The Impact of a Co – created Comic Story and Activity Book on Personal Hygiene Awareness and Practices Among Primary School Pupils in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

The Impact of a Co – created Comic Story and Activity Book on Personal Hygiene Awareness and Practices Among Primary School Pupils in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Impact of a Co – created Comic Story and Activity Book on Personal Hygiene Awareness and Practices Among Primary School Pupils in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria Ebikonbowei Alexis Okaba, Uchechukwu Maduku Chukwuocha, Richard Owen Obinna This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6285406/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Ensuring proper personal and environmental hygiene among school children is crucial in reducing the spread of hygiene-related diseases such as diarrhoea and respiratory infections. This study assessed the impact of a comic story and activity book on personal and environmental hygiene awareness and practices among primary school pupils in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Methods A quasi-experimental study design was employed, involving 400 pupils (200 intervention, 200 control). A structured pre- and post-intervention survey was conducted to measure hygiene knowledge, handwashing behaviors, waste disposal habits, and overall school cleanliness. The intervention group, which received the comic book, demonstrated a significant increase in hygiene awareness (p < 0.05) and improved sanitation practices compared to the control. Results These findings highlight the effectiveness of comic storytelling as an educational tool in promoting hygiene practices among children. As a total of 110 (55%) and 98 (49%) respectively from the control group and intervention group of the pupils responded in the affirmative at pre-intervention assessment which increased at post intervention to 139 (69.5%) in the control group and 179 (89.5%) in the intervention group. Hygiene education comic story and activity book environmental sanitation primary school pupils WASH interventions Introduction Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) practices are fundamental to public health, particularly in primary school settings where children are susceptible to waterborne diseases such as diarrhoea. WASH refers to the collective services and practices related to the provision of safe water, the management of sanitation facilities, and the promotion of hygiene behaviours ( 1 ). These elements are interdependent, and a deficiency in one area can adversely affect the others, leading to a spectrum of health and socio-economic challenges ( 2 ). Lack of adequate personal and environmental hygiene is a major factor in the spread of waterborne diseases, parasitic infections, and respiratory illnesses among school-age children. In Nigeria, schools often face poor sanitation infrastructure, leading to unhygienic behaviors and high rates of illness-related absenteeism. Studies indicate that 73% of diarrhoeal and enteric disease burden in Nigeria is associated with poor access to adequate WASH services, disproportionately affecting school children. Poor sanitation infrastructure has been linked to frequent absenteeism and malnutrition among pupils ( 3 ). Studies have shown that unsafe water, inadequate sanitation, and poor hygiene practices contribute to 88% of diarrhoeal diseases globally, disproportionately affecting children under five, particularly in Nigeria. Inadequate WASH facilities in schools have been linked to high absenteeism and increased disease burden among pupils ( 4 ). Diarrhoea poses a significant global health threat, disproportionately affecting low- and middle-income countries. A staggering 4.9 million children under five die annually, with diarrhoea accounting for over 12% of these deaths ( 5 ). By 2030, an estimated 4.4 million children under five will succumb to infectious diseases yearly, with 60% of these deaths occurring in sub-Saharan Africa ( 6 ). Diarrhoea contributes substantially to the global disease burden, accounting for 3.6% of disability-adjusted life years ( 7 ). Despite progress in reducing diarrhea-related mortality over the past 25 years, morbidity rates in sub-Saharan Africa remain high due to inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene ( 8 ). The rapid urbanization of African cities exacerbates outbreaks, disproportionately affecting children under 15 ( 9 ). Cholera outbreaks, triggered by contaminated food and water with Vibrio cholera, are often linked to poor hygiene, inadequate sanitation, and limited access to clean water ( 10 ). Diarrhoea remains a significant cause of illness and death among primary school-aged children in areas with limited access to clean water and proper sanitation, including Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. Waterborne diseases, caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, protozoa, and viruses, are a major global health concern ( 11 ). These diseases have severe consequences for public health and socioeconomic development, accounting for 4% of the global disease burden and 1.6 million deaths annually ( 12 ). Inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities are primary drivers of waterborne disease transmission. Improving WASH infrastructure is crucial for controlling the spread of waterborne diseases and promoting household health ( 13 ). Diarrhea imposes a significant economic burden on both the health sector and the general population, as treatment requires substantial time and resources, leading to lost productivity and opportunities ( 14 ). Approximately 94% of the disease burden attributed to diarrhea is linked to environmental factors, including unsafe drinking water, inadequate sanitation, and poor hygiene practices ( 15 ). Diarrhea and cholera, both sanitation-related diseases, continue to compromise human health and wellbeing. Consequently, enhancing sanitation infrastructure is crucial for achieving the health-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically reducing child mortality and combating disease ( 16 ). The inadequate status of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) can have far-reaching consequences for children's growth and development ( 9 ). Moreover, experts agree that improving WASH conditions is essential for addressing under nutrition in disadvantaged children worldwide. Traditional WASH educational methods often rely on text-heavy curricula, which may not fully engage young learners and these traditional educational methods have struggled to effectively convey WASH knowledge and encourage behavior change among this vulnerable population. As a result, there is a need to explore the potential of innovative tools such as comic storytelling books to improve WASH practices Comic books, as visual and interactive educational tools, have been shown to enhance knowledge retention and behavior change. Therefore, this study explores the impact of a comic story and activity book on WASH awareness and hygiene practices among primary school children in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Materials and Method Study Design A Quasi-Experimental Research Design was employed for this study. A quasi-experimental research design is appropriate for this study because it allows for the investigation of the impact of an intervention (the use of comic story and activity books) on WASH practices and diarrhoea occurrence among pupils. Twenty primary schools were involved in this study, of which the comic story and activity book was introduced in ten primary schools (intervention) while health talk on Water, sanitation and hygiene was offered to the other ten primary schools (control). The primary schools selected for this study were randomly selected from the register of public primary schools in Yenagoa Local Government Area of Bayelsa State after stratification into the different constituencies in Yenagoa LGA. This was done to avoid contact between pupils of the respective schools, preventing exchange of experience or ideas concerning the project. Only the pupils in the primary 4 and 5 classes were included in the study due to their abilities to read, comprehend and draw more than pupils in the other classes. Study setting This study was carried out in twenty government-owned public primary schools in twenty communities inside Yenagoa Local Government Area, Bayelsa State South South Nigeria. With each of the schools having an average student population of 800 spanning from primary one to primary six. The student population in each of the primary schools has a higher proportion of female pupils compared to males. The state of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) facilities in these schools ranges from average to severely deteriorated as it was seen that the schools have inadequate toilet facilities, with only two toilets allocated for all the boys and three for all the girls, leading to significant sanitation challenges. Study population and sample size There was a total of 4256 pupils’ in ten of the primary schools earmarked as the study control and 4178 pupils’ in the other ten primary schools earmarked to receive the study the study intervention bringing it to a total 8434 pupils in the twenty primary schools. The study targets primary school pupils between the ages of 6–12 years and their parents in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. Since the study design required pupils that could read, only the pupils in primary 4 and 5 classes were included in the study comprising 200 pupils from the Primary Schools earmarked as the study control and 200 pupils from the Primary School earmarked to receive the study intervention. To determine the study sample size, the sample size calculation was based on a formula described by using the Taro Yamane in 1967, which is n = N/ (1 + N (e) 2) Where: n signifies the sample size N signifies the population under study, and e signifies the margin error (0.05) Therefore: 1. Square the error margin e 2 = (0.05) 2 = 0.0025 2. Multiply e by the population size 8434/0.0025 = 21.085 3. Add 1 to the result 1 + 21.085 = 22.085 4. Divide the population by the result n = 8434/22.085 n = 381.89 Therefore, a sample size of approximately 382 pupils (rounded up to the nearest whole number) was obtained. However, due the fact that some pupils’ may refuse to participate, drop out or provide incomplete responses, extra 18 participants was added to make the sample size 400 and ensure that the sample size was still maintained in the event of one of these factors occurring. Inclusion Criteria The study included Primary school pupils aged 6 to 12 years who were enrolled in the selected intervention and control schools in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. Pupils who had parental or guardian consent to participate in the study. Pupils who were physically present during both the pre- and post-intervention assessments. Exclusion criteria The study excluded eligible participants who were unwilling to participate, eligible participants who were unwilling to give written consent to participate. Pupils who were absent during the pre-intervention assessment or who relocated before the study's completion. Pupils with severe cognitive or physical impairments that could prevent their full participation in the intervention activities. Schools with pre-existing structured WASH programs to ensure that the observed changes were directly related to the comic-based intervention. Sampling Technique A list of all the public primary schools in the Yenagoa metropolis was first obtained from the office of the Bayelsa State Primary Schools board in the Bayelsa State Ministry of Education and then 20 Public Primary Schools was selected for the study by carrying out a random sampling on the selected schools. Each of the selected schools were randomly selected through the process of Balloting and this process led to the selection of 10 primary schools that was earmarked receive the intervention of this study and 10 primary schools to serve as the study control. The selection of the intervention and control schools for this study was based on key matching criteria to ensure comparability. Selection criteria such as the public primary school status, adequate enrolment of students, existing WASH challenges, and willingness to participate were taken into consideration. The demographic similarity of all the schools was taken into consideration as only schools located in their respective communities was selected for the study, the socioeconomic context of the pupils’ parents was also considered as majority of the students in these schools live in the village and the socioeconomic status of their parents are below average. This approach helped minimize these confounding factors and provided a clear assessment of the intervention’s impact on WASH awareness and practices and occurrence of childhood diarrhoea among the students. Study Intervention A Children Comic Storytelling book on WASH practices was designed and produced. This story telling book is made up of an introduction about WASH, 3 major chapters on various WASH Practices and 3 stories on WASH practices that is filled with many attractive pictorial stories with the aim to captivate the attention of the children on these WASH Practices. At the end of each chapter and story, there are class activity to enable the Pupil’s demonstrate what they have learnt from that particular chapter and story. Development of the Comic Story and activity Book This book was co-created with the target users (The Pupil’s). Co-creation is defined as a form of collaborative innovation where ideas are shared and improved together with experts and/or stakeholders. Co-creation in a multidisciplinary team combining scientific and design disciplines is necessary to generate new ideas that have both a technical and a human-centred element to deliver a new experience. User-oriented design or design thinking approaches have grown tremendously as ways to drive interdisciplinary creative ideation ( 17 ), to place the user perspective at the centre of the creative process in the early stages of innovation to boost innovativeness, and to reduce cognitive bias ( 18 ). The book was developed through an iterative design process with Pupil’s of Public Primary Schools in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. ● First there was a two-weeks call for the volunteering of Pupil’s to participate in the co – creation process of the comic storytelling book and was be sent out to all the selected Primary Schools. ● Secondly, a total of 15 Pupil’s was selected for the process. The number of volunteers was more than 15 therefore, a random sampling was applied through the process of Balloting to select 15 Pupil’s for the process. The selection process took into account some independent variables of the Pupil’s such as; Socio-demographic Characteristics such as Sex, Age, Type of residence, Level of Education and Working status of the parents. Household living conditions such as Cooking place, type of cooking fuel, and Bed with a mattress. WASH related characteristics such as drinking water; time to get to the water source, type and location of toilet facility and availability of hand washing facilities with soap. Pupil’s whose living conditions are less than the required standards for these variables was selected in the development of the comic storytelling book because they are more likely to suffer from the consequences of inadequate WASH practices. The process consists of three phases. - The Exploratory Phase - Development and Review of the Comic Story and activity book - Critiquing Phase Data collection Data for this study was collected both quantitatively at both the pre-intervention and post-intervention phase of the study. Instrument used For the school-based survey, a Pre and Post semi – structured questionnaire was developed and administered. This was used as one of the data collection tools to elicit responses on individual level factors and also the level of implementation of WASH practices in the school. The questionnaire was designed to address the main themes of the study, such as access to safe water and sanitation and knowledge, attitude and practices with regard to WASH. Data Analysis From the data collected, pre and post intervention questionnaire were coded and keyed-in to MS-Access. Data security was ensured by the creation of back-ups in removable discs. Access to the data was limited through robust passwords and only those involved in the survey were allowed access. Data was then exported to Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 27) for analysis. Analysis technique includes descriptive and inferential analysis. Descriptive technique used in the study includes construction of frequency distribution tables and charts. Odds ratios and the 95% confidence intervals were constructed and used for explanations of effects size measures. Statistical test was conducted at 5% level of significance and probability value (p) was used to interpret significance. Ethical Consideration Approval to carry out this study was