Incipient perpetrator\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Victimization\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Bullying Overlap\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnger, Anxiety and depression were measured at T1 through self-report, Tremblay\u0026rsquo;s Social Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ; Tremblay et al., 1991)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLongitudinal study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were analyzed using\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLatent Class Analysis (LCA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollowing three classes were formed based on LCA:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Controlling behavior overlap\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; No violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Controlling and physical violence overlap\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Controlling behavior overlap\u0026rdquo; class was found to be most prevalent among adolescents with 38.8% of boys and 49.7% of girls. Furthermore, gender, \u003cem\u003efamily structure\u003c/em\u003e and parents\u0026rsquo; level of education were found to be the only significant predictors for belonging to this category. Findings indicated that girls were 1.61 times more likely to be a part of this class as compared to boys.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was found that children who had experienced corporal punishment by the age of 7 were almost twice more likely to both perform and suffer physical and controlling dating violence at the age of 17.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFindings showed that both the gender engage in mutual controlling behavior and physical aggression in early romantic relationships.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReyes et al., (2018)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo examine the association between distinct patterns of peer and dating aggression and victimization\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were collected from (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3068) school going adolescents who were in 8th to 10th standard\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePeer violence and involvement in dating aggression\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSafe Dates dating Abuse Scale (Foshee, 1996)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDepressive symptoms\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShort Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (Angold et al., 1995)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnxiety\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRevised Children\u0026rsquo;s Manifest Anxiety Scale (Reynolds and Richmond,1979)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBody Image\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Image Scale for Young Adolescents (Petersen et al. 1984)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSubstance use was also assessed\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNumber of delinquent acts\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblem Behavior Frequency Scale (Farrell et al. 2000)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcademic aspirations, number of close friends and social status were also assessed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLatent class analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFindings revealed that adolescents who were involved in both peer and dating violence as aggressors and victims are particularly at high risk for negative impacts as compared to adolescents who were involved in any pattern of violence. Furthermore, it was found that, in particular, girls are at risk negative impacts across a range of developmental domains.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReyes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo examine the interactions between injunctive and descriptive normative beliefs and traditional gender role attitudes in predicting adolescent boys dating violence perpetration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt baseline (T1), data was collected (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;976) when male students were in 8th and 9th grades.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLater, in follow up waves (T2), study was carried out with adolescent boys (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;577; 14% Black, 5% other race/ethnicity)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhysical Dating Violence (DV) Perpetration\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Safe Dates Dating Violence perpetration scale (Foshee et al. 1996)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTraditional Gender Role Attitudes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitudes toward Women Scale for Adolescents (AWSA; Galambos et al. 1985) was used to measure gender role attitudes while Gunter and Wober\u0026rsquo;s (1982) measured female stereotyping\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive and Injunctive norms were also measured\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSAS PROC MI and PROC MIANALYZE (SAS institute 2003) was used to combine parameter estimates and standard errors. Furthermore, logistic regression was employed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study found that beliefs about the acceptability of dating violence (injunctive normative beliefs) and beliefs about the prevalence of dating violence (descriptive normative beliefs) were strongly positively correlated with each other. Additionally, both types of normative beliefs showed a strong positive correlation with holding traditional attitudes about gender roles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, it was found that descriptive norms did not moderate the effect of gender role attitudes on dating violence perpetration. However, descriptive norms did have a significant main effect predicting increased risk of dating violence perpetration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpencer et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo examine risk factors for physical teen dating violence victimization using Dutton\u0026rsquo;s nested ecological model as a framework through the use of a meta-analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 50 studies met the inclusion criteria and yielded 221 unique effect sizes,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComprehensive Meta-Analysis 3.0 software (Borenstein et al. 2014) was used to enter and analyze the data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeta-Analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 29 risk markers were identified.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOntogenetic system (18 risk markers)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrosystem (nine risk markers)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExosystem (two risk markers).