Helminth Fauna of the Yellow-bellied Toad, Bombina variegata (Linnaeus, 1758) Collected From Northwestern of Türkiye

Helminth Fauna of the Yellow-bellied Toad, Bombina variegata (Linnaeus, 1758) Collected From Northwestern of Türkiye | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Helminth Fauna of the Yellow-bellied Toad, Bombina variegata (Linnaeus, 1758) Collected From Northwestern of Türkiye Hikmet Sami YILDIRIMHAN, Nurhan SÜMER, Adel Mohammed REDHWAN, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3917529/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this study, 45 individuals (18 female, 20 male, and 7 juvenile) of the Yellow-bellied Toad, Bombina variegata were collected from Karacahasan Mountain region (located in the Enez district of Edirne province in northwestern Türkiye) in 2015–2016 and examined for helminths. Two species of Digenea ( Gorgodera cygnoides and Pleurogenoides medians ) and one species of Acanthocephala ( Acanthocephalus ranae ) were found. This study is the first helminth study and only helminth study conducted on B. variegata from Türkiye. Türkiye Bombina variegata Yellow-bellied Toad Digenea Acanthocephala Introduction The Yellow-bellied Toad ( Bombina variegata ), firstly reported in Türkiye by Bülbül et al. ( 2016 ), then genetically confirmed by Karış et al. (2017). The species has a wide distribution area throughout Europe (excluding the Iberan Peninsula and Peninsular Italy south of the Po River), east to southern Poland, southwestsern Ukraine, Bulgaria and Greece to European Türkiye; introduced into England (Frost 2023 ). In Türkiye, the species is generally found in broad-leaved tree habitats ( Quercus ilex, Fraxinus sp, Tilia sp, Paliurus aculeatus and Acacia sp.) containing small breeding ponds and rocky, sandy substrate at elevation of 100–200 meters and is common in the Karacahasan Mountain region of Enez district of Edirne Province in the northwestern part of Türkiye (Bülbül et al. 2018 ). 16 species of Anura found in Türkiye (Frost 2023 ), all with the exceptions of Bombina variegata and Bufo verrucosissimus have been examined helminthologically. Early studies of Turkish populations were published as a checklist by Yıldırımhan and Birlik ( 2013 ). Studies conducted after this date (2013) can be found in the following publications (Demir et al. 2015 ; Karakaş 2015 ; Koyun et al. 2015 ; Yakar et al. 2016 ; Yıldırımhan et al. 2016 ; Tepe and Yılan 2021 ). In this report, we provide the first helminthological information on a Turkish population of B. variegata . Materials and Method With the special permission (2014–51946) provided by the Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks, 45 individuals of Yellow-bellied Toad (18 females, 20 males, and 7 juveniles) were collected from the Karacahasan Mountain region of Enez district of Edirne province in 2015–2016. The author also received ethical permission from Ege University Animal Experiments Ethic Committee (with approval number of 2014-002). The toads were captured by hand and taken to the Bursa Uludağ University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Zoology Laboratroy of Parasitology. Standard postmortem examination procedures were followed (Garner 2006 ). During dissection; the abdominal cavity, stomach, intestine, heart, lungs, liver, urinary bladder, and mouth parts of the toads were examined separately for helminths. Helminths, when found, were stored in 70% alcohol until identifcation utilizing an acetocarmine staining technique and viewing under both stereo and light microscopsy occurred. Procedures of Yamaguti ( 1963 ) and Yamaguti ( 1971 ) were used for helminth identification. Results Forty-five toad, caught from Edirne province of Türkiye, were examined and 39 of them (87%) were found to harbor helminths. A total of 282 helminths assignable to 3 species, 2 species of Digenea, Gorgodera cygnoides (n = 39) were observed in bladders; Pleurogenoides medians (n = 138) and 1 species of Acanthocephala, Acanthocephalus ranae (n = 105) were removed from the intestines. Six toads harbored no helminths, 33 harbored 1 species, 5 harbored 2 species, and 1 toad harbored 3 species. On average, there were 6.26 helminth indiviuals per infected toad (range 1–40). Digenea Gorgodera cygnoides ( Zeder, 1800 ) Looss, 1899 Syn. Distoma cynoides Zeder, 1800 ; Distomum cygnoides Looss, 1894; Gorgodera loossi Sinitzin, 1905. Prevalence, mean intensity, and range 11/45 (24.4%); 3.5; 0–10. Temporal distribution : Karacahasan Mountain, Edirne Province, 2015, 11 hosts. Site of infection Bladder Type host and type locality: Rana esculenta , Europe (Zeder, 1800 ). Additional Türkiye records: Pelodytes caucasicus (Yıldırımhan et al. 2009 ); Pelophylax ridibundus (Yıldırımhan et al. 1996 ; Yıldırımhan et al. 2005 ; Dusen et al. 2010; Dusen and Oz 2013); Rana macrocnemis identified as Rana camerani (Yıldırımhan et al. 2006 ); Lacerta trilineata (Yıldırımhan et al. 2011 ). Other reported hosts: Bombina bombina (Kopriva 1957 ; Rittichova 1958 ; Vojtkova and Votjek 1975; Ryzhikov et al. 1980 ); Bombina variegata (Prokopic 1957 ; Rittichova 1958 ; Kozak 1966 , 1969 , 1973 ; Vojtkova and Votjek 1975; Buchvarov 1977 ); Bufo bufo (Andre 1912 [identified as Bufo vulgaris ]; Buchvarov 1962 [reported as Gorgodera loossi] ); Bufotes viridis identified as Bufo viridis (Buchvarov 1977 ; Ryzhikov et al. 1980 ; Shimalov and Shimalov 2001 ); Hyla arborea (Ryzhikov et al. 1980 ); Pelodytes esculenta (Andre 1913 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Bovien 1916 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Kopriva 1957 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Odening 1957 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Prokopic 1957 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Rittichova 1958 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Vojtkova 1961 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Vojtkova et al. 1963 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Volno-Nabelkova 1964 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Kozak 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1973 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Cox 1971 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Kozak 1968 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Frandsen 1974 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Prokopic and Krivanec 1975 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Vojokova and Vojek 1975 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Buchvaraov 1977 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Ryzhikov et al. 1980 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Kuc and Sulgostowaka 1988b [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Popovic and Mikes 1988 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Popiolek et al. 2011 [reported as hybrid Pelophylax ridibundus x Pelophylax lessonae ]); Pelophylax lessonae (Kopriva 1957 [identified as Rana lessonae ];Vojkova and Votjek 1975 [identified as Rana lessonae ]; Popiolek et al. 2011 ) [identified as Rana lessonae ]; Pelophylax ridibundus (Cox 1971 [identified as Rana ridibunda ]; Buchvarov 1962 , 1965 , 1977 , 1983 [identified as Rana ridibunda ]; Bondy 1967 [identified as Rana ridibunda ]; Kozak 1969 , 1973 [identified as Rana ridibunda ]; Ryzhikov at al. 1980 [identified as Rana ridibunda ]; Kuc and Sulgostowska 1988b [identified as Rana ridibunda ]; Kirin and Buchvaarov 2002 [identified as Rana ridibunda ]; Popiolek at al. 2011 [identified as Rana ridibunda ]); Pseudepidalea viridis (Buchvarov, 1977 [identified as Bufo viridis ]; Ryzhikov et al. 1980 [identified as Bufo viridis ]; Shimalov and Shimalov 2001 [identified as Bufo viridis ]; Rana arvalis (Rittichova 1958 ; Kozak 1969 , 1973 ; Vojtkova and Votjek 1975; Ryzhikov et al. 1980 ); Rana camerani (Tepe and Yılan 2021 ); Rana dalmatina (Buchvarov 1983 ; Yıldırımhan et al. 2016 ); Rana graeca (Buchvarov 1983 ); Rana temporaria (John 1875 ; Andre 1913 ; Freund 1933 ; Kulicenkova 1955; Kopriva 1957 ; Rittichova 1958 ; Kozak 1966 , 1967; 1969 , 1973 ; Cox 1971 ; Hristovski and Lees 1973 ; Vojtkova and Votjek 1975; Ryzhikov et al. 1980 ). Pleurogenoides medians (Olsson, 1876), Travassos, 1921 Syn. Distomum medians Olsson, 1876; Pleurogenes medians (Olsson, 1876) Prevalence, mean intensity, and range 8/45 (17.7%); 17.25; 0–40. Temporal distribution Karacahasan Mountain, Edirne Province, 2015, 8 hosts. Site of infection Intestine Type host and type locality: Bufo viridis , Denmark (Olsson 1876); Additional Türkiye records: Hyla arborea (Duşen and Öz 2004); Hyla savignyi (Yıldırımhan et al. 2012 ); Pelophylax ridibundus (Yıldırımhan et al. 1996 ; Yıldırımhan et al. 2005 ; Saglam and