in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and obtained from the Bayelsa State Ministry of Education. The principle of voluntary participation for respondents was strictly adhered to and participants were not been coerced into participating in the study. Confidentiality and anonymity was key during this survey. Information gathered from respondents was coded and unique identifiers were used to conceal the identity of respondents. Human Ethics and Consent to Participate declarations Not Applicable Results The study sought to collect data from four hundred (400) pupils in primary schools in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria and a response rate of 100% was achieve. Out of the 400-targeted pupils, 400 gave adequate information through answering the questionnaires completely and returned the questionnaires accordingly. All the pupils participated in the study. Thus, the study realized a response rate of 100% as shown in In each of the arms of the study, pupils in the control primary schools (n = 200) were made up of the group that received only health talks on Water, Sanitation and hygiene and others in the intervention primary school (n = 200 pupils) received both health talks and the comic story and activity book on WASH. Table 1 Demographic Characteristics of Pupils and their caregivers in Schools in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State Demographic Characteristics Control Primary School (n = 200) Intervention Primary School (n = 200) Freq % Freq % ꭓ2 P-Value Age of Pupils 6–7 66 33 46 23 8–9 84 42 97 48.5 10–11 35 17.5 32 16 12–13 15 7.5 25 12.5 Total 200 100 200 100 7.14 0.068 Gender of Pupils Male 112 56 114 57 Female 88 44 86 43 Total 200 100 200 100 0.041 0.840 Class of study Primary 4 131 65.5 115 82.5 Primary 5 69 34.5 85 17.5 Total 200 100 200 100 2.703 0.100 Caregiver type 0 Parents 150 75 165 82.5 Guardian 50 25 35 17.5 Total 200 100 200 100 3.361 0.067 Marital Status of caregiver Single 57 28.5 66 33 Married 106 53 108 54 Divorced 37 18.5 26 13 Total 200 100 200 100 2.598 0.273 Educational Status of caregiver No formal 18 9 12 6 Primary 60 30 42 21 Secondary 104 52 128 64 Tertiary 18 9 18 9 Total 200 100 200 100 6.859 0.077 Caregiver Occupation Farmers 103 51.5 113 56.5 Teachers 18 9 22 11 Traders 64 32 48 24 Others 15 7.5 17 8.5 Total 200 100 200 100 3.274 0.351 Table 1 continued Demographic Characteristics Control Primary School (n = 200) Intervention Primary School (n = 200) Freq % Freq % ꭓ2 P-Value Caregiver Employment status Full Time 99 49.5 116 58 Part Time 58 29 46 23 Unemployed 43 21.5 38 19 Total 200 100 200 100 3.037 0.219 Family Religion Christianity 159 79.5 151 75.5 Muslim 23 11.5 37 18.5 Traditional Religion 18 9 12 6 Total 200 100 200 100 4.673 0.097 Family Ethnicity Izon 160 80 170 85 Yoruba 7 3.5 11 5.5 Igbo 25 12.5 15 7.5 Hausa 8 4 4 2 Total 200 100 200 100 5.025 0.017 The demographic characteristics of the study respondents is contained in Table 1 , showing the age structure, gender, class, caregiver type, marital status, household size, level of education, occupation, religion, employment and ethnicity at both the control and the intervention primary schools containing 200 participants each. The table shows that none of the characteristic differs significantly between the control group and the intervention group (p > 5%) except in religion, where slight significant difference was observed between the two groups. The age distribution of the pupils shows that the average age of the pupils were 8.4 ± 1.55 years in the control primary school and 8.7 ± 1.93 in the intervention primary school. The age groups that contained the highest and lowest frequency distribution of the pupils were the 8–9 years old and the 12–13 years old respectively. For the 8–9 years, The largest frequency of the pupils were 82 (42.0%) pupils in the control group and 97 (48.5%) pupils in the intervention group. For the 12–13 years, the lowest frequencies were 15 (7.5%) among the control group and 25 (12.5%) among the intervention group. No significant age difference was found between the control primary school and the intervention primary school (p = 0.068). Just as in age, gender of the pupils did not differ significantly both the two groups of schools (P = 0.840). There were 112 (56.0%) males and 88 (44.0%) females in the control group while the intervention primary school has 114 (57.0%) males and 86 (43.0%) females. For the control primary school, large proportion of the pupils is in primary 4 (131: 65.5%), while those in primary five were 69 (34.5%). Clear majority of the pupils in the intervention primary school were in primary 4 study level (115: 82.5%), and the remaining 85 (17.5%) were in primary five. A total of 150 (75%) of the pupils in the control group and 165 (82.5%) from the intervention group are being cared for by their parents, while the remaining 85 in all (control = 50: 25.9%; intervention = 35:17.5%) are being taken care of by their guardians. Among the care givers of the pupils in both study primary schools, more than half were married comprising of 106 (53.0%) from the control primary school and 108 (54.0%) from the intervention primary school. The singles were 57 (28.5%) in control primary school and 66 (33.0%) in intervention primary school while the remaining in each group were divorced or separated (control = 37: 18.5%; intervention = 26: 13.0%). Clearly marital status of the parents/ guardians of the pupils did not differ significantly between the two study schools. (p = 0.273). Majority of the caretakers had at least secondary level of education in both the control primary school (secondary level = 104: 52.0%; tertiary level = 18: 9.0%) and the intervention primary school (secondary level = 128: 64.0%; tertiary level = 18: 9.0%). Those without formal education were 18 (9.0%) in the control primary schools and 12 (6.0%) in the intervention primary school. More than half of the caretakers in each primary school were farmers (control primary school = 103: 51.5%; Intervention primary school = 113: 56.5%). Some were treaders (control primary school = 64: 32.0%; Intervention primary school = 48: 24.0%) and teachers (control primary school = 18: 9.0%; Intervention primary school = 22: 11.0%). The differences in the level of education between the caretakers of the pupils studied from both primary schools were not statistically significant (p = 0.077). Approximately half (50%) of the caretakers in the control group were employed with full time engagements while 29% and 21% were 116 (58%) in all. The partly employed and the unemployed were 42 (23%) and 38 (19.0%) respectively. No evidence of significant difference in the caretakers’ employment status between the two groups (p = 0.219). Christianity was the major family religion in the study group (control = 159: 79.5%; Intervention = 151: 75.5%). Some families were of Muslim religion (control = 23: 11.5%; Intervention = 37: 18.5%) while others were of traditional religion (control = 18: 9.0%; Intervention = 12: 6.0%). No evidence of differences in family religion was found between the two groups in the study primary schools (p = 0.097). Majority in both groups were dominated by the Izon tribe (control = 160: 80.0%; Intervention = 170: 85%). Other tribes include Yoruba (control = 7: 3.5%; Intervention = 11: 5.5%), Igbo (control = 25: 12.5%; Intervention = 15: 7.5%) and Hausa (control = 8: 4.0%; Intervention = 4: 2.0%). Statistical test of significant difference indicates that tribal differences existed between the two study primary schools used as control and intervention primary schools (p = 0.017). Table 2 Impact of the comic story and activity book on hygiene awareness among school pupil in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria Control Primary School Intervention Primary School Awareness Pretest Posttest Pretest Posttest 95% Conf. Int Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % P OR Lower Upper Washing your hands helps prevent germs? Yes 110 55.0 139 69.5 98 49.0 179 89.5 0.0394 1.45 1.002 2.085 No 20 10.0 16 8.0 26 13.0 8 4.0 0.0654 0.38 0.119 1.120 No Idea 70 35.0 45 22.5 76 38.0 13 6.5 < 0.0001 0.27 0.122 0.556 I need to always wash my hands after blowing my nose Yes 88 44.0 129 64.5 92 46.0 184 92.0 0.0984 1.36 0.927 2.006 No 32 16.0 16 8.0 31 15.5 5 2.5 0.0417 0.32 0.083 1.081 No Idea 80 40.0 55 27.5 77 38.5 11 5.5 < 0.0001 0.21 0.092 0.442 I need to always wash my hands after coughing Yes 69 34.5 131 65.5 74 37.0 180 90.0 0.2217 1.28 0.843 1.944 No 57 28.5 27 13.5 63 31.5 10 5.0 0.0066 0.34 0.133 0.796 No idea 74 37.0 42 21.0 63 31.5 10 5.0 0.0007 0.28 0.116 0.628 I need to always wash my hands when I return from school Yes 43 21.5 147 73.5 48 24.0 188 94.0 0.5660 1.15 0.670 1.872 No 46 23.0 21 10.5 45 22.5 4 2.0 0.0027 0.19 0.045 0.648 No Idea 112 56.0 32 16.0 107 53.5 8 4.0 0.0007 0.26 0.100 0.616 Is it necessary washing fruits before eating them is necessary Yes 109 54.5 142 71.0 111 55.5 192 96.0 0.1038 1.33 0.929 1.896 No 34 17.0 17 8.5 34 17.0 4 2.0 0.0122 0.24 0.053 0.836 No Idea 57 28.5 41 20.5 55 27.5 4 2.0 < 0.0001 0.10 0.025 0.310 Why do you wash your fruits before eating fruits* To remove dirt on the fruit 162 81.0 162 81.0 168 84.0 189 94.5 0.4431 1.13 0.823 1.538 To remove bacteria 62 31.0 71 35.5 57 28.5 187 67.5 < 0.0001 2.72 1.689 4.390 Normal Habit 26 13.0 20 10.0 10 5.0 4 2.0 0.3188 0.52 0.105 2.171 The impact of the study comic story and activity book on hygiene awareness among school pupil in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria is presented in Table 2 . The table shows that in terms of awareness that hand washing prevents germs, a total of 110 (55%) and 98 (49%) respectively from the control group and intervention group of the pupils responded in the affirmative at pre-intervention assessment which increased at post intervention to 139 (69.5%) in the control group and 179 (89.5%) in the intervention group. The pupils that responded “no idea’ at post intervention reduced 33.5% in the control group and 6.5% in the intervention group. The difference in the rate of increase between the two groups was found significant in this study (P = 0.0394), while that of reduction to not having ideas was of also significant (P < 0.0001). The odds ratio indicates that the probability of showing awareness at post intervention was 1.45 times higher in the intervention school compared to the control primary school, (OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.002–2.085), while that of having “no idea” was 79% significantly lower among the intervention primary school pupils (OR = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.122–0.556). Significant impact was found on the need to always wash hands after blowing nose. At pre-test (pre-intervention) 80 (44.0%) pupils in the control group and 77 (38.5%) in the intervention group responded “no idea” to the need to always was hands after blowing nose, but at post intervention, the number got reduced to 55 (27.5%) in the control group and 11 (5.5%) in the intervention group, with increase on “yes” responds signifying more awareness). The rate at which the change occurred in both groups was significant (P < 0.0001) with odds ratio indicating that the odds for having no idea was 79% (ie 1-0.21) % significantly lower in the intervention group compared to the control group. (OR = 0.21, 95%CI = 0.092–0.442). The awareness on the need to wash hands after coughing was also fond significant especially on the pupils that indicated not having the idea whether to wash hands or not after coughing, (P = 0.0007). the rate for not having the knowledge (no idea) reduced in both groups at post-intervention, but was much larger among the pupils in the intervention primary school (31.5–5%) than in the control primary school (37–21%). The difference in the rate reduction was significant with odds ration indicating that the odds for having such poor knowledge or awareness was found to be 72% significantly lower in the intervention primary school compared to the control primary school (OR = 0.28, 95%CI = 0.116–0.628). The pupils that responded “No” to the question also reduced significantly at post intervention with 66% lower odds for the intervention primary school (OR = 0.34, 95%CI = 0.133–0.796). Similarly, the responses on the need to always wash hands when returned from school indicate that significant impact of the study intervention was found when considering the responses for “No” (p = 0.0027) and “No idea” (p = 0.0007). The response for “No” indicates lack of awareness or knowledge. It reduced for both groups at post intervention, but had greater reduction rate at the intervention primary school (22–2%), compared to that of the control primary school (23–10%). Similar decline was obtained in “no idea responses from pre to post test, which signifies reduction in the number having poor knowledge. Clearly at the “no” response, there were 81% lower odds for lack of knowledge or awareness for the intervention primary school compared to the control primary school (OR = 0.19, 95%CI = 0.045–0.648), while there exist 90% lower odds for poor awareness in the intervention primary school against what was obtained at the control primary school (OR = 0.26, 95%CI = 0.100–0.616). Concerning the knowledge on the need to wash fruits before eating, the study found significant impact of the intervention to that respect. While those who do not see the need necessary at the pretest reduced at post test for the control group (no = 17–8.5%, No idea = 28–20.5%), such reductions were much heavier at the intervention group (no = 17–2%, no idea = 27.5–2%). The difference in rate of reduction for the two item responses was found significant between the two groups, with lower odds for poor awareness and knowledge found among the intervention group on “No” (OR = 0.24, 95%CI = 0.053–0.836, p = 0.0122) and “No idea” (OR = 0.10, 95%CI = 0.025–0.310, p < 0.0001). The knowledge on the reasons for washing of fruits before eating was found significant at intervention, on bacterial removal (p < 0.0001). At the control primary school, the awareness that washing of fruits is likely to remove bacteria increased just slightly from pre-intervention to post-intervention among the pupils, from 62 (31.0%) to 71 (35.5%). But the increase in awareness was much higher among the pupils at the intervention primary school (from 57: 28.5% at pre-intervention to 187: 67.5% at post-intervention). The odds ratio shows that the probability for having awareness concerning bacterial removal through washing of fruits was found to be 2.7 times higher among the pupils in the intervention primary school compared to the pupils in the control primary school (OR = 2.72, 95% CI = 1.689–4.390). Table 2 Impact of the comic story and activity book on hygiene Practices among school pupil in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria Control Primary School Intervention Primary School Practices Pretest Posttest Pretest Posttest 95% Conf. Int Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % p OR Lower Upper How often do you wash your hands with soap? Before and after eating food 60 30.0 65 32.5 56 28.0 62 31.0 0.9326 1.02 0.599 1.745 After using the toilet 108 54.0 115 57.5 116 58.0 125 62.5 0.9489 1.01 0.691 1.481 After playing outside 32 16.0 20 10.0 28 14.0 113 56.5 < 0.0001 6.46 3.046 13.746 How do you wash your hands? In a bowl with water 127 63.5 100 50.0 143 71.5 87 43.5 0.1759 0.77 0.522 1.142 In a bowl with soap and water 11 5.5 21 10.5 24 12.0 34 17.0 0.5141 0.74 0.271 1.978 Under a running water with soap 22 11.0 32 16.0 8 4.0 49 24.5 0.0015 4.21 1.551 12.186 Under a running tap without soap 40 20.0 47 23.5 25 12.5 30 15.0 0.9515 1.02 0.491 2.130 How often do you brush your teeth? Once a day 125 62.5 127 63.5 140 70.0 108 54.0 0.8180 1.04 0.731 1.480 Twice a day 35 17.5 41 20.5 24 12.0 66 33.0 0.0093 2.35 1.167 4.740 Occasionally 40 20.0 40 20.0 36 18.0 26 13.0 0.3393 0.72 0.350 1.485 Do you use toothpaste when you brush your teeth? Always 139 69.5 114 57.0 162 81.0 170 85.0 0.1406 1.28 0.909 1.801 Sometimes 54 27.0 51 25.5 30 15.0 27 13.5 0.883 0.95 0.474 1.910 Never 7 3.5 5 2.5 8 4.0 3 1.5 0.4691 0.53 0.060 4.051 Table 4.4 b continued Control Primary School Intervention Primary School Practices Pretest Posttest Pretest Posttest 95% Conf. Int Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % P OR Lower Upper How often do you change your toothbrush? Once every three-month 7 3.5 12 6.0 5 2.5 19 9.5 0.2451 2.22 0.467 10.923 Once every six-month 25 12.5 37 18.5 17 8.5 36 18.0 0.3599 1.43 0.621 3.326 Once a year 70 35.0 65 32.5 111 55.5 97 48.5 0.7838 0.94 0.596 1.487 Never 91 45.5 82 41.0 59 29.5 45 22.5 0.5042 0.85 0.503 1.141 How often do you trim your nails? Once a week 50 25.0 97 48.5 64 32.0 140 70.0 0.6022 1.13 0.699 1.814 Every two weeks 90 45.0 60 30.0 78 39.0 40 20.0 0.3052 0.77 0.451 1.309 Once a month or more 60 30.0 43 21.5 58 29.0 20 10.0 0.0243 0.48 0.239 0.955 How often do you have your bath daily? Once a day 100 50.0 112 56.0 114 57.0 62 31.0 0.005 0.48 0.315 1.747 Twice a day 100 50.0 88 39.0 86 43.0 138 69.0 0.0026 1.82 1.207 2.755 Do you take your bath immediately you return from school? Always 38 19.0 50 25.0 12 6.0 31 15.5 0.0910 1.96 0.841 4.