Mapping evidence on screening for Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) at primary health care level: A scoping review protocol

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This chronic disease of the optic nerve often goes undiagnosed due to its asymptomatic early stages. Increased awareness and regular eye exams can help in early detection and management. Purpose/Objectives This study aims to comprehensively identify the existing literature on screening programs or interventions for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) at the primary healthcare level. Additionally, the study aims to outline the characteristics of these screening programs/interventions and emphasize the most successful programs that have been implemented at the primary healthcare level. Methods The scoping review will be conducted following the framework developed by Arksey and O’Malley and Levac et al. (2010) methodological enhancement for conducting a scoping review project. The search will cover peer-reviewed articles published in English between the inception and May 2024 from databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, EBSCOhost, Web of Science, and the WHO Global Database. The search on the EBSCOhost platform will include databases such as Academic Search Complete, APA PsycInfo, Health Source-Consumer Edition, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, MEDLINE with full text, and Open Dissertations. The extracted data will be analyzed using QualCoder 1.9 version. The study findings will be reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), and a checklist will be completed to ensure adherence to reporting guidelines. Conclusion This review will help identify research gaps in primary healthcare POAG screening programs and recommend effective interventions. 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F1000Research 2025, 14 :52 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.158131.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Study Protocol Mapping evidence on screening for Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) at primary health care level: A scoping review protocol [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review] Portia Noxolo Mkhabela https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2960-8688 1 , Tshubelela Sello Simon Magakwe https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8724-9911 1 , Sphamandla Josias Nkambule 2 , Zamadonda Nokuthula Xulu-Kasaba https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2729-8639 1 Portia Noxolo Mkhabela https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2960-8688 1 , Tshubelela Sello Simon Magakwe https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8724-9911 1 , Sphamandla Josias Nkambule 2 , Zamadonda Nokuthula Xulu-Kasaba https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2729-8639 1 PUBLISHED 09 Jan 2025 Author details Author details 1 Optometry, University of KwaZulu-Natal - Westville Campus, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, 4001, South Africa 2 Department of public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, 4001, South Africa Portia Noxolo Mkhabela Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Software, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Tshubelela Sello Simon Magakwe Roles: Methodology, Resources, Software, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Sphamandla Josias Nkambule Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Visualization Zamadonda Nokuthula Xulu-Kasaba Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW REVIEWER STATUS AWAITING PEER REVIEW This article is included in the Eye Health gateway. Abstract Background Glaucoma, the primary cause of irreversible blindness globally, mainly presents as primary open-angle glaucoma and is more common in sub-Saharan Africa. This chronic disease of the optic nerve often goes undiagnosed due to its asymptomatic early stages. Increased awareness and regular eye exams can help in early detection and management. Purpose/Objectives This study aims to comprehensively identify the existing literature on screening programs or interventions for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) at the primary healthcare level. Additionally, the study aims to outline the characteristics of these screening programs/interventions and emphasize the most successful programs that have been implemented at the primary healthcare level. Methods The scoping review will be conducted following the framework developed by Arksey and O’Malley and Levac et al. (2010) methodological enhancement for conducting a scoping review project. The search will cover peer-reviewed articles published in English between the inception and May 2024 from databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, EBSCOhost, Web of Science, and the WHO Global Database. The search on the EBSCOhost platform will include databases such as Academic Search Complete, APA PsycInfo, Health Source-Consumer Edition, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, MEDLINE with full text, and Open Dissertations. The extracted data will be analyzed using QualCoder 1.9 version. The study findings will be reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), and a checklist will be completed to ensure adherence to reporting guidelines. Conclusion This review will help identify research gaps in primary healthcare POAG screening programs and recommend effective interventions. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Primary open-angle glaucoma, glaucoma screening programs, interventions, primary health care, Glaucoma, Accessibility, cost-effectiveness, Irreversible blindness Corresponding Author(s) Portia Noxolo Mkhabela ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Portia Noxolo Mkhabela Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: CHS scholarship received - College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Copyright: © 2025 Mkhabela PN et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Mkhabela PN, Magakwe TSS, Nkambule SJ and Xulu-Kasaba ZN. Mapping evidence on screening for Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) at primary health care level: A scoping review protocol [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :52 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.158131.1 ) First published: 09 Jan 2025, 14 :52 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.158131.1 ) Latest published: 09 Jan 2025, 14 :52 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.158131.1 ) 1. Study background Glaucoma is the primary cause of irreversible blindness globally. 