Arıkan 2006; Dusen et al. 2010); Rana dalmatina (Düşen et al. 2009 ); Rana macrocnemis (Dusen 2007 [identified as Rana camerani ]; Yıldırımhan et al. 2006 [identified as Rana camerani . Other reported hosts: Bombina bombina (Vojtkova 1961 ; Vojtkova et al. 1963 ; Kozak 1973 ; Vojtkova and Votjek 1975); Bombina variegata (Vojtkova and Votjek 1975; Buchvarov 1983 ); Bufo bufo (Olsson 1876 [identified as Bufo vulgaris ]; Cox 1971 ; Kozak 1973 ; Vojtkova and Votjek 1975; Ryzhikov et al. 1980 ; Fernandez et al. 1986 ; Shimalov and Shimalov 2001 ); Epidalea calamita (Vojtkova and Votjek 1975 [idenified as Bufo calamita ]); B. viridis (Vojtkova and Votjek 1975; Ryzhikov et al. 1980 ; Düşen et al. 2010 ; Düşen and Oğuz 2010); Hyla arborea (Koza 1969, 1973; Vojtkova and Votjek 1975; Ryzhikov et al. 1980 ;); Pelobates fuscus (Ryzhikov et al. 1980 ); Pelophylax esculentus (Andre 1913 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Bovien 1916 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Kopriva 1957 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Odening 1957 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Vojtkova 1961 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Vojtkova et al. 1963 [identified as Rana esculenta ];Volna-Naelkova 1964 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Kozak 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1973 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Combes et al. 1973 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Prokpic and Krivanec 1975 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Vojtkova and Vojtek 1975 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Ryzhikov et al. 1980 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Kuc and Sulgostowska 1988b [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Popovic and Mikes 1989 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Bjelic-Cabrilo et al. 2009 [identified as hybred Pelophylax lessonae x Pelophylax ridibundus ]; Pleophylax ridibundus (Combes and Gerbeauz 1970 [identified as Rana ridibunda ]; Cox 1972 [identified as Rana ridibunda ]; Buchvarov 1962 , 1977 , 1983 [identified as Rana ridibunda ]; Kozak 1973 [identified as Rana ridibunda ]; Ryzhikov et al. 1980 ; Kuc and Sulgostowska 1988b [identified as Rana ridibunda ]; Popovic and Mikes 1989 [identified as Rana ridibunda ; Saeed et al. 2007 [identified as Rana ridibunda ]; Rana amurensis (Ryzhikov et al. 1980 ); Rana amurensis (Ryzhikov at al. 1980; Solomonova et al. 2011); Rana arvalis (Volna-Babelkova 1964; Kozak 1973 ; Vojtkova and Votjek 1975; Ryzhikov et al. 1980 ); Rana dalmatina (Kozak 1973 ; Prokopic and Krivanec 1975 ; Buchvarov 1977 ); Rana graeca (Buchvarov 1977 ); Rana graeca (Buchvarov 1983 ); R. lessonae (Vojtkova and Votjek 1975); R. ridibunda (Buchvarov 1962 , 1977 , 1983 ; Combes and Gerbeaux 1970 ; Cox 1971 ; Kozak 1973 ; Ryzhikov et al. 1980 ; Kuc and Sulgostowska 1988b , Oguz et al. 1994 dırımhan et al. 1996; Yıldırımhan et al. 2005 ; Düşen and Öz 2006 ; Saglam and Arıkan 2006; Düşen et al. 2010 ; Düşen and Öz 2013 ; Koyun et al. 2015 ; Yıldırımhan et al. 2016 ; Abdel-Gaber et al. 2017 ; Kuzmin et al. 2020 ); Rana temporaria (Bovien 1916 ; Kulicenkova 1955; Kopriva 1957 ; Vojkova and Krivanec 1970; Prokopic and Krivanec 1975 ; Vojtkova and Votjek 1975; Ryzhikov et al. 1980 ; Cedhagen 1988 ); Lissotriton vulgaris (Vojtkova 1963 [identified as Triturus vulgaris ]; Vojtkova and Vojtek 1963, 1972 [identified as Triturus vulgaris ]; Ryzhikov et al. 1980 ); Triturus cristatus (Vojtkova 1963 ; Vojtova and Vojtek 19720; Lacerta agilis (Lewin 1992a ; Sharpilo et al. 2001 ); Podarcis hispanica (Roca and Lluch 1988 ; Roca et al. 1989 ). Acanthocephala Acanthocephalus ranae ( Schrank, 1788 ) Lühe, 1911 Syn. Echinorhynchus ranae Schrank, 1788 ; Echinorhynchus haeruca Rudolphi, 1808. Prevalence, mean intensity, and range 26/45 (57.7%); 4.03; 0–11. Temporal distribution Karacahasan Mountain, Edirne Province, 2015, 27 hosts. Site of infection Intestine Type host and type locality: Rana esculenta , Europe (Schrank 1788 ) Additional Türkiye records: Bombina bombina (Yıldırımhan et al. 2001 ); Bufo bufo (Yıldırımhan and Karadeniz 2007 ; Dusen 2011; Heckmann et al. 2011 ); Bufotes viridis (Yıldırımhan 1999 [identified as Bufo viridis ]; Hyla arborea (Düşen and Öz 2004 ; Heckmann et al 2011 ); Pelophylax ridibundus (Yıldırımhan et al. 2005 [identified as Rana ridibunda ]; Kir et al. 2001 [identified as Rana ridibunda ]; Yıldırımhan et al. 2005 [identified as Rana ridibunda ]; Duzen and Oz 2006 [identified as Rana ridibunda ]; Dusen and Oguz 2010 [identified as Rana ridibunda ]; Heckman et al. 2011 [identified as Rana ridibunda ]); Rana dalmatina (Düşen et al. 2009 ; Heckmann et al. 2011 ; Yıldırımhan et al. 2016 ); Rana macrocnemis Yıldırımhan et al. 1997 ; Yıldırımhan et al. 2006 [identified as Rana camerani ]; Düşen 2007 ; Heckmann et al. 2011 ); Rana tavasensis (Heckmann et al. 2011 ; Dusen 2012); Mertensiella caucasica (Yıldırımhan et al. 2005 ). Other reported hosts: Bombina bombina (Volna-Nabelkova 1964 ; Frandsen 1974 ; Amin et al. 2023 ); Bombina variegata (Volna-Nabelkova 1964 ; Prokopic and Krivanec 1975 ); Bufo bufo (Goto and Hewer 1949 ; Cox 1971 ; Canning et al. 1973; Frandsen 1974 ; Prokopic and Krivanec 1975 ); Bufotes viridis (Kolendo 1959 [identified as Bufo viridis ]; Bozkov 1980 [identified as Bufo viridis ]; Vashetko and Siddikov 1999 [identified as Bufo viridis ];Shimalov and Shimalov 2001 [identified as Bufo viridis ]; Karakaş 2015 ); E pidalea calamita (Shimalov and Shimalov 2001 [identified as Bufo calamita ]); Pelophylax esculenus (Andre 1913 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Vojtkova et al. 1963 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Kozak 1968 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Vojtkova and Krivanec 1970 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Cox 1971 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Frandsen 1974 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Prokopic and Krivanec 1975 [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Kuc and Sulgostowska 1988b [identified as Rana esculenta ]; Bjelic-Carilo et al. 2009; Popiolek et al. 2011 [identified as Rana esculenta ]); Pelophylas lessonae (Popiolek et al. 2011 [identified as Rana lessonae ]; Pelophylax ridibundus (Ivanitzky 1940 [identified as Rana ridibunda ]; Buchvarov 1962 , 1965 [identified as Rana ridibunda ]; Bondy 1967 [identified as Rana ridibunda ]; Buchvarov et al. 1975 [identified as Rana ridibunda ]; Bozkov 1980 [identified as Rana ridibunda ]; Kuc and Sulgostowska 1988a [identified as Rana ridibunda ]; Düşen and Öz 2013 ; Koyun et al. 2015 ; Karakaş 2015 ; Kuzmin et al. 2020 ; Tepe and Yılan 2021 ; Jacob 2021 ; Amin et al. 2023 ); Rana arvalis (Frandsen 1974 ; Prokopic and Kribanec 1975; Cedhagen 1988 ; Kuc and Sulgostowska 1988b ; Amin et al. 2023 ); Rana dalmatina (Frandsen 1974 ;); Rana macrocnemis (Tepe and Yılan 2021 ); Rana temporaria (Andre 1913 ; Goto and Hewer 1949 ; Lees 1962 ; Bondy 1967 ; Pospisilova 1967; Cox 1971 ; Hristovski and Lees 1973 ; Frandsen 1974 ; Prokopic and Krivanec 1975 ; Cedhagen 1988 ; Kuc and Sulgostowska 1988b ); Lissotriton vulgaris (Taranko-Tulecka 1959 [identified as Triturus vulgaris ]; Cox 1971 [identified as Triturus vulgaris ]; Canning et al. 1973 [identified as Triturus vulgaris ]; Frandsen 1974 ; [identified as Triturus vulgaris ]); Triturus cristatus (Cox 1971 ); Anguis fragilis (Shimalov et al. 2000 ); Natrix natrix (Bertman 1993 ; Shimalov and Shimalov 2000 ); Rana tavasensis (Heckmann et al. 2011 ; Düşen 2012 ); Pelophylax bedriagae ( Yıldırımhan et al. 2015); Hyla orientalis ( Yakar et al. 2016 ) ; Caranx ignobilis (Sakthivel and Gopalakrishnan 2021 ); Seriolina nigrofasciata (Sakthivel and Gopalakrishnan 2021 ); Dayseiaena albida (Sakthivel and Gopalakrishnan 2021 ; Amin et al. 2023 ); Pelophylax esculentus (Amin et al. 2023 ; Bjelić-Čabrilo et al. 2009; Kuzmin et al, 2020 ; Herczeg et al. 2016 ); Rhinella icterica (Pilati et al. 2013 ); Lutra lutra (Rolbiecki and Izdebska 2014 ). Discussion To our knowledge, 27 helminth species have been identified in B. variegata collected in Austria, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Greece, Poland, and former Yugoslavia: Brandesia turgida (Prokopic and Krivanec 1975 ); Cephalogonimus retusus (Buchvarov 1962 ); Diplodiscus subclavatus (Prokopic 1957 ; Volna-Babelkova 1964; Kozak 1966 , 1969 , 1973 ; Prokopic and Krivanec 1975 ; Grabda-Kazubska and Lewin 1989 ); Euryhelmis sguamula (Vojtkova and Vojtek 1975 ); Gorgodera cygnoides (Buchvaraov 1977; Prokopic 1957 ; Rittichova 1958 ; Kozak 1966 , 1969 , 1973 ; Vojtkova and Votjek 1975); Gorgoderina