The importance of Evaluation of microorganisms in raw sewage sludge intended for agriculture

The importance of Evaluation of microorganisms in raw sewage sludge intended for agriculture | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The importance of Evaluation of microorganisms in raw sewage sludge intended for agriculture Laid BOUCHAALA, Nedjoud GRARA, Nabil CHARCHAR, Heidar NOURINE, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4020284/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The present study was conducted to determine the microbiological characteristics of sewage sludge from five waste-water treatment plants (WWTPs) in eastern Algeria and to assess the efficiency of drying beds in lowering the microbial load in this sludge, which is typically used in agricultural fields. We chose the five most significant waste-water treatment facilities in Algeria's Eastern area to carry out this study. Where we have counted harmful microorganisms ( Salmonella, Clostridium ), and examined parasites. Total coliforms, fecal " E. coli " and fecal streptococci were used as indicators of fecal contamination. The obtained results indicate that the examined sewage sludge is a rich source of microorganisms, particularly bacteria of fecal origin, especially during the months of high temperature (Spring, Summer), and moor particular in the sludge of medium age (more than 1 month). As a result, we have reported a significant presence of anaerobic sulfate-reducingria (ASR), Salmonella spp. , and E. coli . We also observed that this sludge included parasites, ranging from protozoa to helminth eggs. We may draw the conclusion that even if the microbiological load in the sewage sludge significantly decreased after treatment in the drying beds, the hazards associated with the spread of this sludge must be managed by adherence to a set of exact guidelines. This study allowed us to determine the microbiological properties of sewage sludge, through which we can reduce the risks or definitively eliminated, which allows the possibility of valued them in the agricultural sector by avoiding all possible environmental risks and even on health public. wastewater treatment plants sewage sludge microbiological characterization Algeria Figures Figure 1 INTRODUCTION Pollutant discharges are necessarily produced in greater quantities and become more complicated as a result of human activity expansion and population rise [ 1 ]. According to the estimate, each individual drinks 150–200 liters of water on average per day. Once utilized, this water must be properly disposed away in order to preserve the environment. The quality of the water is changed by the discharge of several chemicals. Unwanted or hazardous minerals and organic debris in suspension, solution, or emulsion form this pollution [ 2 ]. The authorities are prioritizing this issue since it has grown to be a serious worry for the whole population. Water is necessary for life on Earth owing to its numerous applications, and industrial and/or agricultural growth is always planned in accordance with the availability of water. Regardless of the time period being studied, these two claims must be factored in [ 3 ]. One of the ways we deal with the polluted water that technology offered us is through the polluted water treatment plants (WWTP). It generally includes several phases of treatment [ 4 ]. Whatever the treatment system adopted, the treatment of wastewater is accompanied by a product of significant quantities of sludge that must be disposed of. Several channels exist for the disposal of this sludge, but the choice must be based on the cost of installation, the origin of the sludge, the added value of the resulting product, and the environmental impact of the selected channel. Land filling (also called storage) is a low value technology which is legally prohibited in many countries (Directive 1999/31/EC). Sludge incineration is prohibitively expensive and poses a risk in terms of the impact of toxic gases on the environment, such as dioxins. Energy recovery (production of biogas as a source of heat and electricity) and biological or agricultural recovery (production of fertilizer and compost) are green technologies which transforms sludge into high value-added products as well as minimizing risks of pollution [ 5 , 6 ]. The National Sanitation Office (ONA) in Algeria estimated, in 2013, that 539 tons of waste sludge are generated per day [ 7 ]. However, this quantity cannot be delivered to the state since this waste poses a serious problem for public health and the environment. It may contain pollutants (heavy metals and organic polluting compounds) and dangerous pathogens (microorganisms and parasites). This imposes an adequate treatment for the harmlessness and valorization of this waste. In Algeria, the research work undertaken is focused mainly on the partial characterization of sludge (heavy metals). Our objective in this work is to determine the microbiological characteristics of sewage sludge from five WWTPs in eastern Algeria and to assess the efficiency of drying beds in reducing pathogens loading. These sludges are generally used in agriculture, where it is necessary to ensure that they are free of any pathogenic bacteria that could affect the environment or public health. Materials and methods Presentation of the study sites The study was conducted over the five most important wastewater treatment plants in the eastern region of Algeria, which contribute greatly to reducing the impacts of wastewater on the environment [8]. In addition to the purified wastewater produced, more or less important quantities of sewage sludge are produced in parallel accompanying the purification operation. This sludge must find a continuous destination and before valorizing them, it must be ensured that this is possible without any environmental or public health risk. In this study, we have chosen the five major wastewater treatment plants in the North-East region of Algeria (Fig. 1). Figure 1: Map of Algeria displaying the Location of the five wastewater treatment plants. The wastewater treatment plant of Bourdj Bou Ariridj (BBA) (S1): It is located in South of the city with a surface of 42750 m 2 (Fig. 1). Its capacity is 150,000 equivalent inhabitants, with a daily flow rate of 30,000 m 3 /d. The BBA WWTP is specialized in the treatment of domestic and storm water discharged by the city using the low-load activated sludge process. The purified waters of the station are discharged into the OUED K'SOB, it is located about 200 m away from the station which supplies the K'SOB dam in the wilaya of Mila, used for the irrigation of the lands downstream. Moreover, its purified water is recycled in agriculture and the sewage sludge is used as fertilizer. In October 2013, the sludge produced by the WWTP was estimated at 180 m 3 [9]. The station of Sidi Marouane (S2): It is located in the north of the town (12 km northwest of the capital of the wilaya of Milan) (Fig.1). It is an activated sludge treatment plant with a capacity of 137711 equivalent inhabitants. It was constructed to reduce pollution of the Beni Haroun dam, one of the large dams in Algeria. It is called upon to deal with the wastewater of Mila, Grarem Gouga, Sidi-Marouane, Ras- El-Bir, Annouche Ali, Sibari 1, and Sibari 2. Once treated, the water produced by the plant will be discharged into the basin of the dam, which is located right beside it [10]. The amount of sludge produced estimated in November 2013 was24.386 m 3 [9]. The Ibn Ziad wastewater treatment plant (S3) of the wilaya of Constantine: Regionalizes 12 km from the city of Constantine towards the northeast. It is located between 6° 30, 6° 45 north and 36° 15, 36° 30 east. Its surface is estimated by12 hectares [11] (Fig.1). It is an activated sludge treatment plant, designed for 450000 equivalent inhabitants. Today it treats a part of the wastewater discharged by the city of Constantine with a low load. The wastewater treatment plant of El Rabta of the wilaya Jijel (S4): It is located west of the city in the region of El Rabta, 2 km from the capital of wilaya, it occupies about 5.9 hectares and was commissioned in June 2008 (Fig.1).The plant is intended to treat domestic wastewater from the city of Jijel and its surroundings. With a capacity of 150000 population equivalent in the first phase, and according to a future extension of the plant as a second phase, with 225000 inhabitants. In October 2013, the amount of sludge produced by the plant was 224 m 3 [9]. The wastewater treatment plant of Guelma (S5): It is located about 1 km north of the city on the right flank of the valley developed by the Oued Seybouse and on the national road N o 21, leading to Annaba City, at the exit of the agglomeration. It is functional since 18 February 2008, and occupies an agricultural land of 8 hectares [9]. The station is characterized by a daily flow of 43 388 m 3 /d of wastewater [12], and a capacity of 200000 equivalent inhabitants. It uses the activated sludge process for treatment. The plant produced in October 2013 a quantity of sludge approximately 9288 m 3 [9]. SAMPLING Sampling was conducted from the drying beds of the WWTPs: Bordj Bou Ariridj, Sidi Merouane, Constantine, Jijel, and Guelma. We carried out an average sampling from three samples from different places of the drying beds and according to the time of stay of the sludge; that is to say, liquid sludge (LS) 00 stay, median sludge (BS1) from 1 to 2 months and dry sludge (BS2) exceeds 6 months. 4 sampling campaigns were carried out for each station, one per season. The sampling was done while taking our hygiene precautions. It was taken directly from the drying beds. Then, the sample was put in sterile plastic bags, well labeled and deposited in a refrigerated chamber (1 to 4 ° C), and then taken to the laboratory of the CRBt for analysis, in the shortest possible time, to carry out our microbiological analysis with a maximum delay of 8 hours before analysis [13]. The microbiological analyzes of this work were carried out at the level of the microbiology laboratory of the CRBt. While for the parasitology part, the analyzes were carried out at the level of the parasitology laboratory of the “DIDOUCHE Mourad” Hospital in Constantine. ANALYTICAL METHODS USED The search for and enumeration of bacteria in a sample to be analyzed or controlled first uses the general dilution technique. It allows the preparation of decimal dilutions of the sample suspension [14]. A master suspension (MS), solution or emulsion, obtained after a weighed amount (10 g) of sludge to be analyzed (sample) has been mixed for 20 min, if necessary using a homogenizer and observing appropriate precautions, with 100 ml of diluent (sterile distilled water) allowing the large particles to settle, if they exist [15]. After we performed a series of decimal dilutions by transferring 1 ml of the 1/10 dilution into 9 ml of sterile distilled water up to 1/1000 (10 -3 ). Enumeration of germs Enumerations were performed using the most probable number (MPN) liquid enumeration method. Enumeration results are determined from the Mac Grady table [13]. Total coliforms We used the liquid media bromocresol purple lactose broth (BCPL), a simple concentration, provided with a Durham bell after seeding we incubated the cultures at 37 °C ± 2°C for 24 h to 48 h. E. coli The E. coli bacterium represents, however, 80 to 90% of the thermo-tolerant coliforms detected [16]. Therefore, this parameter is referred to as E. coli instead of "thermo-tolerant" fecal coliforms. For each tube of BCPL, showing a positive result, we transfer it to a tube of Schubert medium containing mannitol and incubated it for 24 h to 48 h at 44°C. Mannitol fermented by E. coli (generally in 98% of cases) gives gas under the same conditions as lactose but does not interfere with the production of indole during the degradation of tryptophan. After incubation at 44°C for 24 hours, we added a few drops of Kowacks reagent to the tubes showing cloudiness. A positive reaction corresponds to the formation of a red ring [17]. Fecal Streptococci Fecal streptococci ( Enterococcus or D streptococci or intestinal enterococci) are commensals of the intestine. They are considered a good specific indicator of fecal contamination. Group D Streptococci or Fecal Streptococci are tested in a liquid medium. The technique uses two tests, namely: Presumptive test : Reserved for the search for Streptococci on Rothe medium, simple concentration; Confirmation test: Tubes found positive on Rothe medium (presence of cloudiness) are transferred to Eva Litsky medium after 24h of incubation at 37°C. The presence of cloudiness in the tubes with the formation of a purple ring at the bottom of the tube, confirms the presence of fecal streptococci [18]. Salmonella spp. The enumeration of Salmonella spp. in an SM and often complicated given their low concentration, it is, therefore, necessary to intervene with a method of enrichment. In our case, we used buffered peptone water (BPW), according to Protais et al. [19], we took 25 g of the sample (sludge) and dissolved it in 225 ml of BPW. The incubation was done at 37°C ± 1 for 24 hours, then for enrichment, we took 2 ml of the ETP medium (Pre-enriched solution) and put it in the tube containing the Cysteine Selenite Broth (CSB) medium, and then we incubated it at 37°C for 24 hours. Then, for secondary enrichment and isolation, the previous tubes containing the SFB that was incubated the day before were subjected to secondary enrichment of the new SFBS and isolation on Hektoen and Salmonella Shigella (SS) agar. Incubation was done at 37°C for 24 h [20]. Using the colony counter, the number of colony forming units (CFU) was counted on the plates. The general formula for viable counts on the plates is given in equation (1): N (CFUs per mL or g) = ∑ C/[V x {n 1 + (0.1 x n 2 )} x d x d] (1) Where: N: Number of CFUs per mL or g of the sample, PC: Sum of CFUs counted on all selected plates at two successive dilutions; V: volume of inoculum added to each plate (mL); n 1 : Number of plates selected in the 