How Do Religions and Religiosity Matter for Climate Anxiety?

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Emre Toros This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5038275/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract During the last decade, the discussions about climate change have evolved beyond technical and technological debates, and politicians and religious leaders have started to acknowledge the complexity of the matter more frequently than ever. Since then, the need for holistic approaches encompassing social, political, and cultural dimensions alongside technological advancements has become more visible in climate change-related discussions. This necessity is mainly based on the fact that the offered technical solutions are bound to social and psychological barriers and are evaluated through the lenses of existing culture, values, and beliefs, which can hinder appropriate responses. The current study aims at this gap by exploring variations in religious affiliations, religiosity levels of individuals and their interactions with climate anxiety using two current novel databases. The findings indicate that not only affiliations and religiosity levels are robust predictors of climate anxiety, but also their interactions with news consumption patterns, ideological positions, religious effectively explain the variations in perceptions related to climate anxiety. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction During the last decade, the discussions about climate change have evolved beyond technical and technological debates, and politicians and religious leaders have started to acknowledge the complexity of the matter more frequently than ever. In a recent interview, for example, Pope Francis emphasised that addressing climate change-related problems requires profound changes in lifestyles and consumption patterns beyond technological innovation alone. Similarly, political figures such as former U.S. President Obama have stressed the importance of international cooperation and policy frameworks that go beyond technological solutions to tackle climate-related problems’ root causes. These leaders recognise that technological advancements are crucial but must be complemented by shifts in societal values to achieve meaningful and sustainable change. More and more, individuals and communities are grappling with fears about the future, biodiversity loss, and environmental justice, highlighting the need for compassionate and inclusive approaches to addressing climate impacts. Ever since the discourse surrounding climate issues has changed and related anxiety has increased, the above-mentioned need for holistic approaches encompassing social, political, and cultural dimensions alongside technological advancements became more visible. This necessity is mainly based on the fact that the offered technical solutions are bound to social and psychological barriers and are evaluated through the lenses of existing culture, values, and beliefs, which can hinder appropriate responses (Markowitz & Shariff, 2012). Accordingly, a more comprehensive approach is needed to cover human behaviour, culture, and attitudes for climate-related problems and their mitigation. The current study aims at this gap by exploring variations in ideological positions, religious affiliations, and religiosity levels and their interactions with climate anxiety. Ideological positions often dictate how individuals and groups perceive societal problems, including climate change. For example, political ideologies can influence attitudes towards regulatory measures, international cooperation, and the role of government in addressing environmental issues. Indeed, prior studies have demonstrated that political orientation can influence the connection between education or self-reported comprehension and climate change concerns (Gregersen et al., 2020; Hamilton, 2011). However, while ideologies can shape climate-based anxiety, people’s attitudes might still differ based on their other values, which highly correlate to their ideologies, like their religious affiliations. That is to say, while individuals belonging to both ends of the spectrum might hold different evaluations related to climate issues, this study argues that due to the strong connection between religious affiliation and ideological positions, climate anxiety levels that are shaped by ideological positions may also vary depending on a person’s religious affiliation and also their religiosity levels. This is because religious affiliations and beliefs provide another dimension to the discourse on climate change. Different religions often have distinct teachings and values regarding environmental stewardship, sustainability, and human responsibility towards the natural world. Religious leaders and communities can thus mobilise efforts towards climate action, advocate for ethical consumption patterns, and promote environmental justice as integral components of their faith-based teachings. Accordingly, this article argues that the interconnectedness between ideology and religious affiliations shapes climate anxiety. Such an analysis is essential since contrasting arguments underscore the complexity of factors influencing climate anxiety, emphasising the need to consider diverse perspectives and variables. Accordingly, we will first discuss the literature and its repercussions on climate anxiety. Following this, we will discuss the independent variables of our study, including climate anxiety, ideological positions and religious affiliations. The third section will present data, methods and findings. The last section discusses these findings and concludes the study. The findings indicate that not only ideological positions, religious affiliations and religiosity levels are robust predictors of climate anxiety, but also their interactions effectively explain the variation in climate anxiety. Literature Review Climate anxiety is a popular concept widely discussed in academic circles, media and the general public (Haseley, 2019; Hickman, 2020; Ogunbode et al., 2023; Panu, 2020; Pihkala, 2020), which attracts a considerable amount of attention (Cunsolo Sherilee L.; Minor Kelton; Hayes Katie; Williams Kimberly G.; Howard Courtney, 2020). Reflecting this heterogeneity, the existing research utilises the idea of climate anxiety in various ways, ranging from intense anxiety (Clayton & Karazsia, 2020; Stanley Teaghan L.; Leviston Zoe; Walker Iain, 2021; Taylor, 2020) to a prevailing emotion, which includes its role in motivating behaviour change and information seeking (Demski Stuart; Pidgeon Nicholas Frank; Sposato Robert Gennaro; Spence Alexa, 2016). So, it is not surprising that we do not observe a consensus on the definition of the term. There are numerous differences in opinion and vocabulary on the term anxiety itself. For example, anxiety can appear when faced with troublesome ambiguity or painful circumstances, which may fall into the domain of social anxiety. Most of the work on climate anxiety highlights specific characteristics and factors evident in the available data regarding people’s climate anxiety experiences. The ecological catastrophe, particularly the climate crisis, generates anxiety-inducing emotions of uncertainty, unpredictability, and lack of control, and it also appears that most of the work linking climate anxiety with politics handles the concept as non-pathological, expressing it as a “practical worry,” resulting in problem-solving attitudes. (Panu, 2020a). However, a fundamental and widely held perspective about climate anxiety refers to a type of worry which is future-oriented and tied to an unclear danger (Grupe Jack B., 2013). Not surprisingly, this multifaceted nature of the concept attracts attention from social and political sciences since anxiety or fear can be variables for various social dynamics. So, within these domains, climate anxiety is usually associated with problems that impair the existing social order. In one of the dominant approaches advocated by Beck (1992), for example, it is stated that the fragmentation of traditional sources of norms and meanings gives individuals a great deal more freedom but also increases the likelihood and propensity for anxiety when paired with the fast evolution of cultures and technologies; and this particular type of anxiety manifests itself connected to ecological problems. Further research demonstrated the link between climate anxiety and emotions in detail, providing empirical evidence on how being silenced about matters related to ecological matters through social norms may lead to anxiety among individuals (Brulle et al., 2019). Finally, research also showed that individuals with climate anxiety tend to think that the surrounding society is in a state of ignorance or lack of understanding and, perhaps more importantly, their anxiety increases by social incidents (Panu, 2020b). The relevant literature, which focuses on these socio-political domains, links the individual ability to respond to climate-related issues to political attitudes. Indeed, several studies used this stance and predicted climate-related behaviours based on individuals’ political interests, worries, and risk perceptions (Roser-Renouf Edward; Leiserowitz Anthony; Zhao Xiaoquan, 2014; Zhao et al., 2011). Among these attitudes, this study focuses on ideology, religiosity, political interest and news consumption. Political ideology is the first political attitude this paper utilises as a determinant of climate-related emotions. Political ideology is defined as an interconnected set of attitudes and values that include cognitive, affective, and motivational components that help to explain why people do what they do and how societies work to attain appropriate goals such as social fairness and social order (Jost Christopher M.; Napier Jaime L., 2009; Kidwell Adam; Hardesty David M., 2013). In other words, an individual’s position on the left-right spectrum indicates one’s primary personal value and underlying convictions about appropriate societal goals and how to attain them (Chin Donald C.; Treviño Linda Klebe, 2013). Moreover, political ideology can be perceived as a key organising axis for individual beliefs on various issues (Caprara Shalom H.; Capanna Cristina; Vecchione Michele; Barbaranelli Claudio, 2006). That is to say, individuals who locate themselves on the right side of the political spectrum place a premium on authority, stability, and the status quo. In contrast, individuals on the left place a premium on civil rights and social issues such as diversity, social justice, social change, and natural environment protection (Hu et al., 2017). A typical method for gauging political orientation is to ask respondents to place themselves on a liberal vs conservative (in the United States; for example, American National Election Studies) or a (political) left versus right (in Europe; for example, European Social Survey) scale. Reviewing the existing research that utilised these scales, McCright et al. (2016) identified political ideology as one of the most important and consistent predictors of climate change perceptions, such as anxiety and concern. They argue that people who identify as left-leaning or liberal are more likely to believe in the truth and anthropogenic character of climate change and to be concerned about it than those who identify as right-leaning or conservative. Other research that mainly focuses on the U.S. context found similar evidence: people who locate themselves on the left tend to have high levels of environmental concerns (Cruz, 2017; Goldberg Sander; Leiserowitz Anthony; Maibach Edward, 2019; Hornsey Emily A.; Bain Paul G.; Fielding Kelly S., 2016). Shifting the focus to the international context, Kvaloy et al. (2012) discovered that left-leaning persons are more likely to regard climate change as a severe problem when measuring political orientation on a left-right continuum in an international context. Likewise, Doran et al. (2018) discovered that political orientation predicted support for climate policy even after controlling for consequence views and moral concerns about climate change. Using the same data, Poortinga et al. (2019) also discovered a straightforward and highly consistent negative correlation between right-leaning political orientation and climate change concerns. However, research from European countries has generally found more minor relationships between political orientation and climate change opinions than studies from the United States (McCright Riley E., 2011; Song Neil A.; Ballew Matthew T.; Bravo Mario; Davydova Julie; Gao H. Oliver; Garcia Robert J.; Hiltner Sofia; Naiman Sarah M.; Pearson Adam R.; Romero-Canyas Rainer; Schuldt Jonathon P., 2020). Smith and Mayer (2018), for example, report that the association between party affiliation and perceived danger from climate change is most robust in English-speaking countries, moderate in non-English-speaking Western European countries, and minimal in post-communist states, mapped on a left-right continuum to allow for cross-country comparisons. Religious denominations and religiosity constitute this study’s second group of independent variables. Varying denominations can indeed influence individuals’ attitudes and responses to climate change, impacting the levels of climate anxiety experienced within different religious communities. Research has shown that religious beliefs and