+ 754 Sometimes 60 30.0 67 33.5 56 28.0 69 34.5 0.6971 1.10 0.652 1.867 Never 102 51.0 83 0.0 132 66.0 100 50.0 0.7188 0.93 0.619 1.400 How often do you comb your hair? Everyday 74 37.0 94 47.0 81 40.5 108 54.0 0.9247 1.02 0.655 1.588 Every few days 70 35.0 62 31.0 64 32.0 56 28.0 0.9616 0.99 0.584 1.671 Once a week 49 24.5 37 18.5 50 25.0 34 17.0 0.7364 0.90 0.467 1.733 Never 7 3.5 7 3.5 5 2.5 3 1.5 0.5711 0.60 0.067 0.746 The impact of the study intervention on hygiene practices among the study group is represented in Table 4.4 b. Clearly significant impact factors of hygiene practices found in this study include washing hands with soap after playing outside (p < 0.0001) and washing of hands under a running water with soap (p < 0.0015) others include brushing of teeth two times in a day, (p = 0.0093, OR = 2.35, 95%CI = 1.167–4.740), trimming of nails for once in a month or more (p = 0.0243) and frequency of having bath for once a day (p < 0.005, OR = 0.48, 95%CI = 0.315–1.747), or twice a day (p < 0.0026, OR = 1.82, 95%CI = 1.207–2.755). For the intervention group, the pupils that do wash hands with soap after playing outside increased from 28 (14%) at pre-test to 113 (56.5%) at post-test, compared to decrease from 32 (16%) to 20 (10%) (from pre-test to post-test), recorded in the control group. The odds ratio indicates that the probability of washing hands with soap was about six and half times more in the intervention group (OR = 6.46., 95%CI = 3.046–13.746). Also, the pupils that wash hands with soap under a running water increased from for the intervention group from 4–24.5% (pretest to posttest), against a corresponding increase of 11–16% only in the control group. The likelihood to wash hands under a running water with soap was over 4 time significantly more in the intervention group than in the control group (OR = 4.21, 95%CI = 1.551–12.186), The odds for brushing of teeth two times in a day was found to favor the intervention group by over 2.3 times more compared to the control group (OR = 2.35, 95%CI = 1.167–4.740). Brushing of teeth from pretest to posttest were 17.5–20.5% in the control group, and 12–33% in the intervention group. Trimming of nails for only once in a month or more indicate poor hygiene practices. The present study found that the pupils that trim nails only once in a month reduced from 30 to 21.5% in the control group but reduced more in the intervention group from29–10%, with a significant odd of 52% (ie. 1-0.48)% lower on the intervention group (OR = 0.48, 95%CI = 0.293–0.955). The frequency of having bath for once a day signifies poor hygiene while that of twice or more in a day represents good hygiene. The proportion that bath twice in a day reduced from 50–39% in the control group while it increased in the intervention group from 43–69% at post-test, with a significant odds of 1.82 times more in favour of the intervention group (OR = 1.82, 95%CI = 1.207–2.755). On the other hand, the likelihood of having bath just once in a day was lower in the intervention group compared to the control group by 52% (OR = 0.48, 95%CI = 0.315–1.747). Discussion This study observed that before the introduction of the comic story and activity book in the pre-intervention phase of the study, 92.5% and 90% of the pupils’ in the control and intervention primary schools respectively already knew what hand washing was all about while 7.5% of the pupils in the control primary schools and 10% in the intervention primary schools did not know what hand washing was about this shows that there was already a high knowledge of hand washing among the study participants before the introduction of the study intervention. But in the post-intervention phase of the study there was even a higher number of pupils’ that knew about hand washing as there was a 2.5% increase among the pupils’ in the control primary schools making a total of 95% of the pupils’ who knew what hand washing was all about and 5% of them still did not know while among the pupils’ in the intervention primary schools, there was a 6% increase in the number of pupils’ who reported to know what hand washing was all about bringing the number to 96% awareness rate amongst the pupils’ with 4% still not knowing what hand washing was. When the awareness rate of hand washing was compared between the pupils’ in the control and intervention primary schools, it was seen that there was a higher awareness rate among the pupils’ in the intervention primary schools. Therefore, this goes to say that the comic story and activity book brought about a more positive impact among the pupils’ in the intervention primary schools. This result agrees with a study conducted by Appiah-Brempong et al (2019) in this study, the impact of comic books on children’s understanding of proper hand washing was explored and the post-intervention assessment showed that there was a 30% improvement rate in the children’s hand washing behaviour and knowledge ( 19 ). Among the pupils’ in the control primary schools who reported that they knew what hand washing was all about in the pre-intervention phase of the study, 54.1% of the them reported that they learnt about hand washing in their school, 34.6% of the reported that the knowledge of hand washing was learnt from their homes while 11.3% of them reported that they learnt about hand washing from their church/Mosque. Among the pupils’ in the intervention primary schools 62.2% the them reported that they learnt about hand washing in their school, 25.6% of the reported that the knowledge of hand washing was learnt from their homes while 12.2% of them reported that they learnt about hand washing from their church/Mosque. While at the post-intervention phase of the study, the assessment showed that 55.3% of the pupils’ in the control primary schools reported that they learnt about hand washing in their school, 33.7% of the reported that the knowledge of hand washing was learnt from their homes while 11.0% of them reported that they learnt about hand washing from their church/Mosque. While among the pupils’ in the intervention primary schools 60.9% the pupils’ reported that they learnt about hand washing in their school, 27.6% of the reported that the knowledge of hand washing was learnt from their homes while 11.5% of them reported that they learnt about hand washing from their church/Mosque. The study participants from both arms of the study at the pre-intervention phase had a low knowledge about what germs are as 35% of the pupils’ in the control primary schools and 38.5% of the pupils’ in the intervention primary schools responded “Yes” to if they knew what germs was all about while 65% and 61.5% of the pupils’ in the control and intervention primary schools respectively had no idea of what germs were all about. While the post-intervention assessment showed an improvement in the awareness rate among the pupils’ as 41% of the pupils’ in the control primary schools and 47% of the pupils’ in the intervention primary schools responded “Yes” to if they knew what germs was all about while 59% and 53% of the pupils’ in the control and intervention primary schools respectively had no idea of what germs were. From the result, it was seen that the pupils’ in the intervention primary schools who were exposed to the comic story and activity book had a higher knowledge about germs when compared with the pupils’ in the control primary schools. This result correlates with a study carried out by Soares et al (2024) where comics was used to teach children about germs and infection control. The result showed that the children that were exposed to the comics demonstrated a higher knowledge in their germs transmission and preventive measures such as hand washing and covering their mouth while coughing or sneezing ( 20 ). Among the pupils’ in the control primary schools who reported to have knowledge of what germs were in the pre-intervention phase of the study, 18.6% of the them reported that germs can be found in the air, 28.5% of the reported that germs can be found around our environment, 44.3% of them reported that germs can be found in contaminated water and 8.6% of them reported that germs can be found on our toys. While among the pupils’ in the intervention primary schools 19.5% of the them reported that germs can be found in the air, 36.5% of the said that germs can be found around our environment, 28.6% of them reported that germs can be found in contaminated water and 15.6% of them reported that germs can be found on our toys. At the post-intervention phase of the study, 20.7% of the them reported that germs can be found in the air, 29.3% of the reported that germs can be found around our environment, 31.7% of them reported that germs can be found in contaminated water and 18.3% of them reported that germs can be found on our toys. While among the pupils’ in the intervention primary schools 19.1% of the them reported that germs can be found in the air, 37.2% of the said that germs can be found around our environment, 26.6% of them reported that germs can be found in contaminated water and 17.1% of them reported that germs can be found on our toys. The response rate of the ability of germs to cause illness among the study participants from the both arms of the study who reported they knew what germs are was relatively high as 66 of the pupils’ in the control primary schools and 67 of the pupils’ in the intervention primary school indicated “Yes” to the ability of germs to cause illness while 4 and 10 of the pupils’ in the control and intervention primary schools respectively indicated “No” to the ability of germs to cause illness at the pre-intervention phase of the study. The post-intervention assessment showed an improvement in the number of pupils’ that agreed to the fact that germs can cause illness as 73 of the pupils’ in the control primary schools and 89 of the pupils’ in the intervention primary school indicated “Yes” to the ability of germs to cause illness while 9 and 5 of the pupils’ in the control and intervention primary schools respectively indicated “No” to the ability of germs to cause illness. This study is in accordance to a study conducted in the University of York, United Kingdom in 2021. The study demonstrated how the use of comic books as an educational tool can significantly improve children’s understanding of germs and their ability to cause illness. ( 21 ). Also among the pupils’ from both arms of the study who indicated that they knew about germs, in terms of if hand washing helps in the prevention of germs 62 pupils’ in the control primary schools reported “Yes” to the question and 65 pupils’ in the intervention primary schools also reported “Yes” to the question while 8 and 12 students from both the control primary schools and intervention primary schools respectively responded “No”. While in the post-intervention phase of the study, 75 pupils’ in the control primary schools reported “Yes” to the question and 86 pupils’ in the intervention primary schools also reported “Yes” to the question while 12 and 5 students from both the control primary schools and intervention primary schools responded “No”. Thus, it can be seen that a positive impact that was brought about by the introduction of the comic story and activity book as there was a higher number of more enlightened pupils’ in the intervention primary schools when compared with the number of pupils’ in the control primary schools This study aims to use this approach to promote the frequent practice of hand washing with soap which is one of the basic awareness, common preventive and management of diarrhoea among children in primary schools and subsequently making the children to be contributors in the control and elimination of diarrhoea in their homes and communities. In the pre-intervention phase of this study, a small of the pupils’ both at the control and intervention primary schools (control 30% and intervention 28%) indicated that they washed their hands with soap before eating, while 54% of the pupils in the control primary schools and 58% of the pupils in the intervention primary schools indicated that they always washed their hands with soap after using the toilet and 16% of the pupils’ in the control primary schools and 14% of the pupils in the intervention primary schools indicated that they washed their hands after playing outside. At the post-intervention phase of the study, there was an increase in the number of pupils both in the control and intervention primary schools (control 32.5% and intervention 31%) who indicated that they washed their hands with soap before eating, while 57.5% of the pupils in the control primary schools and 62.5% of the pupils in the intervention primary schools indicated that they always washed their hands with soap after using the toilet and 10% of the pupils’ in the control primary schools while 6.5% of the pupils in the intervention primary schools indicated that they washed their hands after playing outside. It was, however, observed that there was an enhancement of knowledge about these specific concepts regarding hand washing and the prevention of diarrhoea. Significant knowledge increase was found for both the intervention and control groups. This is not unexpected, since it is believed that school-based approaches such as health education are effective in instilling knowledge about diseases ( 22 ). In terms of the description of how the pupils’ washed their hands, some of the pupils’ could not identify the right method of hand washing in both arms of the study. In the pre-intervention phase of the study, 63.5% of the pupils in the control primary schools indicated that they washed their hands in a bowl of water without soap, 5.5% of them indicated that they washed their hands in a bowl of water with soap and argued that it was the right method of hand washing, 20% of the pupils indicated that they washed their hands under a running water but without soap because it was not necessary to use soap only 11% of the pupils’ in the control primary schools indicated they used the right method of hand washing which entailed washing their hands under a running water with soap. Among the pupils in the intervention primary schools, 71.5% of the pupils in the control primary schools reported that they washed their hands inside a bowl of water without soap, 12% of them reported that they washed their hands in a bowl water with soap, 12.5% of the pupils’ reported that they washed their hands under a running water but without soap, again only 4% of the pupils’ in the intervention primary schools reported that they washed their hands under a running water with soap. The result obtained from the post intervention phase of the study, showed that there was improvement in the hand washing practices from the pupils in both arms of the study but the pupils’ in the intervention primary schools showed a higher level of improvement when compared to the pupils’ in the control primary schools. Limitations of the Study While this study provides valuable insights into the impact of a comic story and activity book on hygiene awareness and practices among primary school pupils in Yenagoa, several limitations should be acknowledged. One major limitation is that the study assessed hygiene behaviors over a short period, making it difficult to determine whether the observed improvements would be sustained in the long term. A longer follow-up period would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the intervention’s lasting impact. Additionally, the study relied on self-reported data from pupils, which may be subject to social desirability bias. Children may have provided responses they believed were expected rather than accurately reflecting their real behaviors. This limitation underscores the need for future studies to incorporate direct observations or other objective measures of hygiene practices. Despite these limitations, the study provides strong evidence that innovative, engaging educational tools like comics can significantly enhance hygiene awareness and practices among schoolchildren. Future research should address these limitations by incorporating longer follow-up periods and objective behavioral assessments. Conclusion This study highlights the effectiveness of a comic story and activity book in improving personal hygiene awareness and practices among primary school pupils in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The findings indicate that the intervention group, which received the comic book, demonstrated significantly greater improvements in hygiene knowledge and behaviors compared to the control group. The use of comics as an educational tool proved to be engaging and effective, particularly in reinforcing handwashing practices, sanitation habits, and general WASH knowledge. These results suggest that integrating creative and interactive materials into hygiene education programs can enhance learning outcomes and promote lasting behavioral change among children. Future studies should explore the long-term impact of this intervention and its potential scalability to other regions with similar WASH challenges. Abbreviations CI Confidence Interval DC Data Collection JMP Joint Monitoring Programme LGA Local Government Area MS Manuscript NY New York OR Odds Ratio SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences UN United Nations UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund WASH Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene WHO World Health Organization Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Approval to carryout this study was obtained from the Bayelsa State Ministry of Education. The principle of voluntary participation for respondents was strictly adhered to and participants were not been coerced into participating in the study. Confidentiality and anonymity was key during this survey. Informed consent was obtained from all of the participants and parents/guardian that took part in the study. Consent for publication The authors consent to Editorial Board of the journal BMC Public Health to publish the paper. The authors accept responsibility for publishing this material in his/her own name, as well as on behalf of all co-authors, if any. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding There was no funding made available for this research. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Authors' contributions EAO Conceived the study and developed the initial and subsequent drafts of manuscript. UMC critically reviewed the manuscript. ROO was involved in the data analysis. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript for submission. Acknowledgements Public Health Department, Federal University of Technology, Owerri. Nigeria Bayelsa State Ministry of Education. Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. Nigeria. FUNDING There was no funding for this research References UNICEF. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH). UNICEF, NY; 2020. Waddington H, Snilstveit B, White H. The impact of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions on diarrhoeal diseases: a systematic review. J Dev Eff. 2019;11(1):1–25. Aremu AS. Assessment of Sanitation Facilities in Primary Schools within Ilorin, Nigeria. J Appl Sci Environ Sanitation. 2012;7(1):29–33. World Health Organization (WHO) & United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). (2007). Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: Special Focus on Sanitation. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation . ISBN: 978-92-4-156244-3. UNICEF. UNICEF Data: Monitoring the situation of children and women. UNICEF for every child; 2024. 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United Nations (UN). The Millennium Development Goals Report 2013. New York: United Nations; 2013. Frick E, Tardini S, Cantoni L, Lego. Serious Play applications to enhance creativity in participatory design. Creat Bus Res Pap Knowl Innov Enterp. 2014;2:200–10. Liedtka J. Perspective: Linking Design Thinking with Innovation Outcomes through Cognitive Bias Reduction. J Prod Innov Manag. 2014;32:925–38. Appiah-Brempong E, Newton S, Harris M, Gulis G. Effect of a theory – based hand hygiene educational intervention for enhancing behavioural outcomes in Ghanaian schools: a cluster – randomized controlled trial. Int J Public Health. 2019;65:99–109. Soares A, Santos A, Vieira T, Xavier B, Lucas R, Oliveira Â. Use of comics in the promotion of school children’s health: a scoping review. Front Commun. 2024;9(14). 10.3389/fcomm.2024.1439329 . University of York. Explore the hidden world of microbes in new comic book. University of York; 2021. Idowu M, Omotayo T, Kofoworola E, Olayemi E. Effect of hand-washing Education on Patients' Knowledge and Practice of Infectious Disease Prevention in Selected Health Centers in Akure South, Ondo State. Int J Multidisciplinary Res. 2024;4(6):1–21. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files BaselineDataStudentQuestionnaire.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6285406","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":451465482,"identity":"be8d049e-391e-42e9-8ec1-8fbfac8d3a3b","order_by":0,"name":"Ebikonbowei Alexis Okaba","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACHgY2EMXYDyITCkjRMrMBpMWAFC0bDoAoYrTw8xx+9vBnjo3s5vOrEz88MGCQ5xc7gF+LZG+buTHvtjTjbTfebpYAOsxw5uwE/FoMzjOYSTNuO5y47cbZDSAtCQa3CWph/yb5c9v/xM0zzm7+QZyWsz1mErzbDiRu4O/dRpwtkj1nyoF+STaecYN3m0WCgQRhv/DzpG97+HObnWx//9nNN39U2MjzSxPQggASYJUSxCoH23eAFNWjYBSMglEwkgAAruZHGdWOAHMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of Africa, Toru - Orua","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ebikonbowei","middleName":"Alexis","lastName":"Okaba","suffix":""},{"id":451465483,"identity":"d70817e1-8e85-420f-ad7f-328e1dfc4dda","order_by":1,"name":"Uchechukwu Maduku Chukwuocha","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Technology, Owerri","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Uchechukwu","middleName":"Maduku","lastName":"Chukwuocha","suffix":""},{"id":451465484,"identity":"5a62fa08-d736-4db9-89f1-937867c76ffd","order_by":2,"name":"Richard Owen Obinna","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Technology, Owerri","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Richard","middleName":"Owen","lastName":"Obinna","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-22 20:38:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6285406/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6285406/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":92569658,"identity":"d2620bd6-9089-41dd-bd48-1ffecfcd7e4a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 07:24:38","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2231648,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6285406/v1/0972b68b-de31-45dd-9702-1eb3ade69623.pdf"},{"id":82213097,"identity":"427f14f6-1284-47d8-8d21-e549f6ad27fe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 20:36:40","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":92104,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"BaselineDataStudentQuestionnaire.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6285406/v1/e88dc04ef82e0d7637de65fe.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The Impact of a Co – created Comic Story and Activity Book on Personal Hygiene Awareness and Practices Among Primary School Pupils in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eWater, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) practices are fundamental to public health, particularly in primary school settings where children are susceptible to waterborne diseases such as diarrhoea. WASH refers to the collective services and practices related to the provision of safe water, the management of sanitation facilities, and the promotion of hygiene behaviours (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). These elements are interdependent, and a deficiency in one area can adversely affect the others, leading to a spectrum of health and socio-economic challenges (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLack of adequate personal and environmental hygiene is a major factor in the spread of waterborne diseases, parasitic infections, and respiratory illnesses among school-age children. In Nigeria, schools often face poor sanitation infrastructure, leading to unhygienic behaviors and high rates of illness-related absenteeism. Studies indicate that 73% of diarrhoeal and enteric disease burden in Nigeria is associated with poor access to adequate WASH services, disproportionately affecting school children. Poor sanitation infrastructure has been linked to frequent absenteeism and malnutrition among pupils (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies have shown that unsafe water, inadequate sanitation, and poor hygiene practices contribute to 88% of diarrhoeal diseases globally, disproportionately affecting children under five, particularly in Nigeria. Inadequate WASH facilities in schools have been linked to high absenteeism and increased disease burden among pupils (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiarrhoea poses a significant global health threat, disproportionately affecting low- and middle-income countries. A staggering 4.9\u0026nbsp;million children under five die annually, with diarrhoea accounting for over 12% of these deaths (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). By 2030, an estimated 4.4\u0026nbsp;million children under five will succumb to infectious diseases yearly, with 60% of these deaths occurring in sub-Saharan Africa (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Diarrhoea contributes substantially to the global disease burden, accounting for 3.6% of disability-adjusted life years (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Despite progress in reducing diarrhea-related mortality over the past 25 years, morbidity rates in sub-Saharan Africa remain high due to inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). The rapid urbanization of African cities exacerbates outbreaks, disproportionately affecting children under 15 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). Cholera outbreaks, triggered by contaminated food and water with Vibrio cholera, are often linked to poor hygiene, inadequate sanitation, and limited access to clean water (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiarrhoea remains a significant cause of illness and death among primary school-aged children in areas with limited access to clean water and proper sanitation, including Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. Waterborne diseases, caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, protozoa, and viruses, are a major global health concern (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). These diseases have severe consequences for public health and socioeconomic development, accounting for 4% of the global disease burden and 1.6\u0026nbsp;million deaths annually (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). Inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities are primary drivers of waterborne disease transmission. Improving WASH infrastructure is crucial for controlling the spread of waterborne diseases and promoting household health (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiarrhea imposes a significant economic burden on both the health sector and the general population, as treatment requires substantial time and resources, leading to lost productivity and opportunities (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). Approximately 94% of the disease burden attributed to diarrhea is linked to environmental factors, including unsafe drinking water, inadequate sanitation, and poor hygiene practices (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). Diarrhea and cholera, both sanitation-related diseases, continue to compromise human health and wellbeing. Consequently, enhancing sanitation infrastructure is crucial for achieving the health-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically reducing child mortality and combating disease (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). The inadequate status of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) can have far-reaching consequences for children's growth and development (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, experts agree that improving WASH conditions is essential for addressing under nutrition in disadvantaged children worldwide.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraditional WASH educational methods often rely on text-heavy curricula, which may not fully engage young learners and these traditional educational methods have struggled to effectively convey WASH knowledge and encourage behavior change among this vulnerable population. As a result, there is a need to explore the potential of innovative tools such as comic storytelling books to improve WASH practices Comic books, as visual and interactive educational tools, have been shown to enhance knowledge retention and behavior change. Therefore, this study explores the impact of a comic story and activity book on WASH awareness and hygiene practices among primary school children in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Method","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Quasi-Experimental Research Design was employed for this study. A quasi-experimental research design is appropriate for this study because it allows for the investigation of the impact of an intervention (the use of comic story and activity books) on WASH practices and diarrhoea occurrence among pupils.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwenty primary schools were involved in this study, of which the comic story and activity book was introduced in ten primary schools (intervention) while health talk on Water, sanitation and hygiene was offered to the other ten primary schools (control). The primary schools selected for this study were randomly selected from the register of public primary schools in Yenagoa Local Government Area of Bayelsa State after stratification into the different constituencies in Yenagoa LGA. This was done to avoid contact between pupils of the respective schools, preventing exchange of experience or ideas concerning the project. Only the pupils in the primary 4 and 5 classes were included in the study due to their abilities to read, comprehend and draw more than pupils in the other classes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy setting\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was carried out in twenty government-owned public primary schools in twenty communities inside Yenagoa Local Government Area, Bayelsa State South South Nigeria. With each of the schools having an average student population of 800 spanning from primary one to primary six. The student population in each of the primary schools has a higher proportion of female pupils compared to males.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe state of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) facilities in these schools ranges from average to severely deteriorated as it was seen that the schools have inadequate toilet facilities, with only two toilets allocated for all the boys and three for all the girls, leading to significant sanitation challenges.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy population and sample size\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was a total of 4256 pupils\u0026rsquo; in ten of the primary schools earmarked as the study control and 4178 pupils\u0026rsquo; in the other ten primary schools earmarked to receive the study the study intervention bringing it to a total 8434 pupils in the twenty primary schools. The study targets primary school pupils between the ages of 6\u0026ndash;12 years and their parents in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. Since the study design required pupils that could read, only the pupils in primary 4 and 5 classes were included in the study comprising 200 pupils from the Primary Schools earmarked as the study control and 200 pupils from the Primary School earmarked to receive the study intervention. To determine the study sample size, the sample size calculation was based on a formula described by using the Taro Yamane in 1967, which is\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003en = N/ (1 + N (e) 2)\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere: n signifies the sample size\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eN signifies the population under study, and\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ee signifies the margin error (0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e1. Square the error margin\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ee\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = (0.05)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = 0.0025\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2. Multiply e by the population size\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e8434/0.0025\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21.085\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3. Add 1 to the result\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;21.085\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;22.085\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4. Divide the population by the result\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8434/22.085\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;381.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, a sample size of approximately 382 pupils (rounded up to the nearest whole number) was obtained. However, due the fact that some pupils\u0026rsquo; may refuse to participate, drop out or provide incomplete responses, extra 18 participants was added to make the sample size 400 and ensure that the sample size was still maintained in the event of one of these factors occurring.