alobata (Lees and Mitchell 1965; Vojthova and Krivanec 1970; Kozak 1973 ; Prokopic and Krivanec 1975 ; Grabda-Kazubska and Lewin 1989 ); Gorgoderina vitelliloba (Vojtkova et al. 1963 ; Volna-Nabelkova 1964 ); Haematoloechus abbreviatus (Kozak 1966 , 1973 ; Vojtkova and Krivanec 1970 ; Grabda-Kazubska and Lewin 1989 ); Haematoloechus asper (Prokspic and Kribanec 1975); Haematoloechus schulzei (Buchvarov 1965 ); Haematoloechus similis (Buchvarov 1962 ); Haematoloechus variegatus (Buchvarov 1965 ; Rittichova 1958 ; Volna-Nabelkova 1964 ); Halipegus ovocaudatus (Vojtkova and Vojtek 1975 ); Haplometra cylindracea (Vojtkova and Vojtek 1975 ); (Vojtkova and Vojtek 1975 ); Lepiophallus nigrovenosus (Vojtkova and Vojtek 1975 ); Opisthioglyphe ranae (Prospic 1957; Kozak 1973 ; Prokspic and Kribanec 1975); Opisthioglyphe rastellus (Prokospic 1957 Vjtkova et al. 1963; Vojtkova and Krivanec 1970 ; Kozak 1973 ; Prokopic and Krivenec 1975; Grabda-Kazubska and Lewin 1989 ; Sattmann 1990 ); Plagiorchis elegans (Prokspic and Krivanec 1975); Pleurogenoides medians (Vojtkova and Votjek 1975; Buchvarov 1983 ); Prosotocus confusus (Prokspic and Krivanec 1975 Nematotaenia dispar (Buchvarov 1963 ; Prokopic 1957 ; Prokopic and Krivanec 1975 ; Hristovski and Riggio 1971 ; Ryzhikov et al. 1980 ); Cosmocerca ornata (Prokopic 1957 ; Kozlowska 1960; Buchvarov 1962 , 1965 ; Volna-Nabelkova 1964 ; Kozak 1969 , 1973 ; Hristovski 1973 ; Moravec and Vojtkova 1974 ; Vojtkova 1976 ; Grabda-Kazubska and Lewin 1989 ; Sattmann 1990 ); Hedruris androphora (Vojtkova 1976 ) Oswaldocruzia filiformis (Prokopic 1957 ; Buchvaroav 1962; Volna-Nabelkova 1964 ; Kozak 1969 , 1973 ; Prokopic and Krivanec 1975 ; Vojtkova 1976 ; Rozman 1976 ; Grabda-Kazubska and Lewin 1989 ; Kirin and Buchvarov 2002 ); Oswaldocruzia ukrainae (Vojtkova 1976 ); Rhabdias bufonis (Prokopic 1957 ; Buchvarov 1965 ); Nematotaenia dispar (Prokopic 1957 ; Buchvarov 1963 ; Hristovski and Riggio 1971 ; Prokopic and Krivanec 1975 ; Ryzhikov et al. 1980 ); Acanthocephalus ranae (Volna-Nabelkova 1964 ; Grabda-Kazubska and Lewin 1989 ). In comparison with neighboring countries, the number of helminth parasites in B. variegata collected in Türkiye (n = 3) is low: Austria (1), Bulgaria (9), former Czechoslovakia, (22), Denmark (1), Greece, (2), Poland (7), and former Yugoslavia (2). However, this may be a result of the number of published reports. Further study of the Turkish population of B. variegata should expand the parasite list. Declarations Funding: No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript. Financial interests: The authors declare they have no financial interests. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare there are no conflicts of interest. Ethical Approval: All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for animal testing, animal care, and the use of toads were followed by the authors. Ethical approval for animal experimentation was given in material and method section. 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Turkish Journal of Zoology 37: 562-575. Yıldırımhan HS, Sümer N, Bursey CR ( 2016) Helminth parasites of the agile frog, Rana dalmatina Fitzinger, 1839 (Anura: Ranidae), collected from two localities in Turkey. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 68:425-432. Zeder JGH (1800) Erster Nachtrag zur Naturgeschfchte der Eingeweidewürmer., Bamberg. 432 pp. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3917529","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":271127837,"identity":"a458ddcb-e970-45b1-88ad-10fe0d6309f1","order_by":0,"name":"Hikmet Sami YILDIRIMHAN","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Uludag University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hikmet","middleName":"Sami","lastName":"YILDIRIMHAN","suffix":""},{"id":271127838,"identity":"080cb3fa-cd4e-4b27-a62f-f750237bd72a","order_by":1,"name":"Nurhan SÜMER","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA20lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPACGwY+BgYDEIuxgUgtaQxsCC3MRGk5TIIWc/4zphs+7jmf2CaRvPHjFwYb2Q0H+I99wKfFckaO2c0Zz24DtaQVS8swpBlvOMDMPAOfFoMbPGa3eQ6AtOQYSEswHE4EacHrMIPzZ8xu/zlwDqTF+LcEw38itBzIMbvNcOAASIuZ5AeGA0RouZFWdrPnQLJxG8+zMmsGg2TjmYeZjQk47PC2Gz8O2Mn2sydvvvmjwk6273jjY7xaUAAzDyhqiItJKGD8QYrqUTAKRsEoGDEAAN4YTAOmr6RCAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Uludag University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nurhan","middleName":"","lastName":"SÜMER","suffix":""},{"id":271127839,"identity":"ca7026c3-0f6e-42fa-b5e8-61f39a80bbd5","order_by":2,"name":"Adel Mohammed REDHWAN","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Uludag University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Adel","middleName":"Mohammed","lastName":"REDHWAN","suffix":""},{"id":271127840,"identity":"891bc847-0a15-4364-b267-623753b75421","order_by":3,"name":"Ufuk BÜLBÜL","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Karadeniz Technical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ufuk","middleName":"","lastName":"BÜLBÜL","suffix":""},{"id":271127841,"identity":"a2b2287d-2c43-4e54-90c1-91222d9fa8f4","order_by":4,"name":"Mert KARIŞ","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Acıgöl Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaşı Veli University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mert","middleName":"","lastName":"KARIŞ","suffix":""},{"id":271127842,"identity":"79ec6f79-6866-4d8a-a7c9-e974cfd08ec1","order_by":5,"name":"Yeliz Civil","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Uludag University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yeliz","middleName":"","lastName":"Civil","suffix":""},{"id":271127843,"identity":"c94d3c97-dd58-43b6-b4b0-a23dd9d532ac","order_by":6,"name":"Mohamed Warsame DIRSHE","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Uludag University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohamed","middleName":"Warsame","lastName":"DIRSHE","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-01 13:32:57","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3917529/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3917529/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":50938394,"identity":"04c10a2a-89e3-4fea-9d2a-6c81ed74c3cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-09 21:37:33","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":305732,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3917529/v1/35e5cb7b-0d8d-4234-b9c5-f4278aa176fa.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Helminth Fauna of the Yellow-bellied Toad, Bombina variegata (Linnaeus, 1758) Collected From Northwestern of Türkiye","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Yellow-bellied Toad (\u003cem\u003eBombina variegata\u003c/em\u003e), firstly reported in T\u0026uuml;rkiye by B\u0026uuml;lb\u0026uuml;l et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), then genetically confirmed by Karış et al. (2017). The species has a wide distribution area throughout Europe (excluding the Iberan Peninsula and Peninsular Italy south of the Po River), east to southern Poland, southwestsern Ukraine, Bulgaria and Greece to European T\u0026uuml;rkiye; introduced into England (Frost \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). In T\u0026uuml;rkiye, the species is generally found in broad-leaved tree habitats (\u003cem\u003eQuercus ilex, Fraxinus\u003c/em\u003e sp, \u003cem\u003eTilia\u003c/em\u003e sp, \u003cem\u003ePaliurus aculeatus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAcacia\u003c/em\u003e sp.) containing small breeding ponds and rocky, sandy substrate at elevation of 100\u0026ndash;200 meters and is common in the Karacahasan Mountain region of Enez district of Edirne Province in the northwestern part of T\u0026uuml;rkiye (B\u0026uuml;lb\u0026uuml;l et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 species of Anura found in T\u0026uuml;rkiye (Frost \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), all with the exceptions of \u003cem\u003eBombina variegata\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eBufo verrucosissimus\u003c/em\u003e have been examined helminthologically. Early studies of Turkish populations were published as a checklist by Yıldırımhan and Birlik (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR110\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Studies conducted after this date (2013) can be found in the following publications (Demir et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Karakaş \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Koyun et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Yakar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Yıldırımhan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR111\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Tepe