1 st dilution; n 2 : Number of plates selected at the 2 nd dilution; d: Dilution factor of the first dilution. Spores of anaerobic sulfite-reducing bacteria( Clostridium ) This is an investigation of strictly anaerobic bacteria, especially the genus Clostridium [21]. A temperature of 36°C ± 2 in 24 to 48 hours and on a deep agar, allows the development of this forme by giving white colonies surrounded by a black halo. It is the witness of the reduction of sodium sulfite (Na 2 SO 3 ) -which is in the medium- in sulfide that in the presence of Fe2+ gives FeS (iron sulfide) and a black color [20]. Parasites For the search for parasites in the sludge, we proceeded to three methods of concentration, two techniques of enrichment by flotation [22] with iodomercurate of potassium (d=1.44). We also used the Dada-Lindquist [23] technique with sodium dichromate (d=1.2) for helminth eggs and a concentration technique using the Teleman-Rivas two-phase method modified by Bailenger [24] with ether and acetoacetic buffer for Giardia spp . cysts . Data analysis Data comparison was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), HDS, and TUKY test using XL stat 2016 and Graph Pad Prism 7 software. Results Enumeration of germs The bacterial enumeration allowed us to determine some bacteriological characteristics of the sludge quantitatively and even qualitatively. We have carried out an enumeration on specific media, the results obtained which concerned the enumeration of total coliforms or E. coli of fecal streptococci are well presented in Tables 1 , 2 , and 3 below. Table 1 Results of the enumeration of bacteria in sludge BS1 months station CT log10 E. coli log10 SF log10 S. spp. log10 Winter S1 5,71 ± 5,34 4,60 ± 4,65 3,94 ± 3,96 4,53 ± 4,58 Spring 6,14 ± 6,20 4,77 ± 4,69 4,24 ± 3,54 4,54 ± 4,48 Summer 8,15 ± 0 6,69 ± 3,54 4,39 ± 4,66 5,37 ± 5,16 Automne 8,1461 ± 0 7,13 ± 6,96 4,98 ± 4,87 6,30 ± 6,32 Winter S2 5,08 ± 4,38 4,40 ± 3,89 3,75 ± 3,64 4,67 ± 4,11 Spring 5,17 ± 0 3,90 ± 3,15 2,33 ± 1,67 3,80 ± 3,16 Summer 8,09 ± 7,32 7,55 ± 7,18 4,57 ± 4,24 7,46 ± 7,52 Automne 8,14 ± 0 7,05 ± 6,71 3,69 ± 3,54 6,60 ± 6,58 Winter S3 5,09 ± 4,32 3,75 ± 3,66 3,24 ± 2,54 3,66 ± 3,53 Spring 7,77 ± 7,69 6,23 ± 6,03 3,43 ± 3,40 5,88 ± 5,24 Summer 8,09 ± 7,32 7,23 ± 7,05 6,84 ± 6,99 7,16 ± 7,05 Automne 7,88 ± 7,66 7,28 ± 6,91 3,25 ± 2,99 6,22 ± 5,59 Winter S4 5,14 ± 0 4,75 ± 4,39 4,43 ± 3,54 4,37 ± 4,36 Spring 8,06 ± 7,54 7,31 ± 6,80 4,43 ± 3,54 6,33 ± 5,85 Summer 7,14 ± 0 6,35 ± 5,54 4,69 ± 4,54 6,01 ± 6,01 Automne 7,14 ± 0 6,35 ± 5,54 3,77 ± 3,32 5,34 ± 4, 52 Winter S5 4,39 ± 2,74 4,26 ± 3,74 3,83 ± 2,45 4,14 ± 3,14 Spring 3,92 ± 3,76 4,16 ± 3,95 2,83 ± 2,66 4,16 ± 3,91 Summer 4,64 ± 4,43 4,34 ± 4,16 3,28 ± 2,43 4,29 ± 4, 01 Automne 4,43 ± 4,20 3,97 ± 3,98 2,62 ± 2,39 3,92 ± 3,96 BS2 Winter S1 5,33 ± 3,89 4,08 ± 3,85 3,09 ± 2,50 4,04 ± 3,70 Spring 5,24 ± 5,04 3,81 ± 3,55 3,40 ± 2,85 3,82 ± 3,72 Summer 5,51 ± 5,03 4,63 ± 6,55 3,35 ± 2,55 3,29 ± 3,01 Automne 8,15 ± 0,00 6,02 ± 6,13 4,38 ± 4,48 5,19 ± 5,27 Winter S2 4,94 ± 4,43 4,35 ± 3,55 3,37 ± 2,30 4,64 ± 3,64 Spring 4,92 ± 4,03 3,63 ± 2,55 1,90 ± 1,89 3,70 ± 2,69 Summer 7,19 ± 7,09 6,71 ± 6,22 3,74 ± 3,13 6,71 ± 6,22 Automne 7,28 ± 6,76 6,73 ± 6,62 2,97 ± 1,68 6,56 ± 6,65 Winter S3 4,72 ± 4,77 2,78 ± 2,63 3,00 ± 2,15 2,73 ± 2,03 Spring 6,85 ± 6,55 6,23 ± 6,05 3,40 ± 0,00 5,87 ± 5,04 Summer 7,44 ± 7,25 6,76 ± 6,39 6,36 ± 6,49 5,51 ± 5,62 Automne 6,88 ± 6,43 6,55 ± 6,16 3,08 ± 2,63 4,33 ± 2,25 Winter S4 4,92 ± 4,25 4,70 ± 4,15 3,83 ± 3,50 4,26 ± 4,00 Spring 7,70 ± 7,45 6,72 ± 6,25 3,83 ± 3,50 4,56 ± 4,15 Summer 6,95 ± 6,45 6,09 ± 5,59 3,74 ± 3,15 4,61 ± 4,49 Automne 6,89 ± 6,66 4,83 ± 4,59 3,54 ± 3,15 3,69 ± 3,39 Winter S5 4,22 ± 3,47 3,84 ± 3,70 2,37 ± 1,99 3,20 ± 2,86 Spring 3,36 ± 2,91 2,81 ± 2,59 2,29 ± 2,25 2,98 ± 2,82 Summer 4,57 ± 4,15 2,68 ± 2,51 2,70 ± 3,43 2,74 ± 2,27 Automne 4,31 ± 3,69 3,80 ± 3,30 2,54 ± 2,38 3,18 ± 3,24 LS Winter S1 4,21 ± 2,94 3,79 ± 3,72 3,28 ± 2,52 3,43 ± 3,36 Spring 5,97 ± 5,83 4,63 ± 4,59 3,30 ± 2,85 4,54 ± 4,44 Summer 6,76 ± 6,66 4,76 ± 4,66 3,29 ± 2,89 4,50 ± 4,29 Automne 8,15 ± 0,00 6,24 ± 6,04 4,83 ± 4,50 6,18 ± 6,10 Winter S2 5,19 ± 5,02 4,79 ± 4,67 3,39 ± 2,96 4,77 ± 4,43 Spring 5,39 ± 5,46 4,05 ± 3,72 1,91 ± 1,89 3,91 ± 3,26 Summer 7,93 ± 7,90 7,65 ± 7,44 3,73 ± 3,60 7,65 ± 7,44 Automne 8,10 ± 7,33 7,15 ± 7,18 3,79 ± 3,71 6,66 ± 5,60 Winter S3 4,85 ± 4,55 2,76 ± 2,66 2,54 ± 2,15 2,78 ± 2,55 Spring 7,65 ± 0,00 6,99 ± 6,87 3,26 ± 3,00 5,67 ± 4,78 Summer 7,93 ± 7,89 7,44 ± 7,40 3,79 ± 3,35 7,29 ± 7,27 Automne 7,66 ± 7,46 7,01 ± 6,91 3,24 ± 3,04 5,34 ± 5,18 Winter S4 5,06 ± 4,55 4,26 ± 4,00 3,54 ± 3,15 4,30 ± 3,85 Spring 8,15 ± 0,00 7,57 ± 7,25 2,74 ± 2,16 5,40 ± 5,21 Summer 7,06 ± 6,55 6,16 ± 6,17 3,78 ± 3,33 6,54 ± 6,67 Automne 6,77 ± 6,85 4,51 ± 4,03 2,99 ± 2,87 4,59 ± 4,07 Winter S5 3,47 ± 3,14 2,91 ± 2,68 3,02 ± 2,14 3,34 ± 3,04 Spring 3,29 ± 2,74 3,60 ± 3,64 2,88 ± 2,50 3,53 ± 3,37 Summer 4,49 ± 4,09 4,21 ± 3,93 3,84 ± 3,41 4,20 ± 3,95 Automne 4,26 ± 3,82 3,49 ± 3,49 2,49 ± 2,44 3,60 ± 2,87 Table 2 Summary (Estimated averages) Station/species Liquid Sludge (LS) station/species TC log10 E. coli log10 FS log10 S. spp log10 S1 6,270 ± 3,856 ab 4,855 ± 4,753 abcd 3,675 ± 3,192 cd 3,935 ± 4,546 bcd S2 6,650 ± 6,428 ab 5,911 ± 5,755 bc 3,203 ± 3,041 d 5,749 ± 5,185 c S3 7,021 ± 4,975 a 6,049 ± 5,961 bcd 3,205 ± 2,885 h 5,269 ± 4,947 e S4 6,761 ± 4,488 ab 5,626 ± 5,360 cd 3,232 ± 2,046 f 5,206 ± 4,948 d S5 3,877 ± 3,447 abc 3,547 ± 3,438 bcd 3,059 ± 2,621 de 3,668 ± 3,308 abcd Semi-Solid Sludge (BS1) station/species TC E. coli FS S. spp S1 7,035 ± 2,885 a 5,804 ± 4,964 abcd 4,394 ± 4,263 bcd 5,192 ± 5,140 abcd S2 6,627 ± 2,928 a 5,730 ± 5,234 c 3,590 ± 3,280 d 5,635 ± 5,345 c S3 7,215 ± 6,753 a 6,126 ± 5,922 bc 4,186 ± 3,134 g 5,734 ± 5,358 cd S4 6,875 ± 1,887 a 6,068 ± 5,475 bc 4,339 ± 3,743 e 5,515 ± 5,071 d S5 4,351 ± 3,785 a 3,433 ± 3,210 bcd 2,494 ± 2,267 e 4,129 ± 3,755 ab Solid Sludge (BS2) station/species TC E. coli FS S. spp S1 6,06 ± 3,488 abc 4,635 ± 5,018 abcd 3,555 ± 3,095 d 4,086 ± 3,926 bcd S2 6,083 ± 5,576 abc 5,357 ± 4,734 c 2,995 ± 2,250 d 5,403 ± 4,801 c S3 6,473 ± 6,249 b 5,579 ± 5,309 de 3,968 ± 3,669 g 4,610 ± 3,735 f S4 6,615 ± 6,203 ab 5,503 ± 5,197 d 3,714 ± 2,539 ef 4,277 ± 4,007 e S5 4,114 ± 3,553 ab 4,043 ± 3,836 ab 3,199 ± 2,754 cde 3,026 ± 2,799 de Tableau 3 Significant variations in bacterial loads recorded in the different sludge. Stations and Sludge S1 BS1 BS2 LS Spring Summer Autumn Spring Summer Autumn Spring Summer Autumn BS1 Winter ns ****CF↑ CT↑ ****CF↑ CT↑ *SSP↑ BS2 Winter ns ns *CF↑ ****CT↑ LS Winter ****CT↑ ****CT↑ ****CF↑ CT↑SSP↑ Stations and Sludge S2 BS1 BS2 LS Spring Summer Autumn Spring Summer Autumn Spring Summer Autumn BS1 Winter ns ****CF↑ CT↑SSP↑ ****CF↑CT↑ * SSP↑ BS2 Winter * SF↓ ****CF↑ CT↑ ** SSP↑ ****CF↑ CT↑ LS Winter * SF↓ ****CF↑ CT↑ ***SSP↑ ****CF↑ CT↑ * SSP↑ Stations and Sludge S3 BS1 BS2 LS Spring Summer Autumn Spring Summer Autumn Spring Summer Autumn BS1 Winter ****CF↑ CT↑ ***SSP↑ ****CF↑ CT↑ SF↑ SSP↑ ****CF↑ CT↑ SSP↑ BS2 Winter ****CF↑ CT↑ SSP↑ ****CF↑ CT↑SF↑ ***SSP↑ ****CF↑ CT↑ LS Winter ****CF↑ CT↑SSP↑ ****CF↑ CT↑SSP↑ ****CF↑ CT↑SSP↑ Stations and Sludge S4 BS1 BS2 LS Spring Summer Autumn Spring Summer Autumn Spring Summer Autumn BS1 Winter ****CF↑ CT↑ **SSP↑ *CF↑ ****CT↑ *CF↑ ****CT↑ BS2 Winter ****CF↑ CT↑ ***CF↑ ****CT↑ ****CT↑ LS Winter ****CF↑ CT↑ **CF↑ ****CT↑ ** CT↑ Stations and Sludge S5 BS1 BS2 LS Spring Summer Autumn Spring Summer Autumn Spring Summer Autumn BS1 Winter ns ns ns BS2 Winter ns ns ns LS Winter ns ns ns ns : non significatif; * : significatif ; ** : Highly significant; *** : Very highly significant ; ↑ : Increase ; ↓ : Decrease Total coliform (TC) enumeration The results of the total coliform count show significant spatial and temporal variations from one type of sludge to another. Where it was recorded that 8.15 ± 0 log10 was the highest bacterial burden. The most probable number per gram of total solids (MPN/gTS) was recorded in the stations of BBA (S1) and Jijel (S4) during autumn in BS1 and BS2 and spring in LS. On the other hand, the lowest bacterial load of 3.29 ± 2.74 log MPN/gTS was recorded in LS during spring in BBA (S1). The results also show a reduction in TC concentrations in BS2 compared to BS1 where an average abatement rate of 56% was recorded with a maximum reported in summer in S1, i.e. 99.77%. Statistical analysis (HDS, TUKY test) for TC allowed us to record significant variations in BS1 of station 1 during the fall and summer when the bacterial load increased. However, we recorded very high significant variations of TCs in BS2 of station 1 during autumn and in liquid sludge (LS) during spring and summer, marked by an essential increase of the bacterial load compared to winter. In station 2, we recorded significant variations of the TC in BS1, BS2, and LS during summer and autumn, when the bacterial load knew increases concerning winter, and in station 3 significant variations of the TC were recorded in BS1, BS2, and LS during spring, summer, and autumn where the bacterial load knew an increase concerning winter. In station 4, significant variations of TC were recorded in BS1, BS2, and LS during spring. However, very highly significant variations were recorded in BS1, BS2, and LS during summer and fall where the bacterial load had a very remarkable increase compared to winter. For station 5, we did not record any significant variation in TC In addition, significant correlations were recorded between the TC load in all stations and the load of other species except S1 and S5. E. coli enumeration The results of E. coli enumeration in the different samples show us a high concentration of BS1, especially during the summer period in the station (S2) with a maximum of 7.55 ± 7.18 log MPN/gTS (BS1) 7.65 ± 7.44 log MPN/gTS (LS). However, the lowest values characterized BS2 with a minimum of 2.68 ± 2.51 log MPN/gTS, recorded in station S5 during summer. Therefore, the average value of E. coli load is around 5.23 ± 4.9 MPN/gTS, which is a high value compared to that recorded by López et al. [ 25 ] in sludge, where they used the MPN technique and the value recorded was between 2 and 2.2 log MPN/gTS. In addition, the results show us a reduction of E. coli load in BS2 compared to BS1 with an average abatement rate of 65%, while a maximum abatement was recorded at 99.15% in S1 during the summer. Statistical analyses (HDS, TUKEY test) for the results of E. coli enumeration show very highly significant variations in BS1, BS2, and LS of S1, S2, S3, and S4, where a very remarkable increase in bacterial load was noted in spring, summer and autumn compared to winter. However, highly significant correlations were recorded in BS2 in S1 and BS1in S4 during autumn. Thus, significant correlations between E. coli and other species were recorded in all stations except S1 and S5. Fecal Streptococcus (FS) Enumeration For fecal streptococci, it was observed that the germ load in BS1 is the highest compared to LS and BS2. The maximum value of 6.84 ± 6.99 log MPN/gTS was recorded in station S3 during the summer. However, the minimum value of 1.90 ± 1.89 log MPN/gTS was recorded in station S2 during spring in BS2. Indeed, a significant reduction of SF concentration in BS2 is noticed with an average removal rate of 56%. Of which the period of high temperature is characterized by the maximum value of abatement is 96%. Statistical analysis (ANOVA, two ways) for FS shows significant correlations between the load of these germs and a load of all other species, in all stations except S1 and S5. Thus, the statistical analyses (HDS, TUKY test) for FS allowed us to record significant variations in BS1, BS2 to S3 during the summer where the bacterial load knew an increase. On the other hand, highly significant variations were recorded in BS2 and LS of S2 during spring when the bacterial load decreased compared to winter. Enumeration of Sallmonela spp. ( S. spp.) The dismemberment of S. spp. showed a very high load in BS1, the maximum value is about 7.65 ± 7.44 log CFU/mL recorded during the summer, in contrast to BS2, where we recorded a minimum of 2.73 ± 2.03 log CFU/mL in S3 in winter. The reduction of S. spp. load recorded very high values with an average abatement rate of 71%. Statistical analysis (HDS, TUKEY test) for the results of S. ssp. enumeration showed significant variations of BS1 in S2 during summer, BS1 in S3 and BS2 in S3 during summer and autumn, and LS in S1 during autumn, and LS in S3 during spring, summer, and autumn. In contrast, highly significant variations were recorded for BS1 in S1, BS1 in S2, and LS in S2 during fall. Thus, very highly significant variations of BS2 were recorded in S2, LS in S2 during summer and BS1 in S3, BS1 in S4 during spring, and BS2 in S3 during summer. In addition, statistical analyses (ANOVA, Tow ways) showed significant correlations between the loads of S. spp. at all stations and the load of other species except stations S1and S5. Sulfite-reducing anaerobic bacteria spores ( ASR -Clostridium ) The results of the RSA enumeration showed very high concentrations, where the colonies were uncountable for the three types of sludge in all stations and during all period of sampling, translating a strong presence of anaerobic sulfite-reducing bacteria in the three types of sludge. Indeed, the anaerobic sulfite-reducing bacteria are in fact fecal in origin and signify old contamination; they persist during disinfection, which causes other non-sporulating bacteria to go. The sporulating form allows them to resist for a long time in the aquatic environment. They are responsible for serious diseases such as botulism and tetanus, which is why the search for them is essential in the qualitative determination of sludge [ 21 ]. Search for parasites Parasite search results are summarized in Table 4 . Table 4 Parasites search results stations Sludge type Winter Spring summer Autumn GUELMA Liquid -kystes Endolimaxnanus -kystes Giardia intestinalis -formes végétatives Chilomastixmeslili -Protozoaire flagellés et ciliée (n. id.) -Protozoaire flagelles (n. id.) -Filaments