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInclusion Criteria\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study included Primary school pupils aged 6 to 12 years who were enrolled in the selected intervention and control schools in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. Pupils who had parental or guardian consent to participate in the study. Pupils who were physically present during both the pre- and post-intervention assessments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExclusion criteria\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study excluded eligible participants who were unwilling to participate, eligible participants who were unwilling to give written consent to participate. Pupils who were absent during the pre-intervention assessment or who relocated before the study's completion. Pupils with severe cognitive or physical impairments that could prevent their full participation in the intervention activities. Schools with pre-existing structured WASH programs to ensure that the observed changes were directly related to the comic-based intervention.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSampling Technique\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA list of all the public primary schools in the Yenagoa metropolis was first obtained from the office of the Bayelsa State Primary Schools board in the Bayelsa State Ministry of Education and then 20 Public Primary Schools was selected for the study by carrying out a random sampling on the selected schools. Each of the selected schools were randomly selected through the process of Balloting and this process led to the selection of 10 primary schools that was earmarked receive the intervention of this study and 10 primary schools to serve as the study control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe selection of the intervention and control schools for this study was based on key matching criteria to ensure comparability. Selection criteria such as the public primary school status, adequate enrolment of students, existing WASH challenges, and willingness to participate were taken into consideration. The demographic similarity of all the schools was taken into consideration as only schools located in their respective communities was selected for the study, the socioeconomic context of the pupils\u0026rsquo; parents was also considered as majority of the students in these schools live in the village and the socioeconomic status of their parents are below average. This approach helped minimize these confounding factors and provided a clear assessment of the intervention\u0026rsquo;s impact on WASH awareness and practices and occurrence of childhood diarrhoea among the students.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Intervention\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Children Comic Storytelling book on WASH practices was designed and produced. This story telling book is made up of an introduction about WASH, 3 major chapters on various WASH Practices and 3 stories on WASH practices that is filled with many attractive pictorial stories with the aim to captivate the attention of the children on these WASH Practices. At the end of each chapter and story, there are class activity to enable the Pupil\u0026rsquo;s demonstrate what they have learnt from that particular chapter and story.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDevelopment of the Comic Story and activity Book\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis book was co-created with the target users (The Pupil\u0026rsquo;s). Co-creation is defined as a form of collaborative innovation where ideas are shared and improved together with experts and/or stakeholders. Co-creation in a multidisciplinary team combining scientific and design disciplines is necessary to generate new ideas that have both a technical and a human-centred element to deliver a new experience.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUser-oriented design or design thinking approaches have grown tremendously as ways to drive interdisciplinary creative ideation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e), to place the user perspective at the centre of the creative process in the early stages of innovation to boost innovativeness, and to reduce cognitive bias (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe book was developed through an iterative design process with Pupil\u0026rsquo;s of Public Primary Schools in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e● First there was a two-weeks call for the volunteering of Pupil\u0026rsquo;s to participate in the co \u0026ndash; creation process of the comic storytelling book and was be sent out to all the selected Primary Schools.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e● Secondly, a total of 15 Pupil\u0026rsquo;s was selected for the process. The number of volunteers was more than 15 therefore, a random sampling was applied through the process of Balloting to select 15 Pupil\u0026rsquo;s for the process.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe selection process took into account some independent variables of the Pupil\u0026rsquo;s such as;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic Characteristics such as Sex, Age, Type of residence, Level of Education and Working status of the parents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold living conditions such as Cooking place, type of cooking fuel, and Bed with a mattress.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWASH related characteristics such as drinking water; time to get to the water source, type and location of toilet facility and availability of hand washing facilities with soap.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePupil\u0026rsquo;s whose living conditions are less than the required standards for these variables was selected in the development of the comic storytelling book because they are more likely to suffer from the consequences of inadequate WASH practices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThe process consists of three phases.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e- The Exploratory Phase\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e- Development and Review of the Comic Story and activity book\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e- Critiquing Phase\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData for this study was collected both quantitatively at both the pre-intervention and post-intervention phase of the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInstrument used\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the school-based survey, a Pre and Post semi \u0026ndash; structured questionnaire was developed and administered. This was used as one of the data collection tools to elicit responses on individual level factors and also the level of implementation of WASH practices in the school. The questionnaire was designed to address the main themes of the study, such as access to safe water and sanitation and knowledge, attitude and practices with regard to WASH.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the data collected, pre and post intervention questionnaire were coded and keyed-in to MS-Access. Data security was ensured by the creation of back-ups in removable discs. Access to the data was limited through robust passwords and only those involved in the survey were allowed access. Data was then exported to Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 27) for analysis. Analysis technique includes descriptive and inferential analysis. Descriptive technique used in the study includes construction of frequency distribution tables and charts. Odds ratios and the 95% confidence intervals were constructed and used for explanations of effects size measures. Statistical test was conducted at 5% level of significance and probability value (p) was used to interpret significance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthical Consideration\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e Approval to carry out this study was in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and obtained from the Bayelsa State Ministry of Education. The principle of voluntary participation for respondents was strictly adhered to and participants were not been coerced into participating in the study. Confidentiality and anonymity was key during this survey. Information gathered from respondents was coded and unique identifiers were used to conceal the identity of respondents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHuman Ethics and Consent to Participate declarations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study sought to collect data from four hundred (400) pupils in primary schools in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria and a response rate of 100% was achieve. Out of the 400-targeted pupils, 400 gave adequate information through answering the questionnaires completely and returned the questionnaires accordingly. All the pupils participated in the study. Thus, the study realized a response rate of 100% as shown in In each of the arms of the study, pupils in the control primary schools (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;200) were made up of the group that received only health talks on Water, Sanitation and hygiene and others in the intervention primary school (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;200 pupils) received both health talks and the comic story and activity book on WASH.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic Characteristics of Pupils and their caregivers in Schools in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic Characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl Primary School (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;200)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervention Primary School (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;200)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFreq\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFreq\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eꭓ2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAge of Pupils\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u0026ndash;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u0026ndash;13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.068\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGender of Pupils\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.840\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClass of study\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.703\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCaregiver type\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGuardian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.361\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMarital Status of caregiver\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.598\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.273\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEducational Status of caregiver\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo formal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTertiary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.859\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCaregiver Occupation\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarmers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeachers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.274\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.351\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003econtinued\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic Characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl Primary School (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;200)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervention Primary School (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;200)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFreq\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFreq\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eꭓ2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCaregiver Employment status\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFull Time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart Time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.037\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.219\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFamily Religion\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChristianity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraditional Religion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.673\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.097\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFamily Ethnicity\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIzon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYoruba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIgbo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHausa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe demographic characteristics of the study respondents is contained in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, showing the age structure, gender, class, caregiver type, marital status, household size, level of education, occupation, religion, employment and ethnicity at both the control and the intervention primary schools containing 200 participants each. The table shows that none of the characteristic differs significantly between the control group and the intervention group (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5%) except in religion, where slight significant difference was observed between the two groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe age distribution of the pupils shows that the average age of the pupils were 8.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.55 years in the control primary school and 8.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.93 in the intervention primary school. The\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eage groups that contained the highest and lowest frequency distribution of the pupils were the 8\u0026ndash;9 years old and the 12\u0026ndash;13 years old respectively. For the 8\u0026ndash;9 years, The largest frequency of the pupils were 82 (42.0%) pupils in the control group and 97 (48.5%) pupils in the intervention group. For the 12\u0026ndash;13 years, the lowest frequencies were 15 (7.5%) among the control group and 25 (12.5%) among the intervention group. No significant age difference was found between the control primary school and the intervention primary school (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.068).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJust as in age, gender of the pupils did not differ significantly both the two groups of schools (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.840). There were 112 (56.0%) males and 88 (44.0%) females in the control group while the intervention primary school has 114 (57.0%) males and 86 (43.0%) females.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the control primary school, large proportion of the pupils is in primary 4 (131: 65.5%), while those in primary five were 69 (34.5%). Clear majority of the pupils in the intervention primary school were in primary 4 study level (115: 82.5%), and the remaining 85 (17.5%) were in primary five. A total of 150 (75%) of the pupils in the control group and 165 (82.5%) from the intervention group are being cared for by their parents, while the remaining 85 in all (control\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;50: 25.9%; intervention\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;35:17.5%) are being taken care of by their guardians.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the care givers of the pupils in both study primary schools, more than half were married comprising of 106 (53.0%) from the control primary school and 108 (54.0%) from the intervention primary school. The singles were 57 (28.5%) in control primary school and 66 (33.0%) in intervention primary school while the remaining in each group were divorced or separated (control\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;37: 18.5%; intervention\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;26: 13.0%). Clearly marital status of the parents/ guardians of the pupils did not differ significantly between the two study schools. (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.273).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMajority of the caretakers had at least secondary level of education in both the control primary school (secondary level\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;104: 52.0%; tertiary level\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18: 9.0%) and the intervention primary school (secondary level\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;128: 64.0%; tertiary level\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18: 9.0%). Those without formal education were 18 (9.0%) in the control primary schools and 12 (6.0%) in the intervention primary school. More than half of the caretakers in each primary school were farmers (control primary school\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;103: 51.5%; Intervention primary school\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;113: 56.5%). Some were treaders (control primary school\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;64: 32.0%; Intervention primary school\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;48: 24.0%) and teachers (control primary school\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18: 9.0%; Intervention primary school\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;22: 11.0%). The differences in the level of education between the caretakers of the pupils studied from both primary schools were not statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.077).