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was found that the strongest risk markers for physical teen dating violence victimization were in the microsystem level. Microsystem includes such as abused as a child, emotional teen dating violence victimization, parent support, physical teen dating violence perpetration, poor parenting, and positive relationship with parents, sexual teen dating violence victimization, violence toward peers, and witnessed parental intimate partner violence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, it was found that high-risk behaviors, such as externalizing behaviors, being violent toward peers, risky sexual behaviors, having carried a weapon, and substance use were all significant risk markers for physical teen dating violence victimization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo exosystem-level factors, low socioeconomic status and neighborhood disorganization were found to be significantly related to teen dating violence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo statistically significant differences in the strength of risk markers were observed on the basis of gender.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemple et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo extend understanding of the relationship between exposure to interparental violence and TDV perpetration among adolescents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were collected from the first wave (spring, 2010) of a school-based longitudinal study on teen dating violence. It includes large ethnically diverse school-based sample of male and female adolescents (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;917) of age group 14 to 16 years (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15.1; SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.79)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe conflict in Adolescent Dating and Relationship Inventory (CADRI; Wolfe et al., 2001)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Acceptance of Couple Violence (ACV; Foshee et al., 1996)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExposure to interparental conflict(mother-to-father and father-to-mother) was also assessed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructural equation modeling (SEM) using Mplus Version 5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFindings showed that exposure to interparental conflict are associated with physical and psychological teen dating violence (TDV) perpetration. Specifically, findings indicated that \u003cem\u003eadolescents who witnessed interparental conflict were at higher risk of going on to commit psychological abuse\u003c/em\u003e, such as verbal aggression, coercive control, or emotional mistreatment, against their own romantic partners. Notably, \u003cem\u003ewitnessing mother-to-father violence predicted physical and psychological TDV perpetration across genders, exposure to violence by fathers-to-mothers specifically predicted psychological TDV perpetration like emotional abuse or coercive control, but only for adolescent girls and not for adolescent boys.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThulin et al., 2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo examine linear and non-linear trajectories of electronic dating violence across time and identify period(s) of higher risk.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo examine trajectories of three unique forms of electronic dating\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eviolence: electronic harassment, coercion and monitoring.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data for this study was drawn from the longitudinal Strengthening Healthy Adolescent Relationships and Environments (SHARE) study. It involves two cohorts of adolescents surveyed annually for four years from 2013\u0026ndash;2017. One cohort (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;543, 48.3% female) was surveyed from ages 12\u0026ndash;15, initially when they were in 6th grade. The other cohort (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;597, 46.6% female) was surveyed from ages 15\u0026ndash;18, starting when they were in 9th grade.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll electronic dating violence were adapted based on Safe dates program, Engagement with electronic monitoring, Electronic coercion dating violence, Electronic harassment dating violence, dating behaviors were evaluated using self-report questionnaires.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrug and alcohol use was assessed using scale by Elliot et al., 1985\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdverse childhood experiences were computed using scale by Felitti et al., 1998\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParental monitoring, parental knowledge of electronic accounts/passwords to electronic accounts and social support were also assessed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLatent growth model\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study found that electronic dating violence tended to increase from early adolescence, peaking around ages 16\u0026ndash;17, before leveling off. Threat-based adverse childhood experiences (like exposure to physical abuse and parental intimate partner violence) and earlier initiation of dating behaviors increased long-term risk across both age cohorts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, it was found that protective factors like parental monitoring decreased risk, but appeared to only have a protective effect during specific developmental periods like early adolescence. Risk factors such as threat-based adverse experiences (physical abuse rather than deprivation-based experiences like neglect) and earlier dating found to increase consistent long-term risk.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFindings suggests that understanding the risk and protective factors influencing the rise of electronic dating violence in adolescence is crucial for developing effective, age-appropriate prevention and intervention strategies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTschann et al., 2008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo examine if nonviolent aspect of interparental conflict, in addition to interparental violence, could predict adolescents\u0026rsquo; dating violence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150 Mexican American and European American male and female adolescents of age range 16 to 20 years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInterparental conflict\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultidimentional Assessment of Interparental conflict (MAIC; Tschann et al., 1999)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAdolescents\u0026rsquo; appraisals\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdolescents\u0026rsquo; threat and self-blame were assessed using scale by Tschann et al., 2002\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAdolescents\u0026rsquo; emotional distress\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCenter for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CESD; Radloff, 1977)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eState-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Form Y (Spielberger, Gorsuch, \u0026amp; Lushene, 1970)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDating verbal aggression and physical violence\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological aggression and physical Assault were assessed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLongitudinal study\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrdinary least squares multiple regression equations and path analysis was obtained for analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings showed that interparental conflict and verbal aggression appeared to increase the risk of adolescents becoming perpetrators or victims of dating violence. Furthermore, the findings indicated that \u003cem\u003eadolescents were more likely to exhibit verbal and physical aggression in their dating relationships when their parents modeled poor conflict resolution skills, frequent conflicts, verbal aggression, and physical violence within the parental relationship. More specifically, it was observed that adolescents were more likely to experience mutual verbal aggression in dating relationships if their mothers were physically violent toward their spouses. They were also more prone to being victims of physical dating violence if their fathers were overly demanding during conflicts. Furthermore, adolescents tended to perpetrate more physical violence against dating partners when their parents engaged in physical violence with each other.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdolescents\u0026rsquo; appraisals and emotional distress were found to mediate the effects of nonviolent parental conflict on adolescents\u0026rsquo; dating violence involvement. It was noted that negative cognitive appraisals appeared to increase adolescents' vulnerability, making them more likely to experience victimization from violence by their dating partners.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVagi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo produce a comprehensive list of risk and protective factors for adolescent dating violence perpetration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 longitudinal studies which were published between 2000 and 2010.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean age of the sample was between 10 and 24 years at outcome.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview Analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 53 risk factors and 6 protective factors were identified, which were further cluster into individual and relationship level of social ecology.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour individual level risk factors were:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDepression, General aggression, Prior dating violence and race. \u003cem\u003eThree other occur at the relationship level of the social ecology were engagement in peer violence, friends perpetrating adolescent dating violence\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eparental marital conflict.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour protective factors identified at individual level of the social ecology were high cognitive dissonance about perpetrating dating violence, high empathy, better grade-point-average and verbal IQ.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo additional protective factors found at the relationship level of the social ecology were having a positive relationship with one\u0026rsquo;s mother and feeling a sense of attachment to one\u0026rsquo;s school.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Findings and suggestions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe above literature reviews show that dating violence among adolescents has become a common emerging trend. Research has shown that various risk factors influence relationship qualities, especially with respect to romantic partners. This paper attempted to understand the influence of interparental conflict on adolescents\u0026rsquo; dating violence. The literature has shown that parental conflict is a significant risk factor for teen dating violence- perpetration or victimization. On the other hand, research has also pointed out that a positive relationship with parents, especially with mothers, can be considered a protective factor, as this provides a sense of attachment to the adolescent. According to the background-situational model of dating violence (Riggs and O\u0026rsquo;Leary, 1989), background risk factors for violence are useful for identifying who is at risk for perpetrating violence, whereas situational risk factors are useful for identifying when violence is likely to occur. Extensive literature is available on interparental conflict and its adverse effects on children\u0026rsquo;s emotional and behavioral adjustment. Marital discord has been associated with a number of indices of maladjustment in children, including externalizing behavioral problems such as aggression and internalizing behavioral problems such as depression and anxiety (Cummings and Davies \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e; Davies and Cummings \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e; Emery \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e; Gottman and Fainsilber-Katz 1989; Grych and Fincham \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e; Lindahl and Malik \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e). This suggests that adolescents who perceive IPC are at high-risk of experiencing dating violence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTheoretical concepts (refer to Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) indicate that adolescents\u0026rsquo; future romantic relationships depend immensely on their parents\u0026rsquo; marital relationships. Adolescents learn by observing their parents (refer to Bandura social learning theory, 1977). Adolescents learn to be violent by observing their parents\u0026rsquo; conflicts. Additionally, their behavior is reinforced when they witness positive consequences of being violent. Furthermore, research based on Grych and Fincham\u0026rsquo;s cognitive-contextual framework indicated that witnessing interparental conflict (IPC) is not bad for adolescents. It depends on the frequency, intensity, content and resolution of conflict. Moreover, it depends on adolescents\u0026rsquo; appraisal of the conflict. Adolescents learn the skills of maintaining relationships through IPC, which has resolution techniques, problem solving and decision making components. In contrast, IPC, which is a hostile and frequent IPC, induces fear, self-blaming and triangulation for adolescents. As a consequence, they inculcate that attitude in their behaviors, causing relationship problems later in their lives. Studies have shown that adolescents from high -IPC families tend to show more behavioral problems in their relationships. Furthermore, emotional security theory (1994) highlights \u003cem\u003ethat repeated exposure to marital hostility is associated with adolescents\u0026rsquo; emotional reactivity, which is further displayed in their own romantic relationships.