practices can affect environmental perceptions and behaviours, with some religious groups showing more significant concern for environmental issues and engaging in more pro-environmental actions (Haseley, 2019b; Hope & Jones, 2014). For instance, Muslims, as the second-largest faith group globally, are concentrated in regions particularly affected by global warming, underscoring the potential influence of Islam on climate change perceptions and mitigation activities (Köhrsen, 2021). Additionally, the organisational characteristics of religious groups can have significant implications for addressing human-induced climate change, highlighting the role of religion in environmental challenges (Haluza‐DeLay, 2014a). The relationship between religious affiliation and climate anxiety is complex, with studies suggesting that religious faith can shape attitudes towards environmental issues and climate change technologies (Thomas et al., 2019). Religious beliefs may offer individuals hope and agency in facing environmental challenges, potentially alleviating feelings of anxiety and despair associated with climate change (Pihkala, 2018). The impact of religious denominations on environmental attitudes and behaviours can vary, with some promoting environmental stewardship and sustainability practices, while others may hold different perspectives on climate change and its consequences. Accordingly, religious denominations play a multifaceted role in shaping individuals’ responses to climate change and climate anxiety. Media consumption patterns and their relationship to climate anxiety constitute the third focus of this study. Media consumption can play a crucial role in shaping individuals’ experiences of climate anxiety since exposure to climate change information through the media may manipulate emotional responses, beliefs, and behaviours related to climate change. Studies have shown that increased exposure to media content related to climate change and environmental crises can lead to heightened levels of anxiety and distress (Loll et al., 2023). Additionally, the media’s portrayal of climate change impacts can evoke emotional responses such as worry, fear, and anxiety among audiences. Reports of severe weather events attributed to climate change and the widespread dissemination of climate-related impacts in the media can increase concern and anxiety about the future, and media exposure to climate change risks and challenges can affect individuals’ perceptions of threat and vulnerability, influencing their emotional wellbeing and mental health (Seate et al., 2017; Stewart et al., 2023). On the other hand, how climate change issues are framed in the media can influence public perceptions and responses to environmental crises, impacting individuals’ sense of agency, self-efficacy, and engagement with climate change mitigation efforts (Shantz, 2024). For example, media platforms can inspire hope and motivation in addressing climate change challenges, emphasising the urgency of climate action and showcasing successful environmental initiatives, potentially reducing feelings of helplessness and anxiety (Haluza‐DeLay, 2014b). Theory This study argues that climate anxiety and climate-related actions are bound to cultural and political issues like denominations, religiosity, and ideology. This multifaceted relationship may encompass many attitudes. For example, religious affiliation and the level of religiosity can sometimes hinder climate change solutions in specific contexts. Conversely, individuals with different ideologies may support such solutions more strongly, regardless of their religious affiliations. Similarly, in some instances, spirituality may foster increased climate concern and caring behaviour, whereas religious fundamentalism may work against it. Similarly, political orientation and values may influence policy support for climate action. In that sense, it would not be wrong to argue that left-wing political orientation, egalitarian worldviews, and environmental values are positively associated with support for climate policies. So, individuals with left-leaning ideologies may be more inclined to endorse climate action measures than those with right-wing orientations. Additionally, some extreme-right ideologies, such as Christian nationalism, can reduce support for climate legislation by framing government intervention as a threat to religious liberty, suggesting that ideological beliefs rooted in religious affiliations can influence perceptions of climate policies and interventions. Moreover, the effectiveness of religious ad appeals in inspiring action on the climate crisis may vary depending on individuals’ religious orientations, underscoring the importance of considering the diversity of religious beliefs and values when designing communication strategies to promote climate action. Religious affiliations and religiosity can also intersect with socioeconomic factors to influence climate-related behaviours, shaping support for pro-environmental actions. In such cases, the need to consider the interplay between religious beliefs, economic circumstances, and environmental attitudes becomes more pronounced when addressing climate change challenges. So, religious affiliations, religiosity, and ideological differences between left and right are interconnected factors that impact individuals’ attitudes and actions towards climate change. Understanding the complex interplay between religious beliefs, political ideologies, and values is essential for developing inclusive and practical strategies to address climate change and promote sustainable practices. The second argument of this study is related to news consumption. It is usually argued that in developed nations, individuals often have greater access to information, education, and resources, leading to increased awareness of the potential impacts of climate change. This heightened awareness, coupled with a sense of responsibility and agency, can contribute to elevated levels of climate anxiety among the population (Hickman et al., 2021). Moreover, the media coverage and public discourse surrounding climate change in developed countries tend to be more extensive and detailed, exposing individuals to a wide range of information about environmental challenges and potential risks, contributing to heightened anxiety levels (Wullenkord et al., 2021). In developed countries, where there is often a higher level of environmental consciousness and activism, individuals may experience climate anxiety because of concerns about the urgency of addressing climate change, the potential consequences for future generations, and the perceived lack of effective government responses to environmental challenges (Valkengoed et al., 2023). The sense of responsibility and accountability that individuals in developed countries may feel towards mitigating climate change can also contribute to increased anxiety levels as they grapple with the magnitude of the crisis and the need for urgent action (Hajek & König, 2023). Furthermore, the disparities in greenhouse gas emissions and historical contributions to climate change between developed and developing countries can also influence levels of climate anxiety. Individuals in developed countries may experience guilt or anxiety related to their countries’ past and current environmental practices, contributing to a sense of moral responsibility and concern about the future (Soutar & Wand, 2022). Although the literature mentioned above is well-established and robust, a considerable need exists to understand climate anxiety with alternative cultural and political variables. As discussed above, we think religious and political values and their intensity strongly influence climate-related attitudes. Data, Methods and Findings This study uses a quantitative research design to test the above-set hypotheses and utilise the existing European Social Survey Round 10 data, combined with a new face-to-face country representative survey data, the Turkey Trust Research (TTR) Project survey data, to combine the climate perceptions and emotions in Turkey with the ESS data. The TTR survey fieldwork was carried out by a professional public opinion company and involved face-to-face interviews in 12NUTS-1 statistical areas, 30 provinces, and 98 districts; respondents were selected using a multi-stage, stratified, clustered random sampling procedure without replacement. The total response rate for TTR was approximately 22 per cent, and the fieldwork was conducted during April 2023 with 1217 participants. The dependent variable The dependent variable of this study aims to measure the level of climate anxiety using the following question: “How worried are you about climate change?” The question scale ranged from 1 to 5 in ESS and 1 to 4 in TTR questionnaires, respectively. To create uniformity among the questionnaires, the last two categories in the ESS questionnaire (4- Very worried and 5-Extremely worried) were recoded into one category. So, the final dependent variable ranged from 1 to 4, 4 representing the highest category for anxiety. The independent variables The first independent variable of the analysis is the ideological position scale, which ranges from 0-10, with 0 representing the far-left and 10 representing the far-right positions. The ideological position variable was recoded into “left”, “centre”, and “right” categories. The second independent variable gauges the religiosity levels of respondents. Since ESS and TTR used different scales, both questionnaire questions were recoded into two levels representing low and high religiosity levels. The political interest variable ranges from 1-4 in the combined questionnaire, with 4 representing the highest level of political interest. The news consumption variable is also binary, consisting of low and high-level categories. The development index consists of the Human Development Index (HDI) value for the year 2022, which the UNDP calculated. [1] The remaining independent variables represent the denominations of the respondents. Table 1 provides the descriptive statistics of these variables, and Table 2 provides a multilevel analysis. Table 1 about here Table 2 about here Table 2 portrays four models under two sections: “General” and “Denomination based”. Although the model’s dependent variable is a 4-level ordinal scale variable, it is treated as continuous, and hence, a linear regression model was utilised [2] . The model fit statistics suggest that the models with three-way (multiplicative) interactions (models 2 and 4) fit the data better than the base (additive) models (models 1 and 3) without interaction terms; the analysis will proceed with interpreting the marginal effects and predicted values for those models. The results of Model 1 show that the effect of ideology categories is statistically significant and negative, which means climate anxiety is lower for people who identify themselves with the centre and the right ideology compared to those on the left. Second, findings indicate that climate anxiety is higher among those with higher levels of news consumption patterns. Third, when we check the variables related to religious affiliation and religiosity levels, we see that climate anxiety is lower among Muslim respondents compared to non-Muslim ones, and people with higher religiosity levels tend to have more climate-related anxiety, which needs further elaboration. The other significant variables are political interest, meaning that higher political interest relates to higher levels of climate anxiety; gender, meaning that women are more anxious compared to men in the issues of climate; and education and income, meaning that those with higher education and income levels have higher levels of climate anxiety. It is interesting to see that the development index variable did not produce a significant coefficient. Model 2, which introduces a three-way interaction term with ideological positions, religious affiliations and religiosity levels, replicates the findings of Model 1. Figure 1 shows the marginal effect of denominations, i.e., Muslim or not, conditioned by religiosity levels. Figure 1 about here Figure 1 shows that the marginal effect of being at the centre or at the right compared to the left is lower for non-Muslim respondents for both high and low levels of religiosity. This effect is greater for respondents who are ideologically on the right than those on the left. Figure 1 also shows that the non-Muslim highly religious respondents are more climate-anxious compared to ones who have low religiosity levels for both ideological categories. This finding does not hold for Muslim respondents since the marginal effect is lower for highly religious and right-wing Muslim respondents. These findings signal the necessity for further breakdowns for different denominations, which is done under Models 3 and 4. Model 3 introduces the variable with detailed denominations to understand their comparative relationship to climate anxiety, and Figure 2 displays predicted values according to levels of religiosity and ideological positions based on Model 4. Figure 2 about here Figure 2 displays the variations among denominations based on the levels of religiosity and ideological positions. First, among the respondents who locate themselves on the lefthand side of the political spectrum, it seems that the only significant difference is between highly religious Protestants and Muslims. For