Sustainable Approach for Developing High-Performance Activated Carbon from Agricultural Wastes: Exploring the Impact of Carbonization Parameters and Activating Agents for Enhanced Physiochemical Properties

Sustainable Approach for Developing High-Performance Activated Carbon from Agricultural Wastes: Exploring the Impact of Carbonization Parameters and Activating Agents for Enhanced Physiochemical Properties | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Sustainable Approach for Developing High-Performance Activated Carbon from Agricultural Wastes: Exploring the Impact of Carbonization Parameters and Activating Agents for Enhanced Physiochemical Properties Krishna Kumar, Uplabdhi Tyagi, Saurav Kumar Maity, Shagun Singh, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4807116/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Activated carbon, with its notable porosity and large surface area, holds significant promise for various applications. However, the limited exploration of diverse biomass precursors and the insufficient correlation between pore distribution and performance present several challenges. This study addresses these issues by synthesizing activated carbon from banana peel (BP), potato peel (PP), and tea residue (TR) biomass, by optimizing parameters such as temperature (350–900°C), time (30–480 min), pH (1–12), dosage (1–10 g), and particle size (> 0.841 − 0.105 mm). The findings revealed that banana peel-derived activated carbon achieved the highest carbonization yield of 69.867% under optimal conditions (temperature = 350°C, time = 30 min, pH = 1, dosage = 3 g, and particle size > 0.841 mm). Significant enhancements in the characteristics of the activated carbon were observed compared to raw biomass. XRD confirmed the existence of graphitic carbon with (002), (100), and (004) planes, which was further supported by the Raman spectroscopy showing D and G bands near 1320 cm − 1 and 1568 cm − 1 . Morphological analysis revealed that maximum surface area (49.374 m²g − 1 ) was achieved for banana peel-derived activated carbon compared to those derived from potato peel (40.218 m²g − 1 ) and tea residue (45.355 m²g − 1 ). Furthermore, the synthesized activated carbon exhibited superior thermal stability compared to the raw biomass, with minimal weight loss of ~ 17–19% across the temperature 20–900°C. This research highlights the significant contribution towards waste management and resource utilization while supporting the development of green technologies for activated carbon synthesis. Biomass utilization Waste management Carbon activation Sustainable synthesis Full Text Supplementary Files ESM1.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4807116","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":344926733,"identity":"7ec2ab53-cb57-4e19-a905-eda05c64bc04","order_by":0,"name":"Krishna Kumar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Krishna","middleName":"","lastName":"Kumar","suffix":""},{"id":344926734,"identity":"a37e1323-9765-4df8-9b2b-9c3e54682d5a","order_by":1,"name":"Uplabdhi Tyagi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha 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Properties","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Biomass utilization, Waste management, Carbon activation, Sustainable synthesis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4807116/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4807116/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eActivated carbon, with its notable porosity and large surface area, holds significant promise for various applications. However, the limited exploration of diverse biomass precursors and the insufficient correlation between pore distribution and performance present several challenges. This study addresses these issues by synthesizing activated carbon from banana peel (BP), potato peel (PP), and tea residue (TR) biomass, by optimizing parameters such as temperature (350\u0026ndash;900\u0026deg;C), time (30\u0026ndash;480 min), pH (1\u0026ndash;12), dosage (1\u0026ndash;10 g), and particle size (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.841\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.105 mm). The findings revealed that banana peel-derived activated carbon achieved the highest carbonization yield of 69.867% under optimal conditions (temperature\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;350\u0026deg;C, time\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30 min, pH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1, dosage\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3 g, and particle size\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.841 mm). Significant enhancements in the characteristics of the activated carbon were observed compared to raw biomass. XRD confirmed the existence of graphitic carbon with (002), (100), and (004) planes, which was further supported by the Raman spectroscopy showing D and G bands near 1320 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 1568 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. Morphological analysis revealed that maximum surface area (49.374 m\u0026sup2;g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) was achieved for banana peel-derived activated carbon compared to those derived from potato peel (40.218 m\u0026sup2;g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) and tea residue (45.355 m\u0026sup2;g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e). Furthermore, the synthesized activated carbon exhibited superior thermal stability compared to the raw biomass, with minimal weight loss of ~\u0026thinsp;17\u0026ndash;19% across the temperature 20\u0026ndash;900\u0026deg;C. This research highlights the significant contribution towards waste management and resource utilization while supporting the development of green technologies for activated carbon synthesis.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Sustainable Approach for Developing High-Performance Activated Carbon from Agricultural Wastes: Exploring the Impact of Carbonization Parameters and Activating Agents for Enhanced Physiochemical Properties","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-09-24 06:23:51","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4807116/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6f2274b8-2fdb-41ce-bb6b-016c5dd2d5c2","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 24th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-01-10T22:19:09+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-09-24 06:23:51","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4807116","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4807116","identity":"rs-4807116","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}