mycéliens arthrosporés -Œufs de nematodes -Filaments mycéliens arthrosporés -Protozoaire flagelles (n. id.) -Protozoaire flagelles (n. id.) -Kystes Endolimaxnanus -Filaments mycéliensarthrosporés Solid -Larves strongyloides -Protozoaire flagellés (n. id.) - Blastocystissp -Protozoaire flagelles (n. id.) - Filaments mycéliens arthrosporés -œufs de nematodes -Filaments mycéliensarthrosporés NTR SIDI MAROUAN Liquid -Larves de nématodes -kystes Giardia intestinalis NP - formes végétatives et kystes d’amibes -protozoaire flagelles (n. id.) -kystes Endolimaxnanus - Blastocystissp NP Solid -Larves de nématodes -Kyste d’ Entamoeba coli -filaments myceliens -œufs de nematodes - Alterniriasp -Larvesrabdithoides de nematodes -kystes Endolimaxnanus - Blastocystissp NTR JIJEL Liquid NP -Filaments mycéliensarthrosporés -protozoaire flagelles (n. id.) -kystes Endolimaxnanus - Filaments mycéliens NTR Solid NP - Filaments mycéliensarthrosporés - formes végétatives et kystes d’amibes -kystes Endolimaxnanus -protozoaire flagelles (n. id.) - Filaments mycéliens NP B.B.A. Liquid -Kystes Giardia Intestinalis - EnteromonasSp - Trichomonas Sp -Levures -protozoaire flagelles (n. id.) -kystes d’amibes -Larves de nématodes -Filaments mycéliens -Levures -protozoaire flagelles (n. id.) - formes végétatives des ciliés -kystes Endolimaxnanus NP Solid -Protozoaire flagellés (n. id.) -Levures - filaments myceliens -Larves de nématodes NTR NTR CONSTANTINE Liquid NP -protozoaire flagelles (n. id.) -kyste d’ Endolimaxnanus - Blastocystesp -kystes Endolimaxnanus -formes végétatives d’Endolimaxnanus -kystes de pseudolimaxbutshlii -- formes végétatives et kystes d’amibes -Oocystes de coccidies NP Solid NP -protozoaireflagelles (n. id.) NTR NTR NP:not perform;NTR:nothing to report; n. id. : Not identify According to Table 4 , the analyses of the different types of sewage sludge show that these sludge contain an important and much diversified parasite mass; where we noticed that the majority of the results of the analyses carried out are positive. Globally, 81% of the samples were analyzed, and 50% can contain parasites between helminth eggs (Nematodes and/or Cestodes) or protozoa. We noticed a dominance of nematode larvae, which is in agreement with the bibliographic data of Stien and Schartzbrod [ 26 ]; Kabrick and Jewwell [ 27 ]; Bergström [ 28 ]; Graham [ 29 ]; Crewe [ 30 ]. Discussion The variations in the microbial load recorded call on several factors. Indeed, the high concentrations of microorganisms recorded in BS1 older than 1 month, compared to liquid sludge (LS-raw sludge) and dry sludge (BS2-sludge older than 6 months) are probably due to the storage age of the sludge in the drying beds. Studies by Guzma´n et al. [ 31 ] showed that in raw sewage sludge, all microorganisms except bacteriophages infecting Bact. fragilis, which had an average value of 5.7 * 10 5 per 10 g.d.m., had concentrations well above 106, thus, the levels of indicators and pathogens in the dry sludge, except for the eggs of viable helminths, which were present at low concentrations, all other parameters studied showed high densities, but not as low as in the raw sludge. Ansi, Erkan and Saninansi [ 32 ] conducted a study to determine the number of indicator bacteria in mesophile digested sludge from large-scale sewage treatment plants in Turkey as a result of dewatering. They found that, in contrast to centrifugal dehydration, belt filter-operated sewage treatment plants have higher indicator bacteria content. This means that the reduction of the microbial load after drying is highly possible under adequate conditions. However, and according to Maalem et al. [ 33 ] middle-aged sludge (1–3 months) provides the best conditions for bacterial growth compared to liquid (fresh) sludge and dry sludge (aged 6 months or older), where the sludge has a adequate humidity, rich in organic matter and necessary nutrients and the temperature is high (35–37°C). In addition, according to Anise and Sorensen [ 34 ], temperature has a key role in bacterial growth, it directly influences the increase or/and decrease in bacterial load [ 35 ]. Indeed, during the summer, the temperature was favorable for the development of coliforms and more specifically thermotolerant faecal coliforms ( E. coli ). According to Mainoo et al. [ 36 ], Monroy et al. [ 37 ], Lalander et al. [ 38 ] the increase in temperature, in the presence of large quantities of organic matter, contributes to the increase in the load of total coliforms, E. coli , streptococci and other pathogenic germs. In addition, the long-term storage of sludge is an interesting alternative to processes aimed at reducing pathogens. Strategic storage is, according to Elissalde et al. [ 39 ], considered a treatment of moderate efficacy. It can nevertheless allow, under certain conditions, bacterial growth but, generally, most pathogens are unable to multiply in the medium constituted by the sludge and experience a variable evolution according to the seasons. This explains the reduction in the bacterial load (CT, E. coli , SF, S. spp. ) in dry sludge (BS2) compared to medium sludge (BS1) and liquid sludge (LS). This explains the high abatement rates which exceeded 99%. Thus, Dudley et al. [ 40 ], proved that 6 months of storage at high temperatures (summer) are effective (good to excellent reduction), while 6 months at low temperatures (winter) are much less so (low to average reduction). In addition, by the source of nutrients that it represents, the organic matter of sludge is favorable to pathogenic microorganisms. The biological activity of the environment decreases the resistance of microorganisms by competition for nutrients and probably also by predation by ciliated protozoa [ 40 ]. Millner et al. [ 41 ] showed that there were microbial antagonists which, when present, killed or reduced the growth rate of Salmonella in sludge. However, the decrease in the concentration of total coliforms, E. coli , faecal streptococci and S. spp . during the winter is due to the fact that during the rainy period, the water level in the drying basins increases, causing a dilution of the environment, moreover, during this period, the temperature drops and therefore a reduction metabolism and number of bacteria. Thus, throughout the study period and with the different types of sludge, the concentration of faecal streptococci is partially lower than that of faecal coliforms. These results can be explained by a difference in the rate of decline which is faster in faecal streptococci and which can be influenced by abiotic factors in the natural environment. The results obtained agree with those described in the literature, and similarly with similar work carried out by Maalem et al. [ 33 ] and Mathlouthi [ 42 ]. CONCLUSION In this present work, we have achieved the microbiological characterization of sewage sludge from five WWTPs (BourdjBouAriridj "S1", Ibn Ziad -Constantine-"S2), Sidi Mourouan-Mila-"S3", Djijel "S4", Guelma “S5). We analyzed liquid sludge (raw) and dry sludge of a different storage age. We counted germs indicating faecal contamination (total coliforms, faecal " E. coli " coliforms and faecal streptococci), research and enumeration of pathogenic germs ( Salmonella , Clostridium ) and parasites. The results obtained show that the sludge is loaded with microorganisms, in particular bacteria of faecal origin, especially during the months of high temperature (Spring, Summer) and in particular in the middle-aged sludge (more than 1 month), which is very rich in organic matter with adequate moisture. However, the extension of the storage period contributes to the reduction of the bacterial load and pathogenic germs under the effect of certain parameters, in particular high temperatures and microbial antagonisms. This allows us to conclude that the drying beds contribute greatly to reducing the load of germs, in particular pathogenic germs from sewage sludge. In addition, the results show us a strong presence of sulfate-reducing anaerobic bacteria (ASR), Selmonella spp. and E. coli. We have also noticed that this sludge contains parasites between helminth eggs (Nematodes and/or Cestodes) and protozoa. We can conclude that in addition to their richness in organic matter and nutrients, which have given it great importance in agriculture, sewage sludge is characterized by the presence of indicator germs of faecal contamination with a very high load, thus, the presence of certain pathogenic germs ( Selmonella spp. and E. coli. ) and parasites. In addition, the possibility that certain microorganisms acquire resistance to certain antibiotics is very strong. Thus, despite the significant reduction in this microbial load recorded after treatment in the drying beds, the risks associated with the spreading of this sludge must be controlled by compliance with a certain number of specific rules according to the recommendations of De Giudici and para [ 43 ]. Declarations Declaration of competing interest: The authors declared that there is no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments Firstly, we would like to thank the DGRSDT for its material and moral support for this project, as well as the administration of the CRBt and all the researchers, engineers and technicians of the laboratories. We also sincerely thank the ONA, the administration, the workers and the employees of the wastewater treatment plants of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Guelma, Constantine, Mila and Jijel, and we also thank L'Epic Edevco Constantine and all those who contributed in carrying out this study. References Muba Mopili L (2012) Traitement des eaux usées par macrophytes. Ed. Universitaires européennes, p 100 Deshayes M (2008) Guide pour l’établissement des plans d’assurance de la qualité dans le cadre de la réalisation des stations d’épuration de type boues activées en lots séparés . Mémoire de projet de fin d’étude. 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Water Environ Res 2(67):143–150. https://doi.org/10.2175/106143095X131286 Jacob B, Korsak N, Grooven B, Flament E, et Daube G (2002) Incidence d’une station d’épuration biologique sur le niveau de contamination en salmonelles des eaux et des boues résiduaires.; pp. 303–310 Mainoo NOK, Barrington S, Whalen JK, Sampedro L (2009) Pilot-scale vermicomposting of pineapple wastes with earthworms native to Accra. Ghana BioresourceTechnology 100(23):5872–5875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.06.05 Monroy F, Aira M, Domínguez J (2009) Reduction of total coliform numbers during vermicomposting is caused by short-term direct effects of earthworms on microorganisms and depends on the dose of application of pig slurry. Sci Total Environ 407(20):5411–5416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.06.048 Lalander C, Diener S, Magri ME, Zurbrügg C, Lindström A, Vinnerås B (2013) Faecal sludge management with the larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetiaillucens), From a hygiene aspect. 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Université du 7 novembre à Carthage, Tunisie. 60 p De Giudici P, Guillam MT, Segala C, Keck G (2013) Evaluation des risques sanitaires microbiologiques dans les filières déchets: compostage et épandage de boues résiduaires. Environ Risque Sante 12:422–433. https://doi.org/10.1684/ers.2013.0649 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4020284","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":277608462,"identity":"e3f766cc-4c31-4784-93c2-1161a042b420","order_by":0,"name":"Laid BOUCHAALA","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Environmental Research Center, Annaba, Algeria","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Laid","middleName":"","lastName":"BOUCHAALA","suffix":""},{"id":277608463,"identity":"03fbadd3-2019-4a1f-a978-e69c1567a63a","order_by":1,"name":"Nedjoud GRARA","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of 8 May 1945 Guelma: Universite 8 Mai 1945 Guelma","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nedjoud","middleName":"","lastName":"GRARA","suffix":""},{"id":277608464,"identity":"893ab87d-3d62-49b5-8c56-ee1d7d85f91f","order_by":2,"name":"Nabil CHARCHAR","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Biotechnology Research Center, Constantine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nabil","middleName":"","lastName":"CHARCHAR","suffix":""},{"id":277608465,"identity":"27e22e91-ac58-40ee-9d79-3817c70de63d","order_by":3,"name":"Heidar NOURINE","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Biotechnlogy Research Center, Constantine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Heidar","middleName":"","lastName":"NOURINE","suffix":""},{"id":277608466,"identity":"bee8ffe6-7bf4-4705-b05c-e09b85f42166","order_by":4,"name":"Kamal DAHDAH","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Biotechnology Research Center, Constantine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kamal","middleName":"","lastName":"DAHDAH","suffix":""},{"id":277608467,"identity":"9df53561-7759-4cd0-aeec-2b7bc35f2f7d","order_by":5,"name":"Youssouf DRIOUCHE","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Environmental Research Center, Annaba","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Youssouf","middleName":"","lastName":"DRIOUCHE","suffix":""},{"id":277608468,"identity":"14039774-fd00-4fab-8c10-f3ded9cbf78f","order_by":6,"name":"Ayomide Victor Atoki","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3klEQVRIie3PPwrCMBTH8VcK6RJwfeKfXqFSEEEPk1BoloqODg4BoS5Fj+BRrAQyOTg6Cl7ASZyK1bq4RLsJ5ru94cOPB2Cz/WYuMICuJ1/H50hFQpq7dUgZz74mjc1CBae5EhlOdheYDblsLQ9GgppEjGk1zjByEfaCy/Z+ap7RNMwZicdbjACdVHGJCTMK/0mKWNBy5eYUX5CgJIynI1YSgo58EJEbSU/HUcBXo15Gz/0B0yJMMTG/0lVKNW9X9KnHz8fLfNhZoziZzVuPJwjQoAap8uqs2Gw22x90B5POQtsxJBAyAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1914-973X","institution":"Kampala International University - Western Campus","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ayomide","middleName":"Victor","lastName":"Atoki","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-06 09:47:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4020284/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4020284/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":52503502,"identity":"e0ecbb58-035d-495a-9d60-40db2b1de876","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-12 10:13:33","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":329350,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of Algeria displaying the Location of the five wastewater treatment plants.