the respondents who locate themselves at the centre of the political spectrum, a significant difference is visible among highly religious Eastern Orthodox and Muslims. Lastly and perhaps most interestingly, two groups of denominations merged for the respondents on the righthand side of the political spectrum with high levels of religiosities: The predicted climate anxiety for Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodoxes is significantly higher than for Muslims and Protestants. Lastly, Figure 3 shows the predicted values for climate anxiety based on news consumption patterns. Figure 3 about here Figure 3 shows no significant differences within the religious denominations based on news consumption patterns. That is to say, for both Muslims and non-Muslims, there is no significant difference considering news consumption patterns when we check the level of religiosity. However, the predicted values are still lower for Muslim respondents than non-Muslims. Discussion These findings yield several discussion points. First, findings show that the difference between right and left about climate issues is sustained, as discussed in the literature. The lingering difference among ideological orientations is crucial since it significantly shapes governmental approaches to climate action. Studies have shown that right-wing adherents are more likely to deny climate change and are less supportive of mitigation policies than their left-wing counterparts (Clarke et al., 2024). This denial and lack of support from the right can hinder effective climate action, like in the U.S., where there is a clear division along ideological lines, with liberals showing more concern about climate change and being more supportive of actions to address it than conservatives. This ideological split also extends to Europe, and these ideological differences impact beliefs and behaviours, with conservatives being less supportive of pro-environmental policy measures. Research further argues that ideological predispositions also influence local governments’ level of climate action, indicating that political ideologies can shape the response to climate change at various governance levels (Switzer & Jung, 2022). Accordingly, the ramifications of ideological disparities between the political left and right on climate action seem significant, extensive and ongoing. We must consider ideological orientations as vital components in deciding the direction of climate action measures since they can influence government approaches to climate talks and shape public opinion and policy support. The polarisation resulting from these ideological differences might hinder the process of reaching an agreement and working together, eventually affecting the efficacy of initiatives aimed at mitigating and adapting to climate change. Second and perhaps most crucially, this study demonstrated that concerns regarding climate change vary among different religions. According to the Pew Research Centre, it is estimated that religious groups will make up around 90 per cent of the global population by 2050, with substantial growth expected in countries particularly susceptible to climate change’s effects. This is particularly relevant for Muslim communities since they are projected to be the religious group with the highest rate of growth in some of the most unstable regions. Aware of this urgency, the United Nations Environment Programme’s (UNEP) attempt in the United Nations Climate Change Conference COP28 to organise collaborations with faith groups. However, the religious denominations evaluate such attempts as additional enhancements to intergovernmental systems or mechanisms for disseminating secular and scientific environmental education. Inevitably, such attempts result in the estrangement of religious groups that feel talked down to by an outside power from a reference frame with little relevance (Howes, 2023). In that sense, it is arguable that building mechanisms for identifying responses to climate change which originate within different denominations’ spiritual traditions leads to a greater willingness to engage with existing secular and scientific discourse. Third, the analysis showed that high news consumption levels differ among religious affiliations but not within them. Still, the framing of climate change has the potential to impact actions in news stories, which can notably affect viewers’ perceptions of the severity of the issue and the effectiveness of potential solutions, thereby influencing their willingness to participate in climate-related actions. At the same time, effectively informing and engaging the public in climate mitigation strategies to build trust in government institutions and encourage behavioural changes towards climate action. Moreover, the quality and accessibility of information provided through various media channels can influence public perception of climate change and the efficacy of mitigation efforts. In other words, media narratives can frame climate change issues in ways that either mobilise or deter individuals from taking action, showcasing the power of media in influencing societal attitudes towards climate-related initiatives. Thus, understanding the influence of media narratives and effectively leveraging various communication channels are essential strategies for fostering widespread support and participation in climate action initiatives. Conclusion Climate anxiety is a widely studied topic in academia, media, and the general population, often manifesting as intense anxiety or a dominant emotion driving behaviour change and information seeking. This study investigated the association between political ideologies, religious affiliation, religiosity, and climate anxiety. Findings showed that religious beliefs and practices can impact environmental views and behaviours, with specific religious communities expressing more significant concern for environmental concerns, which may lead to taking pro-environmental measures. Media consumption habits also significantly impact people’s experiences with climate fear, as increased exposure to climate change information in the media might cause worry and discomfort. Lastly, it showed that political ideology is a solid variable for predicting climate-related emotions, with people who identify as left-leaning or liberal being more likely to believe in and be concerned about climate change. Declarations Funding This work was partially supported by TUBITAK 1001 Scheme under the Turkey Trust Research Project Competing Interests The author has no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. 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(2021). From anger to action: Differential impacts of eco-anxiety, eco-depression, and eco-anger on climate action and wellbeing. The Journal of Climate Change and Health , 1 (NA), 100003-NA. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joclim.2021.100003 Stewart, A. E., Chapman, H. E., & Davis, J. B. L. (2023). Anxiety and Worry About Six Categories of Climate Change Impacts. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , 21 (1), 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21010023 Switzer, D., & Jung, J. (2022). Contextual Responsiveness in U.S. Local Government Climate Policy. Review of Policy Research , 40 (6), 920–949. https://doi.org/10.1111/ropr.12518 Taylor, S. (2020). Anxiety disorders, climate change, and the challenges ahead: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Anxiety Disorders , 76 (NA), 102313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102313 Thomas, A., Cretney, R., & Hayward, B. (2019). Student Strike 4 Climate: Justice, Emergency and Citizenship. New Zealand Geographer , 75 (2), 96–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/nzg.12229 Valkengoed, A. M. van, Steg, L., & Jonge, P. de. (2023). Climate Anxiety: A Research Agenda Inspired by Emotion Research. Emotion Review , 15 (4), 258–262. https://doi.org/10.1177/17540739231193752 Wullenkord, M., Tröger, J., Hamann, K. R. S., Loy, L. S., & Reese, G. (2021). Anxiety and Climate Change: A Validation of the Climate Anxiety Scale in a German-Speaking Quota Sample and an Investigation of Psychological Correlates. Climatic Change , 168 (3–4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-03234-6 Zhao, X., Leiserowitz, A. A., Maibach, E. W., & Roser-Renouf, C. (2011). Attention to Science/Environment News Positively Predicts and Attention to Political News Negatively Predicts Global Warming Risk Perceptions and Policy Support. Journal of Communication , 61 (4), 713–731. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01563.x Footnotes https://www.statista.com/statistics/264630/countries-with-the-highest-human-development-index-ranking/#:~:text=Switzerland%20had%20the%20highest%20level,human%20development%20in%20that%20year . In addition to OLS models, ordinal and binary models were also contructed. Since these models produced similar results with the OLS models, for the ease of interpretation the OLS models are presented in the paper. Tables Table 1. Descriptive statistics Variable N Mean S.E. Median Range Climate anxiety 38147 3.13 0.00 3.00 3 (1-4) Ideology 33468 5.23 0.01 5.00 10 (0-10) Religiosity 38374 0.44 0.00 0.00 1 (0-1) Women 38815 0.53 0.00 1.00 1 (0-1) Age 38521 50.54 0.09 51.00 75 (15-90) Income 30418 5.39 0.02 5.00 9 (1-10) Denomination 23358 3.56 0.01 4.00 4 (1-5) Education 38571 1.15 0.00 1.00 2 (0-2) Political Interest 38714 2.28 0.00 2.00 3 (1-4) News Consumption 38090 0.28 0.00 0.00 1 (0-1) Muslim 38815 0.07 0.00 0.00 1 (0-1) Development Index 38815 0.89 0.00 0.89 0.19 (0.77-0.96) Table 2. Multilevel Models Dependent variable: Climate Anxiety General Denominations (1) (2) (3) (4) Ideology Center -0.125 *** -0.181 *** -0.064 *** -0.221 *** (0.013) (0.016) (0.017) (0.065) Ideology Right -0.216 *** -0.278 *** -0.128 *** -0.397 *** (0.014) (0.019) (0.019) (0.069) Religiosity - High 0.049 *** -0.045 * 0.065 *** 0.083 (0.010) (0.023) (0.014) (0.076) Political Interest 0.105 *** 0.104 *** 0.090 *** 0.088 *** (0.006) (0.006) (0.008) (0.008) Muslim -0.190 *** -0.253 *** (0.029) (0.059) News Consumption 0.044 *** 0.044 *** 0.055 *** 0.052 *** (0.012) (0.012) (0.015) (0.015) Gender - Women 0.172 *** 0.169 *** 0.150 *** 0.146 *** (0.010) (0.010) (0.013) (0.013) Education 0.084 *** 0.085 *** 0.074 *** 0.075 *** (0.007) (0.007) (0.010) (0.010) Age -0.0005 -0.001 * 0.0003 0.0004 (0.0003) (0.0003) (0.0004) (0.0004) Income 0.008 *** 0.009 *** 0.008 *** 0.008 *** (0.002) (0.002) (0.003) (0.003) Development Index -0.185 -0.197 -0.036 -0.027 (0.683) (0.678) (0.708) (0.709) Religiosity – High*Muslim -0.018 (0.072) Ideology Center*Muslim 0.144 * (0.076) Ideology Right*Muslim 0.289 *** (0.086) Ideology Center*Religiosity - High 0.126 *** -0.031 (0.027) (0.089) Ideology Right:*Religiosity - High 0.133 *** -0.040 (0.030) (0.092) Ideology Center*Religiosity – High*Muslim -0.060 (0.101) Ideology Right*Religiosity – High*Muslim -0.251 ** (0.107) Muslim -0.096 ** -0.237 *** (0.042) (0.085) Eastern Orthodox 0.102 ** -0.108 (0.041) (0.076) Roman Catholic 0.072 ** -0.072 (0.029) (0.069) Religiosity – High*Muslim -0.142 (0.102) Religiosity – High*Eastern Orthodox -0.055 (0.093) Religiosity – High*Roman Catholic -0.102 (0.088) Ideology Center*Muslim 0.181 * (0.099) Ideology Right*Muslim 0.406 *** (0.108) Ideology Center*Eastern Orthodox 0.128 (0.080) Ideology Right*Eastern Orthodox 0.298 *** (0.086) Ideology Center*Roman Catholic 0.102 (0.076) Ideology Right*Roman Catholic 0.272 *** (0.082) Ideology Center*Religiosity - High*Muslim 0.103 (0.131) Ideology Right*Religiosity - High*Muslim -0.078 (0.137) Ideology Center*Religiosity - High*Eastern Orthodox 0.212 * (0.109) Ideology Right*Religiosity - High*Eastern Orthodox 0.140 (0.117) Ideology Center*Religiosity - High*Roman Catholic 0.124 (0.103) Ideology Right*Religiosity - High*Roman Catholic 0.124 (0.108) Constant 2.957 *** 3.015 *** 2.704 *** 2.877 *** (0.610) (0.605) (0.636) (0.640) Observations 26,163 26,163 15,192 15,192 Log Likelihood -30,751.850 -30,743.040 -17,810.400 -17,799.180 Akaike Inf. Crit. 61,531.710 61,528.080 35,652.800 35,664.360 Bayesian Inf. Crit. 61,646.120 61,699.700 35,774.860 35,916.100 Note: For models 3 and 4, the reference category is Protestant * p ** p *** p<0.01 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5038275","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":370467175,"identity":"3bded85f-8270-457e-a28a-ceb18c157846","order_by":0,"name":"Emre Toros","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFAD9h6GAw8OQNgSBFWDFfKcYTiQAGTxQLQYEKFFIoeBgSgt/GJnHz7+UHFPTn7m24MHEs7Y5NkzMB+8zcPwJx+XFsnZ6cYGB84UGxvczks4kHAjrZiHgS3ZmofBwLIBhxaD22lsEgfbEhI3SOcYHEj4cDixh4HHTBqoBafL7G+nsf8AaZk/8wxIy3+gFv5veLUYSKexMYC0NNzgAWq5cQBkCxteLRK305glzpxJMDY4A/LLmeTEnsNsxpZzDIxxauGfncb4oaIiQU6+/ezhDx+O2SW2tzc/vPGmQo5AxKAAZrCDSdAwCkbBKBgFowADAACBz1h3O8e2KwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7550-3185","institution":"Bilkent University: Bilkent Universitesi","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Emre","middleName":"","lastName":"Toros","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-09-05 12:48:58","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5038275/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5038275/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":67682834,"identity":"8d2338a1-38c2-4a3f-bd28-04d148bc2ad9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-28 16:15:13","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":31299,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe marginal effect of religious affiliations on climate anxiety conditioned by religiosity levels and ideological positions\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5038275/v1/f18e12056f8bfd774465f829.png"},{"id":67682885,"identity":"ef72988e-4c7f-43d4-b1be-c1ad32cb04ed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-28 16:15:18","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":27437,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePredicted Values of Climate Anxiety - Ideologies\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5038275/v1/47fc8841d2eb921e9f2bbe6c.png"},{"id":67682871,"identity":"49a47507-ab69-437f-91c5-a95eadbae8f7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-28 16:15:16","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":18430,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePredicted Values of Climate Anxiety – News Consumption Patterns\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5038275/v1/041f5cd3aba2d519061929ed.png"},{"id":71180967,"identity":"2a7962d6-84cc-409c-815d-451746b11a70","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-12 00:51:45","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":585761,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5038275/v1/71d43a5a-8450-42cc-9a1a-467fb31f2873.