1 – 5 The most common type of glaucoma, affecting 90% of patients, is Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG). 4 , 6 Primary open-angle glaucoma is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease of the optic nerve, characterized by thinning of the optic disc and/or retinal nerve fiber layer, accompanied by visual field defects. Other scholars suggest that typical optic nerve changes or visual field defects are adequate for diagnosing glaucoma. 7 – 9 In this context of POAG, “open” delineates a specific anatomical configuration characterized by an unobstructed anterior chamber angle, easily visualized through gonioscopic lens examination. This configuration is distinctly differentiated from closed or narrow-angle glaucoma, nosologically and therapeutically divergent clinical condition whose comprehensive diagnostic and management strategies extend beyond the interpretive scope of the present view. 10 , 11 Primary angle glaucoma is usually bilateral, although it can be asymmetric, and typically manifests in mid to late adulthood. 9 , 12 Despite the association between elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) greater or equal to 21 mmHg and POAG, up to 40% of patients with POAG do not exhibit elevated IOP which can be missed sometimes if clinicians solely rely on tonometry to diagnose POAG. 11 It is estimated that 3.5% of adults between the ages of 40 and 80 worldwide have glaucoma. 13 It is anticipated that 111.8 million people will have glaucoma in 2040 due to the growing number and percentage of elderly individuals in the population. 9 , 14 – 17 Noticeably, a large number of cases of primary open-angle glaucoma worldwide remain undiagnosed or poorly managed. 18 , 19 Because early-stage glaucoma is asymptomatic, well-crafted health promotion programs that stress early detection by raising awareness of the value of routine eye exams can effectively increase older populations’ use of eye care services. 12 , 20 In most contexts, screening for glaucoma in the general population is currently not thought to be cost-effective. 21 – 24 Because early detection is crucial for protecting visual function, frequent eye exams are advised for high-risk patients. Lowering intraocular pressure is the only validated and widely recognised method of lowering the risk of glaucoma development. 1 Numerous therapies, such as laser therapy, surgery, therapeutic eye drops, or a combination of these, can lower intraocular pressure. 25 International policies support screening for the prevention of blindness, as part of the VISION 2020 initiative. 21 , 26 However, these policies are not being met. 21 – 23 Previous policies recommended screenings every 2-3 years and included the following tests: 1. Tonometry (Intraocular pressure measurement) 2. Ophthalmoscopy (Optic nerve head evaluation) 3. Perimetry (Visual field test) 4. Gonioscopy (Angle measurement where the iris meets the cornea) 5. Pachymetry (Corneal thickness measurement) 6. Visual Acuity testing. 5 , 27 Screening should be conducted at the primary health care level, as it is more accessible and affordable for patients, especially for individuals coming from low-middle income countries. 24 There is more evidence of glaucoma being detected during cataract surgeries by ophthalmologists, indicating a gap in detection at the secondary health care level as opposed to the primary health care level. This lack of detection at the primary healthcare level may result in the disease progressing severely, leading to higher healthcare costs and a higher likelihood of vision loss. This study aims to comprehensively identify the existing literature on screening programs or interventions for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) at the primary healthcare level. Additionally, the study aims to outline the characteristics of these screening programs/interventions and emphasize the most successful programs that have been implemented at the primary healthcare level. We searched the Open Science Framework, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and the JBI Evidence Synthesis platform and found no completed, started, or proposed scoping or systematic reviews on screening for primary open-angle glaucoma at the primary healthcare level. 2. Methods The conduct and design of this review will be guided by Arksey and O’Malley’s (2005) scoping review framework guidelines, 28 and Levac et al . (2010) methodological enhancement for conducting a scoping review project. 28 According to Arksey and O’Malley’s framework, five stages in projecting a scoping review exist: (1) defining the review question and criteria development for studies inclusion; (2) Study search to address the evaluation question; (3) Selection of studies that meet the criteria for inclusion in the review; (4) Data charting from the studies that meet the criteria for inclusion, and (5) Assemble, summarising, and reporting the results. 28 The review results will be reported in accordance with the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. 29 , 30 The review protocol was registered with the Open Science Framework and can be accessed by this link https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/9UDPF . 