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4020284/v1/d664d7b4081616c8c7651295.jpeg"},{"id":52550436,"identity":"7d53d608-7b66-4e20-9644-655dde59993f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-12 20:37:23","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":705936,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4020284/v1/73e0ca5a-2636-4ad0-b194-0994e731c098.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"The importance of Evaluation of microorganisms in raw sewage sludge intended for agriculture","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003ePollutant discharges are necessarily produced in greater quantities and become more complicated as a result of human activity expansion and population rise [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. According to the estimate, each individual drinks 150\u0026ndash;200 liters of water on average per day. Once utilized, this water must be properly disposed away in order to preserve the environment. The quality of the water is changed by the discharge of several chemicals. Unwanted or hazardous minerals and organic debris in suspension, solution, or emulsion form this pollution [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. The authorities are prioritizing this issue since it has grown to be a serious worry for the whole population. Water is necessary for life on Earth owing to its numerous applications, and industrial and/or agricultural growth is always planned in accordance with the availability of water. Regardless of the time period being studied, these two claims must be factored in [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne of the ways we deal with the polluted water that technology offered us is through the polluted water treatment plants (WWTP). It generally includes several phases of treatment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Whatever the treatment system adopted, the treatment of wastewater is accompanied by a product of significant quantities of sludge that must be disposed of. Several channels exist for the disposal of this sludge, but the choice must be based on the cost of installation, the origin of the sludge, the added value of the resulting product, and the environmental impact of the selected channel. Land filling (also called storage) is a low value technology which is legally prohibited in many countries (Directive 1999/31/EC). Sludge incineration is prohibitively expensive and poses a risk in terms of the impact of toxic gases on the environment, such as dioxins. Energy recovery (production of biogas as a source of heat and electricity) and biological or agricultural recovery (production of fertilizer and compost) are green technologies which transforms sludge into high value-added products as well as minimizing risks of pollution [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe National Sanitation Office (ONA) in Algeria estimated, in 2013, that 539 tons of waste sludge are generated per day [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. However, this quantity cannot be delivered to the state since this waste poses a serious problem for public health and the environment. It may contain pollutants (heavy metals and organic polluting compounds) and dangerous pathogens (microorganisms and parasites). This imposes an adequate treatment for the harmlessness and valorization of this waste. In Algeria, the research work undertaken is focused mainly on the partial characterization of sludge (heavy metals).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur objective in this work is to determine the microbiological characteristics of sewage sludge from five WWTPs in eastern Algeria and to assess the efficiency of drying beds in reducing pathogens loading. These sludges are generally used in agriculture, where it is necessary to ensure that they are free of any pathogenic bacteria that could affect the environment or public health.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePresentation of the study sites\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted over the five most important wastewater treatment plants in the eastern region of Algeria, which contribute greatly to reducing the impacts of wastewater on the environment [8].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the purified wastewater produced, more or less important quantities of sewage sludge are produced in parallel accompanying the purification operation. This sludge must find a continuous destination and before valorizing them, it must be ensured that this is possible without any environmental or public health risk.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we have chosen the five major wastewater treatment plants in the North-East region of Algeria (Fig. 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 1:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMap of Algeria displaying the\u0026nbsp;Location of the five wastewater\u0026nbsp;treatment plants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe wastewater treatment plant of Bourdj Bou Ariridj (BBA) (S1):\u003c/strong\u003e It is located in South of the city with a surface of 42750 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (Fig. 1). Its capacity is 150,000 equivalent inhabitants, with a daily flow rate of 30,000 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/d.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003eThe BBA WWTP is specialized in the treatment of domestic and storm water discharged by the city using the low-load activated sludge process.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003eThe purified waters of the station are discharged into the OUED K\u0026apos;SOB, it is located about 200 m away from the station which supplies the K\u0026apos;SOB dam in the wilaya of Mila, used for the irrigation of the lands downstream. Moreover, its purified water is recycled in agriculture and the sewage sludge is used as fertilizer. In October 2013, the sludge produced by the WWTP was estimated at 180 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e [9].\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe station of Sidi Marouane (S2):\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eIt is located in the north of the town (12 km northwest of the capital of the wilaya of Milan) (Fig.1). It is an activated sludge treatment plant with a capacity of 137711 equivalent inhabitants. \u0026nbsp;It was constructed to reduce pollution of the Beni Haroun dam, one of the large dams in Algeria. It is called upon to deal with the wastewater of Mila, Grarem Gouga, Sidi-Marouane, Ras- El-Bir, Annouche Ali, Sibari 1, and Sibari 2. Once treated, the water produced by the plant will be discharged into the basin of the dam, which is located right beside it [10]. The amount of sludge produced estimated in November 2013 was24.386 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e [9].\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Ibn Ziad wastewater treatment plant (S3) of the wilaya of Constantine:\u003c/strong\u003e Regionalizes 12 km from the city of Constantine towards the northeast. It is located between 6\u0026deg; 30, 6\u0026deg; 45 north and 36\u0026deg; 15, 36\u0026deg; 30 east. Its surface is estimated by12 hectares [11] (Fig.1). It is an activated sludge treatment plant, designed for 450000 equivalent inhabitants. Today it treats a part of the wastewater discharged by the city of Constantine with a low load.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe wastewater treatment plant of El Rabta of the wilaya Jijel (S4):\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eIt is located west of the city in the region of El Rabta, 2 km from the capital of wilaya, it occupies about 5.9 hectares and was commissioned in June 2008 (Fig.1).The plant is intended to treat domestic wastewater from the city of Jijel and its surroundings. With a capacity of 150000 population equivalent in the first phase, and according to a future extension of the plant as a second phase, with 225000 inhabitants. In October 2013, the amount of sludge produced by the plant was 224 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e [9].\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe wastewater treatment plant of Guelma (S5):\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eIt is located about 1 km north of the city on the right flank of the valley developed by the Oued Seybouse and on the national road N\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e 21, leading to Annaba City, at the exit of the agglomeration.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is functional since 18 February 2008, and occupies an agricultural land of 8 hectares [9]. The station is characterized by a daily flow of 43 388 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e /d of wastewater [12], and a capacity of 200000 equivalent inhabitants. It uses the activated sludge process for treatment. The plant produced in October 2013 a quantity of sludge approximately 9288 m\u003csup\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e[9].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSAMPLING\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSampling was conducted from the drying beds of the WWTPs: Bordj Bou Ariridj, Sidi Merouane, Constantine, Jijel, and Guelma.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe carried out an average sampling from three samples from different places of the drying beds and according to the time of stay of the sludge; that is to say, liquid sludge (LS) 00 stay, median sludge (BS1) from 1 to 2 months and dry sludge (BS2) exceeds 6 months. 4 sampling campaigns were carried out for each station, one per season.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sampling was done while taking our hygiene precautions. It was taken directly from the drying beds. Then, the sample was put in sterile plastic bags, well labeled and deposited in a refrigerated chamber (1 to 4 \u0026deg; C), and then taken to the laboratory of the CRBt for analysis, in the shortest possible time, to carry out our microbiological analysis with a maximum delay of 8 hours before analysis [13].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe microbiological analyzes of this work were carried out at the level of the microbiology laboratory of the CRBt. While for the parasitology part, the analyzes were carried out at the level of the parasitology laboratory of the \u0026ldquo;DIDOUCHE Mourad\u0026rdquo; Hospital in Constantine.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eANALYTICAL METHODS USED\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe search for and enumeration of bacteria in a sample to be analyzed or controlled first uses the general dilution technique. It allows the preparation of decimal dilutions of the sample suspension [14].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA master suspension (MS), solution or emulsion, obtained after a weighed amount (10 g) of sludge to be analyzed (sample) has been mixed for 20 min, if necessary using a homogenizer and observing appropriate precautions, with 100 ml of diluent (sterile distilled water) allowing the large particles to settle, if they exist [15].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter we performed a series of decimal dilutions by transferring 1 ml of the 1/10 dilution into 9 ml of sterile distilled water up to 1/1000\u0026nbsp;(10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnumeration of germs\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Enumerations were performed using the most probable number (MPN) liquid enumeration method. Enumeration results are determined from the Mac Grady table [13].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal coliforms\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe used the liquid media bromocresol purple lactose broth (BCPL), a simple concentration, provided with a Durham bell after seeding we incubated the cultures at 37 \u0026deg;C \u0026plusmn; 2\u0026deg;C for 24 h to 48 h.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e bacterium represents, however, 80 to 90% of the thermo-tolerant coliforms detected [16]. Therefore, this parameter is referred to as \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e instead of \u0026quot;thermo-tolerant\u0026quot; fecal coliforms.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor each tube of BCPL, showing a positive result, we transfer it to a tube of Schubert medium containing mannitol and incubated it for 24 h to 48 h at 44\u0026deg;C. Mannitol fermented by \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(generally in 98% of cases) gives gas under the same conditions as lactose but does not interfere with the production of indole during the degradation of tryptophan. After incubation at 44\u0026deg;C for 24 hours, we added a few drops of Kowacks reagent to the tubes showing cloudiness. A positive reaction corresponds to the formation of a red ring [17].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFecal Streptococci\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFecal streptococci (\u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e or D streptococci or intestinal enterococci) are commensals of the intestine. They are considered a good specific indicator of fecal contamination.