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApproximately half (50%) of the caretakers in the control group were employed with full time engagements while 29% and 21% were 116 (58%) in all. The partly employed and the unemployed were 42 (23%) and 38 (19.0%) respectively. No evidence of significant difference in the caretakers\u0026rsquo; employment status between the two groups (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.219).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChristianity was the major family religion in the study group (control\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;159: 79.5%; Intervention\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;151: 75.5%). Some families were of Muslim religion (control\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;23: 11.5%; Intervention\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;37: 18.5%) while others were of traditional religion (control\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18: 9.0%; Intervention\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12: 6.0%). No evidence of differences in family religion was found between the two groups in the study primary schools (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.097).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMajority in both groups were dominated by the Izon tribe (control\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;160: 80.0%; Intervention\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;170: 85%). Other tribes include Yoruba (control\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7: 3.5%; Intervention\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11: 5.5%), Igbo (control\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;25: 12.5%; Intervention\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15: 7.5%) and Hausa (control\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8: 4.0%; Intervention\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4: 2.0%). Statistical test of significant difference indicates that tribal differences existed between the two study primary schools used as control and intervention primary schools (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.017).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpact of the comic story and activity book on hygiene awareness among school pupil in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl Primary School\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervention Primary School\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAwareness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePretest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePosttest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePretest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePosttest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% Conf. Int\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFreq\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFreq\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFreq\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFreq\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLower\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpper\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWashing your hands helps prevent germs?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e179\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0394\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.085\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0654\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.119\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo Idea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.122\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.556\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eI need to always wash my hands after blowing my nose\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e184\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0984\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.927\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0417\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.083\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.081\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo Idea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.092\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.442\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eI need to always wash my hands after coughing\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2217\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.843\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.944\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0066\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.133\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.796\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo idea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.628\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eI need to always wash my hands when I return from school\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5660\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.670\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.872\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0027\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.648\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo Idea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.616\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIs it necessary washing fruits before eating them is necessary\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e192\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.929\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.896\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0122\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.836\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo Idea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.310\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWhy do you wash your fruits before eating fruits*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo remove dirt on the fruit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e189\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4431\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.823\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.538\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo remove bacteria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e187\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.689\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.390\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal Habit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3188\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.171\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe impact of the study comic story and activity book on hygiene awareness among school pupil in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria is presented in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The table shows that in terms of awareness that hand washing prevents germs, a total of 110 (55%) and 98 (49%) respectively from the control group and intervention group of the pupils responded in the affirmative at pre-intervention assessment which increased at post intervention to 139 (69.5%) in the control group and 179 (89.5%) in the intervention group. The pupils that responded \u0026ldquo;no idea\u0026rsquo; at post intervention reduced 33.5% in the control group and 6.5% in the intervention group. The difference in the rate of increase between the two groups was found significant in this study (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0394), while that of reduction to not having ideas was of also significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001). The odds ratio indicates that the probability of showing awareness at post intervention was 1.45 times higher in the intervention school compared to the control primary school, (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.45, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.002\u0026ndash;2.085), while that of having \u0026ldquo;no idea\u0026rdquo; was 79% significantly lower among the intervention primary school pupils (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.27, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.122\u0026ndash;0.556).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant impact was found on the need to always wash hands after blowing nose. At pre-test (pre-intervention) 80 (44.0%) pupils in the control group and 77 (38.5%) in the intervention group responded \u0026ldquo;no idea\u0026rdquo; to the need to always was hands after blowing nose, but at post intervention, the number got reduced to 55 (27.5%) in the control group and 11 (5.5%) in the intervention group, with increase on \u0026ldquo;yes\u0026rdquo; responds signifying more awareness). The rate at which the change occurred in both groups was significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001) with odds ratio indicating that the odds for having no idea was 79% (ie 1-0.21) % significantly lower in the intervention group compared to the control group. (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.21, 95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.092\u0026ndash;0.442).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe awareness on the need to wash hands after coughing was also fond significant especially on the pupils that indicated not having the idea whether to wash hands or not after coughing, (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0007). the rate for not having the knowledge (no idea) reduced in both groups at post-intervention, but was much larger among the pupils in the intervention primary school (31.5\u0026ndash;5%) than in the control primary school (37\u0026ndash;21%). The difference in the rate reduction was significant with odds ration indicating that the odds for having such poor knowledge or awareness was found to be 72% significantly lower in the intervention primary school compared to the control primary school (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.28, 95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.116\u0026ndash;0.628). The pupils that responded \u0026ldquo;No\u0026rdquo; to the question also reduced significantly at post intervention with 66% lower odds for the intervention primary school (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.34, 95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.133\u0026ndash;0.796).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilarly, the responses on the need to always wash hands when returned from school indicate that significant impact of the study intervention was found when considering the responses for \u0026ldquo;No\u0026rdquo; (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0027) and \u0026ldquo;No idea\u0026rdquo; (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0007). The response for \u0026ldquo;No\u0026rdquo; indicates lack of awareness or knowledge. It reduced for both groups at post intervention, but had greater reduction rate at the intervention primary school (22\u0026ndash;2%), compared to that of the control primary school (23\u0026ndash;10%). Similar decline was obtained in \u0026ldquo;no idea responses from pre to post test, which signifies reduction in the number having poor knowledge. Clearly at the \u0026ldquo;no\u0026rdquo; response, there were 81% lower odds for lack of knowledge or awareness for the intervention primary school compared to the control primary school (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.19, 95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.045\u0026ndash;0.648), while there exist 90% lower odds for poor awareness in the intervention primary school against what was obtained at the control primary school (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.26, 95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.100\u0026ndash;0.616).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcerning the knowledge on the need to wash fruits before eating, the study found significant impact of the intervention to that respect. While those who do not see the need necessary at the pretest reduced at post test for the control group (no\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;17\u0026ndash;8.5%, No idea\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;28\u0026ndash;20.5%), such reductions were much heavier at the intervention group (no\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;17\u0026ndash;2%, no idea\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;27.5\u0026ndash;2%). The difference in rate of reduction for the two item responses was found significant between the two groups, with lower odds for poor awareness and knowledge found among the intervention group on \u0026ldquo;No\u0026rdquo; (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.24, 95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.053\u0026ndash;0.836, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0122) and \u0026ldquo;No idea\u0026rdquo; (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.10, 95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.025\u0026ndash;0.310, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe knowledge on the reasons for washing of fruits before eating was found significant at intervention, on bacterial removal (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001). At the control primary school, the awareness that washing of fruits is likely to remove bacteria increased just slightly from pre-intervention to post-intervention among the pupils, from 62 (31.0%) to 71 (35.5%). But the increase in awareness was much higher among the pupils at the intervention primary school (from 57: 28.5% at pre-intervention to 187: 67.5% at post-intervention). The odds ratio shows that the probability for having awareness concerning bacterial removal through washing of fruits was found to be 2.7 times higher among the pupils in the intervention primary school compared to the pupils in the control primary school (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.72, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.689\u0026ndash;4.390).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpact of the comic story and activity book on hygiene Practices among school pupil in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl Primary School\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervention Primary School\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePretest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePosttest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePretest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePosttest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% Conf. Int\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFreq\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFreq\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFreq\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFreq\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLower\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpper\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHow often do you wash your hands with soap?\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore and after eating food\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9326\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.599\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.745\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter using the toilet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9489\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.691\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.481\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter playing outside\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.046\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.746\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHow do you wash your hands?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn a bowl with water\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1759\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.522\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn a bowl with soap and water\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.271\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.978\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnder a running water with soap\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.551\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.186\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnder a running tap without soap\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9515\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.491\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHow often do you brush your teeth?