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"How Do Religions and Religiosity Matter for Climate Anxiety?","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the last decade, the discussions about climate change have evolved beyond technical and technological debates, and politicians and religious leaders have started to acknowledge the complexity of the matter more frequently than ever. In a recent interview, for example, Pope Francis emphasised that addressing climate change-related problems requires profound changes in lifestyles and consumption patterns beyond technological innovation alone. Similarly, political figures such as former U.S. President Obama have stressed the importance of international cooperation and policy frameworks that go beyond technological solutions to tackle climate-related problems’ root causes. These leaders recognise that technological advancements are crucial but must be complemented by shifts in societal values to achieve meaningful and sustainable change. More and more, individuals and communities are grappling with fears about the future, biodiversity loss, and environmental justice, highlighting the need for compassionate and inclusive approaches to addressing climate impacts.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEver since the discourse surrounding climate issues has changed and related anxiety has increased, the above-mentioned need for holistic approaches encompassing social, political, and cultural dimensions alongside technological advancements became more visible. This necessity is mainly based on the fact that the offered technical solutions are bound to social and psychological barriers and are evaluated through the lenses of existing culture, values, and beliefs, which can hinder appropriate responses (Markowitz \u0026amp; Shariff, 2012). Accordingly, a more comprehensive approach is needed to cover human behaviour, culture, and attitudes for climate-related problems and their mitigation. The current study aims at this gap by exploring variations in ideological positions, religious affiliations, and religiosity levels and their interactions with climate anxiety.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIdeological positions often dictate how individuals and groups perceive societal problems, including climate change. For example, political ideologies can influence attitudes towards regulatory measures, international cooperation, and the role of government in addressing environmental issues. Indeed, prior studies have demonstrated that political orientation can influence the connection between education or self-reported comprehension and climate change concerns (Gregersen et al., 2020; Hamilton, 2011). However, while ideologies can shape climate-based anxiety, people’s attitudes might still differ based on their other values, which highly correlate to their ideologies, like their religious affiliations. That is to say, while individuals belonging to both ends of the spectrum might hold different evaluations related to climate issues, this study argues that due to the strong connection between religious affiliation and ideological positions, climate anxiety levels that are shaped by ideological positions may also vary depending on a person’s religious affiliation and also their religiosity levels. This is because religious affiliations and beliefs provide another dimension to the discourse on climate change. Different religions often have distinct teachings and values regarding environmental stewardship, sustainability, and human responsibility towards the natural world. Religious leaders and communities can thus mobilise efforts towards climate action, advocate for ethical consumption patterns, and promote environmental justice as integral components of their faith-based teachings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccordingly, this article argues that the interconnectedness between ideology and religious affiliations shapes climate anxiety. Such an analysis is essential since contrasting arguments underscore the complexity of factors influencing climate anxiety, emphasising the need to consider diverse perspectives and variables. Accordingly, we will first discuss the literature and its repercussions on climate anxiety. Following this, we will discuss the independent variables of our study, including climate anxiety, ideological positions and religious affiliations. The third section will present data, methods and findings. The last section discusses these findings and concludes the study. The findings indicate that not only ideological positions, religious affiliations and religiosity levels are robust predictors of climate anxiety, but also their interactions effectively explain the variation in climate anxiety.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLiterature Review\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClimate anxiety is a popular concept widely discussed in academic circles, media and the general public (Haseley, 2019; Hickman, 2020; Ogunbode et al., 2023; Panu, 2020; Pihkala, 2020), which attracts a considerable amount of attention (Cunsolo Sherilee L.; Minor Kelton; Hayes Katie; Williams Kimberly G.; Howard Courtney, 2020). Reflecting this heterogeneity, the existing research utilises the idea of climate anxiety in various ways, ranging from intense anxiety (Clayton \u0026amp; Karazsia, 2020; Stanley Teaghan L.; Leviston Zoe; Walker Iain, 2021; Taylor, 2020) to a prevailing emotion, which includes its role in motivating behaviour change and information seeking (Demski Stuart; Pidgeon Nicholas Frank; Sposato Robert Gennaro; Spence Alexa, 2016). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSo, it is not surprising that we do not observe a consensus on the definition of the term. There are numerous differences in opinion and vocabulary on the term anxiety itself. For example, anxiety can appear when faced with troublesome ambiguity or painful circumstances, which may fall into the domain of social anxiety. Most of the work on climate anxiety highlights specific characteristics and factors evident in the available data regarding people’s climate anxiety experiences. The ecological catastrophe, particularly the climate crisis, generates anxiety-inducing emotions of uncertainty, unpredictability, and lack of control, and it also appears that most of the work linking climate anxiety with politics handles the concept as non-pathological, expressing it as a “practical worry,” resulting in problem-solving attitudes. (Panu, 2020a). However, a fundamental and widely held perspective about climate anxiety refers to a type of worry which is future-oriented and tied to an unclear danger (Grupe Jack B., 2013).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot surprisingly, this multifaceted nature of the concept attracts attention from social and political sciences since anxiety or fear can be variables for various social dynamics. So, within these domains, climate anxiety is usually associated with problems that impair the existing social order. In one of the dominant approaches advocated by Beck (1992), for example, it is stated that the fragmentation of traditional sources of norms and meanings gives individuals a great deal more freedom but also increases the likelihood and propensity for anxiety when paired with the fast evolution of cultures and technologies; and this particular type of anxiety manifests itself connected to ecological problems. Further research demonstrated the link between climate anxiety and emotions in detail, providing empirical evidence on how being silenced about matters related to ecological matters through social norms may lead to anxiety among individuals (Brulle et al., 2019). Finally, research also showed that individuals with climate anxiety tend to think that the surrounding society is in a state of ignorance or lack of understanding and, perhaps more importantly, their anxiety increases by social incidents (Panu, 2020b). The relevant literature, which focuses on these socio-political domains, links the individual ability to respond to climate-related issues to political attitudes. Indeed, several studies used this stance and predicted climate-related behaviours based on individuals’ political interests, worries, and risk perceptions (Roser-Renouf Edward; Leiserowitz Anthony; Zhao Xiaoquan, 2014; Zhao et al., 2011). Among these attitudes, this study focuses on ideology, religiosity, political interest and news consumption.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePolitical ideology is the first political attitude this paper utilises as a determinant of climate-related emotions. Political ideology is defined as an interconnected set of attitudes and values that include cognitive, affective, and motivational components that help to explain why people do what they do and how societies work to attain appropriate goals such as social fairness and social order (Jost Christopher M.; Napier Jaime L., 2009; Kidwell Adam; Hardesty David M., 2013). In other words, an individual’s position on the left-right spectrum indicates one’s primary personal value and underlying convictions about appropriate societal goals and how to attain them (Chin Donald C.; Treviño Linda Klebe, 2013). Moreover, political ideology can be perceived as a key organising axis for individual beliefs on various issues (Caprara Shalom H.; Capanna Cristina; Vecchione Michele; Barbaranelli Claudio, 2006). That is to say, individuals who locate themselves on the right side of the political spectrum place a premium on authority, stability, and the status quo. In contrast, individuals on the left place a premium on civil rights and social issues such as diversity, social justice, social change, and natural environment protection (Hu et al., 2017).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA typical method for gauging political orientation is to ask respondents to place themselves on a liberal vs conservative (in the United States; for example, American National Election Studies) or a (political) left versus right (in Europe; for example, European Social Survey) scale. Reviewing the existing research that utilised these scales, McCright et al. (2016) identified political ideology as one of the most important and consistent predictors of climate change perceptions, such as anxiety and concern. They argue that people who identify as left-leaning or liberal are more likely to believe in the truth and anthropogenic character of climate change and to be concerned about it than those who identify as right-leaning or conservative. Other research that mainly focuses on the U.S. context found similar evidence: people who locate themselves on the left tend to have high levels of environmental concerns (Cruz, 2017; Goldberg Sander; Leiserowitz Anthony; Maibach Edward, 2019; Hornsey Emily A.; Bain Paul G.; Fielding Kelly S., 2016).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eShifting the focus to the international context, Kvaloy et al. (2012) discovered that left-leaning persons are more likely to regard climate change as a severe problem when measuring political orientation on a left-right continuum in an international context. Likewise, Doran et al. (2018) discovered that political orientation predicted support for climate policy even after controlling for consequence views and moral concerns about climate change. Using the same data, Poortinga et al. (2019) also discovered a straightforward and highly consistent negative correlation between right-leaning political orientation and climate change concerns. However, research from European countries has generally found more minor relationships between political orientation and climate change opinions than studies from the United States (McCright Riley E., 2011; Song Neil A.; Ballew Matthew T.; Bravo Mario; Davydova Julie; Gao H. Oliver; Garcia Robert J.; Hiltner Sofia; Naiman Sarah M.; Pearson Adam R.; Romero-Canyas Rainer; Schuldt Jonathon P., 2020). Smith and Mayer (2018), for example, report that the association between party affiliation and perceived danger from climate change is most robust in English-speaking countries, moderate in non-English-speaking Western European countries, and minimal in post-communist states, mapped on a left-right continuum to allow for cross-country comparisons.