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiterature reviews (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) have underscored the profound influence of exposure to family violence, interparental conflict, and adverse childhood experiences on the perpetration and victimization of adolescent dating violence (TDV). Witnessing violence perpetrated by mothers against fathers emerged as a robust predictor of both physical and psychological TDV perpetration across genders. Conversely, exposure to father-to-mother violence was associated with psychological TDV perpetration exclusively among adolescent females. Furthermore, the findings indicated that exposure to interparental physical violence may influence the perpetration of psychological abuse in adolescent romantic relationships. The evidence suggests that interparental conflicts shape cognitive beliefs and peer influences in a manner that increases dating aggression among males, albeit through disparate mechanisms for females. Adolescents from high-conflict familial environments reported higher rates of verbal and physical aggression within their peers' dating relationships, irrespective of gender. Individual-level factors such as insecure attachment styles, depression, general aggression, prior dating violence involvement, and racial background were identified as risk factors. Conversely, high cognitive dissonance about perpetrating TDV, heightened empathy, superior academic performance, and positive maternal relationships emerged as protective factors. Intervention programs (such as the Green Dot intervention program) aimed at reducing the acceptance of violence and addressing parental intimate partner violence (IPV) have resulted in promising reductions in psychological and physical TDV perpetration and victimization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, to acknowledge that children are affected by parental factors, the DSM-V also included certain conditions related to \u0026lsquo;Relational Problems\u0026rsquo; included in Chapter, \u0026lsquo;Other Conditions that may be a Focus of Clinical Attention\u0026rsquo;, under the subtopic \u0026lsquo;Problems related to family upbringing\u0026rsquo;. The listed conditions or problems are not mental disorders but can be a leading cause of future mental health problems if not treated at the right time. These conditions are associated with impaired functioning in behavioral, cognitive or affected domains in relation to the parent-child relationship. Furthermore, these conditions indicate that parental relationship discord (e.g., high level of conflict, distress or disparagement) has a negative effect on a child\u0026rsquo;s wellbeing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe inclusion of these conditions in the DSM-V suggested considering the quality of the parent-child relationship, especially during the course of children\u0026rsquo;s development years. Most of the parents are unaware of the impact they can have in developing their child into a fully functioning individual by just having a healthy relationship with their children. Often, parents fail to devote time and care to their adolescents, developing insecure attachment with them. Furthermore, the literature review has highlighted situations in which parents create unfavorable environments for adolescents through their disputes. Triangulation and isolation are two such situations resulting from interparental conflict (Bukhari\u0026amp;Masood, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Unfortunately, when adolescents do not obtain quality time with their parents, they believe that they can compensate through relationships, which can subsequently become more complicated for various reasons. Research has shown an association between insecure attachment and teen dating violence victimization, which is further, linked to destructive conflict resolution patterns. It was suggested that intervention programs focusing on emotional regulation might help adolescents address conflict communication patterns and attachment schemas to reduce dating violence victimization (Bonache et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). This intervention program on emotional regulation might be helpful in improving the effects of both teen dating violence and interparental conflict on adolescents\u0026rsquo; well-being.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe emotional security hypothesis model by Davies and Cummings (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e) asserts that interparental conflict poses a risk to children's adjustment by directly undermining their emotional security in the interparental relationship and compromising parent-child attachment processes through its association with parenting disturbances. Furthermore, Kinsfogel and Grych (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e) found that anger regulation mediates the association between exposure to interparental conflict and dating violence perpetration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research review helps explain how exposure to family violence influences adolescents\u0026rsquo; emotional and cognitive processes, which triggers dating violence. These findings showed that female adolescents are highly affected by family violence and are at risk of being victimized later in their romantic relationships. Hence, interventions need to be designed, especially for adolescents who perceive high interparental conflict, as they are more vulnerable to staying in or transitioning to an abusive relationship.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Usually, adolescents do not seek help in such circumstances, and often, parents fail to identify the support needs that their adolescents require. In most cases, adolescents have weak parent-child relationships because of the consequences of interparental conflict. Adolescents even hesitate to disclose their problems related to dating violence with counselors. Therefore, to increase awareness, mental health professionals and school consolers need \u003cem\u003eto offer psycho-educational awareness programs to parents\u003c/em\u003e, such as those related to parenting skills in the modern Indian family system, healthy relationships with family and friends, understanding of academic pressure, and skills and interest in future career choices. Facilitating such workshops and awareness programs will help parents understand children\u0026rsquo;s emotional, mental, social, and academic needs. Even in addressing concerns related to romantic relationships among adolescents, school counselors and awareness programs can play a vital role.