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGroup D Streptococci or Fecal Streptococci are tested in a liquid medium. The technique uses two tests, namely:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePresumptive test\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eReserved for the search for Streptococci on Rothe medium, simple concentration;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConfirmation test:\u003c/strong\u003e Tubes found positive on Rothe medium (presence of cloudiness) are transferred to Eva Litsky medium after 24h of incubation at 37\u0026deg;C. The presence of cloudiness in the tubes with the formation of a purple ring at the bottom of the tube, confirms the presence of fecal streptococci [18].\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSalmonella spp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe enumeration of \u003cem\u003eSalmonella spp.\u003c/em\u003e in an SM and often complicated given their low concentration, it is, therefore, necessary to intervene with a method of enrichment. In our case, we used buffered peptone water (BPW), according to Protais et al. [19], we took 25 g of the sample (sludge) and dissolved it in 225 ml of BPW. The incubation was done at 37\u0026deg;C \u0026plusmn; 1 for 24 hours, then for enrichment, we took 2 ml of the ETP medium (Pre-enriched solution) and put it in the tube containing the Cysteine Selenite Broth (CSB) medium, and then we incubated it at 37\u0026deg;C for 24 hours. Then, for secondary enrichment and isolation, the previous tubes containing the SFB that was incubated the day before were subjected to secondary enrichment of the new SFBS and isolation on Hektoen and \u003cem\u003eSalmonella Shigella\u003c/em\u003e (SS) agar. Incubation was done at 37\u0026deg;C for 24 h [20].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsing the colony counter, the number of colony forming units (CFU) was counted on the plates. The general formula for viable counts on the plates is given in equation (1):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (CFUs per mL or g) = \u0026sum; C/[V x {n\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e + (0.1 x n\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)} x d x d] \u0026nbsp;(1)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN:\u003c/strong\u003e Number of CFUs per mL or g of the sample, PC: Sum of CFUs counted on all selected plates at two successive dilutions;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eV:\u003c/strong\u003e volume of inoculum added to each plate (mL);\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Number of plates selected in the 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e dilution;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Number of plates selected at the 2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e dilution;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ed:\u003c/strong\u003e Dilution factor of the first dilution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpores of anaerobic sulfite-reducing bacteria(\u003cem\u003eClostridium\u003c/em\u003e)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is an investigation of strictly anaerobic bacteria, especially the genus \u003cem\u003eClostridium\u003c/em\u003e [21]. A temperature of 36\u0026deg;C \u0026plusmn; 2 in 24 to 48 hours and on a deep agar, allows the development of this forme by giving white colonies surrounded by a black halo. It is the witness of the reduction of sodium sulfite (Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) -which is in the medium- in sulfide that in the presence of Fe2+ gives FeS (iron sulfide) and a black color [20].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParasites\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the search for parasites in the sludge, we proceeded to three methods of concentration, two techniques of enrichment by flotation [22] with iodomercurate of potassium (d=1.44). We also used the Dada-Lindquist [23] technique with sodium dichromate (d=1.2) for helminth eggs and a concentration technique using the Teleman-Rivas two-phase method modified by Bailenger [24] with ether and acetoacetic buffer for \u003cem\u003eGiardia spp\u003c/em\u003e. cysts\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData comparison was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), HDS, and TUKY test using XL stat 2016 and Graph Pad Prism 7 software.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEnumeration of germs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe bacterial enumeration allowed us to determine some bacteriological characteristics of the sludge quantitatively and even qualitatively. We have carried out an enumeration on specific media, the results obtained which concerned the enumeration of total coliforms or \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e of fecal streptococci are well presented in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, and 3 below.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of the enumeration of bacteria in sludge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emonths\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003estation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCT log10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e log10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF log10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. spp.\u003c/em\u003e log10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWinter\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpring\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSummer\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAutomne\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,1461\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWinter\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpring\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSummer\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAutomne\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWinter\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpring\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSummer\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAutomne\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWinter\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpring\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSummer\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAutomne\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4, 52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWinter\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpring\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSummer\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4, 01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAutomne\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBS2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWinter\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpring\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSummer\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAutomne\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWinter\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpring\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSummer\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAutomne\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWinter\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpring\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSummer\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAutomne\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWinter\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpring\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSummer\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAutomne\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWinter\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpring\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSummer\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAutomne\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWinter\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpring\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSummer\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAutomne\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWinter\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpring\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSummer\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAutomne\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWinter\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpring\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSummer\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAutomne\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWinter\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpring\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSummer\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAutomne\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWinter\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpring\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSummer\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAutomne\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary (Estimated averages) Station/species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiquid Sludge (LS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003estation/species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTC log10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eE. coli\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003elog10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFS log10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS. spp\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003elog10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,270\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,856 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,855\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,753 abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,675\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,192 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,935\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,546 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,650\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,428 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,911\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,755 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,203\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,041 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,749\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,185 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,021\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,975 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,049\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,961 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,205\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,885 h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,269\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,947 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,761\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,488 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,626\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,360 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,232\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,046 f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,206\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,948 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,877\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,447 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,547\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,438 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,059\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,621 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,668\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,308 abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSemi-Solid Sludge (BS1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003estation/species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eE. coli\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS. spp\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,035\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,885 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,804\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,964 abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,394\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,263 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,192\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,140 abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,627\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,928 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,730\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,234 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,590\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,280 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,635\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,345 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,215\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,753 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,126\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,922 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,186\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,134 g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,734\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,358 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,875\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,887 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,068\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,475 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,339\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,743 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,515\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,071 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,351\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,785 