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReligious denominations and religiosity constitute this study’s second group of independent variables. Varying denominations can indeed influence individuals’ attitudes and responses to climate change, impacting the levels of climate anxiety experienced within different religious communities. Research has shown that religious beliefs and practices can affect environmental perceptions and behaviours, with some religious groups showing more significant concern for environmental issues and engaging in more pro-environmental actions (Haseley, 2019b; Hope \u0026amp; Jones, 2014). For instance, Muslims, as the second-largest faith group globally, are concentrated in regions particularly affected by global warming, underscoring the potential influence of Islam on climate change perceptions and mitigation activities (Köhrsen, 2021). Additionally, the organisational characteristics of religious groups can have significant implications for addressing human-induced climate change, highlighting the role of religion in environmental challenges (Haluza‐DeLay, 2014a).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between religious affiliation and climate anxiety is complex, with studies suggesting that religious faith can shape attitudes towards environmental issues and climate change technologies (Thomas et al., 2019). Religious beliefs may offer individuals hope and agency in facing environmental challenges, potentially alleviating feelings of anxiety and despair associated with climate change (Pihkala, 2018). The impact of religious denominations on environmental attitudes and behaviours can vary, with some promoting environmental stewardship and sustainability practices, while others may hold different perspectives on climate change and its consequences. Accordingly, religious denominations play a multifaceted role in shaping individuals’ responses to climate change and climate anxiety.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMedia consumption patterns and their relationship to climate anxiety constitute the third focus of this study. Media consumption can play a crucial role in shaping individuals’ experiences of climate anxiety since exposure to climate change information through the media may manipulate emotional responses, beliefs, and behaviours related to climate change. Studies have shown that increased exposure to media content related to climate change and environmental crises can lead to heightened levels of anxiety and distress (Loll et al., 2023). Additionally, the media’s portrayal of climate change impacts can evoke emotional responses such as worry, fear, and anxiety among audiences. Reports of severe weather events attributed to climate change and the widespread dissemination of climate-related impacts in the media can increase concern and anxiety about the future, and media exposure to climate change risks and challenges can affect individuals’ perceptions of threat and vulnerability, influencing their emotional wellbeing and mental health (Seate et al., 2017; Stewart et al., 2023).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, how climate change issues are framed in the media can influence public perceptions and responses to environmental crises, impacting individuals’ sense of agency, self-efficacy, and engagement with climate change mitigation efforts (Shantz, 2024). For example, media platforms can inspire hope and motivation in addressing climate change challenges, emphasising the urgency of climate action and showcasing successful environmental initiatives, potentially reducing feelings of helplessness and anxiety (Haluza‐DeLay, 2014b).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTheory\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study argues that climate anxiety and climate-related actions are bound to cultural and political issues like denominations, religiosity, and ideology. This multifaceted relationship may encompass many attitudes. For example, religious affiliation and the level of religiosity can sometimes hinder climate change solutions in specific contexts. Conversely, individuals with different ideologies may support such solutions more strongly, regardless of their religious affiliations. Similarly, in some instances, spirituality may foster increased climate concern and caring behaviour, whereas religious fundamentalism may work against it. Similarly, political orientation and values may influence policy support for climate action. In that sense, it would not be wrong to argue that left-wing political orientation, egalitarian worldviews, and environmental values are positively associated with support for climate policies. So, individuals with left-leaning ideologies may be more inclined to endorse climate action measures than those with right-wing orientations. Additionally, some extreme-right ideologies, such as Christian nationalism, can reduce support for climate legislation by framing government intervention as a threat to religious liberty, suggesting that ideological beliefs rooted in religious affiliations can influence perceptions of climate policies and interventions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover, the effectiveness of religious ad appeals in inspiring action on the climate crisis may vary depending on individuals’ religious orientations, underscoring the importance of considering the diversity of religious beliefs and values when designing communication strategies to promote climate action. Religious affiliations and religiosity can also intersect with socioeconomic factors to influence climate-related behaviours, shaping support for pro-environmental actions. In such cases, the need to consider the interplay between religious beliefs, economic circumstances, and environmental attitudes becomes more pronounced when addressing climate change challenges.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSo, religious affiliations, religiosity, and ideological differences between left and right are interconnected factors that impact individuals’ attitudes and actions towards climate change. Understanding the complex interplay between religious beliefs, political ideologies, and values is essential for developing inclusive and practical strategies to address climate change and promote sustainable practices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe second argument of this study is related to news consumption. It is usually argued that in developed nations, individuals often have greater access to information, education, and resources, leading to increased awareness of the potential impacts of climate change. This heightened awareness, coupled with a sense of responsibility and agency, can contribute to elevated levels of climate anxiety among the population\u0026nbsp;(Hickman et al., 2021). Moreover, the media coverage and public discourse surrounding climate change in developed countries tend to be more extensive and detailed, exposing individuals to a wide range of information about environmental challenges and potential risks, contributing to heightened anxiety levels\u0026nbsp;(Wullenkord et al., 2021). In developed countries, where there is often a higher level of environmental consciousness and activism, individuals may experience climate anxiety because of concerns about the urgency of addressing climate change, the potential consequences for future generations, and the perceived lack of effective government responses to environmental challenges\u0026nbsp;(Valkengoed et al., 2023). The sense of responsibility and accountability that individuals in developed countries may feel towards mitigating climate change can also contribute to increased anxiety levels as they grapple with the magnitude of the crisis and the need for urgent action\u0026nbsp;(Hajek \u0026amp; König, 2023). Furthermore, the disparities in greenhouse gas emissions and historical contributions to climate change between developed and developing countries can also influence levels of climate anxiety. Individuals in developed countries may experience guilt or anxiety related to their countries’ past and current environmental practices, contributing to a sense of moral responsibility and concern about the future\u0026nbsp;(Soutar \u0026amp; Wand, 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough the literature mentioned above is well-established and robust, a considerable need exists to understand climate anxiety with alternative cultural and political variables. As discussed above, we think religious and political values and their intensity strongly influence climate-related attitudes.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"},{"header":"Data, Methods and Findings","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study uses a quantitative research design to test the above-set hypotheses and utilise the\u0026nbsp;existing European Social Survey Round 10 data, combined with a new face-to-face country representative survey data, the Turkey Trust Research (TTR) Project survey data, to combine the climate perceptions and emotions in Turkey with the ESS data. The TTR survey fieldwork was carried out by a professional public opinion company and involved face-to-face interviews in 12NUTS-1 statistical areas, 30 provinces, and 98 districts; respondents were selected using a multi-stage, stratified, clustered random sampling procedure without replacement. The total response rate for TTR was approximately 22 per cent, and the fieldwork was conducted during April 2023 with 1217 participants.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe dependent variable\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe dependent variable of this study aims to measure the level of climate anxiety using the following question:\u0026nbsp;“How worried are you about climate change?” The question scale ranged from 1 to 5 in ESS and 1 to 4 in TTR questionnaires, respectively. To create uniformity among the questionnaires, the last two categories in the ESS questionnaire (4- Very worried and 5-Extremely worried) were recoded into one category. So, the final dependent variable ranged from 1 to 4, 4 representing the highest category for anxiety.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe independent variables\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe first independent variable of the analysis is the ideological position scale, which ranges from 0-10, with 0 representing the far-left and 10 representing the far-right positions. The ideological position variable was recoded into “left”, “centre”, and “right” categories. The second independent variable gauges the religiosity levels of respondents. Since ESS and TTR used different scales, both questionnaire questions were recoded into two levels representing low and high religiosity levels. The political interest variable ranges from 1-4 in the combined questionnaire, with 4 representing the highest level of political interest. The news consumption variable is also binary, consisting of low and high-level categories. The development index consists of the Human Development Index (HDI) value for the year 2022, which the UNDP calculated.\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c/sup\u003e The remaining independent variables represent the denominations of the respondents. Table 1 provides the descriptive statistics of these variables, and Table 2 provides a multilevel analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable 1 about here\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable 2 about here\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable 2 portrays four models under two sections: “General” and “Denomination based”. Although the model’s dependent variable is a 4-level ordinal scale variable, it is treated as continuous, and hence, a linear regression model was utilised\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c/sup\u003e. The model fit statistics suggest that the models with three-way (multiplicative) interactions (models 2 and 4) fit the data better than the base (additive) models (models 1 and 3) without interaction terms; the analysis will proceed with interpreting the marginal effects and predicted values for those models.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of Model 1 show that the effect of ideology categories is statistically significant and negative, which means climate anxiety is lower for people who identify themselves with the centre and the right ideology compared to those on the left. Second, findings indicate that climate anxiety is higher among those with higher levels of news consumption patterns. Third, when we check the variables related to religious affiliation and religiosity levels, we see that climate anxiety is lower among Muslim respondents compared to non-Muslim ones, and people with higher religiosity levels tend to have more climate-related anxiety, which needs further elaboration. The other significant variables are political interest, meaning that higher political interest relates to higher levels of climate anxiety; gender, meaning that women are more anxious compared to men in the issues of climate; and education and income, meaning that those with higher education and income levels have higher levels of climate anxiety. It is interesting to see that the development index variable did not produce a significant coefficient. Model 2, which introduces a three-way interaction term with ideological positions, religious affiliations and religiosity levels, replicates the findings of Model 1. Figure 1 shows the marginal effect of denominations, i.e., Muslim or not, conditioned by religiosity levels.