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere is also a \u003cem\u003eneed to invest in research\u003c/em\u003e, especially evidence-based practices, to identify effective modalities and approaches to address the unique issues of children and adolescents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn India, as a part of school mental health programs, primary attention is given to developmental needs; the prevention of high-risk behaviors such as substance abuse, sexuality, and HIV/AIDS; and the promotion of mental health through life skills education, mental health orientation to teachers, and student enrichment programs (Kumar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). However, it is estimated that only 1% of adolescents receive quality counseling, health, and medical services in India (National Health Mission, n.d.). Many of these issues are being addressed through various government programs, policies, school mental health programs, and adolescent education programs (Sivagurunathan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eUsing the related literature and reviews, the current study aimed to investigate the dynamics of teen dating violence. This review sought to explore how adolescents are impacted by dating violence victimization and perpetration. Additionally, the paper highlighted the influence of teen dating violence experiences, both as perpetrators and victims, on adolescents' perceptions of interparental conflict. Previous research has demonstrated the adverse effects of poor parenting, unhealthy parent-child relationships, and dysfunctional family environments on teen dating relationships. Prior literature reviews have shown that adolescents in such family contexts are at heightened risk of becoming involved in dating violence. However, the specific effect of interparental conflict within intact families on teen dating violence has been understudied. The present study attempted to address this gap in the literature. In essence, while summarizing findings from previous reviews about factors such as parenting and family environments contributing to teen dating violence risks, this study identified a need to examine how witnessing interparental conflict more specifically may influence dating violence experiences among adolescents from intact families.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis review highlights the need to design interventions for adolescents, parents and teachers that promote mental health awareness and life skills to address daily challenges. The main aim of this review was to explore the current trends in adolescent dating culture. The research concluded that interparental conflicts not only affect the relationships between spouses but also hamper their relationships with their children. Children learn on the basis of observation. As discussed, adolescents witness conflicting behavioral patterns from their parents and adapt to similar patterns in their relationships. Exceptions could be treating partners in different ways, but majorly negative consequences have been reported in the literature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother aspect is that adolescents might feel the need to have romantic relationships because of not receiving involvement and attention from their families. Individuals who are disturbed because of negative perceptions of interparental conflicts might feel emotionally vulnerable and become attracted to their relationships.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA secure and healthy relationship might be beneficial for adolescents, but they lack maturity and often face challenges in maintaining a relationship. Moreover, their maladjustment behavior (as a result of interparental conflict) disturbs both adolescents in a relationship. Furthermore, poor parenting styles worsen the situation by not understanding the children and treating them carelessly.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt can therefore be concluded that interparental conflict has a significant impact on teen dating relationships. There is an urgent need for training and awareness programs for both parents and children at the school level and at the societal level.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbbott, J., Johnson, R., Koziol-McLain, J., \u0026amp; Lowenstein, S. R. (1995).Domestic violence against women.Incidence and prevalence in an emergency department population. \u003cem\u003eJAMA\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e273\u003c/em\u003e(22), 1763\u0026ndash;1767. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.273.22.1763\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAli, B., Swahn, M., \u0026amp; Hamburger, M. (2011). Attitudes affecting physical dating violence perpetration and victimization: findings from adolescents in a high-risk urban community. \u003cem\u003eViolence and victims\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e26\u003c/em\u003e(5), 669\u0026ndash;683.https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.26.5.669\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmato, P. R., \u0026amp; Booth, A. (2001). 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S., Hanson, R. F., Smith, D. W., Saunders, B. E., \u0026amp; Kilpatrick, D. G. (2008). Prevalence and correlates of dating violence in a national sample of adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child \u0026amp; Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(7), 755-762. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e318172ef5f\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization. (n.d.). Adolescent health. https://www.who.int/health-topics/adolescent-health\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"adolescent mental health, interparental conflict, teen dating violence, relationship abuse, parenting styles","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4374414/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4374414/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eResearch indicates a significant impact of parenting on adolescents\u0026rsquo; (teens\u0026rsquo;) psychological health. Furthermore, the effect of interparental conflict on adolescents\u0026rsquo; internalizing and externalizing behavior has been well researched. However, the effect of interparental conflict (in intact families) on teen dating violence is underresearched. Using a literature review, the present study is an attempt \u003cem\u003eto examine the emerging trends in dating relationships among adolescents\u003c/em\u003e. With the help of existing studies, \u003cem\u003ethe present paper aims to analyze the association between interparental conflict and dating relationships\u003c/em\u003e among teens. \u003cem\u003eThis systematic study revealed significant findings.\u003c/em\u003e It was found that those teens who perceived interparental conflicts at home, showed maladjustment behavior in their dating relationships. Even the study proposes the relevance of certain interventions that can help teenagers improvise their romantic/partner relationships as well as their parents.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Influence of Interparental Conflict on Teen Dating Violence: A Review","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-05-07 04:57:58","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4374414/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2134a835-4022-4666-90ab-6aa91dba9fdd","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 7th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":31596425,"name":"Psychology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-05-07T04:57:58+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-05-07 04:57:58","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4374414","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4374414","identity":"rs-4374414","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}