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,433\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,210 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,494\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,267 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,129\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,755 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolid Sludge (BS2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003estation/species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eE. coli\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS. spp\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,488 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,635\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,018 abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,555\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,095 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,086\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,926 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,083\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,576 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,357\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,734 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,995\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,250 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,403\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,801 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,473\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,249 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,579\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,309 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,968\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,669 g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,610\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,735 f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,615\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,203 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,503\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,197 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,714\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,539 ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,277\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,007 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,114\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,553 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,043\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,836 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,199\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,754 cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,026\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,799 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eTableau 3\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant variations in bacterial loads recorded in the different sludge.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"22\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c16\" colnum=\"16\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c17\" colnum=\"17\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c18\" colnum=\"18\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c19\" colnum=\"19\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c20\" colnum=\"20\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c21\" colnum=\"21\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c22\" colnum=\"22\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStations and Sludge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"21\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpring\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutumn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpring\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutumn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpring\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutumn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS1 Winter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e****CF\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCT\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e****CF\u0026uarr; CT\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*SSP\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS2 Winter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*CF\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e****CT\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLS Winter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"17\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e****CT\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e****CT\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e****CF\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCT\u0026uarr;SSP\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStations\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eand Sludge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"21\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBS1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBS2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpring\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutumn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpring\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutumn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpring\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutumn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS1 Winter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e****CF\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCT\u0026uarr;SSP\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e****CF\u0026uarr;CT\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e* SSP\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS2 Winter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e* SF\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e****CF\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCT\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e** SSP\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e****CF\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCT\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLS Winter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"18\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e* SF\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e****CF\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCT\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e***SSP\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e****CF\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCT\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e* SSP\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStations and Sludge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"21\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBS1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBS2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpring\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutumn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpring\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutumn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpring\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutumn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS1 Winter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e****CF\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCT\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e***SSP\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e****CF\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCT\u0026uarr; SF\u0026uarr; SSP\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e****CF\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCT\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSSP\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"12\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS2 Winter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e****CF\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCT\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSSP\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e****CF\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCT\u0026uarr;SF\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e***SSP\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e****CF\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCT\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLS Winter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"17\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e****CF\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCT\u0026uarr;SSP\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e****CF\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCT\u0026uarr;SSP\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e****CF\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCT\u0026uarr;SSP\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStations and Sludge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"21\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBS1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBS2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpring\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutumn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpring\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutumn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpring\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutumn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS1 Winter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e****CF\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCT\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e**SSP\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*CF\u0026uarr; ****CT\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*CF\u0026uarr; ****CT\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS2 Winter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e****CF\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCT\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e***CF\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e****CT\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e****CT\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLS Winter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"17\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e****CF\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCT\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e**CF\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e****CT\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e** CT\u0026uarr;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStations and Sludge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"21\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBS1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBS2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpring\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutumn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpring\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutumn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpring\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutumn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS1 Winter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS2 Winter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLS Winter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"17\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"22\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u0026nbsp;: non significatif; *\u0026nbsp;: significatif\u0026nbsp;; **\u0026nbsp;: Highly significant; ***\u0026nbsp;: Very highly significant\u0026nbsp;; \u0026uarr;\u0026nbsp;: Increase\u0026nbsp;; \u0026darr;\u0026nbsp;: Decrease\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTotal coliform (TC) enumeration\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the total coliform count show significant spatial and temporal variations from one type of sludge to another. Where it was recorded that 8.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0 log10 was the highest bacterial burden.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most probable number per gram of total solids (MPN/gTS) was recorded in the stations of BBA (S1) and Jijel (S4) during autumn in BS1 and BS2 and spring in LS.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, the lowest bacterial load of 3.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.74 log MPN/gTS was recorded in LS during spring in BBA (S1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results also show a reduction in TC concentrations in BS2 compared to BS1 where an average abatement rate of 56% was recorded with a maximum reported in summer in S1, i.e. 99.77%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis (HDS, TUKY test) for TC allowed us to record significant variations in BS1 of station 1 during the fall and summer when the bacterial load increased.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, we recorded very high significant variations of TCs in BS2 of station 1 during autumn and in liquid sludge (LS) during spring and summer, marked by an essential increase of the bacterial load compared to winter.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn station 2, we recorded significant variations of the TC in BS1, BS2, and LS during summer and autumn, when the bacterial load knew increases concerning winter, and in station 3 significant variations of the TC were recorded in BS1, BS2, and LS during spring, summer, and autumn where the bacterial load knew an increase concerning winter.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn station 4, significant variations of TC were recorded in BS1, BS2, and LS during spring. However, very highly significant variations were recorded in BS1, BS2, and LS during summer and fall where the bacterial load had a very remarkable increase compared to winter.