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnce a day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.731\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.480\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwice a day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0093\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.167\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.740\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccasionally\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3393\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.350\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.485\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDo you use toothpaste when you brush your teeth?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlways\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1406\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.909\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.801\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSometimes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.883\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.474\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.910\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4691\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.051\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb continued\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl Primary School\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervention Primary School\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePretest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePosttest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePretest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePosttest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% Conf. Int\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFreq\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFreq\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFreq\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFreq\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLower\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpper\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHow often do you change your toothbrush?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnce every three-month\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2451\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.467\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.923\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnce every six-month\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3599\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.621\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.326\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnce a year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7838\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.596\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.487\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5042\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.503\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHow often do you trim your nails?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnce a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.699\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.814\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvery two weeks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3052\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.451\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.309\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnce a month or more\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.239\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.955\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHow often do you have your bath daily?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnce a day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.315\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.747\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwice a day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.755\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDo you take your bath immediately you return from school?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlways\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0910\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.841\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.+\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e754\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSometimes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6971\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.867\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7188\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.619\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHow often do you comb your hair?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEveryday\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.655\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.588\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvery few days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9616\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.584\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.671\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnce a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7364\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.467\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.733\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5711\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.746\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe impact of the study intervention on hygiene practices among the study group is represented in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4.4\u003c/span\u003eb. Clearly significant impact factors of hygiene practices found in this study include washing hands with soap after playing outside (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001) and washing of hands under a running water with soap (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0015) others include brushing of teeth two times in a day, (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0093, OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.35, 95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.167\u0026ndash;4.740), trimming of nails for once in a month or more (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0243) and frequency of having bath for once a day (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.005, OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.48, 95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.315\u0026ndash;1.747), or twice a day (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0026, OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.82, 95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.207\u0026ndash;2.755).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the intervention group, the pupils that do wash hands with soap after playing outside increased from 28 (14%) at pre-test to 113 (56.5%) at post-test, compared to decrease from 32 (16%) to 20 (10%) (from pre-test to post-test), recorded in the control group. The odds ratio indicates that the probability of washing hands with soap was about six and half times more in the intervention group (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.46., 95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.046\u0026ndash;13.746).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlso, the pupils that wash hands with soap under a running water increased from for the intervention group from 4\u0026ndash;24.5% (pretest to posttest), against a corresponding increase of 11\u0026ndash;16% only in the control group. The likelihood to wash hands under a running water with soap was over 4 time significantly more in the intervention group than in the control group (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.21, 95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.551\u0026ndash;12.186),\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe odds for brushing of teeth two times in a day was found to favor the intervention group by over 2.3 times more compared to the control group (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.35, 95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.167\u0026ndash;4.740). Brushing of teeth from pretest to posttest were 17.5\u0026ndash;20.5% in the control group, and 12\u0026ndash;33% in the intervention group. Trimming of nails for only once in a month or more indicate poor hygiene practices. The present study found that the pupils that trim nails only once in a month reduced from 30 to 21.5% in the control group but reduced more in the intervention group from29\u0026ndash;10%, with a significant odd of 52% (ie. 1-0.48)% lower on the intervention group (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.48, 95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.293\u0026ndash;0.955).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe frequency of having bath for once a day signifies poor hygiene while that of twice or more in a day represents good hygiene. The proportion that bath twice in a day reduced from 50\u0026ndash;39% in the control group while it increased in the intervention group from 43\u0026ndash;69% at post-test, with a significant odds of 1.82 times more in favour of the intervention group (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.82, 95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.207\u0026ndash;2.755). On the other hand, the likelihood of having bath just once in a day was lower in the intervention group compared to the control group by 52% (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.48, 95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.315\u0026ndash;1.747).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study observed that before the introduction of the comic story and activity book in the pre-intervention phase of the study, 92.5% and 90% of the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the control and intervention primary schools respectively already knew what hand washing was all about while 7.5% of the pupils in the control primary schools and 10% in the intervention primary schools did not know what hand washing was about this shows that there was already a high knowledge of hand washing among the study participants before the introduction of the study intervention. But in the post-intervention phase of the study there was even a higher number of pupils\u0026rsquo; that knew about hand washing as there was a 2.5% increase among the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the control primary schools making a total of 95% of the pupils\u0026rsquo; who knew what hand washing was all about and 5% of them still did not know while among the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the intervention primary schools, there was a 6% increase in the number of pupils\u0026rsquo; who reported to know what hand washing was all about bringing the number to 96% awareness rate amongst the pupils\u0026rsquo; with 4% still not knowing what hand washing was. When the awareness rate of hand washing was compared between the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the control and intervention primary schools, it was seen that there was a higher awareness rate among the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the intervention primary schools. Therefore, this goes to say that the comic story and activity book brought about a more positive impact among the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the intervention primary schools. This result agrees with a study conducted by Appiah-Brempong et al (2019) in this study, the impact of comic books on children\u0026rsquo;s understanding of proper hand washing was explored and the post-intervention assessment showed that there was a 30% improvement rate in the children\u0026rsquo;s hand washing behaviour and knowledge (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the control primary schools who reported that they knew what hand washing was all about in the pre-intervention phase of the study, 54.1% of the them reported that they learnt about hand washing in their school, 34.6% of the reported that the knowledge of hand washing was learnt from their homes while 11.3% of them reported that they learnt about hand washing from their church/Mosque. Among the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the intervention primary schools 62.2% the them reported that they learnt about hand washing in their school, 25.6% of the reported that the knowledge of hand washing was learnt from their homes while 12.2% of them reported that they learnt about hand washing from their church/Mosque. While at the post-intervention phase of the study, the assessment showed that 55.3% of the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the control primary schools reported that they learnt about hand washing in their school, 33.7% of the reported that the knowledge of hand washing was learnt from their homes while 11.0% of them reported that they learnt about hand washing from their church/Mosque. While among the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the intervention primary schools 60.9% the pupils\u0026rsquo; reported that they learnt about hand washing in their school, 27.6% of the reported that the knowledge of hand washing was learnt from their homes while 11.5% of them reported that they learnt about hand washing from their church/Mosque.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study participants from both arms of the study at the pre-intervention phase had a low knowledge about what germs are as 35% of the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the control primary schools and 38.5% of the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the intervention primary schools responded \u0026ldquo;Yes\u0026rdquo; to if they knew what germs was all about while 65% and 61.5% of the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the control and intervention primary schools respectively had no idea of what germs were all about. While the post-intervention assessment showed an improvement in the awareness rate among the pupils\u0026rsquo; as 41% of the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the control primary schools and 47% of the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the intervention primary schools responded \u0026ldquo;Yes\u0026rdquo; to if they knew what germs was all about while 59% and 53% of the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the control and intervention primary schools respectively had no idea of what germs were. From the result, it was seen that the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the intervention primary schools who were exposed to the comic story and activity book had a higher knowledge about germs when compared with the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the control primary schools.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis result correlates with a study carried out by Soares et al (2024) where comics was used to teach children about germs and infection control. The result showed that the children that were exposed to the comics demonstrated a higher knowledge in their germs transmission and preventive measures such as hand washing and covering their mouth while coughing or sneezing (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the control primary schools who reported to have knowledge of what germs were in the pre-intervention phase of the study, 18.6% of the them reported that germs can be found in the air, 28.5% of the reported that germs can be found around our environment, 44.3% of them reported that germs can be found in contaminated water and 8.6% of them reported that germs can be found on our toys. While among the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the intervention primary schools 19.5% of the them reported that germs can be found in the air, 36.5% of the said that germs can be found around our environment, 28.6% of them reported that germs can be found in contaminated water and 15.6% of them reported that germs can be found on our toys. At the post-intervention phase of the study, 20.7% of the them reported that germs can be found in the air, 29.3% of the reported that germs can be found around our environment, 31.7% of them reported that germs can be found in contaminated water and 18.3% of them reported that germs can be found on our toys. While among the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the intervention primary schools 19.1% of the them reported that germs can be found in the air, 37.2% of the said that germs can be found around our environment, 26.6% of them reported that germs can be found in contaminated water and 17.1% of them reported that germs can be found on our toys.