and Yılan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this report, we provide the first helminthological information on a Turkish population of \u003cem\u003eB. variegata\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Method","content":"\u003cp\u003eWith the special permission (2014\u0026ndash;51946) provided by the Republic of T\u0026uuml;rkiye Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks, 45 individuals of Yellow-bellied Toad (18 females, 20 males, and 7 juveniles) were collected from the Karacahasan Mountain region of Enez district of Edirne province in 2015\u0026ndash;2016. The author also received ethical permission from Ege University Animal Experiments Ethic Committee (with approval number of 2014-002). The toads were captured by hand and taken to the Bursa Uludağ University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Zoology Laboratroy of Parasitology. Standard postmortem examination procedures were followed (Garner \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). During dissection; the abdominal cavity, stomach, intestine, heart, lungs, liver, urinary bladder, and mouth parts of the toads were examined separately for helminths. Helminths, when found, were stored in 70% alcohol until identifcation utilizing an acetocarmine staining technique and viewing under both stereo and light microscopsy occurred. Procedures of Yamaguti (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1963\u003c/span\u003e) and Yamaguti (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR96\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e) were used for helminth identification.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eForty-five toad, caught from Edirne province of T\u0026uuml;rkiye, were examined and 39 of them (87%) were found to harbor helminths. A total of 282 helminths assignable to 3 species, 2 species of Digenea, \u003cem\u003eGorgodera cygnoides\u003c/em\u003e (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;39) were observed in bladders; \u003cem\u003ePleurogenoides medians\u003c/em\u003e (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;138) and 1 species of Acanthocephala, \u003cem\u003eAcanthocephalus ranae\u003c/em\u003e (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;105) were removed from the intestines. Six toads harbored no helminths, 33 harbored 1 species, 5 harbored 2 species, and 1 toad harbored 3 species. On average, there were 6.26 helminth indiviuals per infected toad (range 1\u0026ndash;40).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDigenea\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eGorgodera cygnoides\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eZeder, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR112\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1800\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e) Looss, 1899\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eSyn. Distoma cynoides\u003c/em\u003e Zeder, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR112\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1800\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cem\u003eDistomum cygnoides\u003c/em\u003e Looss, 1894; \u003cem\u003eGorgodera loossi\u003c/em\u003e Sinitzin, 1905.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ePrevalence, mean intensity, and range\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e11/45 (24.4%); 3.5; 0\u0026ndash;10.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eTemporal distribution\u003c/em\u003e : Karacahasan Mountain, Edirne Province, 2015, 11 hosts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eSite of infection\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eBladder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eType host and type locality: Rana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e, Europe (Zeder, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR112\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1800\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eAdditional T\u0026uuml;rkiye records: Pelodytes caucasicus\u003c/em\u003e (Yıldırımhan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR107\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003ePelophylax ridibundus\u003c/em\u003e (Yıldırımhan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e; Yıldırımhan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Dusen et al. 2010; Dusen and Oz 2013); \u003cem\u003eRana macrocnemis\u003c/em\u003e identified as \u003cem\u003eRana camerani\u003c/em\u003e (Yıldırımhan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR105\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eLacerta trilineata\u003c/em\u003e (Yıldırımhan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR108\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eOther reported hosts: Bombina bombina\u003c/em\u003e (Kopriva \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e; Rittichova \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1958\u003c/span\u003e; Vojtkova and Votjek 1975; Ryzhikov et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eBombina variegata\u003c/em\u003e (Prokopic \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e; Rittichova \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1958\u003c/span\u003e; Kozak \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1966\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e; Vojtkova and Votjek 1975; Buchvarov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eBufo bufo\u003c/em\u003e (Andre \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1912\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eBufo vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e]; Buchvarov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1962\u003c/span\u003e [reported as \u003cem\u003eGorgodera loossi]\u003c/em\u003e); \u003cem\u003eBufotes viridis\u003c/em\u003e identified as \u003cem\u003eBufo viridis\u003c/em\u003e (Buchvarov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e; Ryzhikov et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e; Shimalov and Shimalov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eHyla arborea\u003c/em\u003e (Ryzhikov et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003ePelodytes esculenta\u003c/em\u003e (Andre \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1913\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Bovien \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1916\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Kopriva \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Odening \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Prokopic \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Rittichova \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1958\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Vojtkova \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1961\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Vojtkova et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1963\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Volno-Nabelkova 1964 [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Kozak \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1966\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1968\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Cox \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Kozak \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1968\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Frandsen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1974\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Prokopic and Krivanec \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Vojokova and Vojek 1975 [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Buchvaraov 1977 [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Ryzhikov et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Kuc and Sulgostowaka 1988b [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Popovic and Mikes \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Popiolek et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e [reported as hybrid \u003cem\u003ePelophylax ridibundus x Pelophylax lessonae\u003c/em\u003e]); \u003cem\u003ePelophylax lessonae\u003c/em\u003e (Kopriva \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana lessonae\u003c/em\u003e];Vojkova and Votjek 1975 [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana lessonae\u003c/em\u003e]; Popiolek et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana lessonae\u003c/em\u003e]; \u003cem\u003ePelophylax ridibundus\u003c/em\u003e (Cox \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana ridibunda\u003c/em\u003e]; Buchvarov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1962\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1965\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana ridibunda\u003c/em\u003e]; Bondy \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1967\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana ridibunda\u003c/em\u003e]; Kozak \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana ridibunda\u003c/em\u003e]; Ryzhikov at al. 1980 [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana ridibunda\u003c/em\u003e]; Kuc and Sulgostowska \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988b\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana ridibunda\u003c/em\u003e]; Kirin and Buchvaarov 2002 [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana ridibunda\u003c/em\u003e]; Popiolek at al. 2011 [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana ridibunda\u003c/em\u003e]); \u003cem\u003ePseudepidalea viridis\u003c/em\u003e (Buchvarov, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eBufo viridis\u003c/em\u003e]; Ryzhikov et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eBufo viridis\u003c/em\u003e]; Shimalov and Shimalov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eBufo viridis\u003c/em\u003e]; \u003cem\u003eRana arvalis\u003c/em\u003e (Rittichova \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1958\u003c/span\u003e; Kozak \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e; Vojtkova and Votjek 1975; Ryzhikov et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eRana camerani\u003c/em\u003e (Tepe and Yılan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eRana dalmatina\u003c/em\u003e (Buchvarov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e; Yıldırımhan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR111\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eRana graeca\u003c/em\u003e (Buchvarov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eRana temporaria\u003c/em\u003e (John \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1875\u003c/span\u003e; Andre \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1913\u003c/span\u003e; Freund \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1933\u003c/span\u003e; Kulicenkova 1955; Kopriva \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e; Rittichova \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1958\u003c/span\u003e; Kozak \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1966\u003c/span\u003e, 1967; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e; Cox \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e; Hristovski and Lees \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e; Vojtkova and Votjek 1975; Ryzhikov et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePleurogenoides medians\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003e(Olsson, 1876), Travassos, 1921\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eSyn. Distomum medians\u003c/em\u003e Olsson, 1876; \u003cem\u003ePleurogenes medians\u003c/em\u003e (Olsson, 1876)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ePrevalence, mean intensity, and range\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e8/45 (17.7%); 17.25; 0\u0026ndash;40.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eTemporal distribution\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eKaracahasan Mountain, Edirne Province, 2015, 8 hosts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eSite of infection\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntestine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eType host and type locality: Bufo viridis\u003c/em\u003e, Denmark (Olsson 1876);\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eAdditional T\u0026uuml;rkiye records: Hyla arborea\u003c/em\u003e (Duşen and \u0026Ouml;z 2004); \u003cem\u003eHyla savignyi\u003c/em\u003e (Yıldırımhan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR109\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003ePelophylax ridibundus\u003c/em\u003e (Yıldırımhan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e; Yıldırımhan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Saglam and Arıkan 2006; Dusen et al. 2010); \u003cem\u003eRana dalmatina\u003c/em\u003e (D\u0026uuml;şen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eRana macrocnemis\u003c/em\u003e (Dusen 2007 [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana camerani\u003c/em\u003e]; Yıldırımhan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR105\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana camerani\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eOther reported hosts: Bombina bombina\u003c/em\u003e (Vojtkova \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1961\u003c/span\u003e; Vojtkova et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1963\u003c/span\u003e; Kozak \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e; Vojtkova and Votjek 1975); \u003cem\u003eBombina variegata\u003c/em\u003e (Vojtkova and Votjek 1975; Buchvarov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eBufo bufo\u003c/em\u003e (Olsson 1876 [identified as \u003cem\u003eBufo vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e]; Cox \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e; Kozak \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e; Vojtkova and Votjek 1975; Ryzhikov et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e; Fernandez et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e; Shimalov and Shimalov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eEpidalea calamita\u003c/em\u003e (Vojtkova and Votjek 1975 [idenified as \u003cem\u003eBufo calamita\u003c/em\u003e]); \u003cem\u003eB. viridis\u003c/em\u003e (Vojtkova and Votjek 1975; Ryzhikov et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e; D\u0026uuml;şen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; D\u0026uuml;şen and Oğuz 2010); \u003cem\u003eHyla arborea\u003c/em\u003e (Koza 1969, 1973; Vojtkova and Votjek 1975; Ryzhikov et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e;); \u003cem\u003ePelobates fuscus\u003c/em\u003e (Ryzhikov et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003ePelophylax esculentus\u003c/em\u003e (Andre \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1913\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Bovien \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1916\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Kopriva \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Odening \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Vojtkova \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1961\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Vojtkova et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1963\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e];Volna-Naelkova 1964 [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Kozak \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1966\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1968\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Combes et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e[identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Prokpic and Krivanec 1975 [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Vojtkova and Vojtek \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Ryzhikov et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Kuc and Sulgostowska \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988b\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Popovic and Mikes 1989 [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Bjelic-Cabrilo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e [identified as hybred \u003cem\u003ePelophylax lessonae\u003c/em\u003e x \u003cem\u003ePelophylax ridibundus\u003c/em\u003e]; \u003cem\u003ePleophylax ridibundus\u003c/em\u003e (Combes and Gerbeauz 1970 [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana ridibunda\u003c/em\u003e]; Cox 1972 [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana ridibunda\u003c/em\u003e]; Buchvarov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1962\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana ridibunda\u003c/em\u003e]; Kozak \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana ridibunda\u003c/em\u003e]; Ryzhikov et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e; Kuc and Sulgostowska \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988b\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana ridibunda\u003c/em\u003e]; Popovic and Mikes 1989 [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana ridibunda\u003c/em\u003e; Saeed et al. 2007 [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana ridibunda\u003c/em\u003e];\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eRana amurensis\u003c/em\u003e (Ryzhikov et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eRana amurensis\u003c/em\u003e (Ryzhikov at al. 1980; Solomonova et al. 2011); \u003cem\u003eRana arvalis\u003c/em\u003e (Volna-Babelkova 1964; Kozak \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e; Vojtkova and Votjek 1975; Ryzhikov et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eRana dalmatina\u003c/em\u003e (Kozak \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e; Prokopic and Krivanec \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e; Buchvarov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eRana graeca\u003c/em\u003e (Buchvarov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eRana graeca\u003c/em\u003e (Buchvarov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eR. lessonae\u003c/em\u003e (Vojtkova and Votjek 1975); \u003cem\u003eR. ridibunda\u003c/em\u003e (Buchvarov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1962\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e; Combes and Gerbeaux \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e; Cox \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e; Kozak \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e; Ryzhikov et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e; Kuc and Sulgostowska \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988b\u003c/span\u003e, Oguz et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003edırımhan et al. 1996; Yıldırımhan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e ; D\u0026uuml;şen and \u0026Ouml;z \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e ; Saglam and Arıkan 2006; D\u0026uuml;şen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; D\u0026uuml;şen and \u0026Ouml;z \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Koyun et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Yıldırımhan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR111\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Abdel-Gaber et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Kuzmin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eRana temporaria\u003c/em\u003e (Bovien \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1916\u003c/span\u003e; Kulicenkova 1955; Kopriva \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e; Vojkova and Krivanec 1970; Prokopic and Krivanec \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e; Vojtkova and Votjek 1975; Ryzhikov et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e; Cedhagen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eLissotriton vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e (Vojtkova \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1963\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eTriturus vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e]; Vojtkova and Vojtek 1963, 1972 [identified as \u003cem\u003eTriturus vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e]; Ryzhikov et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eTriturus cristatus\u003c/em\u003e (Vojtkova \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1963\u003c/span\u003e; Vojtova and Vojtek 19720; \u003cem\u003eLacerta agilis\u003c/em\u003e (Lewin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992a\u003c/span\u003e; Sharpilo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003ePodarcis hispanica\u003c/em\u003e (Roca and Lluch \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e; Roca et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAcanthocephala\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAcanthocephalus ranae\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eSchrank, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1788\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e) L\u0026uuml;he, 1911\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eSyn. Echinorhynchus ranae\u003c/em\u003e Schrank, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1788\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cem\u003eEchinorhynchus haeruca\u003c/em\u003e Rudolphi, 1808.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ePrevalence, mean intensity, and range\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e26/45 (57.7%); 4.03; 0\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eTemporal distribution\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eKaracahasan Mountain, Edirne Province, 2015, 27 hosts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eSite of infection\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntestine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eType host and type locality: Rana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e, Europe (Schrank \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1788\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eAdditional T\u0026uuml;rkiye records: Bombina bombina\u003c/em\u003e (Yıldırımhan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR101\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eBufo bufo\u003c/em\u003e (Yıldırımhan and Karadeniz \u003cspan citationid=\"CR106\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Dusen 2011; Heckmann et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eBufotes viridis\u003c/em\u003e (Yıldırımhan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR100\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eBufo viridis\u003c/em\u003e]; \u003cem\u003eHyla arborea\u003c/em\u003e (D\u0026uuml;şen and \u0026Ouml;z \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Heckmann et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003ePelophylax ridibundus\u003c/em\u003e (Yıldırımhan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana ridibunda\u003c/em\u003e]; Kir et al. 2001 [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana ridibunda\u003c/em\u003e]; Yıldırımhan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana ridibunda\u003c/em\u003e]; Duzen and Oz 2006 [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana ridibunda\u003c/em\u003e]; Dusen and Oguz 2010 [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana ridibunda\u003c/em\u003e]; Heckman et al. 2011 [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana ridibunda\u003c/em\u003e]); \u003cem\u003eRana dalmatina\u003c/em\u003e (D\u0026uuml;şen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Heckmann et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Yıldırımhan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR111\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eRana macrocnemis\u003c/em\u003e Yıldırımhan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR99\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; Yıldırımhan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR105\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana camerani\u003c/em\u003e]; D\u0026uuml;şen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Heckmann et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eRana tavasensis\u003c/em\u003e (Heckmann et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Dusen 2012); \u003cem\u003eMertensiella caucasica\u003c/em\u003e (Yıldırımhan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eOther reported hosts: Bombina bombina\u003c/em\u003e (Volna-Nabelkova \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1964\u003c/span\u003e; Frandsen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1974\u003c/span\u003e; Amin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eBombina variegata\u003c/em\u003e (Volna-Nabelkova \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1964\u003c/span\u003e; Prokopic and Krivanec \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eBufo bufo\u003c/em\u003e (Goto and Hewer \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1949\u003c/span\u003e; Cox \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e; Canning et al. 1973; Frandsen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1974\u003c/span\u003e; Prokopic and Krivanec \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eBufotes viridis\u003c/em\u003e (Kolendo 1959 [identified as \u003cem\u003eBufo viridis\u003c/em\u003e]; Bozkov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eBufo viridis\u003c/em\u003e]; Vashetko and Siddikov 1999 [identified as \u003cem\u003eBufo viridis\u003c/em\u003e];Shimalov and Shimalov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eBufo viridis\u003c/em\u003e]; Karakaş \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e); E\u003cem\u003epidalea calamita\u003c/em\u003e (Shimalov and Shimalov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eBufo calamita\u003c/em\u003e]); \u003cem\u003ePelophylax esculenus\u003c/em\u003e (Andre \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1913\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Vojtkova et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1963\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Kozak \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1968\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Vojtkova and Krivanec \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Cox \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Frandsen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1974\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Prokopic and Krivanec \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Kuc and Sulgostowska \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988b\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]; Bjelic-Carilo et al. 2009; Popiolek et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana esculenta\u003c/em\u003e]); \u003cem\u003ePelophylas lessonae\u003c/em\u003e (Popiolek et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana lessonae\u003c/em\u003e]; \u003cem\u003ePelophylax ridibundus\u003c/em\u003e (Ivanitzky \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1940\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana ridibunda\u003c/em\u003e]; Buchvarov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1962\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1965\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana ridibunda\u003c/em\u003e]; Bondy \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1967\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana ridibunda\u003c/em\u003e]; Buchvarov et al. 1975 [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana ridibunda\u003c/em\u003e]; Bozkov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana ridibunda\u003c/em\u003e]; Kuc and Sulgostowska 1988a [identified as \u003cem\u003eRana ridibunda\u003c/em\u003e]; D\u0026uuml;şen and \u0026Ouml;z \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Koyun et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Karakaş \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Kuzmin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Tepe and Yılan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Jacob \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Amin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eRana arvalis\u003c/em\u003e (Frandsen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1974\u003c/span\u003e; Prokopic and Kribanec 1975; Cedhagen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e; Kuc and Sulgostowska \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988b\u003c/span\u003e; Amin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eRana dalmatina\u003c/em\u003e (Frandsen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1974\u003c/span\u003e;); \u003cem\u003eRana macrocnemis\u003c/em\u003e (Tepe and Yılan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eRana temporaria\u003c/em\u003e (Andre \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1913\u003c/span\u003e; Goto and Hewer \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1949\u003c/span\u003e; Lees \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1962\u003c/span\u003e; Bondy \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1967\u003c/span\u003e; Pospisilova 1967; Cox \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e; Hristovski and Lees \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e; Frandsen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1974\u003c/span\u003e; Prokopic and Krivanec \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e; Cedhagen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e; Kuc and Sulgostowska \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988b\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eLissotriton vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e (Taranko-Tulecka \u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1959\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eTriturus vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e]; Cox \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e [identified as \u003cem\u003eTriturus vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e]; Canning et al. 1973 [identified as \u003cem\u003eTriturus vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e]; Frandsen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1974\u003c/span\u003e; [identified as \u003cem\u003eTriturus vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e]); \u003cem\u003eTriturus cristatus\u003c/em\u003e (Cox \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eAnguis fragilis\u003c/em\u003e (Shimalov et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eNatrix natrix\u003c/em\u003e (Bertman \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e; Shimalov and Shimalov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eRana tavasensis\u003c/em\u003e (Heckmann et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; D\u0026uuml;şen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003ePelophylax bedriagae\u003c/em\u003e( Yıldırımhan et al. 2015); \u003cem\u003eHyla orientalis\u003c/em\u003e ( Yakar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) ; \u003cem\u003eCaranx ignobilis\u003c/em\u003e (Sakthivel and Gopalakrishnan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eSeriolina nigrofasciata\u003c/em\u003e (Sakthivel and Gopalakrishnan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eDayseiaena albida\u003c/em\u003e (Sakthivel and Gopalakrishnan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Amin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003ePelophylax esculentus\u003c/em\u003e (Amin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Bjelić-Čabrilo et al. 2009; Kuzmin et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Herczeg et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eRhinella icterica\u003c/em\u003e (Pilati et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eLutra lutra\u003c/em\u003e (Rolbiecki and Izdebska \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo our knowledge, 27 helminth species have been identified in \u003cem\u003eB. variegata\u003c/em\u003e collected in Austria, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Greece, Poland, and former Yugoslavia: \u003cem\u003eBrandesia turgida\u003c/em\u003e (Prokopic and Krivanec \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eCephalogonimus retusus\u003c/em\u003e (Buchvarov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1962\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eDiplodiscus subclavatus\u003c/em\u003e (Prokopic \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e; Volna-Babelkova 1964; Kozak \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1966\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e; Prokopic and Krivanec \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e; Grabda-Kazubska and Lewin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eEuryhelmis sguamula\u003c/em\u003e (Vojtkova and Vojtek \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eGorgodera cygnoides\u003c/em\u003e (Buchvaraov 1977; Prokopic \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e; Rittichova \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1958\u003c/span\u003e; Kozak \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1966\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e; Vojtkova and Votjek 1975); \u003cem\u003eGorgoderina alobata\u003c/em\u003e (Lees and Mitchell 1965; Vojthova and Krivanec 1970; Kozak \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e; Prokopic and Krivanec \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e; Grabda-Kazubska and Lewin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eGorgoderina vitelliloba\u003c/em\u003e (Vojtkova et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1963\u003c/span\u003e; Volna-Nabelkova \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1964\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eHaematoloechus abbreviatus\u003c/em\u003e (Kozak \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1966\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e; Vojtkova and Krivanec \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e; Grabda-Kazubska and Lewin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eHaematoloechus asper\u003c/em\u003e (Prokspic and Kribanec 1975); \u003cem\u003eHaematoloechus schulzei\u003c/em\u003e (Buchvarov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1965\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eHaematoloechus similis\u003c/em\u003e (Buchvarov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1962\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eHaematoloechus variegatus\u003c/em\u003e (Buchvarov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1965\u003c/span\u003e; Rittichova \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1958\u003c/span\u003e; Volna-Nabelkova \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1964\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eHalipegus ovocaudatus\u003c/em\u003e (Vojtkova and Vojtek \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eHaplometra cylindracea\u003c/em\u003e (Vojtkova and Vojtek \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e); (Vojtkova and Vojtek \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eLepiophallus nigrovenosus\u003c/em\u003e (Vojtkova and Vojtek \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eOpisthioglyphe ranae\u003c/em\u003e (Prospic 1957; Kozak \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e; Prokspic and Kribanec 1975); \u003cem\u003eOpisthioglyphe rastellus\u003c/em\u003e (Prokospic 1957 Vjtkova et al. 1963; Vojtkova and Krivanec \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e; Kozak \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e; Prokopic and Krivenec 1975; Grabda-Kazubska and Lewin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e; Sattmann \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003ePlagiorchis elegans\u003c/em\u003e (Prokspic and Krivanec 1975); \u003cem\u003ePleurogenoides medians\u003c/em\u003e (Vojtkova and Votjek 1975; Buchvarov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eProsotocus confusus\u003c/em\u003e (Prokspic and Krivanec 1975 \u003cem\u003eNematotaenia dispar\u003c/em\u003e (Buchvarov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1963\u003c/span\u003e; Prokopic \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e; Prokopic and Krivanec \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e; Hristovski and Riggio \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e; Ryzhikov et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eCosmocerca ornata\u003c/em\u003e (Prokopic \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e; Kozlowska 1960; Buchvarov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1962\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1965\u003c/span\u003e; Volna-Nabelkova \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1964\u003c/span\u003e; Kozak \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e; Hristovski \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e; Moravec and Vojtkova \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1974\u003c/span\u003e; Vojtkova \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1976\u003c/span\u003e; Grabda-Kazubska and Lewin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e; Sattmann \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eHedruris androphora\u003c/em\u003e (Vojtkova \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1976\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cem\u003eOswaldocruzia filiformis\u003c/em\u003e (Prokopic \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e; Buchvaroav 1962; Volna-Nabelkova \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1964\u003c/span\u003e; Kozak \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e; Prokopic and Krivanec \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e; Vojtkova \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1976\u003c/span\u003e; Rozman \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1976\u003c/span\u003e; Grabda-Kazubska and Lewin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e; Kirin and Buchvarov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eOswaldocruzia ukrainae\u003c/em\u003e (Vojtkova \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1976\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eRhabdias bufonis\u003c/em\u003e (Prokopic \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e; Buchvarov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1965\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eNematotaenia dispar\u003c/em\u003e (Prokopic \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e; Buchvarov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1963\u003c/span\u003e; Hristovski and Riggio \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e; Prokopic and Krivanec \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e; Ryzhikov et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eAcanthocephalus ranae\u003c/em\u003e (Volna-Nabelkova \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1964\u003c/span\u003e; Grabda-Kazubska and Lewin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn comparison with neighboring countries, the number of helminth parasites in \u003cem\u003eB. variegata\u003c/em\u003e collected in T\u0026uuml;rkiye (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3) is low: Austria (1), Bulgaria (9), former Czechoslovakia, (22), Denmark (1), Greece, (2), Poland (7), and former Yugoslavia (2). However, this may be a result of the number of published reports. Further study of the Turkish population of \u003cem\u003eB. variegata\u003c/em\u003e should expand the parasite list.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFinancial interests:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare they have no financial interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare there are no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for animal testing, animal care, and the use of toads were followed by the authors. Ethical approval for animal experimentation was given in material and method section.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHSY-Conception, Design, NS- Conception, Design, SupervisionAMR-UB-MK-YC-MWD-\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbdel-Gaber R, Maher S, Kamel R, El Deeb N (2017) Supplementary studies of \u003cem\u003ePleurogenoides medians\u003c/em\u003e (Digenea: Lecithodendriidae) infecting the marsh frog \u003cem\u003eRana ridibunda\u003c/em\u003e (Amphibia: Ranidae) in Egypt. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 6:154\u0026ndash;159 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmin OM, Lisitsyna OL, Heckmann RA (2023) Evaluating energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) as a diagnostic tool in acanthocephalan taxonomy as evidenced in Palaeacanthocephala and Archiacanthocephala. 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Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 68:425-432.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZeder JGH (1800) Erster Nachtrag zur Naturgeschfchte der Eingeweidew\u0026uuml;rmer., Bamberg. 432 pp.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Türkiye, Bombina variegata, Yellow-bellied Toad, Digenea, Acanthocephala","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3917529/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3917529/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, 45 individuals (18 female, 20 male, and 7 juvenile) of the Yellow-bellied Toad, \u003cem\u003eBombina variegata\u003c/em\u003e were collected from Karacahasan Mountain region (located in the Enez district of Edirne province in northwestern T\u0026uuml;rkiye) in 2015\u0026ndash;2016 and examined for helminths. Two species of Digenea (\u003cem\u003eGorgodera cygnoides\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePleurogenoides medians\u003c/em\u003e) and one species of Acanthocephala (\u003cem\u003eAcanthocephalus ranae\u003c/em\u003e) were found.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study is the first helminth study and only helminth study conducted on \u003cem\u003eB. variegata\u003c/em\u003e from T\u0026uuml;rkiye.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Helminth Fauna of the Yellow-bellied Toad, Bombina variegata (Linnaeus, 1758) Collected From Northwestern of Türkiye","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-02-07 10:00:13","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3917529/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7ea64421-2451-4c73-8909-ea0b5561b340","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 7th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-02-09T21:29:26+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-02-07 10:00:13","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3917529","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3917529","identity":"rs-3917529","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}