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor station 5, we did not record any significant variation in TC\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, significant correlations were recorded between the TC load in all stations and the load of other species except S1 and S5.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eE. coli\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eenumeration\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e enumeration in the different samples show us a high concentration of BS1, especially during the summer period in the station (S2) with a maximum of 7.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.18 log MPN/gTS (BS1) 7.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.44 log MPN/gTS (LS). However, the lowest values characterized BS2 with a minimum of 2.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.51 log MPN/gTS, recorded in station S5 during summer.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, the average value of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e load is around 5.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.9 MPN/gTS, which is a high value compared to that recorded by L\u0026oacute;pez et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e] in sludge, where they used the MPN technique and the value recorded was between 2 and 2.2 log MPN/gTS.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, the results show us a reduction of E. coli load in BS2 compared to BS1 with an average abatement rate of 65%, while a maximum abatement was recorded at 99.15% in S1 during the summer.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical analyses (HDS, TUKEY test) for the results of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e enumeration show very highly significant variations in BS1, BS2, and LS of S1, S2, S3, and S4, where a very remarkable increase in bacterial load was noted in spring, summer and autumn compared to winter.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, highly significant correlations were recorded in BS2 in S1 and BS1in S4 during autumn.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThus, significant correlations between \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e and other species were recorded in all stations except S1 and S5.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFecal Streptococcus (FS) Enumeration\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor fecal streptococci, it was observed that the germ load in BS1 is the highest compared to LS and BS2. The maximum value of 6.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.99 log MPN/gTS was recorded in station S3 during the summer.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, the minimum value of 1.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.89 log MPN/gTS was recorded in station S2 during spring in BS2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndeed, a significant reduction of SF concentration in BS2 is noticed with an average removal rate of 56%. Of which the period of high temperature is characterized by the maximum value of abatement is 96%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis (ANOVA, two ways) for FS shows significant correlations between the load of these germs and a load of all other species, in all stations except S1 and S5.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThus, the statistical analyses (HDS, TUKY test) for FS allowed us to record significant variations in BS1, BS2 to S3 during the summer where the bacterial load knew an increase. On the other hand, highly significant variations were recorded in BS2 and LS of S2 during spring when the bacterial load decreased compared to winter.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEnumeration of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eSallmonela spp.\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eS.\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003espp.)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dismemberment of \u003cem\u003eS. spp.\u003c/em\u003e showed a very high load in BS1, the maximum value is about 7.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.44 log CFU/mL recorded during the summer, in contrast to BS2, where we recorded a minimum of 2.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.03 log CFU/mL in S3 in winter.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe reduction of S. spp. load recorded very high values with an average abatement rate of 71%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis (HDS, TUKEY test) for the results of \u003cem\u003eS. ssp.\u003c/em\u003e enumeration showed significant variations of BS1 in S2 during summer, BS1 in S3 and BS2 in S3 during summer and autumn, and LS in S1 during autumn, and LS in S3 during spring, summer, and autumn.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn contrast, highly significant variations were recorded for BS1 in S1, BS1 in S2, and LS in S2 during fall. Thus, very highly significant variations of BS2 were recorded in S2, LS in S2 during summer and BS1 in S3, BS1 in S4 during spring, and BS2 in S3 during summer.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, statistical analyses (ANOVA, Tow ways) showed significant correlations between the loads of \u003cem\u003eS. spp.\u003c/em\u003e at all stations and the load of other species except stations S1and S5.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSulfite-reducing anaerobic bacteria spores (\u003c/b\u003eASR\u003cb\u003e-Clostridium\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the RSA enumeration showed very high concentrations, where the colonies were uncountable for the three types of sludge in all stations and during all period of sampling, translating a strong presence of anaerobic sulfite-reducing bacteria in the three types of sludge.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndeed, the anaerobic sulfite-reducing bacteria are in fact fecal in origin and signify old contamination; they persist during disinfection, which causes other non-sporulating bacteria to go. The sporulating form allows them to resist for a long time in the aquatic environment. They are responsible for serious diseases such as botulism and tetanus, which is why the search for them is essential in the qualitative determination of sludge [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSearch for parasites\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eParasite search results are summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParasites search results\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003estations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSludge type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWinter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpring\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esummer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutumn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGUELMA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLiquid\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-kystes \u003cem\u003eEndolimaxnanus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-kystes \u003cem\u003eGiardia intestinalis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-formes v\u0026eacute;g\u0026eacute;tatives \u003cem\u003eChilomastixmeslili\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Protozoaire flagell\u0026eacute;s et cili\u0026eacute;e (n. id.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Protozoaire flagelles (n. id.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Filaments myc\u0026eacute;liens arthrospor\u0026eacute;s\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Œufs de nematodes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Filaments myc\u0026eacute;liens arthrospor\u0026eacute;s\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Protozoaire flagelles (n. id.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Protozoaire flagelles (n. id.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Kystes \u003cem\u003eEndolimaxnanus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Filaments myc\u0026eacute;liensarthrospor\u0026eacute;s\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSolid\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Larves strongyloides\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Protozoaire flagell\u0026eacute;s (n. id.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003cem\u003eBlastocystissp\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Protozoaire flagelles (n. id.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e- Filaments myc\u0026eacute;liens arthrospor\u0026eacute;s\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-œufs de nematodes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Filaments myc\u0026eacute;liensarthrospor\u0026eacute;s\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNTR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSIDI MAROUAN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLiquid\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Larves de n\u0026eacute;matodes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-kystes \u003cem\u003eGiardia intestinalis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- formes v\u0026eacute;g\u0026eacute;tatives et kystes d\u0026rsquo;amibes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-protozoaire flagelles (n. id.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-kystes\u003cem\u003eEndolimaxnanus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003cem\u003eBlastocystissp\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSolid\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Larves de n\u0026eacute;matodes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Kyste d\u0026rsquo;\u003cem\u003eEntamoeba coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-filaments myceliens\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-œufs de nematodes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003cem\u003eAlterniriasp\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Larvesrabdithoides de nematodes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-kystes\u003cem\u003eEndolimaxnanus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003cem\u003eBlastocystissp\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNTR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJIJEL\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLiquid\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Filaments myc\u0026eacute;liensarthrospor\u0026eacute;s\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-protozoaire flagelles (n. id.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-kystes \u003cem\u003eEndolimaxnanus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e- Filaments myc\u0026eacute;liens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNTR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSolid\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- Filaments myc\u0026eacute;liensarthrospor\u0026eacute;s\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- formes v\u0026eacute;g\u0026eacute;tatives et kystes d\u0026rsquo;amibes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-kystes \u003cem\u003eEndolimaxnanus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-protozoaire flagelles (n. id.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e- Filaments myc\u0026eacute;liens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB.B.A.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLiquid\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Kystes \u003cem\u003eGiardia Intestinalis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003cem\u003eEnteromonasSp\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003cem\u003eTrichomonas Sp\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Levures\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-protozoaire flagelles (n. id.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-kystes d\u0026rsquo;amibes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Larves de n\u0026eacute;matodes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Filaments myc\u0026eacute;liens\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Levures\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-protozoaire flagelles (n. id.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e- formes v\u0026eacute;g\u0026eacute;tatives des cili\u0026eacute;s\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-kystes\u003cem\u003eEndolimaxnanus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSolid\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Protozoaire flagell\u0026eacute;s (n. id.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Levures\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- filaments myceliens\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Larves de n\u0026eacute;matodes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNTR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNTR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCONSTANTINE\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLiquid\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-protozoaire flagelles (n. id.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-kyste d\u0026rsquo;\u003cem\u003eEndolimaxnanus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003cem\u003eBlastocystesp\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-kystes \u003cem\u003eEndolimaxnanus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-formes v\u0026eacute;g\u0026eacute;tatives \u003cem\u003ed\u0026rsquo;Endolimaxnanus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-kystes de pseudolimaxbutshlii\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-- formes v\u0026eacute;g\u0026eacute;tatives et kystes d\u0026rsquo;amibes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Oocystes de coccidies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSolid\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-protozoaireflagelles (n. id.