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe response rate of the ability of germs to cause illness among the study participants from the both arms of the study who reported they knew what germs are was relatively high as 66 of the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the control primary schools and 67 of the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the intervention primary school indicated \u0026ldquo;Yes\u0026rdquo; to the ability of germs to cause illness while 4 and 10 of the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the control and intervention primary schools respectively indicated \u0026ldquo;No\u0026rdquo; to the ability of germs to cause illness at the pre-intervention phase of the study. The post-intervention assessment showed an improvement in the number of pupils\u0026rsquo; that agreed to the fact that germs can cause illness as 73 of the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the control primary schools and 89 of the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the intervention primary school indicated \u0026ldquo;Yes\u0026rdquo; to the ability of germs to cause illness while 9 and 5 of the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the control and intervention primary schools respectively indicated \u0026ldquo;No\u0026rdquo; to the ability of germs to cause illness. This study is in accordance to a study conducted in the University of York, United Kingdom in 2021. The study demonstrated how the use of comic books as an educational tool can significantly improve children\u0026rsquo;s understanding of germs and their ability to cause illness. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlso among the pupils\u0026rsquo; from both arms of the study who indicated that they knew about germs, in terms of if hand washing helps in the prevention of germs 62 pupils\u0026rsquo; in the control primary schools reported \u0026ldquo;Yes\u0026rdquo; to the question and 65 pupils\u0026rsquo; in the intervention primary schools also reported \u0026ldquo;Yes\u0026rdquo; to the question while 8 and 12 students from both the control primary schools and intervention primary schools respectively responded \u0026ldquo;No\u0026rdquo;. While in the post-intervention phase of the study, 75 pupils\u0026rsquo; in the control primary schools reported \u0026ldquo;Yes\u0026rdquo; to the question and 86 pupils\u0026rsquo; in the intervention primary schools also reported \u0026ldquo;Yes\u0026rdquo; to the question while 12 and 5 students from both the control primary schools and intervention primary schools responded \u0026ldquo;No\u0026rdquo;. Thus, it can be seen that a positive impact that was brought about by the introduction of the comic story and activity book as there was a higher number of more enlightened pupils\u0026rsquo; in the intervention primary schools when compared with the number of pupils\u0026rsquo; in the control primary schools\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aims to use this approach to promote the frequent practice of hand washing with soap which is one of the basic awareness, common preventive and management of diarrhoea among children in primary schools and subsequently making the children to be contributors in the control and elimination of diarrhoea in their homes and communities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the pre-intervention phase of this study, a small of the pupils\u0026rsquo; both at the control and intervention primary schools (control 30% and intervention 28%) indicated that they washed their hands with soap before eating, while 54% of the pupils in the control primary schools and 58% of the pupils in the intervention primary schools indicated that they always washed their hands with soap after using the toilet and 16% of the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the control primary schools and 14% of the pupils in the intervention primary schools indicated that they washed their hands after playing outside. At the post-intervention phase of the study, there was an increase in the number of pupils both in the control and intervention primary schools (control 32.5% and intervention 31%) who indicated that they washed their hands with soap before eating, while 57.5% of the pupils in the control primary schools and 62.5% of the pupils in the intervention primary schools indicated that they always washed their hands with soap after using the toilet and 10% of the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the control primary schools while 6.5% of the pupils in the intervention primary schools indicated that they washed their hands after playing outside.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was, however, observed that there was an enhancement of knowledge about these specific concepts regarding hand washing and the prevention of diarrhoea. Significant knowledge increase was found for both the intervention and control groups. This is not unexpected, since it is believed that school-based approaches such as health education are effective in instilling knowledge about diseases (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn terms of the description of how the pupils\u0026rsquo; washed their hands, some of the pupils\u0026rsquo; could not identify the right method of hand washing in both arms of the study. In the pre-intervention phase of the study, 63.5% of the pupils in the control primary schools indicated that they washed their hands in a bowl of water without soap, 5.5% of them indicated that they washed their hands in a bowl of water with soap and argued that it was the right method of hand washing, 20% of the pupils indicated that they washed their hands under a running water but without soap because it was not necessary to use soap only 11% of the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the control primary schools indicated they used the right method of hand washing which entailed washing their hands under a running water with soap. Among the pupils in the intervention primary schools, 71.5% of the pupils in the control primary schools reported that they washed their hands inside a bowl of water without soap, 12% of them reported that they washed their hands in a bowl water with soap, 12.5% of the pupils\u0026rsquo; reported that they washed their hands under a running water but without soap, again only 4% of the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the intervention primary schools reported that they washed their hands under a running water with soap. The result obtained from the post intervention phase of the study, showed that there was improvement in the hand washing practices from the pupils in both arms of the study but the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the intervention primary schools showed a higher level of improvement when compared to the pupils\u0026rsquo; in the control primary schools.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLimitations of the Study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile this study provides valuable insights into the impact of a comic story and activity book on hygiene awareness and practices among primary school pupils in Yenagoa, several limitations should be acknowledged. One major limitation is that the study assessed hygiene behaviors over a short period, making it difficult to determine whether the observed improvements would be sustained in the long term. A longer follow-up period would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the intervention\u0026rsquo;s lasting impact.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the study relied on self-reported data from pupils, which may be subject to social desirability bias. Children may have provided responses they believed were expected rather than accurately reflecting their real behaviors. This limitation underscores the need for future studies to incorporate direct observations or other objective measures of hygiene practices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite these limitations, the study provides strong evidence that innovative, engaging educational tools like comics can significantly enhance hygiene awareness and practices among schoolchildren. Future research should address these limitations by incorporating longer follow-up periods and objective behavioral assessments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study highlights the effectiveness of a comic story and activity book in improving personal hygiene awareness and practices among primary school pupils in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The findings indicate that the intervention group, which received the comic book, demonstrated significantly greater improvements in hygiene knowledge and behaviors compared to the control group. The use of comics as an educational tool proved to be engaging and effective, particularly in reinforcing handwashing practices, sanitation habits, and general WASH knowledge. These results suggest that integrating creative and interactive materials into hygiene education programs can enhance learning outcomes and promote lasting behavioral change among children. Future studies should explore the long-term impact of this intervention and its potential scalability to other regions with similar WASH challenges.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfidence Interval\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eData Collection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJMP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJoint Monitoring Programme\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eLGA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal Government Area\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManuscript\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNY\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew York\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eOR\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOdds Ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSPSS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical Package for the Social Sciences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eUN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnited Nations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eUNICEF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnited Nations International Children's Emergency Fund\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eWASH\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater, Sanitation, and Hygiene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eWHO\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorld Health Organization\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch3\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eApproval to carryout this study was obtained from the Bayelsa State Ministry of Education. The principle of voluntary participation for respondents was strictly adhered to and participants were not been coerced into participating in the study. Confidentiality and anonymity was key during this survey. Informed consent was obtained from all of the participants and parents/guardian that took part in the study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors consent to Editorial Board of the journal BMC Public Health to publish the paper. The authors accept responsibility for publishing this material in his/her own name, as well as on behalf of all co-authors, if any.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was no funding made available for this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEAO\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eConceived the study and developed the initial and subsequent drafts of manuscript. \u003cstrong\u003eUMC\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ecritically reviewed the manuscript. ROO was involved in the data analysis. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript for submission.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePublic Health Department, Federal University of Technology, Owerri. Nigeria\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBayelsa State Ministry of Education. Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFUNDING\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was no funding for this research\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUNICEF. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH). UNICEF, NY; 2020.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWaddington H, Snilstveit B, White H. The impact of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions on diarrhoeal diseases: a systematic review. J Dev Eff. 2019;11(1):1\u0026ndash;25.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAremu AS. 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The Millennium Development Goals Report 2013. New York: United Nations; 2013.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFrick E, Tardini S, Cantoni L, Lego. Serious Play applications to enhance creativity in participatory design. Creat Bus Res Pap Knowl Innov Enterp. 2014;2:200\u0026ndash;10.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiedtka J. Perspective: Linking Design Thinking with Innovation Outcomes through Cognitive Bias Reduction. J Prod Innov Manag. 2014;32:925\u0026ndash;38.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAppiah-Brempong E, Newton S, Harris M, Gulis G. Effect of a theory \u0026ndash; based hand hygiene educational intervention for enhancing behavioural outcomes in Ghanaian schools: a cluster \u0026ndash; randomized controlled trial. Int J Public Health. 2019;65:99\u0026ndash;109.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSoares A, Santos A, Vieira T, Xavier B, Lucas R, Oliveira \u0026Acirc;. Use of comics in the promotion of school children\u0026rsquo;s health: a scoping review. Front Commun. 2024;9(14). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3389/fcomm.2024.1439329\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3389/fcomm.2024.1439329\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUniversity of York. Explore the hidden world of microbes in new comic book. University of York; 2021.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIdowu M, Omotayo T, Kofoworola E, Olayemi E. Effect of hand-washing Education on Patients' Knowledge and Practice of Infectious Disease Prevention in Selected Health Centers in Akure South, Ondo State. Int J Multidisciplinary Res. 2024;4(6):1\u0026ndash;21.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Hygiene education, comic story and activity book, environmental sanitation, primary school pupils, WASH interventions","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6285406/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6285406/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnsuring proper personal and environmental hygiene among school children is crucial in reducing the spread of hygiene-related diseases such as diarrhoea and respiratory infections. This study assessed the impact of a comic story and activity book on personal and environmental hygiene awareness and practices among primary school pupils in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA quasi-experimental study design was employed, involving 400 pupils (200 intervention, 200 control). A structured pre- and post-intervention survey was conducted to measure hygiene knowledge, handwashing behaviors, waste disposal habits, and overall school cleanliness. The intervention group, which received the comic book, demonstrated a significant increase in hygiene awareness (p \u0026lt; 0.05) and improved sanitation practices compared to the control.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese findings highlight the effectiveness of comic storytelling as an educational tool in promoting hygiene practices among children.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs a total of 110 (55%) and 98 (49%) respectively from the control group and intervention group of the pupils responded in the affirmative at pre-intervention assessment which increased at post intervention to 139 (69.5%) in the control group and 179 (89.5%) in the intervention group.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Impact of a Co – created Comic Story and Activity Book on Personal Hygiene Awareness and Practices Among Primary School Pupils in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-07 20:28:35","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6285406/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b7ecfe3b-2ea4-482b-96a0-0bee3886af92","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 7th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-01T07:24:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-07 20:28:35","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6285406","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6285406","identity":"rs-6285406","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}