36 The University of KwaZulu Natal’s Biomedical Research Ethical Committee (BREC) granted ethical approval for this study, with reference number BREC/00007182/2024. The Declaration of Helsinki, which governs all research involving humans, is followed in this study. Consent was not required because the study would use publicly available, previously published data. 2.1 Review question To determine the research question’s eligibility for a scoping review project, we applied the Population, Concept, and Context (PCC) nomenclature for the scoping review as outlined in Table 1 below. Table 1. PCC Framework for determining the Eligibility of research questions. Criteria Determinants Population Primary open-angle glaucoma patients from any part of the world, Any age group, both genders, regardless of their country and ethnic groups. Concept Glaucoma Screening Patients presenting with Primary open-angle glaucoma Literature with Screening of Primary open-angle glaucoma will be at primary healthcare level will be looked at, as Vision 2020 for prevention of blindness states that screening should be every 2-3 years, the following tests performed 1. Tonometry (Intra-ocular pressure) 2. Ophthalmoscopy (optic nerve head evaluation) 3. Perimetry (Visual field test) 4. Gonioscopy (measure the angle in the eye where the Iris meets the cornea). 5. Pachymetry (measure thickness of the cornea) 6. Visual Acuity testing 7. Pachymetry (measure thickness of the cornea) Context Primary health care level (Clinics and community health sites) Glaucoma – Prevalence, social and economic effects of the condition at the primary healthcare level (eye clinics, community centers, etc.) The upcoming scoping review will explore the following research questions: 1. What has the current literature revealed about screening programs and interventions for primary open-angle glaucoma carried out at the primary healthcare level? 2. What are the key characteristics of screening programs for primary open-angle glaucoma implemented at the primary healthcare level? 3. What is the effectiveness of these screening programs implemented at the primary health care level? 2.2 Eligibility criteria Eligibility criteria according to the PCC nomenclature criteria Table 2 , presented below is the eligibility criteria established according to the relevant constituents of the PCC framework guidance for assigning a Scoping review to warrant that the suggested scoping review research question’s confines are distinctly delineated. Studies with end results considered to be adequately similar will be eligible for inclusion in the scoping review. Table 2. Eligibility criteria according to the PCC nomenclature criteria. Criteria Inclusion Exclusions Population Studies conducted in any part of the world involving screening of primary open-angle glaucoma patients as participants Reported study participants will be included irrespective of gender, age, ethnicity, culture, race, and comorbidities. Research studies involving Non-primary open-angle glaucoma screening Concept Studies reporting on Primary open-angle glaucoma Screening (Methods and characteristics) Confirmed by statistics on early diagnoses of glaucoma leading to successful management, tests on Also, studies analyzing the clinical screening characteristics and outcomes of POAG screening worldwide. Research studies reporting on other exposures/risk factors other than the ones included Context Studies reporting on POAG screening at the primary health care level (eye clinic, hospitals, private practice, etc) Prevalence, social and economic effects of the condition Research studies reporting on screening at the secondary or Tertiary level None validated outcome measures studies on primary open-angle glaucoma screening 2.3 Information sources and search strategy for the identification of relevant studies The literature search strategy A thorough and repeatable search of reliable bibliographic databases, indexing services (and platforms), and other supplemental information sources, including Google Scholar and manual searching, will be used to find relevant papers for the proposed review. Using a predetermined search strategy, two reviewers will do all the primary electronic searches concurrently with the help of a professional librarian. Refer to Table 3 . Table 3. Search strategy plot search results from PubMed database, Google Scholar, EBSCOhost. Date of search The search engine used (Database) Keyword search used No of the articles retrieved 30/06/2024 PubMed Primary open-angle glaucoma OR Complications of primary open-angle glaucoma AND Screening OR Primary health care level AND Sub-Saharan Africa 1992 30/06/24 EBSCOhost Primary open-angle glaucoma OR Complications of primary open-angle glaucoma AND Screening OR Primary health care level AND Sub-Saharan Africa 14036 30/06/2024 Google Scholar Primary open-angle glaucoma OR Complications of primary open-angle glaucoma AND Screening OR Primary health care level AND Sub-Saharan Africa 2970 Electronic searches We will use advanced search strategies in nine electronic bibliographic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, EBSCOHost, Web of Science, and WHO Global Database to find relevant studies from the beginning of each database to the present. Retrieved articles meeting the inclusion criteria will be exported to Mendeley reference management software, for further processing. We will check for any duplicates after transferring the records to Mendeley . There will be a virtual library that will be exclusively created for this study to manage records and data throughout the review. 2.4 Study selection Title screening Two reviewers, including the principal investigator (PNM), will search for eligible articles by analysing the search results from the electronic bibliographic databases and platforms mentioned above. The study eligibility criteria will direct their search. After that, articles with pertinent titles will be exported into the virtual library of Mendeley virtual library. The Abstract screening stage will start after any duplicate articles are eliminated Abstract screening After removing duplicates, PNM, and the other two reviewers will independently start the initial title and abstract screening process simultaneously. Abstracts not meeting the study eligibility criteria will be eliminated. Any disagreements between the reviewers will be resolved through discussion and reaching a consensus. Full-article screening The eligibility of the retrieved studies will be further established by referring to the full-text assessment for eligibility after the abstract screening stage, where studies that satisfied the inclusion criteria or where there are uncertainty will be screened more thoroughly. Three impartial reviewers will complete this step similarly to the abstract screening step. Studies that don’t fit the requirements for inclusion will be disqualified. Immediately after the full-text screening, the two reviewers will locate any papers that the databases search missed, perform a secondary search of the reference lists of each included study. Cohen’s Kappa coefficient (k), a reliable statistic for inter-rater reliability testing, will now be utilised to evaluate the disputes between the two reviewers. A third reviewer will be called to resolve any inconsistencies between the two reviewers. A third reviewer will be called to resolve any inconsistencies between the two reviewers that have been identified. 