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNTR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNTR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNP:not perform;NTR:nothing to report; n. id.\u0026nbsp;: Not identify\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, the analyses of the different types of sewage sludge show that these sludge contain an important and much diversified parasite mass; where we noticed that the majority of the results of the analyses carried out are positive. Globally, 81% of the samples were analyzed, and 50% can contain parasites between helminth eggs (Nematodes and/or Cestodes) or protozoa. We noticed a dominance of nematode larvae, which is in agreement with the bibliographic data of Stien and Schartzbrod [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]; Kabrick and Jewwell [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]; Bergstr\u0026ouml;m [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]; Graham [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]; Crewe [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe variations in the microbial load recorded call on several factors. Indeed, the high concentrations of microorganisms recorded in BS1 older than 1 month, compared to liquid sludge (LS-raw sludge) and dry sludge (BS2-sludge older than 6 months) are probably due to the storage age of the sludge in the drying beds. Studies by Guzma\u0026acute;n et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e] showed that in raw sewage sludge, all microorganisms except bacteriophages infecting Bact. fragilis, which had an average value of 5.7 * 10\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e per 10 g.d.m., had concentrations well above 106, thus, the levels of indicators and pathogens in the dry sludge, except for the eggs of viable helminths, which were present at low concentrations, all other parameters studied showed high densities, but not as low as in the raw sludge. Ansi, Erkan and Saninansi [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e] conducted a study to determine the number of indicator bacteria in mesophile digested sludge from large-scale sewage treatment plants in Turkey as a result of dewatering. They found that, in contrast to centrifugal dehydration, belt filter-operated sewage treatment plants have higher indicator bacteria content. This means that the reduction of the microbial load after drying is highly possible under adequate conditions. However, and according to Maalem et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e] middle-aged sludge (1\u0026ndash;3 months) provides the best conditions for bacterial growth compared to liquid (fresh) sludge and dry sludge (aged 6 months or older), where the sludge has a adequate humidity, rich in organic matter and necessary nutrients and the temperature is high (35\u0026ndash;37\u0026deg;C). In addition, according to Anise and Sorensen [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e], temperature has a key role in bacterial growth, it directly influences the increase or/and decrease in bacterial load [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndeed, during the summer, the temperature was favorable for the development of coliforms and more specifically thermotolerant faecal coliforms (\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e). According to Mainoo et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e], Monroy et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e], Lalander et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e] the increase in temperature, in the presence of large quantities of organic matter, contributes to the increase in the load of total coliforms, \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e, streptococci and other pathogenic germs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, the long-term storage of sludge is an interesting alternative to processes aimed at reducing pathogens. Strategic storage is, according to Elissalde et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e], considered a treatment of moderate efficacy. It can nevertheless allow, under certain conditions, bacterial growth but, generally, most pathogens are unable to multiply in the medium constituted by the sludge and experience a variable evolution according to the seasons. This explains the reduction in the bacterial load (CT, \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e, SF, \u003cem\u003eS. spp.\u003c/em\u003e) in dry sludge (BS2) compared to medium sludge (BS1) and liquid sludge (LS). This explains the high abatement rates which exceeded 99%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThus, Dudley et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e], proved that 6 months of storage at high temperatures (summer) are effective (good to excellent reduction), while 6 months at low temperatures (winter) are much less so (low to average reduction).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, by the source of nutrients that it represents, the organic matter of sludge is favorable to pathogenic microorganisms. The biological activity of the environment decreases the resistance of microorganisms by competition for nutrients and probably also by predation by ciliated protozoa [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. Millner et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e] showed that there were microbial antagonists which, when present, killed or reduced the growth rate of \u003cem\u003eSalmonella\u003c/em\u003e in sludge.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, the decrease in the concentration of total coliforms, \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e, faecal streptococci and \u003cem\u003eS. spp\u003c/em\u003e. during the winter is due to the fact that during the rainy period, the water level in the drying basins increases, causing a dilution of the environment, moreover, during this period, the temperature drops and therefore a reduction metabolism and number of bacteria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThus, throughout the study period and with the different types of sludge, the concentration of faecal streptococci is partially lower than that of faecal coliforms. These results can be explained by a difference in the rate of decline which is faster in faecal streptococci and which can be influenced by abiotic factors in the natural environment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results obtained agree with those described in the literature, and similarly with similar work carried out by Maalem et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e] and Mathlouthi [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this present work, we have achieved the microbiological characterization of sewage sludge from five WWTPs (BourdjBouAriridj \"S1\", Ibn Ziad -Constantine-\"S2), Sidi Mourouan-Mila-\"S3\", Djijel \"S4\", Guelma \u0026ldquo;S5). We analyzed liquid sludge (raw) and dry sludge of a different storage age. We counted germs indicating faecal contamination (total coliforms, faecal \"\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e\" coliforms and faecal streptococci), research and enumeration of pathogenic germs (\u003cem\u003eSalmonella\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eClostridium\u003c/em\u003e) and parasites.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results obtained show that the sludge is loaded with microorganisms, in particular bacteria of faecal origin, especially during the months of high temperature (Spring, Summer) and in particular in the middle-aged sludge (more than 1 month), which is very rich in organic matter with adequate moisture. However, the extension of the storage period contributes to the reduction of the bacterial load and pathogenic germs under the effect of certain parameters, in particular high temperatures and microbial antagonisms. This allows us to conclude that the drying beds contribute greatly to reducing the load of germs, in particular pathogenic germs from sewage sludge.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, the results show us a strong presence of sulfate-reducing anaerobic bacteria (ASR), \u003cem\u003eSelmonella spp.\u003c/em\u003e and E. coli. We have also noticed that this sludge contains parasites between helminth eggs (Nematodes and/or Cestodes) and protozoa.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe can conclude that in addition to their richness in organic matter and nutrients, which have given it great importance in agriculture, sewage sludge is characterized by the presence of indicator germs of faecal contamination with a very high load, thus, the presence of certain pathogenic germs (\u003cem\u003eSelmonella spp.\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eE. coli.\u003c/em\u003e) and parasites. In addition, the possibility that certain microorganisms acquire resistance to certain antibiotics is very strong. Thus, despite the significant reduction in this microbial load recorded after treatment in the drying beds, the risks associated with the spreading of this sludge must be controlled by compliance with a certain number of specific rules according to the recommendations of De Giudici and para [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":" \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of competing interest:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declared that there is no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirstly, we would like to thank the DGRSDT for its material and moral support for this project, as well as the administration of the CRBt and all the researchers, engineers and technicians of the laboratories. We also sincerely thank the ONA, the administration, the workers and the employees of the wastewater treatment plants of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Guelma, Constantine, Mila and Jijel, and we also thank L'Epic Edevco Constantine and all those who contributed in carrying out this study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMuba Mopili L (2012) Traitement des eaux us\u0026eacute;es par macrophytes. Ed. Universitaires europ\u0026eacute;ennes, p 100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDeshayes M (2008) \u003cem\u003eGuide pour l\u0026rsquo;\u0026eacute;tablissement des plans d\u0026rsquo;assurance de la qualit\u0026eacute; dans le cadre de la r\u0026eacute;alisation des stations d\u0026rsquo;\u0026eacute;puration de type boues activ\u0026eacute;es en lots s\u0026eacute;par\u0026eacute;s\u003c/em\u003e. M\u0026eacute;moire de projet de fin d\u0026rsquo;\u0026eacute;tude. 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Environ Risque Sante 12:422\u0026ndash;433. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1684/ers.2013.0649\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1684/ers.2013.0649\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"wastewater treatment plants, sewage sludge, microbiological characterization, Algeria","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4020284/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4020284/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study was conducted to determine the microbiological characteristics of sewage sludge from five waste-water treatment plants (WWTPs) in eastern Algeria and to assess the efficiency of drying beds in lowering the microbial load in this sludge, which is typically used in agricultural fields.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe chose the five most significant waste-water treatment facilities in Algeria's Eastern area to carry out this study. Where we have counted harmful microorganisms (\u003cem\u003eSalmonella, Clostridium\u003c/em\u003e), and examined parasites. Total coliforms, fecal \"\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e\" and fecal streptococci were used as indicators of fecal contamination.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe obtained results indicate that the examined sewage sludge is a rich source of microorganisms, particularly bacteria of fecal origin, especially during the months of high temperature (Spring, Summer), and moor particular in the sludge of medium age (more than 1 month). As a result, we have reported a significant presence of anaerobic sulfate-reducingria (ASR), \u003cem\u003eSalmonella spp.\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e. We also observed that this sludge included parasites, ranging from protozoa to helminth eggs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe may draw the conclusion that even if the microbiological load in the sewage sludge significantly decreased after treatment in the drying beds, the hazards associated with the spread of this sludge must be managed by adherence to a set of exact guidelines.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study allowed us to determine the microbiological properties of sewage sludge, through which we can reduce the risks or definitively eliminated, which allows the possibility of valued them in the agricultural sector by avoiding all possible environmental risks and even on health public.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The importance of Evaluation of microorganisms in raw sewage sludge intended for agriculture","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-12 10:13:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4020284/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"80cf1bb1-65dc-4172-b0be-b18e9883befa","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 12th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-03-12T20:29:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-12 10:13:28","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4020284","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4020284","identity":"rs-4020284","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}