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure 1 about here\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure 1 shows that the marginal effect of being at the centre or at the right compared to the left is lower for non-Muslim respondents for both high and low levels of religiosity. This effect is greater for respondents who are ideologically on the right than those on the left. Figure 1 also shows that the non-Muslim highly religious respondents are more climate-anxious compared to ones who have low religiosity levels for both ideological categories. This finding does not hold for Muslim respondents since the marginal effect is lower for highly religious and right-wing Muslim respondents. These findings signal the necessity for further breakdowns for different denominations, which is done under Models 3 and 4.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eModel 3 introduces the variable with detailed denominations to understand their comparative relationship to climate anxiety, and Figure 2 displays predicted values according to levels of religiosity and ideological positions based on Model 4.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure 2 about here\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure 2 displays the variations among denominations based on the levels of religiosity and ideological positions. First, among the respondents who locate themselves on the lefthand side of the political spectrum, it seems that the only significant difference is between highly religious Protestants and Muslims. For the respondents who locate themselves at the centre of the political spectrum, a significant difference is visible among highly religious Eastern Orthodox and Muslims. Lastly and perhaps most interestingly, two groups of denominations merged for the respondents on the righthand side of the political spectrum with high levels of religiosities: The predicted climate anxiety for Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodoxes is significantly higher than for Muslims and Protestants.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLastly, Figure 3 shows the predicted values for climate anxiety based on news consumption patterns.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure 3 about here\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure 3 shows no significant differences within the religious denominations based on news consumption patterns. That is to say, for both Muslims and non-Muslims, there is no significant difference considering news consumption patterns when we check the level of religiosity. However, the predicted values are still lower for Muslim respondents than non-Muslims.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThese findings yield several discussion points. First, findings show that the difference between right and left about climate issues is sustained, as discussed in the literature. The lingering difference among ideological orientations is crucial since it significantly shapes governmental approaches to climate action. Studies have shown that right-wing adherents are more likely to deny climate change and are less supportive of mitigation policies than their left-wing counterparts (Clarke et al., 2024). This denial and lack of support from the right can hinder effective climate action, like in the U.S., where there is a clear division along ideological lines, with liberals showing more concern about climate change and being more supportive of actions to address it than conservatives. This ideological split also extends to Europe, and these ideological differences impact beliefs and behaviours, with conservatives being less supportive of pro-environmental policy measures. Research further argues that ideological predispositions also influence local governments’ level of climate action, indicating that political ideologies can shape the response to climate change at various governance levels (Switzer \u0026amp; Jung, 2022). Accordingly,\u0026nbsp;the ramifications of ideological disparities between the political left and right on climate action seem significant, extensive and ongoing. We must consider ideological orientations as vital components in deciding the direction of climate action measures since they can influence government approaches to climate talks and shape public opinion and policy support. The polarisation resulting from these ideological differences might hinder the process of reaching an agreement and working together, eventually affecting the efficacy of initiatives aimed at mitigating and adapting to climate change.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecond and perhaps most crucially, this study demonstrated that concerns regarding climate change vary among different religions. According to the Pew Research Centre, it is estimated that religious groups will make up around 90 per cent of the global population by 2050, with substantial growth expected in countries particularly susceptible to climate change’s effects. This is particularly relevant for Muslim communities since they are projected to be the religious group with the highest rate of growth in some of the most unstable regions. Aware of this urgency, the United Nations Environment Programme’s (UNEP) attempt in\u0026nbsp;the United Nations Climate Change Conference COP28 to organise collaborations with faith groups. However, the religious denominations evaluate such attempts as additional enhancements to intergovernmental systems or mechanisms for disseminating secular and scientific environmental education. Inevitably, such attempts result in the estrangement of religious groups that feel talked down to by an outside power from a reference frame with little relevance (Howes, 2023). In that sense, it is arguable that building mechanisms for identifying responses to climate change which originate within different denominations’ spiritual traditions leads to a greater willingness to engage with existing secular and scientific discourse.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThird, the analysis showed that high news consumption levels differ among religious affiliations but not within them. Still, the framing of climate change has the potential to impact actions in news stories, which can notably affect viewers’ perceptions of the severity of the issue and the effectiveness of potential solutions, thereby influencing their willingness to participate in climate-related actions. At the same time, effectively informing and engaging the public in climate mitigation strategies to build trust in government institutions and encourage behavioural changes towards climate action. Moreover, the quality and accessibility of information provided through various media channels can influence public perception of climate change and the efficacy of mitigation efforts. In other words, media narratives can frame climate change issues in ways that either mobilise or deter individuals from taking action, showcasing the power of media in influencing societal attitudes towards climate-related initiatives. Thus, understanding the influence of media narratives and effectively leveraging various communication channels are essential strategies for fostering widespread support and participation in climate action initiatives.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eClimate anxiety is a widely studied topic in academia, media, and the general population, often manifesting as intense anxiety or a dominant emotion driving behaviour change and information seeking. This study investigated the association between political ideologies, religious affiliation, religiosity, and climate anxiety. Findings showed that religious beliefs and practices can impact environmental views and behaviours, with specific religious communities expressing more significant concern for environmental concerns, which may lead to taking pro-environmental measures. Media consumption habits also significantly impact people’s experiences with climate fear, as increased exposure to climate change information in the media might cause worry and discomfort. Lastly, it showed that political ideology is a solid variable for predicting climate-related emotions, with people who identify as left-leaning or liberal being more likely to believe in and be concerned about climate change.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was partially supported by TUBITAK 1001 Scheme under the Turkey Trust Research Project\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author has no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne of the two datasets (TTR data) analysed during the current study is not publicly available due to the embargo period by the funder -TUBITAK, but is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. 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How political ideology affects climate perception: Moderation effects of time orientation and knowledge. \u003cem\u003eResources, Conservation and Recycling\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e127\u003c/em\u003e, 124\u0026ndash;131.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJost Christopher M.; Napier Jaime L., J. T. ; F. (2009). Political ideology: Its structure, functions, and elective affinities. \u003cem\u003eAnnual Review of Psychology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e60\u003c/em\u003e(1), 307\u0026ndash;337. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163600\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKidwell Adam; Hardesty David M., B. F. (2013). Getting Liberals and Conservatives to Go Green: Political Ideology and Congruent Appeals. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Consumer Research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e40\u003c/em\u003e(2), 350\u0026ndash;367. https://doi.org/10.1086/670610\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eK\u0026ouml;hrsen, J. (2021). 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The Influence of Climate Crisis-Related Media Reporting on the Eco-Anxiety of Individuals. \u003cem\u003eInterdisciplinary Journal of Environmental and Science Education\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e19\u003c/em\u003e(2), e2306. https://doi.org/10.29333/ijese/13044\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarkowitz, E. M., \u0026amp; Shariff, A. F. (2012). Climate change and moral judgement. \u003cem\u003eNature Climate Change\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e(4), 243\u0026ndash;247. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1378\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMcCright, A. M., Dunlap, R. E., \u0026amp; Marquart-Pyatt, S. T. (2016). Political ideology and views about climate change in the European Union. \u003cem\u003eEnvironmental Politics\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e25\u003c/em\u003e(2), 338\u0026ndash;358. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2015.1090371\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMcCright Riley E., A. M. ; D. (2011). THE POLITICISATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND POLARISATION IN THE AMERICAN PUBLIC\u0026rsquo;S VIEWS OF GLOBAL WARMING, 2001\u0026ndash;2010. \u003cem\u003eThe Sociological Quarterly\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e52\u003c/em\u003e(2), 155\u0026ndash;194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2011.01198.x\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOgunbode, C. A., Pallesen, S., B\u0026ouml;hm, G., Doran, R., Bhullar, N., Aquino, S., Marot, T., Schermer, J. A., Wlodarczyk, A., Lu, S., Jiang, F., Salmela-Aro, K., Hanss, D., Maran, D. A., Ardi, R., Chegeni, R., Tahir, H., Ghanbarian, E., Park, J., \u0026hellip; Lomas, M. J. (2023). Negative emotions about climate change are related to insomnia symptoms and mental health: Cross-sectional evidence from 25 countries. \u003cem\u003eCurrent Psychology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e42\u003c/em\u003e(2), 845\u0026ndash;854. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01385-4\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePanu, P. (2020a). Anxiety and the ecological crisis: An analysis of eco-anxiety and climate anxiety. \u003cem\u003eSustainability\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e12\u003c/em\u003e(19), 7836-NA. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12197836\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePanu, P. (2020b). Anxiety and the ecological crisis: An analysis of eco-anxiety and climate anxiety. \u003cem\u003eSustainability\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e12\u003c/em\u003e(19), 7836-NA. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12197836\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePihkala, P. P. (2018). Eco‐anxiety, Tragedy, and Hope: Psychological and Spiritual Dimensions of Climate Change. \u003cem\u003eZygon\u0026reg;\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e53\u003c/em\u003e(2), 545\u0026ndash;569. https://doi.org/10.1111/zygo.12407\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePihkala, P. P. (2020). Eco-Anxiety and Environmental Education. \u003cem\u003eSustainability\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e12\u003c/em\u003e(23), 10149-NA. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310149\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRoser-Renouf Edward; Leiserowitz Anthony; Zhao Xiaoquan, C. M. (2014). The genesis of climate change activism: from key beliefs to political action. \u003cem\u003eClimatic Change\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e125\u003c/em\u003e(2), 163\u0026ndash;178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014-1173-5\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSeate, A. A., Ma, R., Chien, H.-Y., \u0026amp; Mastro, D. (2017). Cultivating Intergroup Emotions: An Intergroup Threat Theory Approach. \u003cem\u003eMass Communication \u0026amp; Society\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e21\u003c/em\u003e(2), 178\u0026ndash;197. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2017.1381262\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShantz, R. N. (2024). \u003cem\u003eMass Media\u0026rsquo;s Potential to Increase Climate Anxiety, Self-Efficacy, and Pro-Environmental Behaviour: A Research Protocol\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003e8\u003c/em\u003e(5), 1\u0026ndash;6. https://doi.org/10.26685/urncst.566\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSmith Adam, E. K. M. (2018). Anomalous Anglophones? Contours of free market ideology, political polarisation, and climate change attitudes in English-speaking countries, Western European and post-Communist states. \u003cem\u003eClimatic Change\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e152\u003c/em\u003e(1), 17\u0026ndash;34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2332-x\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSong Neil A.; Ballew Matthew T.; Bravo Mario; Davydova Julie; Gao H. Oliver; Garcia Robert J.; Hiltner Sofia; Naiman Sarah M.; Pearson Adam R.; Romero-Canyas Rainer; Schuldt Jonathon P., H. L. (2020). What counts as an \u0026ldquo;environmental\u0026rdquo; issue? Differences in issue conceptualisation by race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Environmental Psychology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e68\u003c/em\u003e(NA), 101404-NA. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101404\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSoutar, C., \u0026amp; Wand, A. (2022). Understanding the Spectrum of Anxiety Responses to Climate Change: A Systematic Review of the Qualitative Literature. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e19\u003c/em\u003e(2), 990. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020990\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStanley Teaghan L.; Leviston Zoe; Walker Iain, S. K. ; H. (2021). From anger to action: Differential impacts of eco-anxiety, eco-depression, and eco-anger on climate action and wellbeing. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of Climate Change and Health\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e(NA), 100003-NA. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joclim.2021.100003\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStewart, A. E., Chapman, H. E., \u0026amp; Davis, J. B. L. (2023). Anxiety and Worry About Six Categories of Climate Change Impacts. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e21\u003c/em\u003e(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21010023\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSwitzer, D., \u0026amp; Jung, J. (2022). Contextual Responsiveness in U.S. Local Government Climate Policy. \u003cem\u003eReview of Policy Research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e40\u003c/em\u003e(6), 920\u0026ndash;949. https://doi.org/10.1111/ropr.12518\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTaylor, S. (2020). Anxiety disorders, climate change, and the challenges ahead: Introduction to the special issue. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Anxiety Disorders\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e76\u003c/em\u003e(NA), 102313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102313\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThomas, A., Cretney, R., \u0026amp; Hayward, B. (2019). Student Strike 4 Climate: Justice, Emergency and Citizenship. \u003cem\u003eNew Zealand Geographer\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e75\u003c/em\u003e(2), 96\u0026ndash;100. https://doi.org/10.1111/nzg.12229\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eValkengoed, A. M. van, Steg, L., \u0026amp; Jonge, P. de. (2023). Climate Anxiety: A Research Agenda Inspired by Emotion Research. \u003cem\u003eEmotion Review\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e15\u003c/em\u003e(4), 258\u0026ndash;262. https://doi.org/10.1177/17540739231193752\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWullenkord, M., Tr\u0026ouml;ger, J., Hamann, K. R. S., Loy, L. S., \u0026amp; Reese, G. (2021). Anxiety and Climate Change: A Validation of the Climate Anxiety Scale in a German-Speaking Quota Sample and an Investigation of Psychological Correlates. \u003cem\u003eClimatic Change\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e168\u003c/em\u003e(3\u0026ndash;4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-03234-6\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhao, X., Leiserowitz, A. A., Maibach, E. W., \u0026amp; Roser-Renouf, C. (2011). Attention to Science/Environment News Positively Predicts and Attention to Political News Negatively Predicts Global Warming Risk Perceptions and Policy Support. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Communication\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e61\u003c/em\u003e(4), 713\u0026ndash;731. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01563.x\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Footnotes","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.statista.com/statistics/264630/countries-with-the-highest-human-development-index-ranking/#:~:text=Switzerland%20had%20the%20highest%20level,human%20development%20in%20that%20year\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.statista.com/statistics/264630/countries-with-the-highest-human-development-index-ranking/#:~:text=Switzerland%20had%20the%20highest%20level,human%20development%20in%20that%20year\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e In addition to OLS models, ordinal and binary models were also contructed. Since these models produced similar results with the OLS models, for the ease of interpretation the OLS models are presented in the paper.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1. Descriptive statistics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.4583%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.33333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.29167%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS.E.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.5%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedian\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27.0833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRange\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClimate anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.4583%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.33333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.29167%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.5%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.0833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (1-4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIdeology\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.4583%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33468\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.33333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.29167%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.5%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.0833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0-10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReligiosity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.4583%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38374\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.33333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.29167%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.5%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.0833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0-1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWomen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.4583%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38815\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.33333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.29167%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.5%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.0833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0-1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.4583%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38521\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.33333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.29167%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.5%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.0833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75 (15-90)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.4583%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30418\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.33333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.29167%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.5%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.0833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (1-10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDenomination\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.4583%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23358\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.33333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.29167%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.5%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.0833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (1-5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.4583%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38571\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.33333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.29167%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.5%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.0833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0-2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolitical Interest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.4583%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38714\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.33333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.29167%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.5%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.0833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (1-4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNews Consumption\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.4583%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38090\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.33333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.29167%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.5%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.0833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0-1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.4583%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38815\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.33333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.29167%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.5%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.0833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0-1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDevelopment Index\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.4583%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38815\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.33333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.29167%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.5%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.0833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19 (0.77-0.