2.5 Data charting process Two independent reviewers will use a data extraction tool they developed to extract data from papers that were part of the scoping review. Specific information on the participants, concept, setting, study techniques and important findings pertinent to the review topic will all be included in the data extracted. As data extracted from each of the specified evidence sources, the draft data extraction tool will be adjusted and altered as needed. The scoping review will include specifics on the changes. Any disputes amongst the reviewers will be settled by dialogue or by consulting with one or more additional reviewers. When necessary, missing or extra data will be requested by contacting the paper’s authors. 2.6 Data items The outcomes of the search and the process of selecting studies will be fully reported in the final scoping review. They will be presented in a flow diagram as suggested by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses extension for scoping review (PRISMA-ScR ). 29 The gathered data will be analysed narratively using Qualcoder 1.9 version. A table will be created to showcase all the narrative accounts of existing literature, including the implemented programs in primary healthcare, their characteristics, and their effectiveness. Additionally, a narrative summary of each screening program will be included to provide further details. 3. Discussion Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a leading cause of blindness, but screening for it at the primary care level remains challenging. While ophthalmoscopic disc photos show high specificity for detecting glaucoma, their sensitivity is lower, suggesting additional testing may be necessary. 31 National screening programs are currently difficult to justify due to test validity issues, manpower constraints, and resource limitations. 32 The progression of visual field deficits in some patients may be delayed due to treatment that lowers intraocular pressure with early POAG, as demonstrated in a Swedish trial (ARR 17%, P=0.007), but the impact on vision-related function remains unclear. 33 Further research is needed to develop improved screening tests and evaluate their cost-effectiveness in primary care settings. 31 , 34 POAG is rarely diagnosed by primary care clinicians, despite being a significant cause of visual loss among the elderly. 35 4. Conclusion This review will help identify research gaps in primary healthcare POAG screening programs and recommend effective interventions. Authors’ contributions Conceptualization PNM., SJN., and ZNXK. Methodology PNM., SJN., and ZNXK. Project Administration PNM. Resources Software PNM., TSSM. Supervision Validation ZNXK. Visualization PNM., SJN., ZNXK., TSSM. Writing – Original PNM. Draft Preparation PNM., ZNXK., TSSM. Writing – Review & Editing PNM., ZNXK., TSSM. Ethics and concern Although ethical considerations were not mandatory for this protocol project, ethical clearance was obtained from the Biomedical Research Ethical Committee at the University of KwaZulu Natal (BREC/00007182/2024). Ethical clearance for this manuscript was obtained on July 3rd, 2024. This study adheres to the Declaration of Helsinki’s statement of ethical principles for medical research involving humans. Data availability Underlying data No data are associated with this article. OSF: Mapping evidence on screening for primary open angle glaucoma at Primary health care level, Doi: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/9UDPF . 36 This project contains the following extended data: • Protocol.docx Data is available under the terms of the CC0 1.0 Universal Reporting checklist Zenodo: PRISMA checklist for “Mapping evidence on primary open-angle glaucoma at primary healthcare level”, Doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13927909 . 37 Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). Acknowledgment I would like to acknowledge librarian Basdeo for his assistance with Mendeley and the University of KwaZulu Natal (UKZN) for library facilities. References 1. Ezinne NE, Ojukwu CS, Ekemiri KK, et al. : Prevalence and clinical profile of glaucoma patients in rural Nigeria—A hospital-based study. PLoS One. 2021; 16 (12): 1–15. Publisher Full Text 2. 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Reference Source Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 09 Jan 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Optometry, University of KwaZulu-Natal - Westville Campus, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, 4001, South Africa 2 Department of public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, 4001, South Africa Portia Noxolo Mkhabela Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Software, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Tshubelela Sello Simon Magakwe Roles: Methodology, Resources, Software, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Sphamandla Josias Nkambule Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Visualization Zamadonda Nokuthula Xulu-Kasaba Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information CHS scholarship received - College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 09 Jan 2025, 14:52 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.158131.1 Copyright © 2025 Mkhabela PN et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Mkhabela PN, Magakwe TSS, Nkambule SJ and Xulu-Kasaba ZN. 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