Photodegradation of tetrabromobisphenol S (TBBPS) in regional surface water: direct and indirect processes impacting by dissolved organic matter (DOM) and chloride

Photodegradation of tetrabromobisphenol S (TBBPS) in regional surface water: direct and indirect processes impacting by dissolved organic matter (DOM) and chloride | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Photodegradation of tetrabromobisphenol S (TBBPS) in regional surface water: direct and indirect processes impacting by dissolved organic matter (DOM) and chloride yuanyuan Ma, fangxia xi, chenli wang, feng yang, huanhuan wang, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7722225/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The photodegradation of Tetrabromobisphenol S (4,4 'Sulphonylbis(2,6-dibromophenol, TBBPS) in saline river determined the accumulation and potential harm to living organisms. With the inherent features of the absorption at longer wavelength and favorable intersystem crossing (ISC) process, TBBPS was prone to undergo direct photolysis with the main involvement of triplet-excited state ( 3 TBBPS*). It turns out that the monoanionic form of TBBPS (TBBPS − ) at pH = 5 had the fast degradation rate by advantage of the low excited energy. Furthermore, the impact of DOMs and chloride at the photolysis behavior was sufficiently investigated. Humic acid (HA) inhibited TBBPS photodegradation mainly by light shielding effect. In comparison with HA, fulvic acid (FA) exhibited janus effect on the photolysis rate at varied concentrations. The presence of chloride also contributed to the dual effect on TBBPS photolysis. To unveil the mechanism of photodegradation pathways, theoretical calculation were employed to prove the thermodynamic favored access. Electron transfer dominated the acceleration in the indirect photolysis promoted by FA. Higher oxidation potential E T of TBBPS over 3 P* induced the formation of RHS through electron transfer between Cl − and 3 P*. Furthermore, Apex model computations confirmed that the calculated t 1/2 were 43.2 ~ 244.8 min in springtime and 7.2 ~ 42.0 min in summertime with the water depth from 0 to 1 m and DOC concentration from 0 to 50 mgC·L − 1 . And t 1/2 would increase with increasing water depth and DOC concentration. Even in natural water bodies, direct photolysis remained the primary pathway of photolysis in surface water. Due to the attenuated toxicity profiles of the available transformation products, these findings might suggest photodegradation as an important toxicity reduction process for TBBPS in surface saline waters. Tetrabromobisphenol S photodegradation water environment direct and indirect processes Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Tables are available in the Supplementary Files section. Supplementary Files Tables.docx suppermentalmaterial.doc Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 24 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 24 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 27 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 07 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 29 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 29 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 26 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7722225","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":527087751,"identity":"1cdf7519-5abc-44c4-9368-2085e760ff93","order_by":0,"name":"yuanyuan Ma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Xinjiang Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"yuanyuan","middleName":"","lastName":"Ma","suffix":""},{"id":527087752,"identity":"cb82cacd-b275-4c9e-a102-5c4528c5be82","order_by":1,"name":"fangxia xi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Xinjiang Agricultural 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chloride\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-sciences-europe","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"eseu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Sciences Europe](http://enveurope.springeropen.com)","snPcode":"12302","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12302/3","title":"Environmental Sciences Europe","twitterHandle":"@SpringerOpen","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Tetrabromobisphenol S, photodegradation, water environment, direct and indirect processes","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7722225/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7722225/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe photodegradation of Tetrabromobisphenol S (4,4 'Sulphonylbis(2,6-dibromophenol, TBBPS) in saline river determined the accumulation and potential harm to living organisms. With the inherent features of the absorption at longer wavelength and favorable intersystem crossing (ISC) process, TBBPS was prone to undergo direct photolysis with the main involvement of triplet-excited state (\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003eTBBPS*). It turns out that the monoanionic form of TBBPS (TBBPS\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e) at pH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5 had the fast degradation rate by advantage of the low excited energy. Furthermore, the impact of DOMs and chloride at the photolysis behavior was sufficiently investigated. Humic acid (HA) inhibited TBBPS photodegradation mainly by light shielding effect. In comparison with HA, fulvic acid (FA) exhibited janus effect on the photolysis rate at varied concentrations. The presence of chloride also contributed to the dual effect on TBBPS photolysis. To unveil the mechanism of photodegradation pathways, theoretical calculation were employed to prove the thermodynamic favored access. Electron transfer dominated the acceleration in the indirect photolysis promoted by FA. Higher oxidation potential \u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e of TBBPS over \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003eP* induced the formation of RHS through electron transfer between Cl\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e and \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003eP*. Furthermore, Apex model computations confirmed that the calculated t\u003csub\u003e1/2\u003c/sub\u003e were 43.2\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;244.8 min in springtime and 7.2\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;42.0 min in summertime with the water depth from 0 to 1 m and DOC concentration from 0 to 50 mgC\u0026middot;L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. And t\u003csub\u003e1/2\u003c/sub\u003e would increase with increasing water depth and DOC concentration. Even in natural water bodies, direct photolysis remained the primary pathway of photolysis in surface water. Due to the attenuated toxicity profiles of the available transformation products, these findings might suggest photodegradation as an important toxicity reduction process for TBBPS in surface saline waters.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Photodegradation of tetrabromobisphenol S (TBBPS) in regional surface water: direct and indirect processes impacting by dissolved organic matter (DOM) and chloride","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-17 15:59:40","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7722225/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-02-24T13:41:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-24T11:58:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"257557705455736195657836996627135542800","date":"2026-02-15T09:37:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"199771626981730116178964896921039592776","date":"2026-02-13T16:46:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-27T13:11:37+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"113202756062325214994350938679808845160","date":"2025-10-09T11:50:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-07T08:33:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-29T15:06:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-29T15:04:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Environmental Sciences Europe","date":"2025-09-26T13:16:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-sciences-europe","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"eseu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Sciences Europe](http://enveurope.springeropen.com)","snPcode":"12302","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12302/3","title":"Environmental Sciences Europe","twitterHandle":"@SpringerOpen","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1813b970-37b5-483f-b5dc-5bfb4a186a91","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 17th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-24T13:55:34+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-17 15:59:40","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7722225","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7722225","identity":"rs-7722225","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}