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2. Multilevel Models\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 99%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 47%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDependent variable: Climate Anxiety\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 47%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 23%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeneral\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 24%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDenominations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 99%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ideology Center\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.125\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.181\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.064\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.221\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.013)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.016)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.017)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.065)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ideology Right\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.216\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.278\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.128\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.397\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.014)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.069)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReligiosity - High\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.049\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.045\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.065\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.010)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.014)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.076)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolitical Interest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.105\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.104\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.090\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.088\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.006)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.006)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.008)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.008)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.190\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.253\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.029)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.059)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNews Consumption\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.044\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.044\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.012)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.012)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.015)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.015)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender - Women\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.172\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.169\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.150\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.146\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.010)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.010)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.013)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.013)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.084\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.074\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.075\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.007)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.007)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.010)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.010)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.001\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0003)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0003)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0004)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0004)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.002)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.002)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.003)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.003)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDevelopment Index\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.185\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.197\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.683)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.678)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.708)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.709)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReligiosity \u0026ndash; High*Muslim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.072)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ideology Center*Muslim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.144\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.076)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ideology Right*Muslim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.289\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.086)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIdeology Center*Religiosity - High\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.126\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.027)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.089)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ideology Right:*Religiosity - High\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.133\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.030)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.092)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ideology Center*Religiosity \u0026ndash; High*Muslim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.101)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ideology Right*Religiosity \u0026ndash; High*Muslim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.251\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.107)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.096\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.237\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.042)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.085)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEastern Orthodox\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.102\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.041)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.076)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoman Catholic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.072\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.072\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.029)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.069)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReligiosity \u0026ndash; High*Muslim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.102)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReligiosity \u0026ndash; High*Eastern Orthodox\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.055\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.093)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReligiosity \u0026ndash; High*Roman Catholic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.088)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ideology Center*Muslim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.181\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.099)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ideology Right*Muslim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.406\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.108)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ideology Center*Eastern Orthodox\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.080)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ideology Right*Eastern Orthodox\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.298\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.086)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ideology Center*Roman Catholic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.076)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ideology Right*Roman Catholic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.272\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.082)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ideology Center*Religiosity - High*Muslim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.131)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ideology Right*Religiosity - High*Muslim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.137)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ideology Center*Religiosity - High*Eastern Orthodox\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.212\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.109)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ideology Right*Religiosity - High*Eastern Orthodox\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.140\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.117)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ideology Center*Religiosity - High*Roman Catholic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.103)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ideology Right*Religiosity - High*Roman Catholic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.108)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.957\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.015\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.704\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.877\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.610)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.605)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.636)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.640)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 99%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObservations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26,163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26,163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15,192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15,192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLog Likelihood\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-30,751.850\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-30,743.040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-17,810.400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-17,799.180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAkaike Inf. Crit.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61,531.710\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61,528.080\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35,652.800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35,664.360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBayesian Inf. Crit.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61,646.120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61,699.700\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35,774.860\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35,916.100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 99%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 81%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote: For models 3 and 4, the reference category is Protestant\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003ep\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003ep\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003ep\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5038275/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5038275/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the last decade, the discussions about climate change have evolved beyond technical and technological debates, and politicians and religious leaders have started to acknowledge the complexity of the matter more frequently than ever. Since then, the need for holistic approaches encompassing social, political, and cultural dimensions alongside technological advancements has become more visible in climate change-related discussions. This necessity is mainly based on the fact that the offered technical solutions are bound to social and psychological barriers and are evaluated through the lenses of existing culture, values, and beliefs, which can hinder appropriate responses. The current study aims at this gap by exploring variations in religious affiliations, religiosity levels of individuals and their interactions with climate anxiety using two current novel databases. The findings indicate that not only affiliations and religiosity levels are robust predictors of climate anxiety, but also their interactions with news consumption patterns, ideological positions, religious effectively explain the variations in perceptions related to climate anxiety.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"How Do Religions and Religiosity Matter for Climate Anxiety?","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-10-28 16:07:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5038275/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"feef993f-84a7-4381-a16a-fdf267d91c6d","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 28th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-12-12T00:43:38+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-10-28 16:07:54","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5038275","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5038275","identity":"rs-5038275","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}